624, 462.7 Supremacy
1.Thomas Wright, ed., Three Chapters of Letters relating to the Suppression of Monasteries (1843), 8–9, 12.
2.Hugh Latimer, Sermons and Remains, ed. G. E. Corrie (Cambridge, 1845), 317–21.
3.MacCulloch, 637–8.
4.Gee, 187–9.
5.John Guy, Tudor England (Oxford, 1988), 133–4.
6.Stanford E. Lehmberg, The Reformation Parliament 1529–1536 (Cambridge, 1970), 174–5; Bernard, 211.
7.LP, IX, 1077 (misdated to 1535).
8.MacCulloch, 88–9.
9.Lehmberg, Reformation, 177–9; MacCulloch, 83–4.
10.LP, VI, 562 (i); Roper, 229–30; Brigden, 217.
11.CSP, Spain, IV (1), no. 547; Eric Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn (Oxford, 2004), 177–8; LP, VI, 923–4; C. L. Kingsford, ed., Two London Chronicles from the Collection of John Stow (1910), 8.
12.For what follows, see Diane Watt, ‘Barton, Elizabeth (c.1506–1534)’, ODNB; Ethan Shagan, Popular Politics and the English Reformation (Cambridge, 2003), 61–85; Cranmer, 272–4; L. E. Whatmore, ed., ‘The Sermon against the Holy Maid of Kent and her Adherents’, EHR, 58 (1943), 463–75.
13.SP 1/185, 21r; MacCulloch, 98.
14.LP, VI, 1487–8.
15.Articles deuisid by the holle consent of the kynges moste honourable counsayle (1533), 1r–10v.
16.TRP, I, 209–11; Lehmberg, Reformation, 190–9; Gee, 225; J. A. Guy, ‘The Law of Heresy’, in Thomas More, The Debellation of Salem and Bizance, ed. J. Guy, R. Keen, C. H. Miller and R. McGugan (New Haven, 1987), lxii–lxvii; Brigden, 218–19.
17.Lehmberg, Reformation, 194–6.
18.Jonathan M. Gray, Oaths and the English Reformation (Cambridge, 2013), 57–8.
19.LSG, 57.
20.Gray, Oaths, 58–77.
21.G. R. Elton, Policy and Police (Cambridge, 1972), 222–4; Peter Marshall, ‘The Last Years’, in George Logan, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Thomas More (Cambridge, 2011), 121–3.
22.Kenneth Carleton, ‘Wilson, Nicholas (d. 1548)’, ODNB; David Knowles, The Religious Orders in England III: The Tudor Age (Cambridge, 1959), 209–11, 215–16, 229–30; SP 3/7, 166r; LP, VII, 1057.
23.Elton, Policy, 120–1; Gray, Oaths, 118; SP 1/92, 171v; 1/97, 58r; 1/76, 200r.
24.LP, VII, 690.
25.SP 1/102, 73v; 1/132, 155; LP, XIII (2), 613.
26.Knowles, Religious, 229–31; L. E. Whatmore, The Carthusians under King Henry VIII (Salzburg, 1983), 27; Thomas Rymer, Foedera (20 vols, London, 1704–35), XIV, 498; SP 1/84, 239.
27.Felicity Heal, Reformation in Britain and Ireland (Oxford, 2003), 130–1; Henry A. Jefferies, The Irish Church and the Tudor Reformations (Dublin, 2010), 71–3.
28.R. Dudley Edwards, ‘Venerable John Travers and the Rebellion of Silken Thomas’, Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, 23 (1934), 687–99; Colm O’Clabaigh, The Franciscans in Ireland, 1400–1534 (Dublin, 2002), 78; LP, VIII, 48.
29.Peter Marshall, ‘“The Greatest Man in Wales”: James ap Gruffydd ap Hywel and the International Opposition to Henry VIII’, SCJ, 39 (2008), 681–704.
30.LP, VIII, 609.
31.LP, VII, 259, 406, 140.
32.Elton, Policy, 208n, 347; LP, VI, 1492; VIII, 196; VII, 1609.
33.LP, VI, 790 (i); XIII (2), 307; IX, 74; VIII, 278. For other cases of people stating or implying Henry was a heretic, Shagan, Politics, 32–6.
34.Gee, 247–52; LP, VIII, 856; Lehmberg, Reformation, 203–6.
35.Gee, 243–7, 253–6.
36.The following paragraphs draw on F. Donald Logan, ‘Thomas Cromwell and the Vicegerency in Spirituals: a Revisitation’, EHR, 103 (1988), 658–67; MacCulloch, 125–35; Malcolm B. Yarnell, Royal Priesthood in the English Reformation (Oxford, 2013), 151–4.
37.Cranmer, 304–5.
38.Douglas H. Parker, A Critical Edition of Robert Barnes’s A Supplication Vnto the Most Gracyous Prince Kynge Henry the. VIIJ. 1534 (Toronto, 2008), 16–20.
39.Philip Hughes, The Reformation in England (3 vols, 1950–54), I, 266n; LP, VI, 1460.
40.Ives, Boleyn, 261–2; Andrew A. Chibi, Henry VIII’s Bishops (Cambridge, 2003), Appendix.
41.LP, IX, 965; Tracey Sowerby, ‘“All our books do be sent into other countries and translated”: Henrician Polemic in its International Context’, EHR, 121 (2006), 1271–99.
42.Richard Rex, ‘Ridley, Robert (d. 1536?)’, ODNB.
43.C. D. C. Armstrong, ‘Gardiner, Stephen (c.1495x8–1555)’, ODNB; Richard Rex, ‘The Crisis of Obedience: God’s Word and Henry’s Reformation’, HJ, 39 (1996), 885–7.
44.Elton, Policy, 231–5; Aude de Mézerac-Zanetti, ‘Reforming the Liturgy under Henry VIII: The Instructions of John Clerk, Bishop of Bath and Wells’, JEH, 64 (2013), 96–111; SP 1/93, 29; Henry Ellis, ed., Original Letters Illustrative of English History (3rd ser.,4 vols, 1846), II, 338–9.
45.Folger, L.b.339 (a copy sent to the JPs of Surrey); TRP, I, 230.
46.Elton, Policy, 85–9; LP, VIII, 406–7.
47.Cranmer, 460–1.
48.LP, IX, 1059, 681.
49.Brigden, 258; LP, VIII, 1054; BL, Add. MS 48022, 87r–88r.
50.Duffy, 82–3.
51.Rex, ‘Crisis’, 879–80; Brad C. Pardue, Printing, Power, and Piety: Appeals to the Public during the Early Years of the English Reformation (Leiden, 2012), 175–7; SP 1/103, 331v.
52.Ethan Shagan, ‘Clement Armstrong and the Godly Commonwealth’, in Peter Marshall and Alec Ryrie, eds, The Beginnings of English Protestantism (Cambridge, 2002), 60–83; Karl Gunther and Ethan Shagan, ‘Protestant Radicalism and Political Thought in the Reign of Henry VIII’, Past and Present, 194 (2007), 35–74; Yarnell, Royal, 163–4; I. Gadd, ‘Gibson, Thomas (d. 1562)’, ODNB; Karl Gunther, Reformation Unbound: Protestant Visions of Reform in England, 1525–1590 (Cambridge, 2014), 87–9.
53.LP, X, 371; Gunther, Reformation, 74–5; Ives, Boleyn, 326; MacCulloch, 147.
54.TRP, I, 227–8; R. W. Heinze, The Proclamations of the Tudor Kings (Cambridge, 1976), 135.
55.SP 1/237, 284r; A. G. Dickens, Lollards and Protestants in the Diocese of York (Oxford, 1959), 75; Strype, I (1), 442; BL, Cotton MS Cleopatra E V, 397r–v.
56.LP, VIII, 771, 826, 846; Wriothesley, I, 28; Foxe (1583), 1073.
57.Wriothesley, I, 28; Knowles, Religious, 229–36; Roper, 242.
58.Whatmore, Carthusians, 4, 101–10, 140–2; Nicholas Harpsfield, The Life and Death of Sir Thomas Moore, ed. E. V. Hitchcock (1932), 232–40.
