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______. Jesus and Judaism. London: SCM Press, 1985.

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______, ed. The Acts of Thomas. In New Testament Apocrypha. Vol. 2. Writings Relating to the Apostles; Apocalypses and Related Topics. Translated by R.M. Wilson. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003.

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______. Jesus Outside the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2000.

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______. The Gospel of Mark: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2001.

______. What Have They Done with Jesus? New York: HarperCollins, 2006.

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Articles and Book Chapters

Alasania, Giuli. “Twenty Centuries of Christianity in Georgia.” IBSU International Refereed Multi-Disciplinary Scientific Journal 1 (2006): 117–29.

Alexandrou, George, and Nun Nectaria McLees. “The Astonishing Missionary Journeys of the Apostle Andrew.” Road to Emmaus 4 (2010): 3–55.

Ash, Marinell, and Dauvit Brown. “The Adoption of Saint Andrew as Patron Saint of Scotland.” In Medieval Art and Architecture in the Diocese of St Andrews, edited by John Higgit, 1–6. London: British Archaeological Association, 1994.

Badham, F.P. “The Martyrdom of St. John.” American Journal of Theology 4 (1899): 729–40.

Barrett, C.K. “The Historicity of Acts.” Journal of Theological Studies 50:2 (1999): 515–34.

Barton, Stephen C. “Paul as Missionary and Pastor.” In The Cambridge Companion to St. Paul, edited by James D.G. Dunn, 34–50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Bauckham, Richard J. “For What Offence Was James Put to Death?” In James the Just and Christian Origins, edited by Bruce Chilton and Craig A. Evans, 199–232. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1999.

______. “James and Jesus.” In The Brother of Jesus: James the Just and His Mission, edited by Bruce Chilton and Jacob Neusner, 100–37. Louisville, KY: Westminster Knox, 2001.

______. “James and the Jerusalem Church.” In The Book of Acts in its Palestinian Setting, edited by Richard Bauckham, 415–80. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1995.

______. “The Martyrdom of Peter in Early Christian Literature.” In Rise and Decline of the Roman World, edited by Wolfgang Haase and Hildegard Temporini, Part II, vol. 26, 539–95. New York: Walter De Gruyter, 1992.

Benario, Herbert W. “The Annals.” In A Companion to Tacitus, edited by Victoria Emma Pagán 114–15. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

Biblical Archaeology Society. “Philip’s Tomb Discovered______but Not Where Expected.” Biblical Archaeological Review 38 (January/February 2012): 18.

Birley, A.R. “Britons and Romans c. 100 BC–AD 409.” In The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland, edited by Christopher Haigh, 5–53. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Bock, Darrell. “Apologetics Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles.” In The Holman Apologetics Commentary on the Bible, edited by Jeremy Royal Howard, 635–48. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman, 2013.

Bockmuehl, Markus. “Peter’s Death in Rome? Back to Front and Upside Down.” Scottish Journal of Theology 60 (2007): 1–23.

______. “Syrian Memories of Peter: Ignatius, Justin, and Serapion.” In The Image of the Judaeo-Christians in Ancient Jewish and Christian Literature: Papers Delivered at the Colloquium of the Institutum Judaicum, Brussels 18–19 November, 2001, edited by P.J. Tomson and D. Lambers-Petry, 124–46. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck, 2001.

Bolyki, János. “Martyrium Pauli.” In The Apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla, edited by Jan N. Bremmer, 92–106. Kampen, The Netherlands: Kok Pharos, 1996.

______. “Miracle Stories in the Acts of John.” In The Apocryphal Acts of John, edited by Jan N. Bremmer, 15–35. Kampen, The Netherlands: Kok Pharos, 1995.

Bovon, François. “Byzantine Witness for the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” In The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles, edited by François Bovon, Ann Graham Bock, and Christopher R. Matthews, 87–98. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.

______. “Canonical and Apocryphal Acts of Apostles.” Journal of Early Christian Studies 11 (Summer 2003): 166–94.

______, and Eric Junod, “Reading the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” Semeia 38 (1986): 161–71.

Boyd, Anthony. “Buddhist Monk Sets Himself on Fire to Protest against the Slaughter of Cattle in Sri Lanka.” The Daily Mail, May 24, 2013. Accessed May 7, 2014. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2330398/Buddhist-monk-sets-protest-slaughter-cattle-Sri-Lanka.html.

