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Abebe, Rediet, 190
“abnormal” behavior, 4–5, 8, 11, 14, 28–29, 47–48, 75, 151, 195
Accenture, 176–77
“ad-hoc diagnosing,” 31–32
Adobe Inc., 170–73
adult/adolescent sensory history (AASH), 100
alienation, 73, 120, 201
“Allergic to Sound” (newsletter), 104
American Journal of Psychiatry (medical journal), 75
American Psychiatric Association, 30
American Psychological Association (APA), 119
amygdala, 130
Anatomy of a Calling, The (Rankin), 43
anger, 10, 76, 102, 130, 141, 157, 172, 210
animals, 48–49, 67–68, 196
antipsychotic drug use, 32
anxiety
“anxious” women, 5
co-occurrence of “attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder” and, 75, 93
co-occurrence of autism and, 56, 62, 129, 158–60
co-occurrence of misophonia and, 104
co-occurrence of neurodivergences and, 6–7, 12
co-occurrence of sensory processing disorder and, 86, 88, 93, 101, 105, 139
impact of environment on, 167
impact of nature and biodiversity on, 176
medicalization of, 29, 32, 41
medication for, 86
music-based intervention for, 138
passing and, 81
rates among “successful” women, 3
role of design in treatment, 148
role of exercise in prevention, 92
treatment in neurodiversity framework, 120, 205, 212
treatment options, 5
treatment with heartbeat perception, 128
wellness tips, 141
work environments and, 185–86
AOL (web portal/online service provider), 168
Architectural Digest (magazine), 192
architecture, 13, 16, 144–46, 189, 192–93, 198
Arizona Biomedical Research Commission, 204
Arizona State University, 204
Aron, Elaine, 6, 9, 19, 35–40, 47, 66, 167, 181
artificial intelligence (AI), 190–92
Asperger/Autism Network, 156
Asperger’s Association of New England, 156
Asperger “syndrome”
articles in major news outlets, 2
diagnosis, 62–65, 156, 179–81
diagnosis for women, 7
impact on lives, 79–84
research on girls and women, 79–80
spectrum of experiences, 57–61
traits of sensitivity and, 9–10
Atlantic, The (magazine), 2, 191
“attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder” (ADHD)
articles in major news outlets, 2–3
auditory sensitivity and, 138
categorization and diagnosis for, 206–7
characteristics of, 75–76
co-occurrence of anxiety and, 75
co-occurrence of autism and, 158–60
co-occurrence of depression and, 75, 79
diagnosis, 7, 31, 40, 54, 124–25, 132–33, 169, 171–72
entrepreneurs with, 172
giftedness and, 123
impact on lives, 77–84
Kaleidoscope Society, 165
music-based intervention for people with, 138
within neurodiversity framework, 15–19, 46
research on girls and women, 75, 79–80
sensitivities found within, 74–76
spectrum of experiences, 5–7
stigma with, 173
therapy and, 129
traits of sensitivity and, 9–10
Atypical (Netflix show), 199
auditory perception, 197–98
auditory sensitivity, 138–40
auditory triggers, 102–4
augmented reality, 190
autism
academic research, 204–6, 209
articles in major news outlets, 2–3
auditory perception and, 197–98
autism-friendly design, 192
brain connectivity in, 70
characteristics of, 156
co-occurrence of anxiety and, 56, 62, 129, 158–60
co-occurrence of “attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder” and, 158–60
co-occurrence of depression and, 56, 158–60
co-occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder and, 159
co-occurrence of sensory processing disorder and, 100
co-occurrence of synesthesia and, 70, 74
diagnosis, 40, 54, 124
giftedness and, 123
impact on lives, 79–81