59.LP, VIII, 742, 876; Maria Dowling, Fisher of Men: A Life of John Fisher, 1469–1535 (Basingstoke, 1999), 159–67.
60.LP, VIII, 876; Marshall, ‘Last’, 123–33.
61.Wright, Letters, 34–5; LP, IX, 46, 873; XI, 486; Elton, Policy, 157, 355–6.
62.Hughes, Reformation, I, 280; Whatmore, Carthusians, 73–4, 83; Strype, I (1), 304–6; LP, VIII, 801.
63.Roper, 248.
64.Dowling, Fisher, 170–3; David Starkey and Susan Wabuda, ‘Acton Court and the Progress of 1535’, in Henry VIII: A European Court in England (1991), 118.
65.LP, IX, 321–2.
66.Maria Dowling, ed., ‘William Latymer’s Cronickille of Anne Bulleyne’, Camden Miscellany XXX (1990), 60–1.
67.LP, VIII, 955.
68.Joyce Youings, The Dissolution of the Monasteries (1971), 151–2; G. W. Bernard, ‘The Dissolution of the Monasteries’, History, 96 (2001), 390–409.
69.Knowles, Religious, 270–3; F. D. Logan, ‘The First Royal Visitation of the English Universities, 1535’, EHR, 106 (1991), 861–88 (though noting that Aristotelian logic continued to be taught).
70.Bernard, 247; SP 1/98, 22r.
71.Bernard, 258–64; Knowles, Religious, 289; Wright, Letters, 97: A. N. Shaw, ‘The Compendium Compertorum and the Making of the Suppression Act of 1536’, University of Warwick PhD thesis (2003), chs 3–4. Shaw demonstrates (335–6) that the decision to record cases of masturbation was taken at a meeting of Cromwell with the principal visitors at Winchester in September 1535, after the visitation was under way.
72.SP 1/95, 38r–v; Wright, Letters, 58–9, 85; SP 1/102, 85r–104r; Wriothesley, I, 31.
73.Marshall, 136–7.
74.Elton, Policy, 244–5; Duffy, 387–9; Margaret Bowker, The Henrician Reformation: The Diocese of Lincoln under John Longland 1521–1547 (Cambridge, 1981), 144–5.
75.LP, X, 59, 141. Though for scepticism about Chapuys’ report, see Suzannah Lipscomb, 1536: The Year that Changed Henry VIII (Oxford, 2009), 52–3.
76.LP, X, 284.
77.LP, X, 282, 283, 351.
78.Hughes, Reformation, I, 387; Wright, Letters, 119.
79.Hugh Latimer, Sermons, ed. G. E. Corrie (Cambridge, 1844), 123; Youings, Dissolution, 155–6; Wright, Letters, 116–17.
80.Lehmberg, Reformation, 226; Wright, Letters, 38; MacCulloch, 151–2.
81.Latymer, ‘Cronickille’, 57–8 (noting that Anne slapped down petitioners who believed her a supporter of monasticism per se); Wright, Letters, 37. My account of the fall of Anne largely follows the interpretation of Ives, Boleyn, 306–37, though Ives makes no mention of the Haynes sermon.
82.MacCulloch, 155–6.
83.Rory McEntegart, Henry VIII, The League of Schmalkalden, and the English Reformation (2002), 29–58 (quote at 47); LP, IX, 1016.
84.Ives, Boleyn, 312–16; CSP, Spain, V (2), no. 61. For a different reading, stressing Anne’s own culpability, see George Bernard, Anne Boleyn: Fatal Attractions (New Haven and London, 2010), 135–92.
85.LP, X, 752.
86.Cranmer, 323–4.
87.LP, X, 752.
88.Ives, Boleyn, 360–2; CSP, Spain, V, pt 2, no. 70; LP, X, 1137.
89.Burnet, VI, 172–6.
90.LP, X, 1093; Marshall, 242; Reginald Pole, Defense of the Unity of the Church, tr. Joseph Dwyer (Westminster, MD, 1965), 283.
91.Burnet, VI, 177–84.
92.MacCulloch, 160; Latimer, Sermons, 33–57; Duffy, 391–2.
93.Thomas Starkey, Life and Letters, ed. S. J. Herrtage (1878), lii–liii.
94.Lloyd, xi–xxxii, 1–20.
95.Alan Kreider, English Chantries: The Road to Dissolution (Cambridge, MA, 1979), 246–7; CSP, Spain, V (1), no. 43. MacCulloch, 165, argues the Wittenberg Articles only arrived in England with Foxe in July.
96.MacCulloch, 162–3.
97.Reproduced in Gerald Bray, ed., Documents of the English Reformation (Cambridge, 1994), 137.
98.Latimer, Sermons, 50; Starkey, Life, lv; BL, Cotton MS Cleopatra E V, 140r–142r.
99.Lloyd, 16–17.
100.LP, X, 1043; XI, 376; SP 1/101, 184r–185r; SP 1/113, 90r. For the Articles as fundamentally orthodox, Richard Rex, Henry VIII and the English Reformation (2nd edn, Basingstoke, 2006), 117–19; as quasi-Lutheran, Haigh, 128–30; Dickens, 200.
101.Kreider, Chantries, 121–2; LP, XI, 1110; MacCulloch, 165.
102.Wilkins, III, 823–4.
103.VAI, II, 1–11.
104.Bernard, 524; Rex, Henry VIII, 98–9; LSG, 66.
105.Biblia the Bible, that is, the holy Scripture of the Olde and New Testament (1535), @2r–4v. RSTC gives place of publication as Cologne, but a persuasive case for Antwerp is made by David Daniell, The Bible in English (New Haven, 2003), 179–80.
106.J. F. Mozley, William Tyndale (1937), 299–304. The traditional dating of Tyndale’s execution to 6 October is corrected by Paul Arblaster, ‘An Error of Dates?’, Tyndale Society Journal, 25 (2003), 50–1.
107.VAI, II, 9.
108.In the event, only 243 of over 400 houses assessed at £200 were closed in 1536. The others were exempted, either in return for payments, or because room could not be found in larger monasteries for all inmates wishing to stay in the religious life: Peter Marshall, Reformation England 1480–1642 (2nd edn, 2012), 46.
109.SP 1/113, 93r; Brigden, 279; SP 1/106, 228r.
110.Wilkins, III, 824.
111.Simon Matthew, A sermon made in the cathedrall churche of Saynt Paule (1535), C7v.
8 Pilgrimage Ends
1.LP, XI, 563, 564; 841.
2.LP, XII (1), 380; XI, 828, 854.
3.A. B. Emden, A Biographical Register of the University of Oxford, 1501–40 (Oxford, 1974), 327–8; SP 1/110, 142r–v; LP, XII (1), 70.
4.Geoffrey Moorhouse, The Pilgrimage of Grace (2002), 52–3, 56–7; LP, XI, 853.
5.Anthony Fletcher and Diarmaid MacCulloch, Tudor Rebellions (6th edn, 2016), 27–8; SP 1/108, 45r–v; LP, XI, 780.
6.S. J. Gunn, Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk c. 1484–1545 (Oxford, 1988), 144–6; LP, XI, 780.
7.For Aske as an instrument of the Percies, see G. R. Elton, ‘Politics and the Pilgrimage of Grace’, in B. Malament, ed., After the Reformation (New Haven, 1980), 25–56.
8.Michael Bush, The Pilgrims’ Complaint (Farnham, 2009), 253; LP, XI, 828 (xii), 786; Michael Bush, ‘The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Pilgrim Tradition of Holy War’, in Colin Morris and Peter Roberts, eds, Pilgrimage: The English Experience (Cambridge, 2002), 178–98.
9.Bush, ‘Pilgrimage’, 187.
10.Hall, 230v.
11.Fletcher and MacCulloch, Rebellions, 32–3; Jonathan Gray, Oaths and the English Reformation (Cambridge, 2013), 143–69.
12.CSP, Spain, V (1), no. 257; R. W. Hoyle, ‘Darcy, Thomas, Baron Darcy of Darcy (b. in or before 1467, d. 1537)’, ODNB; Hoyle, The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s (Oxford, 2001), which arguably overstates the case for Darcy’s loyalism.