Brandon, S.G.F. “The Death of James the Just: A New Interpretation.” In Studies in Mysticism and Religion Presented to Gershom G. Scholem on His Seventieth Birthday by Pupils, Colleagues, and Friends, 57–69. Jerusalem, Israel: Central Press, 1967.

Bremmer, Jan N. “The Acts of Thomas: Place, Date, and Women.” In The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas, edited by Jan N. Bremmer, 74–90. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2001.

______. “Magic, Martyrdom and Women’s Liberation in the Acts of Paul and Thecla.” In The Apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla, edited by Jan N. Bremmer, 36–59. Kampen, Netherlands: Kok Pharos, 1996.

______. “Women, Magic, Place, and Date.” In The Apocryphal Acts of Peter, edited by Jan N. Bremmer, 1–20. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 1998.

Bruce, F.F. “Paul in Rome: 5 Concluding Observations.” Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 50:2 (1968): 270.

______. “Philip and the Ethiopian.” Journal of Semitic Studies 34 (1989): 377–86.

Callahan, Allan Dwight. “Dead Paul: The Apostle as Martyr in Philippi.” In Philippi at the Time of Paul and After His Death, edited by Charalambos Bakirtzis, 67–84. Eugene: OR: Wipf & Stock, 2009.

Carey, Greg. “The Ascension of Isaiah: An Example of Early Christian Narrative Polemic.” Journal for the Study of Pseudepigrapha 9 (1998): 65–78.

Craig, William Lane, and Bart D. Ehrman. “Is There Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus?” Debate at Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, March 28, 2006. Accessed November 5, 2013. http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-there-historical-evidence-for-the-resurrection-of-jesus-the-craig-ehrman.

Czachesz, István. “The Gospel of Peter and the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” In Das Petrusevangelium als Teil antiker Literatur, edited by T. Nicklas and T.J. Kraus, 248–61. Berlin, Germany: W. De Gruyter: 2007.

D’Andria, Francesco. “Conversion, Crucifixion, and Celebration.” Biblical Archaeological Review 37 (July/August 2011): 34–46.

Dassmann, Ernst. “Archaeological Traces of Early Christian Veneration of Paul.” In Paul and the Legacies of Paul, edited by William S. Babcock, 281–306. Dallas, TX: Southern Methodist University Press, 1990.

Davis, Guy M., Jr. “Was Peter Buried in Rome?” Journal of Bible and Religion 20:3 (July 1952): 167–71.

Dehandschutter, Boudewijn. “Example and Discipleship: Some Comments on the Biblical Background of the Early Christian Theology of Martyrdom.” In Polycarpiana: Studies on Martyrdom and Persecution in Early Christianity, edited by J. Leemans, 221–27. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 2007.

______. “Example and Discipleship: Some Comments on the Biblical Background of the Early Christian Theology of Martyrdom.” In The Impact of Scripture in Early Christianity, edited by J. den Boeft and M.L. van Poll-van de Lisdonk, 20–26. Boston, MA: Brill, 1999.

______. “Some Notes on 1 Clement 5, 4–7.” In Fructus Centesimus: Mélanges offerts à Gerard J.M. Bartelink à l’ccasion de son soixantecinquième anniversaire, edited by A.A.R. Bastiaensen, A. Hilhorst, and C.H. Kneepkens, 189–94. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1989.

______. “Some Notes on 1 Clement 5, 4–7.” Instrumenta Patristica 19 (1989): 83–89.

Dunbar, David. “The Problem of Hippolytus of Rome: A Study in Historical-Critical Reconstruction.” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 25 (1982): 63–74.

Edwards, M.J. “Martyrdom and the First Epistle of John.” Novum Testamentum 31 (1989): 164–71.

Edwards, William D., Wesley J. Gabel, Floyd E. Hosmer. “On the Physical Death of Jesus Christ.” Journal of the American Medical Association 255 (March 1986): 1,455–63.

Eliav, Yaron Z. “The Tomb of James, Brother of Jesus, as Locus Memoriae.Harvard Theological Review 97 (2004): 35–59.

Erho, Ted. “New Ethiopic Witnesses to some Old Testament Pseudepigrapha.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 76 (February 2013): 75–97.