interior design for, 149–51
within neurodiversity framework, 15–16, 18, 46
research on girls and women, 75, 80–81
sensitivities found within, 74, 76, 130–31
sensory processing disorder and, 100
sound sensitivity and, 62
spectrum of experiences, 5–7, 55–62
therapy and, 129
traits of sensitivity and, 9–10
Autism and Brain Aging Laboratory, 204
Autism at Work events, 167
autoimmune health challenges, 5
Awdish, Rana, 212
Ayres, A. Jean, 47
balance, 27, 45–46, 88, 132, 135, 152, 163
bats, 49, 196
Being, On (public radio show), 13
Berlin Physical Society, 118
“Beyond the Five Senses” (Hutson), 191
bias, 145, 166, 190–92
Biederman, Joseph, 31–32
bipolar disorder, 11, 15, 31–32, 93, 133–35, 201
bodily awareness, 127–31
Book of Woe, The (Greenberg), 28
borderline personality disorder, 158, 201
Braden, B. Blair, 204–6
brain
approaches of study in practice of medicine and science, 26–27
brain fog, 83, 164
as camera lens, 158
diseases, 29–30
diversity of makeup, 5, 8, 11–12, 70
emotional overwhelm and meltdowns and, 96
interoception and, 129
mechanistic thinking on, 68–69, 118–19
medical study of HSPs via imaging of, 37–38, 84
neurons, 47, 67–69, 84, 119
pathologized, 15
perceptions of, 130, 209–10
research on, 14, 73, 132–33, 164, 191, 194, 208
synesthesia and, 66, 69, 72
tactile receptive field in, 68–69
vestibular sensitivity and, 97
visual receptive field in, 68–69
Brown, Brené, 18
Burning Woman (Pearce), 180–84
burnout, 12, 79, 81, 152, 212
Cain, Susan, 18, 125–27, 166, 185–86
Center for Research on Women and Gender at University of Chicago, 41
Chen, Katie, 192
Chesler, Phyllis, 30
children
antipsychotic drug use, 32
auditory sensitivity, 138–39
counseling for, 157
diagnosis of “attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,” 40
diagnosis of autism, 40, 100
diagnosis of bipolar disorder, 32
diagnosis of sensory processing disorder (SPD), 88–89, 93–94, 98–100
hereditary insanity, 25
“mirror emotion synesthesia,” 66
neurodiversity framework for, 200–201
Choy, Lawrence, 132–33
chronic fatigue syndrome, 42, 62, 183
CNN, 2
cognitive psychology, 120
Cole, Chris, 133–37
color palette, 150, 161
Columbia University, 82, 202
communication
animals, 48–49, 196
direct communication, 153
face-to-face communication, 155
hostile communication, 196
for neurodivergent people, 16, 65, 190
open communication, 175
role of language, 73–74
up-front communication, 162
whispering, 195
Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum, 146
counseling, 83, 90, 137, 156–62
Craft, Samantha, 56–62
Dand, Mia, 191
Daring Greatly (Brown), 18
Davies, Bill, 139
daydreaming, 80
depression
co-occurrence of “attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder” and, 75, 79
co-occurrence of autism and, 56, 62, 158–60
co-occurrence of misophonia and, 103
co-occurrence of neurodivergences and, 6–7, 12
co-occurrence of sensory processing disorder and, 92–93, 101, 105, 139
impact of environment on, 167
impact of nature and biodiversity on, 176
medicalization of, 29, 32, 41, 73
passing and, 80–81
rates among “successful” women, 3
role of exercise in prevention, 92
treatment in neurodiversity framework, 120, 202, 205, 212
treatment options, 5
Descartes, René, 118
design
airport design, 198
architecture and, 13, 16, 144–46, 189, 192–93, 198
autism-friendly design, 192
environmental, 144–48, 162, 166, 198
graphic design, 147–48
interior design for, 149–51
neighborhood design, 145, 162