13.LP, XII (1), 393, 946, 1175; XI, 826; Fletcher and MacCulloch, Rebellions, 34.
14.LP, XI, 1204, 957, 995.
15.Michael Bush, The Pilgrimage of Grace (Manchester, 1996), 399; Brigden, 251–2; SP 1/113, 60r–65r.
16.Marshall, 60–9; Duffy, 399–400.
17.G. R. Elton, Policy and Police (Cambridge, 1972), 63–4, 119, 138, 149–50, 157–9, 296, 350, 362–3; LP, XI, 1128.
18.LP, XII (1), 1080.
19.G. W. Bernard, ‘Talbot, George (1468–1538)’, ODNB.
20.Hoyle, Pilgrimage, 342–55, 460–3 (who is less inclined to see coherence in the articles).
21.Bush, Complaint, 103–4.
22.Ethan Shagan, Popular Politics and the English Reformation (2003), 101–6; Bush, Complaint, 46–53.
23.Mary Bateson, ed., ‘The Pilgrimage of Grace and Aske’s Examination’, EHR, 5 (1908), 559; SP 1/117, 205v; Bush, Complaint, 53–61.
24.Moorhouse, Pilgrimage, 232–9.
25.The fullest study of the ‘post-pardon revolts’ is Michael Bush and David Bownes, The Defeat of the Pilgrimage of Grace (Hull, 1999).
26.Moorhouse, Pilgrimage, 309–46; Bush and Bownes, Defeat, 363–7, 413–14.
27.Richard Morison, A Remedy for Sedition (1536), E3r.
28.LP, XI, 848, 1194; XII, 463.
29.CRP, I, 120–1, 133, 149; CSP, Spain, V (2), nos 128, 134.
30.Emil Egli and Rudolf Schoch, eds, Johannes Kesslers Sabbata, mit kleineren Schriften und Briefen (St Gallen, 1902), 464; Rory McEntegart, Henry VIII, The League of Schmalkalden, and the English Reformation (2002), 82.
31.P. J. Holmes, ‘The Last Tudor Great Councils’, HJ, 33 (1990), 10–13.
32.Alexander Alesius, Of the Auctorite of the Word of God agaynst the Bisshop of London (?Leipzig, ?1537), sigs A5v–6v.
33.Alesius, Auctorite, sigs A8r, B6r–7r.
34.MacCulloch, 189–91; Strype, I (2), 381–2.
35.Hugh Latimer, Sermons and Remains, ed. G. E. Corrie (Cambridge, 1845), 380; LSG, 351.
36.LP, XII (1), 789; Lloyd, 128–9.
37.Lloyd, 125.
38.E. G. Rupp, Studies in the Making of the English Protestant Tradition (Cambridge, 1947), 140–7; Haigh, 132–3.
39.Margaret Aston, England’s Iconoclasts (Oxford, 1988), 371–80, 413–25.
40.Lloyd, 134–8.
41.Cranmer, 351; MacCulloch, 199n.
42.LP, XII (2), App. 35; Cranmer, 344–6.
43.Cranmer, 338–40; SP 1/106, 22v.
44.Rupp, Studies, 139; LP, XII (2), 330.
45.Cranmer, 469–70.
46.G. F. Nott, ed., The Works of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and of Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder (2 vols, 1815–16), II, 423.
47.Cranmer, 83–114.
48.MacCulloch, 208–12.
49.Alan Kreider, English Chantries: The Road to Dissolution (Cambridge, MA, 1979), 133–4.
50.J. W. Clay, ed., Yorkshire Monastic Suppression Papers (Worksop, 1912), 34.
51.Bernard, 433–9; Hoyle, Pilgrimage, 239–40.
52.Thomas Wright, ed., Three Chapters of Letters relating to the Suppression of Monasteries (1843), 162–3; Gray, Oaths, 132; LP, XII (1), 1232–3; XII (2), 64.
53.As suggested by Bernard, 447–8, noting that pensions were now for the first time paid to all inmates of the dissolved houses.
54.P. H. Ditchfield and William Page, eds, A History of the County of Berkshire: Volume 2 (1907), 82–5; Kreider, Chantries, 134–6.
55.LP, XIII (1), 102, 573.
56.G. W. O. Woodward, The Dissolution of the Monasteries (1966), 119; SP 1/192, 143r–v.
57.Marshall, 138–9.
58.Muriel St Clare Byrne, ed., The Lisle Letters (6 vols, Chicago, 1981), V, 1129; Wriothesley, I, 77, 84; Brigden, 290.
59.Wright, Letters, 143, 183–7; Latimer, Remains, 395; Wriothesley, I, 83.
60.Wriothesley, I, 77; Marshall, 199–226.
61.Susan Brigden, ‘Henry VIII and the Crusade against England’, in Thomas Betteridge and Suzannah Lipscomb, eds, Henry VIII and the Court (Farnham, 2013), 221; CRP, I, 196.
62.Cranmer, 378; CSP, Spanish, VI (1), no. 7.
63.Wriothesley, I, 92; Desmond Seward, The Last White Rose (2010), 273–9.
64.VAI, II, 34–43.
65.Peter Roberts, ‘Politics, Drama and the Cult of Thomas Becket in the Sixteenth Century’, in Morris and Roberts, Pilgrimage, 199–237.
66.LP, XIII (2), 1087; Arthur James Mason, What became of the Bones of St Thomas? (Cambridge, 1920), 132–4.
67.Marshall, 142–3.
68.LP, XIII (2), 442, 911.
69.Wriothesley, I, 81; LP, XIII (2), 596, 62; Henry Ellis, ed., Original Letters Illustrative of English History (3rd ser., 4 vols, 1846), III, 162–3. Duffy, 403, ascribes the letter to 1538, but 1539 is a better fit.
70.Roberts, ‘Becket’, 199; The Newe Testamente both Latine and Englyshe (Southwark, 1538), +2r–3r.
71.SP 1/123, 202v; LP, XIII (2), 571; Narratives, 350; LP, XIII (1), 975.
9 Mumpsimus and Sumpsimus
1.Brigden, 273–4.
2.Wriothesley, I, 83; TRP, I, 274.
3.Wriothesley, I, 90.
4.LP, XIII (2), 264–5, 427, 498; Rory McEntegart, Henry VIII, The League of Schmalkalden, and the English Reformation (2002), 116–30.
5.Wriothesley, I, 90; CGF, 42; John Bale, A mysterye of inyquyte (Antwerp, 1545), 54v.
6.Foxe (1583), 1125–45; Tom Betteridge, ‘Lambert, John (d. 1538)’, ODNB; MacCulloch, 232–4; Wriothesley, I, 89.
7.TRP, I, 270–6; G. R. Elton, Policy and Police (Cambridge, 1972), 255–8.
8.LP, XIII (2), 1179; Duffy, 412–15.
9.Burnet, VI, 223–7; TRP, I, 278–80.
10.TRP, I, 284–6.
11.LJ, I, 105.
12.Stanford Lehmberg, The Later Parliaments of Henry VIII (Cambridge, 1977), 61–4, 66–7.
13.Marshall, 32, 238.
14.LP, XIV (1), 980.
15.Tracey Sowerby, Renaissance and Reform in Tudor England (Oxford, 2010), 90–106 (quotes at 98, 102).
16.LP, XIV (1), 967; LJ, I, 109.
17.MacCulloch, 243–8; Muriel St Clare Byrne, ed., The Lisle Letters (6 vols, Chicago, 1981), V, 462–3.
18.Bernard, 504–5.
19.Gee, 303–19; LJ, I, 122; MacCulloch, 249.
20.LP, XIV (1), 1219, 1227–8; MacCulloch, 251–2; Foxe (1583), 1213.
21.McEntegart, Schmalkalden, 158–63.
22.Wriothesley, I, 101; Richard Rex, ‘Fortescue, Sir Adrian (c.1481–1539)’, ODNB; G. J. O’Malley, ‘Dingley, Sir Thomas (1506x8–1539)’, ODNB.
23.Bernard, 467–74.
24.R. Bayne, ed., The Life of Fisher (1921), 108; Wriothesley, I, 81, 105.