Evans, Craig A. “Jesus and James Martyrs of the Temple.” In James the Just and Christian Origins, edited by Bruce Chilton and Craig A. Evans, 233–49. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1999.

______. “Jesus in Non-Christian Sources.” In Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research, edited by Bruce Chilton and Craig Evans, 443–50. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1998.

Farquhar, John N. “The Apostle Thomas in North India.” In Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. Vol. 11. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1926.

______. “The Apostle Thomas in South India.” In Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. Vol. 11. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1927.

Frend, W.H.C. “Persecution: Genesis and Legacy.” In The Cambridge History of Christianity: Origins to Constantine, edited by Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young, 503–23. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Fuller, Reginald. “The Choice of Matthias.” In Studia Evangelica, vol 6, edited by Elizabeth A. Livingston, 140–46. Berlin, Germany: Akademie-Verlag, 1973.

Girosĭan, Nina. “The Aršakuni Dynasty: A.D. 12-[180?]-428.” In The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, vol. 1, edited by Richard G. Hovannisian, 63–94. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.

Goulder, Michael D. “Did Peter Ever Go to Rome?” Scottish Journal of Theology 57 (2004): 377–96.

Haacker, Klaus. “Paul’s Life.” In The Cambridge Companion to St. Paul, edited by James D.G. Dunn, 19–33. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Hagner, Donald A. “James.” In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 3, edited by David Noel Freedman, 616–18. New York: Bantam Dell, 1992.

Hedrick, Charles W., trans. “The Second Apocalypse of James.” In The Nag Hammadi Library in English, edited by James M. Robinson, 249–55. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1977.

Hilhorst, A. “Tertullian on the Acts of Paul.” In The Apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla, edited by Jan N. Bremmer, 150–63. Kampen, Netherlands: Kok Pharos, 1996.

______, and Pieter J. Lalleman. “The Acts of Andrew: Is it Part of the Original Acts of Andrew?” In The Apocryphal Acts of Andrew, edited by Jan N. Bremmer, 1–14. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2000.

Hill, Charles E. “The Man Who Needed No Introduction: A Response to Sebastian Moll.” In Irenaeus: Life, Scripture, Legacy, edited by S. Parvis and P. Foster, 95–104. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2012.

______. “Papias of Hierapolis.” The Expository Times 117 (2006): 309–15.

Huxley, George. “Geography in the Acts of Thomas.” Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 24 (1983): 71–80.

Isenberg, Wesley W. “Philip.” In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 5, edited by David Noel Freedman, 311–13. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

Jackson, F.J. Foakes. “Evidence for the Martyrdom of Peter and Paul in Rome.” Journal of Biblical Literature 46 (1927): 74–78.

Jerome. Chronicle. Translated by Roger Pearse and friends. The Tertullian Project, 2005. Accessed May 1, 2014. http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_03_part2.htm.

Jones, F. Stanley. “The Martyrdom of James in Hegesippus, Clement of Alexandria, and Christian Apocrypha, Including Nag Hammadi: A Study of Textual Relations.” Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers 29 (1990): 323–27.

Karttunen, Klaus. “On the Contacts of South India with the Western World in Ancient Times, and the Mission of the Apostle Thomas.” In South Asian Religion and Society, edited by Asko Parpola and Bent Smidt Hansen, 189–204. Richmond, England: Riverdale, 1986.

Kay, Sarah. “Original Skin: Flaying, Reading, and Thinking in the Legend of Saint Bartholomew and Other Works.” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 36 (2006): 35–73.

Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Koester, Helmut. “Ephesos in Early Christian Literature.” In Ephesos: Metropolis of Asia: An Interdisciplinary Approach to its Archaeology, Religion, and Culture, edited by Helmut Koester, 119–40. Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International, 1995.

Köstenberger, Andreas J. “Apologetics Commentary on the Gospel of John.” The Holman Apologetics Commentary on the Bible, edited by Jeremy Royal Howard, 504–634. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman, 2013.

______, and Stephen O. Stout. “‘The Disciple Jesus Loved’: Witness, Author, Apostle______a Response to Richard Bauckham’s Jesus and the Eyewitnesses.” Bulletin for Biblical Research 18:2 (2008): 209–32.