public sensory design, 146–48
reframing, 144–48
school design, 139, 192
“sensory design,” 149–51, 171–73
sensory tips for home, 161–62
sound design, 138–40
determinism, 118
“developmental disorder,” 15
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (the DSM), 29–32, 56, 72–73, 88, 156, 189, 205, 206, 211
Digital Garage (innovation space), 170
dissociation, 78, 83
Doing Harm (Dusenbery), 42, 212
Duke University, 67
Durham University, 195
Dusenbery, Maya, 42, 212
dysfunction, 75
dyslexia, 15, 123, 171, 173
dysregulation, 75
Eagleman, David, 191
echolalia, 74
echolocation, 194–97
“ecopsychology,” 32
Einck, Carrie, 92–94
Emotion (scientific journal), 66
emotions
colonialist mentality of, 145
“emotional reactivity,” 46
hysteria and, 25
impact of sociological and historical contexts on, 27
reciprocity, 157
regulation of, 13, 123
sensitivity and, 5, 10
“sexual emotions,” 25
synesthetes, 66–74
empathy, 9, 38, 43, 45, 47, 55–56, 66–67, 69, 71, 84, 131, 170, 184, 198, 201, 209
Employee Resource Group (ERG), 168–69
“energy quotients/points,” 160
“English malady,” 28
executive functioning, 2, 76, 80, 160, 168, 205
exercise, 94, 116, 128–29, 160, 162, 209
Facebook, 2, 102, 104, 164, 180
facial expression/identity recognition, 66
Far from the Tree (Solomon), 201
Fast Company (magazine), 2, 165
fatigue, 37, 42, 62, 81, 94, 183
female dismissal, 41–42
female insanity, 26
Female Malady, The (Showalter), 25–26
fibromyalgia, 42, 183
film industry, 178–79
Forbes (magazine), 165, 190
Forte Building Science, 192
Freud, Sigmund, 25, 119–20
Garcia, Mariana, 199–201
Garfinkel, Sarah, 128, 209
gender bias, 1, 30, 41–42, 159, 183, 189, 201, 212
genes, 5, 69–70, 73
giftedness, 35, 122–23
Grandin, Temple, 55
Greenberg, Gary, 28–33
guilt, 12, 19, 41, 102, 141
Hammond, William, 28
Harry, Prince, Duke of Sussex, 177
Hart, CC, 53, 67, 70, 86
Harvard Business Review (magazine), 165
Harvard School of Public Health, 2, 77, 176
Harvey, Barbara, 176–77
Healthline, 2
heartbeat perception, 128–29
heightened sensitivity, 5–7
hereditary insanity, 25
highly sensitive person (HSP)
articles in major news outlets, 2
categorization and diagnosis for, 206
characteristics of, 35–40, 66, 76
diagnosis, 124, 181
impact on lives, 82–84
introversion and, 125–27
as “neurodivergent” trait, 6
within neurodiversity framework, 15, 17
physical symptoms, 83
research on, 47, 134
traits of sensitivity and, 9–10
treatment, 121
work environments, 185
Highly Sensitive Person, The (Aron), 6, 9, 19, 35–40
History of Modern Psychology, A (Schultz and Schultz), 117
Hoffman, Dustin, 182
home
characteristics of, 143
color palette, 161
couples counseling, 90, 156–61, 162
design, 162
plants, 162
private worlds, 148–49
reframing design for sensitivity, 144–48
relationships, 151–56
“sensory design,” 149–51
sensory tips for, 161–62
homosexuality, 24, 29, 30, 32
Hughes, Howard C., 48
human behavior, 26, 29, 69, 117, 118
humanistic psychology, 120
Hume, David, 118
Hutson, Matthew, 191
“hyperfocusing,” 12, 75, 77, 80, 131
hysteria, 5, 24–25, 46
Iacoboni, Marco, 68
Inamoto, Rei, 172
Inferior (Saini), 42, 212
inner life, 7–8
insanity, 25–26, 28–29
In Shock (Awdish), 212
Integrated Listening Systems, 209
International Association of Synaesthetes, Artists, and Scientists (IASAS), 67
“internet use disorder,” 30
interoception, 88, 116, 127–31
interoception-focused therapy, 129, 209
introversion, 125–27, 185
Invisibilia (podcast), 66