25.Alec Ryrie, The Gospel and Henry VIII (Cambridge, 2003), 214–17.
26.LP, XIV (2), 750, 423.
27.Burnet, IV, 424–5.
28.LP, XIV (2), 750.
29.OL, II, 614, 627.
30.LSG, 168–70.
31.LP, XV, 306, 312, 334; Foxe (1583), 1221–3; Brigden, 309–12; Wriothesley, I, 114.
32.Lehmberg, Parliaments, 90–2.
33.LP, XV, 495, 539, 697, 736–7.
34.Burnet, I (2), 292–301.
35.Peter Marshall, ‘Crisis of Allegiance: George Throckmorton and Henry Tudor’, in Peter Marshall and Geoffrey Scott, eds, Catholic Gentry in English Society (Aldershot, 2009), 49–50, 57–8; MacCulloch, 270.
36.Bodleian Library, Fol. 624, 462.
37.MacCulloch, 272–4.
38.LP, XV, 953, 954. See Ethan H. Shagan, The Rule of Moderation (Cambridge, 2011), 85–98.
39.Brigden, 320–2; Ryrie, Gospel, 40–1.
40.Wriothesely, I, 121; Raphael Holinshed, Chronicles (1587), vol. VI, 95; Marshall, ‘Crisis’, 52–6. For other documented cases of nuns trying to maintain communal religious life, see Peter Cunich, ‘The Ex-Religious in Post-Dissolution Society’, in James G. Clark, ed., The Religious Orders in Pre-Reformation England (Woodbridge, 2002), 235–7.
41.Ryrie, Gospel, 202; Susan Brigden, Thomas Wyatt (2012), 519, 530–1.
42.Alec Ryrie, ‘Lassells, John (d. 1546)’, ODNB; LP, XIV (1), 1074.
43.MacCulloch, 277; Brigden, 330–5.
44.CSP, Spanish, VI (1), no. 166; A. G. Dickens, Reformation Studies (1982), 1–20; Thomas F. Mayer, Reginald Pole (Cambridge, 2000), 112–13.
45.Glyn Redworth, In Defence of the Church Catholic: The Life of Stephen Gardiner (Oxford, 1990), 130–55.
46.TRP, I, 296–8; Ronald Hutton, ‘The Local Impact of the Tudor Reformations’, in Christopher Haigh, ed., The English Reformation Revised (Cambridge, 1987), 118; Peter Northeast, ed., Boxford Churchwardens’ Accounts 1530–1561 (Woodbridge, 1982), 37.
47.TRP, I, 301–2.
48.Duffy, 431; Cranmer, 490; Foxe (1583), 1317; Brigden, 338.
49.Lacey Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy (1961), 160–6.
50.LJ, I, 164–5.
51.MacCulloch, 289–94.
52.Ryrie, Gospel, 183–7.
53.Brigden, 339; VAI, II, 88–9.
54.LP, XVIII, 546 (pp. 324–5).
55.The best reconstruction of these complex events is MacCulloch, 297–322.
56.Ryrie, Gospel, 48–9; Brigden, 345–51.
57.Narratives, 252. MacCulloch, 315, dates the episode to early September 1543.
58.MacCulloch, 264–5, 285. For the following, see Duffy, 434–42; Shagan, Politics, 197–227.
59.Here folowith a scorneful image (1543), C4r–v.
60.LSG, 336–7; Lloyd, 223, 365.
61.Lloyd, 263, 299, 310; LSG, 259.
62.Peter Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England (Oxford, 2002), 77–81; Duffy, 443; Richard Rex, ‘The Religion of Henry VIII’, HJ, 57 (2014), 24–5.
63.Lehmberg, Parliaments, 186–8; LSG, 122.
64.Ryrie, Gospel, 62–4, 107, 252–3, 266–70; Karl Gunther, Reformation Unbound: Protestant Visions of Reform in England, 1525–1590 (Cambridge, 2014), 54–60.
65.Cranmer, 413; Ryrie, Gospel, 198.
66.LP, XIX (1), 444 (6), 853; Brigden, 353–4.
67.LJ, i, 253; Lehmberg, Parliaments, 198; Mears, 15–23; Cranmer, 494–5; Ryrie, Gospel, 52; LP, XX (1), 1118.
68.MacCulloch, 330–1.
69.CGF, 48; Two notable sermones lately preached at Pauls Crosse (1545), H7r, C2v–3v.
70.Brigden, 343–4, 358–9; Wriothesley, I, 152.
71.Duffy, 444–7.
72.Lehmberg, Parliaments, 200–1; LP, XX (1), 16.
73.Lehmberg, Parliaments, 214–15, 222–3, 225; LP, XX (2), 995.
74.LSG, 159–63; Henry Brinklow, The lamentacyon of a Christen, ed. J. M. Cowper (1874), 89–90, 98; Ryrie, Gospel, 145–56.
75.Alan Kreider, English Chantries: The Road to Dissolution (Cambridge, MA, 1979), 165–85; LP, XX (2), 1030.
76.SP 1/212, 110v–111r; Hall, 261r–262r
77.For an intriguing attempt to make sense of Henry’s personal theology, see Alec Ryrie, ‘Divine Kingship and Royal Theology in Henry VIII’s Reformation’, Reformation, 7 (2002), 49–77.
78.Cranmer, 414–15; Foxe (1583), 1268–9.
79.OL, II, 253–4.
80.Stephen Gardiner, A detection of the deuils sophistrie (1546); Richard Smyth, The assertion and defence of the sacramente of the aulter (1546); Smyth, A defence of the blessed masse, and the sacrifice therof (1546); William Peryn, Thre godlye and notable sermons, of the sacrament of the aulter (1546); Marshall, 245; MacCulloch, 354–5.
81.Susan Wabuda, ‘Crome, Edward (d. 1562)’, ODNB; Elaine Beilin, ed., The Examinations of Anne Askew (Oxford, 1996), xvii–xviii, 58–64; CSP, Spanish, VIII, no. 291; TRP, I, 373–6.
82.This is persuasively argued by Thomas S. Freeman, ‘One Survived: The Account of Katherine Parr in Foxe’s “Book of Martyrs”’, in Thomas Betteridge and Suzannah Lipscomb, eds, Henry VIII and the Court (Farnham, 2013), 235–52; Foxe (1570), 1461–4.
83.Brigden, 373–7; Narratives, 41–4; Beilin, Examinations, 127–34, 154–5.
84.LP, XXI (2), ‘Preface’, vii–x.
85.MacCulloch, 356–7; LP, XXI (2), 605.
86.Wriothesely, I, 173; Foxe (1583), 1269.
87.LP, XXI (1), 1526; McEntegart, Schmalkalden, 212–13.
88.LP, XXI (2), 347, 381.
89.LSG, 246–9; Stanford Lehmberg, ‘Southwell, Sir Richard (1502/3–1564)’, ODNB.
90.LP, XXI (2), 554, 555; CSP, Spanish, VIII, no. 370.
91.Foxe (1583), 1315; OL, I, 41
92.Foxe (1583), 1315. Foxe got the report from Ralph Morice, who overheard Denny speaking of it to Cranmer. Another account in Foxe (1563), 871, has Paget and other councillors unsuccessfully urging the reinstatement of Gardiner.
93.Suzannah Lipscomb, The King is Dead: The Last Will and Testament of Henry VIII (2015), 82–90; Lucy Wooding, Henry VIII (2nd edn, Abingdon, 2015), 292–3;
94.Lipscomb, Will, 171–201; Foxe (1583), 1314;
10 Josiah
1.‘Wenlock’, 98–110; W. K. Jordan, ed., The Chronicle and Political Papers of King Edward VI (Ithaca, NY, 1966), 4; John Cooper, Propaganda and the Tudor State (Oxford, 2003), 18–19.
2.CRP, II, nos 514–16; OL, I 257–8; William Thomas, The Pilgrim, ed. J. A. Froude (1861), 8, 80.
3.Cranmer, 126–7. For the forgery, Diarmaid MacCulloch, All Things Made New: Writings on the Reformation (2016), 321–58; for genuine comparisons, Stephen Alford, Kingship and Politics in the Reign of Edward VI (Cambridge, 2002), 50–3.