Lalleman, Pieter J. “The Acts of Andrew and the Acts of John.” In The Apocryphal Acts of Andrew, edited by Jan N. Bremmer, 140–48. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2000.

Lampe, G.W.H. “Martyrdom and Inspiration.” In Suffering and Martyrdom in the New Testament, edited by William Horbury and Brian McNeil, 118–35. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Le Houllier, A. “Bartholomew, Apostle St.” In New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2, 131–32. New York: Catholic University of America Press, 1967.

Lefrançois, J.A. “Matthew, Apostle, St.” In New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 9, 2nd ed., edited by Thomas Carson and Joann Cerrito, 353. Washington, DC: Catholic University Press, 2003.

Licheli, Vakhtang. “St. Andrew in Samtskhe______Archaeological Proof?” In Ancient Christianity in the Caucasus, edited by Tamila Mgaloblishvili, 25–37. New York: Curzon Press, 1998.

Lindars, Barnabas. “Matthew, Levi, Lebbaeus and the Value of the Western Text.” New Testament Studies 4 (1958): 220–22.

Lindemann, Andreas. “Paul in the Writings of the Apostolic Fathers.” In Paul and the Legacies of Paul, edited by William S. Babcock, 25–45. Dallas, TX: Southern Methodist University Press, 1990.

Lipsius, Richard Adelbert. “Thaddaeus.” In Dictionary of Christian Biography, vol. 4, edited by William Smith and Henry Wace, 875–76. London: William Clowes & Sons, 1887.

MacDonald, Dennis R. “Apocryphal and Canonical Narratives about Paul.” In Paul and the Legacies of Paul, edited by William S. Babcock, 55–70. Dallas, TX: Southern Methodist University Press, 1990.

MacRae, George W. “Whom Heaven Must Receive Until the Time: Reflections on the Christology of Acts.” Interpretations 27 (April 1973): 151–65.

Maier, Paul. “The Myth of Persecution: A Provocative Title, an Overdone Thesis.” Christian Research Journal 36 (2013): 52–56.

McGrath, James F. “History and Fiction in the Acts of Thomas: The State of the Question.” Journal for the Study of Pseudepigrapha 17 (2008): 297–311.

McLaren, James S. “Ananus, James, and Earliest Christianity. Josephus’ Account of the Death of James.” Journal of Theological Studies 52 (2001): 1–25.

McLees, Nectarias. “Witness for an Apostle: The Evidence for St. Thomas in India.” Road to Emmaus 6 (2005): 47–61.

Meeks, Wayne A. “Social and Ecclesial Life of the Earliest Christians.” In The Cambridge History of Christianity: Origins to Constantine, edited by Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young, 145–77. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Meinardus, Otto F.A. “Paul’s Missionary Journey to Spain: Tradition and Folklore.” The Biblical Archaeologist 41 (1978): 61–63.

Misset-Van De Weg, Magda. “‘For the Lord Always Takes Care of His Own’: The Purpose of the Wondrous Works and Deeds in the Acts of Peter.” In The Apocryphal Acts of Peter, edited by Jan N. Bremmer, 97–101. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 1998.

Myers, Edward P. “Martyr.” In Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, edited by David Noel Freedman, 862–63. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2000.

Myllykoski, Matti. “James the Just in History and Tradition: Perspectives of Past and Present Scholarship, Part I.” Currents in Biblical Research 5:1 (2006): 73–122.

______. “James the Just in History and Tradition: Perspectives of Past and Present Scholarship, Part II.” Currents in Biblical Research 6:1 (2007): 11–98.

Newport, Kenneth G.C. “Matthew, Martyrdom of.” In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 3, edited by David Noel Freedman, 643–44. New York: Bantam Dell, 1992.

Norris, Frederick W. “Acts of Andrew.” In Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, vol. 1, edited by Everett Ferguson, 10–11. New York: Garland, 1997.

Norris, Richard A., Jr. “Apocryphal Writings and Acts of the Martyrs.” In The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature, edited by Frances Young, Lewis Ayres, and Andrew Louth, 28–37. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Painter, James. “Who Was James? Footprints as a Means of Identification.” In The Brother of Jesus, edited by Bruce Chilton and Jacob Neusner, 10–65. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001.

Pesthy, Monika. “Cross and Death in the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” In The Apocryphal Acts of Peter, edited by Jan N. Bremmer, 123–33. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 1998.