Jarvis, Edward, 28
Jeon, Kijeong, 149–51
job interviews, 174–75
Joffe, Lindy, 139
Joffe, Margaux, 165–66, 184–85
Johns Hopkins University, 67, 78, 202
Journal of Neuroscience (scientific journal), 66
Joyful (Lee), 144
Jung, Carl, 120
Kaleidoscope Society, 165
Kish, Daniel, 194
Kurchak, Sarah, 177–80, 182
Kuyda, Eugenia, 190
language
arbitrary language, 32
everyday language, 12
of nervous system, 116
of neurodiversity, 12, 14–16, 169, 186, 187, 200, 213
nonpathologizing language, 19, 40, 73–74, 147, 151, 166
pathologizing language, 3, 23–25, 30, 32–33, 55, 97–98, 132–33, 179
reframing and, 203
of temperament rights, 168
leadership, 185–86
Le Corbusier, 192
Lee, Ingrid Fetell, 144–46
Lighthouse3 (strategic research advisory and consulting firm), 191
Locke, John, 118
loneliness, 73, 120, 164, 190, 212–13
“lost generation,” 7
Lupton, Ellen, 146–47
Mad in America (Whitaker), 27–28, 49–50
madness, 24, 26, 28, 46
“Mad Pride” movement, 202
Maki, Pauline, 41
Making a New Reality (transmedia project), 191
Malonai, Grace, 120–25
marginalized communities, 45, 211
masking, 1–7, 10, 81, 159, 174–75, 181, 199, 205, 208
Maslow, Abraham, 120
Massachusetts General Hospital, 31
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 62–65
Maudsley, Henry, 25
May-Benson, Teresa, 98–101, 140
McNamara, Shannon, 212
mechanistic thinking, 68–69, 117–20
Medicaid, 136
medical system, 24–33, 43–46, 72–73, 132–37, 211–13
medication, 5, 32, 86, 131–33, 160, 202–3
Medicine Woman (Pearce), 183
meltdowns, 10, 36, 74, 76, 90, 96, 109, 126, 150, 160, 179, 195, 208
Mendes, Eva, 156–61
“mental disorder,” 28, 30
mental health, 5, 11, 144–45, 150, 162, 167, 175–77
mental health care, 133–37, 189
“mental illness,” 11, 15, 23–33, 40–41, 62, 133–36
Microsoft, 167
Miesnieks, Silka, 170–73
migraines, 10, 83, 126, 207
Mill, John Stuart, 118
Miller, Lucy Jane, 87
mindfulness, 120, 128
“mirror emotion synesthesia,” 66
Mirroring People (Iacoboni), 68
“mirror neurons,” 47, 67–69, 84
mirror touch, 10, 66–67
Mirror Touch (Salinas), 69
misophonia, 101–4
monkeys, 67–68
Moods of Motherhood (Pearce), 180
“moral treatment,” 27–28
movement, 17, 74, 88, 94, 171, 194
Müller, Johannes, 118
“multisensory environments,” 144–46, 150, 209
National Alliance for Mental Illness, 204
National Autistic Society, 74
National Institute of Mental Health, 31
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 1, 42
nature, 139, 144, 162, 176
Nature Neuroscience (scientific journal), 66
NBA “sensory rooms,” 193
neocortex, 68
nervous system, 5, 37–38, 39, 54, 107, 116, 118–19, 130, 134–35, 138–39, 141, 148, 152, 187
Neurocosmopolitanism (blog), 15
neurodivergence, 15–16, 67, 79–80, 130
neurodiversity
author discovery of, 8–9
clinical care, 133–37
connection to sensitivity, 9–12
first use of term, 15
framework, 15–17, 69, 200–201
language, 14–16
role of technology, 190–93, 196
therapeutic setting, 120–25
neurodiversity movement, 16, 166
Neurodiversity Project, The, 71, 81, 164, 210
neurons, 47, 67–69, 84, 119
neuroscience, 67–69
NeuroTribes (Silberman), 9, 15, 18
neurotypical, 16–17
noise pollution, 139
“normal” behavior, 4–5, 8, 11, 14, 28–29, 151
Norris, Sarah, 92–94
obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), 62, 72, 124, 201
occupational therapy
auditory sensitivity, 139
experience, 94–98
interoception-focused therapy, 129, 209
practice, 92–94, 115–16
role of education, 198–99, 209
role of exercise, 92, 94, 160