4.Folger, L.b.8.
5.Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward VI (6 vols, 1924–9), I, 97; SP 10/1, 28r–v; Jennifer Loach, Edward VI (New Haven, 1999), 24–7.
6.LSG, 255–67, 273–5, 288; APC, II, 25–7; John Foxe, Acts and Monuments, ed. S. R. Cattley and G. Townsend (8 vols, 1837–41), V, App. XX; MacCulloch, 371; Muriel C. McLendon, ‘Religious Toleration and the Reformation: Norwich Magistrates in the Sixteenth Century’, in Nicholas Tyacke, ed., England’s Long Reformation 1500–1800 (1998), 95–6.
7.Foxe (1583), 1269; TRP, I, 387.
8.J. Andreas Löwe, Richard Smyth and the Language of Orthodoxy (Leiden, 2003), 34–8; L. E. C. Wooding, ‘Peryn, William (d. 1558)’, ODNB; Brigden, 427; Wriothesley, I, 184–5; John Hooper, An Answer unto my lord of wynchesters booke (Zürich, 1547), Q2v, not naming the church, but surely referring to the same episode.
9.LP, XI, 1350; Charles Kingsford, ed., Two London Chronicles (1910), 44 – not, as suggested by various authorities, the steeple of St Magnus.
10.R. B. Bond, ed., Certain Sermons or Homilies (1547) (Toronto, 1987), 190, 199–200. Cf. Sermons, ed. G. E. Corrie (Cambridge, 1844), 496, 521.
11.Bond, Sermons, 79–113, quotations at 82, 110, 112.
12.LSG, 278, 291 (quotations), 294, 308, 314–15, 330, 355–6, 362, 367, 371. In early 1549, the MP John Story was imprisoned for citing this text in the Commons: Julian Lock, ‘Story, John (1503/4?–1571)’, ODNB.
13.Diarmaid MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation (1999), 20–30.
14.James McConica, English Humanists and Reformation Politics (Oxford, 1965), 231–2, 240–6; The first tome or volume of the Paraphrase of Erasmus vpon the Newe Testamente (1548), 3r.
15.VAI, II, 114–30; Duffy, 450–3.
16.John Strype, Memorials of Thomas Cranmer (3 vols, Oxford, 1848–53), II, 13–14; John Old, A Confession of the Most Auncient and True Christen Catholike Olde Belefe (Emden, 1556), E7r, A2v.
17.Duffy, 453–4, 480–1; CGF, 54–5; Wriothesley, II, 1; CSP, Spain, IX, 218–19.
18.Wriothesley, II, 1; W. A. Leighton, ed., ‘Early Chronicles of Shrewsbury, 1372–1606’, Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 3 (1880), 258; Donald Attwater, The Penguin Dictionary of Saints (1965), 246; ‘Wenlock’, 106.
19.CGF, 54; APC, II, 126–7; LSG, 378–400.
20.APC, II, 518; McClendon, ‘Toleration’, 96.
21.G. R. Elton, Reform and Revolution (1977), 342.
22.CSP, Spain, IX, 219–22; Wriothesley, I, 187.
23.Gee, 322–8; TRP, I, 410–12; Foxe (1563), 911.
24.LJ, I, 306; MacCulloch, 377.
25.VAI, II, 130; Gee, 328–57 (quotes at pp. 328–9, 339).
26.M. L. Bush, The Government Policy of Protector Somerset (1975), 13–19, 32–7.
27.LJ, I, 308, 313.
28.W. Haines, ed., ‘Stanford Churchwardens’ Accounts (1552–1602)’, Antiquary, 17 (1888), 70.
29.VAI, II, 184–5; TRP, I, 416–17.
30.APC, II, 140–1; Hugh Latimer, Sermons and Remains, ed. G. E. Corrie (Cambridge, 1845), 76; Cranmer, 510; OL, II, 377.
31.Andrew Pettegree, ‘Printing and the Reformation: The English Exception’, in Peter Marshall and Alec Ryrie, eds, The Beginnings of English Protestantism (Cambridge, 2002), 171–2; Philip Nichols, Here begyneth a godly new story (1548), A3v; Whitney R. Jones, William Turner (1988), 19, 143–50; Brigden, 436–41; C. Bradshaw, ‘Huggarde, Miles (fl. 1533–1557)’, ODNB.
32.Alec Ryrie, The Age of Reformation (2009), 151–2.
33.Alec Ryrie, ‘Counting Sheep, Counting Shepherds: The Problem of Allegiance in the English Reformation’, in Marshall and Ryrie, Beginnings, 109.
34.Narratives, 77–8.
35.TRP, I, 407.
36.Liturgies, 3–8; CGF, 54–5; Brigden, 436; C. E. Woodruff, ed., ‘Extracts from Original Documents illustrating the Progress of the Reformation in Kent’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 31 (1915), 96–7; TRP, I, 417–18.
37.Diarmaid MacCulloch and Pat Hughes, eds, ‘A Bailiff’s List and Chronicle from Worcester’, Antiquaries Journal, 74 (1995), 245–6; A. G. Dickens, Reformation Studies (1982), 295.
38.Ronald Hutton, ‘The Local Impact of the Tudor Reformations’, in Christopher Haigh, ed., The English Reformation Revised (Cambridge, 1987), 121–4; Duffy, 490–1; J. J. Scarisbrick, The Reformation and the English People (Oxford, 1984), 112–21; Peter Marshall, The Catholic Priesthood and the English Reformation (Oxford, 1994), 229–30.
39.Eamon Duffy, The Voices of Morebath (New Haven, 2001), 24–32, 119–23.
40.Narratives, 78; W. K. Jordan, Edward VI: The Young King (1968), 165; Duffy, Morebath, 120; Peter Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England (Oxford, 2002), 103–5.
41.William Page, ed., The inventories of church goods for the counties of York, Durham, and Northumberland (Durham, 1896), x–xi; APC, II, 534–5.
42.Frances Rose-Troup, The Western Rebellion of 1549 (1913), 70–92; Cooper, Propaganda, 58–60.
43.TRP, I, 421–3; R. W. Dixon, History of the Church of England (3rd edn, 6 vols, 1895–1902), II, 485–6.
44.Foxe (1576), 1326–7, 1706–9; C. D. C. Armstrong, ‘Gardiner, Stephen (c.1495x8–1555)’, ODNB; Glyn Redworth, In Defence of the Church Catholic: The Life of Stephen Gardiner (Oxford, 1990), 275–81 (over-inclined to take Gardiner’s ‘support’ for the regime’s policies at face value).
45.Anne Overell, Italian Reform and English Reformations, c. 1535–c.1585 (Aldershot, 2008), chs 2–5; MacCulloch, 394–6; OL, I, 322.
46.Francis A. Gasquet and Edmund Bishop, Edward VI and the Book of Common Prayer (3rd edn, 1891), 397–43. Cf. MacCulloch, 404–7.
47.CJ, I, 5; LJ, I, 330, 343.
48.Gee, 358–9.
49.Brian Cummings, ed., The Book of Common Prayer (Oxford, 2011), 46–57, 58–63, 64–71, 72–81; Carrie Euler, Couriers of the Gospel: England and Zurich, 1531–1558 (Zürich, 2006), 237–55.
50.MacCulloch and Hughes, ‘Bailiff’s’, 246; Dickens, Studies, 298–9.
51.Cummings, Prayer, 30, 89. Helpful discussions: ibid., xxv–xxxi; MacCulloch, 410–21; Duffy, 464–6.
52.OL, I, 348–51; II, 535–6.
53.Burnet, II, 203–4; Andrew Hope, ‘Bocher, Joan (d. 1550)’, ODNB; OL, I, 65–6.
54.Hugh Latimer, Sermons, ed. G. E. Corrie (Cambridge, 1844), 121–2, 129–30, 134.
55.VAI, II, 197–212; Peter Martyr Vermigli, The Oxford Treatise and Disputation on the Eucharist, ed. and tr. Joseph C. McLelland (Kirksville, MO, 2000), xvii–xxx; Overell, Reform, 106–9 (108 for ‘B team’).