Powell, Mark Allan. “Martyr.” In HarperCollins Bible Dictionary, edited by Mark Allan Powell, 606–07. Rev. ed. New York: HarperCollins, 2011.

Price, Robert M. “Would the Apostles Die for a Lie?” Free Inquiry 21 (Fall 2001): 20.

Quispel, Gilles. “The Fourth Gospel and the Judaic Gospel Tradition.” In Gnostica, Judaica, Catholica. Collected Essays by Gilles Quispel, edited by Johannes Van Oort, 475–48. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2008.

Rengstorf, Karl Heinrich. “The Election of Matthias: Acts 1.15ff.” In Current Issues in New Testament Interpretation, edited by William Klassen and Graydon F. Snyder, 178–92. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1962.

Robinson, Donald Fay. “Where and When Did Peter Die?” Journal of Biblical Literature 64, no. 2 (June 1945): 255–67.

Rose, Els. “Apocryphal Tradition in Medieval Latin Liturgy: A New Research Project Illustrated with the Case of the Apostle Andrew.” Apocrypha 15 (2004): 115–38.

Russell, Donald A. “Plutarch.” In The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th ed., edited by Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, and Esther Eidinow, 1165. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Schnabel, Eckhard J., trans. “Canon Muratori.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society, Baltimore, MD, November 20, 2013.

Schwartz, Daniel R. “The End of the Line: Paul in the Canonical Book of Acts.” In Paul and the Legacies of Paul, edited by William S. Babcock, 3–24. Dallas, TX: Southern Methodist University Press, 1990.

Sellew, Philip. “Thomas Christianity: Scholars in Quest of a Community.” The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas, edited by Jan N. Bremmer, 11–35. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2001.

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Smith, Carl B. “Ministry, Martyrdom and Other Mysteries: Pauline Influence on Ignatius of Antioch.” In Paul and the Second Century, edited by Michael F. Bird and Joseph R. Dodson, 37–56. New York: T. & T. Clark, 2011.

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Smith, Morton. “The Report About Peter in I Clement V. 4.” New Testament Studies 7 (1960–61): 86–88.

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Thapar, Romila. “Historical Traditions in Early India: c. 1000 B.C. to c. AD 600.” The Oxford History of Historical Writing, edited by Andrew Feldherr and Grant Hardy, 553–58. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Thomas, Christine M. “The ‘Prehistory’ of the Acts of Peter.” In The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles, edited by François Bovon, Ann Graham Bock, and Christopher R. Matthews, 39–62. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.

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Valantasis, Richard. “Narrative Strategies and Synoptic Quandaries: A Response to Dennis MacDonald’s Reading of Acts of Paul and Acts of Peter.” Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers (1992): 234–39.

Van Belle, Gilbert. “Peter as Martyr in the Fourth Gospel.” In Martyrdom and Persecution in Late Antique Christianity: Festschrift Boudewijn Dehandschutter, edited by J. Leemans, 281–309. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2010.

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Van Esbroeck, Michael. “The Rise of Saint Bartholomew’s Cult in Armenia from the Seventh to the Thirteenth Centuries.” In Medieval Armenian Culture, University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies, vol. 6, edited by Thomas J. Samuelian and Michael E. Stone, 161–78. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1983.

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Wilkins, Michael. “Apologetics Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew.” In The Holman Apologetics Commentary on the Bible, edited by Jeremy R. Howard, 15–198. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman, 2013.

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Dissertations

Dunn, Peter Wallace. “The Acts of Paul and the Pauline Legacy in the Second Century.” Ph.D. diss., Queens College, Cambridge, 1996.

Haxby, Mikael Caley Grams. “The First Apocalypse of James: Martyrdom and Sexual Difference.” Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 2013.

Lanzilotta, Fernando Lautaro Roig. “The Apocryphal Acts of Andrew: A New Approach to the Character, Thought and Meaning of the Primitive Text.” Ph.D. diss., Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, 2004.

Little, Henry D. “The Death of James, the Brother of Jesus.” Ph.D. diss., Rice University, 1971.

Wespetal, Thomas J. “Martyrdom and the Furtherance of God’s Plan: The Value of Dying for the Christian Faith.” Ph.D. diss., Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 2005.