therapist as rebel leader, 98–101
olfactory tolerance, 71
open office plans, 185
panic attack, 98, 103
passing, 3, 80–81, 159, 180. See also masking
Pearce, Lucy, 180–84
physical illnesses, 145
Pinel, Philippe, 27
plants, 162
Plath, Sylvia, 26
Porges, Stephen, 138
positive psychology, 120
post-traumatic stress disorder, 95, 159
prefrontal cortex, 76, 132
processing, 11, 36–38, 45, 47–48, 71, 154
proprioception, 88
Prozac (fluoxetine), 131
psychiatry, 6, 16, 24–26, 28–29, 32, 44, 47, 73, 119, 189
psychoanalysis, 119
psychology, 6, 16, 26–27, 30–33, 40, 44, 47, 50, 116–20, 136, 145, 171
psychometric research, 100
psychotherapy, 136, 157, 159
Quadt, Lisa, 128–31
Quakers, 27
Quiet (Cain), 18, 125
Quiet Revolution (resource website), 125–26, 166
Quiet Schools program, 166
Quiet Workplaces program, 166
Rainbow Way, The (Pearce), 181
Rankin, Lissa, 42–46, 212
relationships, 143–44, 151–56, 162
Replika (AI chatbot), 190
Ripa, Kelly, 104
Rizzolatti, Giacomo, 47, 68–69
Russell, Denise, 24
Sacks, Alexandra, 212
Safe and Sound Protocol (SSP), 138
Saini, Angela, 42, 212
Saks, Elyn, 201–3
Saks Institute for Mental Health Law, Policy, and Ethics, 202
Salinas, Joel, 69–74, 84, 148, 198
SAP (multinational software corporation), 167
schizophrenia, 11, 201–3
Schneider, Rachel, 85–86, 92, 107–11
Schultz, Duane, 117, 118
Schultz, Sydney, 117, 118
scientific method, 118
Seager, Sara, 62–65, 84
self-care, 134, 140–42, 161
self-esteem, 12, 13
self-image, 12, 19
Seligman, Martin, 120
sensitive leadership, 185–86
sensitivity
in animals, 48–49, 67–68
auditory sensitivity, 138–40
found within “attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,” 74–76
found within autism, 74
in marginalized communities, 45
neurodivergences and, 9–12, 48
as opportunity, 48–50
pathologized, 33, 46–48
positive reframing of, 134
research on, 36–40, 47, 75, 79–80
sensitive leadership, 185–86
sensitive women, 33, 120–25
sound of, 138–40
traits in Asperger “syndrome,” 9–10
traits in “attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,” 9–10
traits in autism, 10
traits in highly sensitive person, 9–10
traits in sensory processing disorder, 10
traits of, 9–10, 41
as unwelcome, 43–44, 45
vestibular sensitivity, 97
at work, 184–85
“sensory biology,” 67–68
sensory defensive, 99–101, 105
“sensory design,” 149–51, 171–73, 190
Sensory Exotica (Hughes), 48
sensory integration, 47, 94, 100, 107, 115, 201
“sensory integration dysfunction,” 89
sensory makeup, 5–7
sensory processing, 11, 36–38, 45, 47–48, 71
sensory processing disorder (SPD)
auditory sensitivity and, 138
autism and, 100
categorization and diagnosis for, 206
co-occurrence of anxiety and, 86, 88, 93, 101, 105, 139
co-occurrence of autism and, 100
co-occurrence of depression and, 92–93, 101, 105, 139
coping with, 104–7
demand for official recognition, 88–89
diagnosis, 7, 86, 93
everyday life for, 140
experience, 87–90
intimate lives of women with, 90–92
learning process, 107–11
misophonia and, 101–4
music-based intervention for people with, 138
as “neurodivergent” trait, 6
occupational therapy and, 92–101
persons with, 17
research on, 47, 164
sound sensitivity and, 101–4
traits of sensitivity and, 10
sensory processing sensitivity (SPS), 9
“sensory rooms,” 144–46, 150, 193, 209
Sexton, Anne, 26
shame, 12, 19, 33, 41, 43, 56, 78, 193, 200, 210
Showalter, Elaine, 25–26, 28
Shrub Oak International School, 192
shyness, 126, 182
Silberman, Steve, 8, 9, 15, 18