56.Strype, Cranmer, III, 636–8. The action of the poem takes place in December, but its implication that the Prayer Book is a recent innovation, and an absence of reference to the summer tumults, may place composition in spring 1549.
57.Thomas F. Mayer, Reginald Pole (Cambridge, 2000), 169–70; SP 10/7, 74r–79r (quote at 76v).
11 Slaying Antichrist
1.Wriothesley, II, 9.
2.John Hooker, The Description of the Citie of Excester, ed. W. J. Harte et al. (3 vols, Exeter, 1919), II, 57.
3.Barret L. Beer, Rebellion and Riot (Kent, OH, 1982), 51–9; Hooker, Excester, II, 62–3; Anthony Fletcher and Diarmaid MacCulloch, Tudor Rebellions (6th edn, 2016), 54–7. A convincing case for the Cornish outbreak following, rather than preceding, Sampford Courtney is made by Mark Stoyle, ‘“Fullye Bente to Fighte Oute the Matter”: Reconsidering Cornwall’s Role in the Western Rebellion of 1549’, EHR, 129 (2014), 560–5.
4.Nicholas Pocock, ed., Troubles Connected with the Prayer Book of 1549 (1884), 16; Fletcher and MacCulloch, Rebellions, 153–5.
5.Alison Hanham, ed., Churchwardens’ Accounts of Ashburton, 1479–1580 (Torquay, 1970), xi, 95, 100.
6.Frances Rose-Troup, The Western Rebellion of 1549 (1913), 491–2.
7.Joyce Youings, ‘The South-Western Rebellion of 1549’, Southern History, 1 (1979), 105–7.
8.Amanda C. Jones, ‘“Commotion Time”: The English Risings of 1549’, University of Warwick PhD (2003), Map 1.1, and passim.
9.Andy Wood, The 1549 Rebellions and the Making of Early Modern England (Cambridge, 2007), 59–66.
10.Jones, ‘Commotion’, 112–22; Pocock, Troubles, 26; Katherine Halliday, ‘New Light on the “Commotion Time” of 1549: The Oxfordshire Rising’, Historical Research, 82 (2009), 657.
11.A. G. Dickens, Reformation Studies (1982), 28–38.
12.Ethan Shagan, ‘Protector Somerset and the 1549 Rebellions: New Sources and New Perspectives’, EHR, 114 (1999), 34–63.
13.Eamon Duffy, The Voices of Morebath (New Haven, 2001), 130–1.
14.Kett’s articles: Fletcher and MacCulloch, Rebellions, 158–60.
15.Dickens, Studies, 37; Beer, Rebellion, 153–4.
16.Beer, Rebellion, 78–81.
17.Nicholas Sotherton, The Commoyson in Norfolk 1549, ed. Susan Yaxley (Stibbard, 1987), 41; Fletcher and MacCulloch, Rebellions, 73–4.
18.Frederic Russell, Kett’s Rebellion in Norfolk (1859), 147; W. K. Jordan, ed., The Chronicle and Political Papers of King Edward VI (Ithaca, NY, 1966), 16. For England’s ‘largely peaceful Reformation’, Christopher Haigh, ed., The English Reformation Revised (Cambridge, 1987), 5, 17.
19.Hooker, Excester, II, 88, 96; John Hayward, The Life and Raigne of King Edward the Sixth, ed. Barret L. Beer (Kent, OH, 1993), 82.
20.Edward, Chronicle, 13; CSP, Venice, V, no. 579.
21.[Ballad on the defeat of the Devon and Cornwall rebels] (1549); Pocock, Troubles, 141, 190; Cranmer, 165.
22.Thomas Cranmer, Writings and Disputations, ed. J. E. Cox (Cambridge, 1844), 302.
23.Stoyle, ‘Rebellion’, 570; Halliday, ‘Light’, 669–70; Hooker, Excester, II, 94.
24.Foxe (1583), 1328, 1337–8; Susan Brigden, ed., ‘The Letters of Richard Scudamore’, Camden Miscellany XXX (1990), 87; Brigden, 447–52.
25.MacCulloch, 443–5; Brigden, 497–9; TRP, I, 483; Barrett L. Beer, ‘Seymour, Edward, duke of Somerset (c.1500–1552)’, ODNB.
26.OL, I, 69; LSG, 440–1; CSP, Spain, IX, 458–9, 462.
27.APC, II, 344–5; OL, II, 395; TRP, I, 484.
28.Brigden, ‘Scudamore’, 96; CSP, Spain, IX, 489.
29.Thomas Mayer, Cardinal Pole in European Context (Aldershot, 2000), ch. 4.
30.David Loades, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland (Oxford, 1996), 144–5; Edward, Chronicle, 19. There is debate around the timing of this episode, which Loades ascribes to 11 or 12 December. But Scudamore dates the confrontation to ‘immediately after my writing of my last letters’: Brigden, ‘Scudamore’, 107. CSP, Spain, X, 445; TRP, I, 485.
31.MacCulloch, 454–7; Peter Marshall, The Catholic Priesthood and the English Reformation (Oxford, 1994), 140; APC, II, 405.
32.Brigden, ‘Scudamore’, 122; Rose-Troup, Rebellion, 267; OL, II, 483; MacCulloch, 458–9.
33.‘Gardiner’, ODNB; Foxe (1563), 843–4; Glyn Redworth, In Defence of the Church Catholic: The Life of Stephen Gardiner (Oxford, 1990), 286–7.
34.OL, II, 547; VAI, II, 191–3, 241–2, 292; Foxe (1583), 1330; John Bale, An expostulation or complaint against the blasphemies of a frantic papist of Hampshire (1551), C1v–2r.
35.Kenneth Fincham and Nicholas Tyacke, Altars Restored: The Changing Face of English Religious Worship, 1547–c.1700 (Oxford, 2007), 15–18.
36.APC, III, 167–73, 176–8; Nicholas Ridley, Works, ed. Henry Christmas (Cambridge, 1843), 321–3.
37.John Hooper, Early Writings, ed. Samuel Carr (Cambridge, 1843), 488; OL, I, 87.
38.Hooper, Early, 479.
39.Foxe (1583), 1528; Liturgies, 169; Diarmaid MacCulloch, ‘Peter Martyr and Thomas Cranmer’, in Emidio Campi, ed., Peter Martyr Vermigli (Geneva, 2002), 190–1; VAI, II, 267–309; Diarmaid MacCulloch and Pat Hughes, eds, ‘A Bailiff’s List and Chronicle from Worcester’, Antiquaries Journal, 74 (1995), 247.
40.Andrew Pettegree, Foreign Protestant Communities in Sixteenth-Century London (Oxford, 1986), 22–45 (quote at 35); Edward, Chronicle, 37.
41.Edward, Chronicle, 28; CGF, 66; W. K. Jordan, Edward VI: The Threshold of Power (1970), 328–9.
42.Andrew Hope, ‘Bocher, Joan (d. 1550)’, ODNB; Latimer, Remains, 114; Edmund Becke, A brefe confutacion (1550).
43.Andrew Pettegree, ‘Parris, George van (d. 1551)’, ODNB; Edward, Chronicle, 58; Champlin Burrage, The Early English Dissenters (2 vols, Cambridge, 1912), II, 1–6.
44.Ridley, Works, 331; Cranmer, Disputations, 196.
45.D. G. Newcombe, ‘Ponet, John (c.1514–1556)’, ODNB; H. L. Parish, ‘Holgate, Robert (1481/2–1555)’, ODNB; Dickens, Studies, 298.
46.APC, II, 232; Brigden, 453–5.
47.CGF, 67
48.CSP, Spain, IX, 444.
49.John Edwards, Mary I (New Haven, 2011), 71–4.
50.CSP, Spain, X, 258–60; Edward, Chronicle, 55–6; CGF, 69; SP 10/13, 73v.
51.Machyn, 4–5; F. W. Fincham, ‘Notes from the Ecclesiastical Court Records at Somerset House’, TRHS, 4th ser., 4 (1921), 117; OL, I, 94.
52.OL, II, 707–11; N. Scott Amos, ‘Bucer, Martin (1491–1551)’, ODNB; William Pauck, ed., Melanchthon and Bucer (1969), 174 ff, quote at 180.
53.APC, III, 228, 224; Edward, Chronicle, 53.
54.Brigden, 510–17; MacCulloch, 496–7; Jordan, Threshold, 54–6, 92–101; William Salesbury, The Baterie of the Popes Botereulx (1550), A2r; Foxe (1576), 1345; Edward, Chronicle, 107.
55.APC, III, 382; John Strype, Life of Sir John Cheke (Oxford, 1821), 70–86; C. S. Knighton, ‘Feckenham, John (c.1510–1584)’, ODNB; Patrick Collinson, Archbishop Grindal (1979), 60; Jane Dawson, John Knox (New Haven, 2015), 62–3; Susan Wabuda, ‘Latimer, Hugh (c.1485–1555)’, ODNB.
56.G. R. Elton, ed., The Tudor Constitution (2nd edn, Cambridge, 1982), 68; Penry Williams, The Later Tudors (Oxford, 1995), 154–5; TRP, I, 517.
57.LJ, I, 421; Gee, 369; VAI, II, 234, 247–8, 263, 291; Ralph Houlbrooke, Church Courts and the People during the English Reformation (Oxford, 1979), 243–4.
58.VAI, II, 238; LJ, I, 394.
59.Paul Sanders, ‘Consensus Tigurinus’, in Hans Hillebrand, ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation (4 vols, Oxford, 1996), I, 414–15.
60.Liturgies, 217, 265–6, 279, 282–3. For the Stranger connection, MacCulloch, 505–6.
61.Duffy, 472–5; Dickens, Studies, 304–5.
62.Cranmer, 430–4; OL, II, 711–13; MacCulloch, 518.
63.Catharine Davies, A Religion of the Word: The Defence of the Reformation in the Reign of Edward VI (Manchester, 2002), 204–9.
64.Edward, Chronicle, 119; 121–2; Narratives, 247; Ridley, Works, 59; LJ, I, 417–18; SP 10/15, 79r–v.
65.Diarmaid MacCulloch, ‘The Importance of Jan Laksi in the English Reformation’, in Christoph Strohm, ed., Johannes a Lasco (Tübingen, 2000), 335–6; Dawson, Knox, 63; SP 10/15, 79r.
66.OL, II, 591; APC, IV, 131.
67.Hooper, Early, 536; Peter Lorimer, John Knox and the Church of England (1875), 103–5; MacCulloch, 525–9.
68.MacCulloch, 532; Jennifer Loach, Edward VI (New Haven, 1999), 159; CSP, Spain, XI, 535.
69.Gerald Bray, ed., Tudor Church Reform: The Henrician Canons of 1535 and the Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum (Woodbridge, 2000), 171–213, 225, 349–51, 341–3, 469–71, 267, 225, 267–73, 257, 519.
70.CSP, Spain, XI, 33; MacCulloch, 532–5.
71.Text of Primer in Liturgies, 357–484 (quote at 475), 520; Duffy, 537–8; Seymour Baker House, ‘Becon, Thomas (1512/13–1567)’, ODNB; John Bale, Select Works, ed. Henry Christmas (Cambridge, 1849), 612.
72.MacCulloch, 535–7; CGF, 77–8.
73.Liturgies, 535, 533, 536, 534, 530; John Calvin, Institutes, tr. Henry Beveridge (2 vols in 1, Grand Rapids, MI, 1989), II, 202–58.
74.Stephen Alford, Kingship and Politics in the Reign of Edward VI (Cambridge, 2002), 100–115; Ryan Reeves, English Evangelicals and Tudor Obedience (Leiden, 2014), 98–9.
75.The Vocacyon of Johan Bale to the Bishoprick of Ossorie in Ireland (1553); Leslie Fairfield, John Bale (West Lafayette, IN, 1976), chs 3–4.
76.John Proctor, The Fal of the late Arrian (1549), D3r, A8v, B3r. See Alec Ryrie, ‘Paths Not Taken in the British Reformations’, HJ, 52 (2009), 7–10.
77.J. G. Nichols, ed., Literary Remains of King Edward VI (2 vols, 1857), I, clxii–clxv; CRP, II, no. 601.
12 The Two Queens
1.Mears, 41–2.
2.For what follows, see Eric Ives, Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery (Chichester, 2009), 137–68; Dale Hoak, ‘The Succession Crisis of 1553 and Mary’s Rise to Power’, in Elizabeth Evenden and Vivienne Westbrook, eds, Catholic Renewal and Protestant Resistance in Marian England (Farnham, 2015), 17–42. For the medical possibilities, Jennifer Loach, Edward VI (New Haven, 1999), 159–62.
3.MacCulloch, 538–41.
4.The prayer of kynge Edwarde the syxte (1553).
5.Ives, Jane, 189; Machyn, 35; Wriothesley, II, 86.
6.Robert Wingfield, ‘Vita Mariae Angliae Reginae’, ed. and tr. Diarmaid MacCulloch, Camden Miscellany XXVIII (1984), 251; Richard Garrnett, ed., The accession of Queen Mary: being the contemporary narrative of a Spanish merchant resident in London (1892), 89; C. V. Malfatti, ed., The accession, coronation and marriage of Mary Tudor as related in four manuscripts of the Escorial (Barcelona, 1956), 7; J. G. Nichols, ed., The Legend of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton (1874), 29; Ives, Jane, 227–8, 235–6.
7.Hoak, ‘Crisis’, 36; Linda Porter, Mary Tudor (2007), 192.
8.Hoak, ‘Crisis’, 39; CQJ, 6; Foxe (1583), 2110.
9.Jennifer Loach, Parliament and Crown in the Reign of Mary Tudor (Oxford, 1986), 1–5; Ives, Jane, 210–24, 241–4; CQJ, 11–12; Foxe (1583), 2111.
10.‘Wenlock’, 108.
11.Loach, Parliament, 7; CGF, 78; Foxe (1583), 1432; John Bradford, A sermon of repentaunce (1553), A3r-v.
12.Anna Whitelock and Diarmaid MacCulloch, ‘Princess Mary’s Household and the Succession Crisis, 1553’, HJ, 50 (2007), 265–87.
13.A. G. Dickens, Reformation Studies (1982), 307; OL, II, 741.
14.Andrew Pettegree, Foreign Protestant Communities in Sixteenth-Century London (Oxford, 1986), 114; Mark Taplin, ‘Vermigli, Pietro Martire [Peter Martyr] (1499–1562)’; D. G. Newcombe, ‘Hooper, John (1495x1500–1555)’, ODNB; Machyn, 39; CGF, 82–4.
15.CGF, 81; Foxe (1583), 2111.
16.CQJ, 18–19; The saying of Iohn late Duke of Northumberlande vppon the scaffolde (1553).
17.CQJ, 25; Brigden, 531; Eamon Duffy, Fires of Faith (New Haven, 2009), 88, 219n.
18.Wingfield, ‘Vita’, 271; OL, I, 373; Foxe (1583), 1444; Ralph Houlbrooke, ‘The Clergy, the Church Courts and the Marian Restoration in Norwich’, in Eamon Duffy and David Loades, eds, The Church of Mary Tudor (Aldershot, 2006), 124–46.
19.Foxe (1583), 1523, 1740.
20.John Edwards, Mary I (New Haven, 2011), 117–19; Wingfield, ‘Vita’, 272; Accession of Queen Mary, 101.
21.Brigden, 528–9; Wingfield, ‘Vita’, 272–3; Wriothesley, II, 97–8; Accession of Queen Mary, 104–5; Foxe (1583), 1433, 1508.
22.CGF, 83; APC, IV, 317; TRP, II, 5–8.
23.Dickens, Studies, 308–9; ‘Wenlock’, 109; Wriothesley, II, 101.
24.Foxe (1583), 1556–7.
25.Narratives, 80–3; Foxe (1583), 2124.
26.CSP, Spain, XI, 220.
27.Machyn, 45–6; OL, I, 373; Gee, 377–80; Brigden, 533.
28.Foxe (1583), 1689–90.
29.Foxe (1583), 1543.