Sinclair, Kamal, 191
Singer, Judy, 15
“slave diseases,” 24, 30
Snoezelen “multisensory environments,” 144–46, 150, 209
social awkwardness, 14
societal structure, 24, 30, 50
Solomon, Andrew, 201–2
soundscapes, 193, 197
sound sensitivity, 62, 101–4, 138–40
spatial awareness, 106
Spectrum (online news site), 2
Spiral Foundation (Sensory Processing Institute for Research and Learning), 98–99
STAR Institute for Sensory Processing Disorder, 87, 91–94
stereotypes, 62, 75, 80, 91, 105, 121–22, 159, 201
stimming, 17, 74, 154
Studies on Hysteria (Freud), 25
Sundance Film Institute New Frontier Lab, 191
Sussman, Ann, 192
synesthesia, 6, 7, 10, 15, 17, 53–54, 62, 66–74, 198
tactile receptive field, 68–69
tantrums, 10, 31, 76
Teachers (television show), 101
technology, 171, 190–93, 196
temperament rights, 7, 167–70
temperaments, 126–27
Thaler, Lore, 194–96
therapy
auditory sensitivity, 139
“bleeding” treatment, 26
categorization and diagnosis for neurodivergent people, 206
cognitive behavioral therapy, 129
couples counseling, 90, 156–62
“drowning therapy,” 26
financial burden, 136–37
interoception-focused therapy, 129, 209
multisensory play therapy, 193
neurodiversity thinking in, 16, 134, 157, 189, 202–3
occupational therapy, 48, 86, 87, 88–89, 91–100, 107, 115–16, 138, 139, 160, 198–99, 209
physical therapy, 53
psychotherapy, 136, 157, 159
for schizophrenia, 203
Snoezelen “multisensory environments,” 144–46, 150, 209
somatic therapies, 116
talk therapy, 5, 129
wilderness therapy, 134
with younger adults, 159–60
Thomas, Kathryn Renée, 101–4
Thunberg, Greta, 19
Tippett, Krista, 13
Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF), 178
trauma, 25, 30, 43–45, 76, 93, 98, 101, 138–40, 159–60
“trauma-informed care,” 137
triggers, 36, 95–96, 102–4, 138, 148, 160–61
Twitter, 8, 55, 178
umvelt, 143–44, 191
University of California
Berkeley, 2, 132
San Francisco, 47
“sensory biology,” 67
University of Southern California, 202
US Department of Defense, 204
US National Park Service, Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division, 193
“veil,” 83
Verizon, 168, 184
vestibular sensitivity, 94, 97
virtual reality, 190, 212
visual receptive field, 68–69
visual triggers, 103
Waking Up Bipolar (podcast), 134
Walker, Nick, 8, 15
Walmart, 166–67
well-being, 17, 46, 81–82, 116, 120, 127, 128, 138–39, 144–45, 149, 167, 176, 185
wellness tips, 140–42, 208–11
whales, 49
“What Neurodiversity Is and Why Companies Should Embrace It” (Nerenberg), 165
whispering, 195
Whitaker, Robert, 27–28, 49–50
Whole Health Medicine Institute, 44
“Why Buildings for Autistic People Are Better for Everyone” (report), 192
William, Prince, Duke of Cambridge, 177
williams, angel Kyodo, 45
Womancraft Publishing House, 183
Women, Madness, and Medicine (Russell), 24
Women and Madness (Chesler), 30
Women’s Mental Health Research, 41
Woolf, Virginia, 26
work
advice to neurodivergent employees, 165–67
challenges for neurodivergent persons, 163–87
embracing neurodiversity at, 169–70
environment, 166
as healing balm, 210
job interviews, 174–75
masking at, 174–75
mental health at, 175–77
neurodivergent employees, 165–67
neurodiversity footprint at, 186–87
open office plans, 185
sensitive leadership, 185–86
sensitivity at, 184–85
temperament rights and, 167–70
writers, 177–84
World Health Organization, 40, 139
Wundt, Wilhelm, 117
Wynter, Andrew, 25
Yagoda, Maria, 2, 79
Yahoo, 165
Yale University, 2, 79