30.CQJ, 34; APC, V, 150; Eamon Duffy, The Voices of Morebath (New Haven, 2001), 153.
31.SP 11/2, 2r.
32.James Brooks, A sermon very notable, fruictefull, and godlie (1553), C4v, D6v.
33.De vera obedientia An oration made in Latine, by the right Reuere[n]de father in God Stepha[n] bishop of Wi[n]chestre (‘Rome’ [Wesel?], 1553).
34.CRP, II, 129–33; CSP, Venice, V, no. 766.
35.CRP, II, 169–70; CSP, Spain, XI, 214–21.
36.CSP, Venice, V, no. 813; Edwards, Mary, 141–2; Glyn Redworth, In Defence of the Church Catholic: The Life of Stephen Gardiner (Oxford, 1990), 300–6.
37.A glasse of the truthe (London, 1532), A3r–v.
38.Edwards, Mary, 147–9; CRP, II, 209–10; CSP, Spain, XI, 263. See M. A. Overell, ‘Edwardian Court Humanism and Il Beneficio di Cristo, 1547–1553’, in Jonathan Woolfson, ed., Reassessing Tudor Humanism (Basingstoke, 2002), 151–73.
39.Ian W. Archer, ‘Courtenay, Edward, first earl of Devon (1526–1556)’, ODNB.
40.CSP, Spain, XI, 328–9, 363–5; CQJ, 32.
41.Edwards, Mary, 156–8.
42.Edwards, Mary, 160–1; Patrick Collinson, ‘Elizabeth I (1533–1603)’, ODNB.
43.CQJ, 34; CSP, Spain, XII, 31.
44.David Loades, Two Tudor Conspiracies (2nd edn, Bangor, 1992), 25–49 (quote at 31).
45.Loades, Conspiracies, 59–60; Michael Zell, ‘Landholding and the Land Market’, in Zell, ed., Early Modern Kent (Woodbridge, 2000), 49; CQJ, 38–9.
46.Anthony Fletcher and Diarmaid MacCulloch, Tudor Rebellions (6th edn, 2016), 94.
47.Machyn, 53; TRP, II, 26–9; Foxe (1583), 1442–3.
48.Fletcher and MacCulloch, Rebellions, 94–5; Wingfield, ‘Vita’, 283; CQJ, 49–52.
49.CSP, Spain, XII, 106; Loades, Conspiracies, 123; Machyn, 56–7; Judith Richards, Mary Tudor (2008), 152; Archer, ‘Courtenay’.
50.John Guy, The Children of Henry VIII (Oxford, 2013), 154–61; Collinson, ‘Elizabeth’; CQJ, 73–4.
51.Stanford Lehmberg, ‘Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas (1515/16–1571)’, ODNB; Brigden, 551–2.
52.CQJ, 57; Foxe (1583), 1443–6.
53.CSP, Spain, XII, 146; CQJ, 67; A. G. Dickens, Late Monasticism and the Reformation (1994), 177–90.
54.VAI, II, 322–9.
55.Eamon Duffy, ‘Hampton Court, Henry VIII and Cardinal Pole’, in Thomas Betteridge and Suzannah Lipscomb, Henry VIII and the Court (Farnham, 2013), 210.
56.LSG, 496–501, Duffy, Fires, 41–2.
57.R. Bayne, ed., The Life of Fisher (1921), 107–10.
58.Foxe (1583), 1450–2.
59.Foxe (1583), 1544; CSP, Spain, XII, 216.
60.Wriothesley, II, 114; Machyn, 59; CSP, Spain, XII, 154–5.
61.Brigden, 548–9.
62.Machyn, 58; ODNB, by name; Foxe (1583), 1491.
63.MacCulloch, 562–7; C. S. Knighton, ‘Weston, Hugh (c.1510–1558)’, ODNB.
64.Brigden 575–6; Helen Parish, Clerical Marriage and the English Reformation (Aldershot, 2000), 186–91.
65.Thomas S. Freeman, ‘Burning Zeal: Mary Tudor and the Marian Persecution’, in Susan Doran and Thomas S. Freeman, eds, Mary Tudor: Old and New Perspectives (Basingstoke, 2011), 181–3.
66.Loach, Parliament, 91–104.
67.Wriothesley, II, 118; CGF, 91; Dickens, Studies, 311; ‘Wenlock’, 109–10.
68.Richards, Mary, 158–61; Edwards, Mary, 186–92.
69.CGF, 91; Machyn, 65; Wriothesley, II, 122; CQJ, 145–51 (quote at 149); C. L. Kingsford, ed., ‘Two London Chronicles’, Camden Miscellany XII (1910), 36; William Andrews, Old Church Lore (Hull, 1891), 142.
70.CQJ, 78–9, 150–1; Foxe (1576), 1427; Edwards, Mary, 198–9.
71.CQJ, 81–2, 139n; Brigden, 56–7.
72.CSP, Spain, XIII, nos 60–1.
73.CSP, Spain, XIII, nos 63, 76; VAI, II, 330–59.
74.Foxe (1583), 1112, VAI, II, 331; Duffy, 543–4.
75.VAI, II, 342–7.
76.Duffy, 546; J. E. Oxley, The Reformation in Essex (Manchester, 1965), 188.
77.Duffy, Morebath, 162–3; Haigh, 211–12, 129; Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England (Oxford, 1994), 96.
78.Foxe (1583), 1496–7.
79.VAI, II, 331–4, 337, 343, 348–54.
80.CSP, Spain, XIII, 64, 68 (see VAI, II, 358); Wriothesley, II, 122; Meriel Jagger, ‘Bonner’s Episcopal Visitation of London, 1554’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 45 (1972), 306–11; Brigden, 562–9 (quote at 566).
81.Brigden, 572; W. H. Hale, ed., A Series of Precedents and Proceedings in Criminal Causes (1847), 144.
82.John Bradford, Writings … Letters, Treatises, Remains, ed. A. Townsend (Cambridge, 1853), 300–2, 314, 320, 327, 340, 343, 351.
83.Carlos N. M. Eire, ‘Calvin’s Attack on Nicodemism and Religious Compromise’, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 76 (1985), 120–45; Peter Martyr Vermigli, A treatise of the cohabitacyon of the faithfull with the vnfaithfull (Strassburg, 1555), 17r, 68r, 75v, 82r–v.
84.Foxe (1583), 1859; John Knox, A Percel of the. vi. Psalme expounded (1554), E1v–2r.
85.CSP, Spain, XI, 217; Foxe (1583), 2102–3.
86.C. Bradshaw, ‘Old, John (d. 1557)’, ODNB; Jonathan Wright, ‘Marian Exiles and the Legitimacy of Flight from Persecution’, JEH, 52 (2001), 222–3.
87.Maria Dowling and Joy Shakespeare, eds, ‘Religion and Politics in Mid Tudor England through the Eyes of an English Protestant Woman: The Recollections of Rose Hickman’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 55 (1982), 98–101.
88.Alan Bryson, ‘Cheke, Sir John (1514–1557)’, ODNB; John F. McDiarmid, ‘“To Content God Quietlie”: The Troubles of Sir John Cheke under Queen Mary’, in Evenden and Westbrook, Renewal, 197–9.
89.Stephen Alford, Burghley: William Cecil at the Court of Elizabeth I (New Haven, 2008), 65–70; Andrew Pettegree, ‘Day, John (1521/2–1584)’, ODNB.
90.Philip Benedict, Christ’s Churches Purely Reformed (New Haven, 2002), 75; Andrew Pettegree, Marian Protestantism (Aldershot, 1996), 13–14; Edwin Sandys, Sermons, ed. John Ayre (Cambridge, 1841), ix–xvi, 296.
91.My account of the ‘Troubles at Frankfurt’ draws on Jane Dawson, John Knox (New Haven, 2015), 90–106; Dickens, 344–7; Karl Gunther, Reformation Unbound: Protestant Visions of Reform in England, 1525–1590 (Cambridge, 2014), 170–81; Ryan Reeves, English Evangelicals and Tudor Obedience (Leiden, 2014), 140–5.
92.John Knox, Works, ed. David Laing (6 vols, Edinburgh, 1846–64), IV, 240.