13 Time of Trial

1.CRP, II, 350–61 (quote at 353); Stephen Alford, Burghley: William Cecil at the Court of Elizabeth I (New Haven, 2008), 70; Jennifer Loach, Parliament and Crown in the Reign of Mary Tudor (Oxford, 1986), 105–6.

2.Wriothesley, II, 76–7; CQJ, 153–9.

3.CJ, I, 38.

4.Gee, 384, 385–415; Loach, Parliament, 107–15.

5.Wriothesley, II, 126; CGF, 94.

6.Foxe (1583), 1555; Eamon Duffy, Fires of Faith (New Haven, 2009), 15–17.

7.Foxe (1583), 2038.

8.Foxe (1583), 1508–10

9.CSP, Spain, XIII, 138.

10.Tom Betteridge, ‘Saunders, Lawrence (d. 1555)’, ODNB; Eric Josef Carlson, ‘Taylor, Rowland (d. 1555)’, ODNB; D. G. Newcombe, ‘Hooper, John (1495x1500–1555)’, ODNB.

11.John Edwards, Mary I (New Haven, 2011), 258.

12.Foxe (1576), 1464; Thomas S. Freeman, ‘Cardmaker, John (c.1496–1555)’, ODNB.

13.Foxe (1583), 1522.

14.Foxe (1583), 1557–8.

15.Foxe (1583), 1580–3 (shown as bearded in the accompanying woodcut).

16.‘Appendix: The Marian Martyrs’, in Susan Doran and Thomas S. Freeman, eds, Mary Tudor: Old and New Perspectives (Basingstoke, 2011), 229–30; Machyn, 84–5; Foxe (1583), 1597–1601.

17.CGF, 95. Machyn, 109 dates the incident to 15 May.

18.Wriothesley, II, 128; Foxe (1583), 1607–8; Liturgies, 233; A Warnynge for Englande (Emden, 1555), A1r–8r;

19.Edwards, Mary, 267; CSP, Venice, VI, nos 80, 97, 150; John Edwards, ‘Corpus Christi at Kingston upon Thames’, in Edwards and Ronald Truman, eds, Reforming Catholicism in the England of Mary Tudor (Aldershot, 2005), 139–51 (not mentioning the disturbance).

20.CRP, IV, 105, 107.

21.TRP, II, 57–60; John Scory, An Epistle (Emden, 1555), A3r, A4r.

22.Edwards, Mary, 268.

23.Thomas S. Freeman, ‘Burning Zeal: Mary Tudor and the Marian Persecution’, in Susan Doran and Thomas S. Freeman, eds, Mary Tudor: Old and New Perspectives (Basingstoke, 2011), 185–7; ‘Marian Martyrs’, 231–7; Michael Zell, ‘Thornden, Richard (c.1490–1558)’, ODNB.

24.Foxe (1583), 1710; Duffy, Fires, 123.

25.CRP, III, 169; David Loades, The Oxford Martyrs (2nd edn, Bangor, 1992), 203–12.

26.John King, ‘Fiction and Fact in Foxe’s Book of Martyrs’, in David Loades, ed., John Foxe and the English Reformation (Aldershot, 1997), 23–4.

27.MacCulloch, 573–9.

28.VAI, II, 360–1.

29.Duffy, 534–6.

30.Edmund Bonner, A profitable and necessarye doctrine with certayne homelyes adioyned (1555), A2r–4r, D2v; William Wizeman, The Theology and Spirituality of Mary Tudor’s Church (Aldershot, 2006), 25–6, 245–8.

31.Duffy, Fires, 66–7; VAI, II, 401.

32.CRP, III, 183, 191, 193–4

33.Loach, Parliament, 135–43.

34.James Muller, Stephen Gardiner and the Tudor Reaction (1926), 291–3; CRP, III, 194; 2 Kings: 18–19.

35.Gerald Bray, ed., The Anglican Canons, 1529–1947 (Woodbridge, 1998), 69, 75–7, 137.

36.Bray, Canons, 95–103, 107, 113–15, 123, 127–9; Duffy, Fires, 197.

37.Thomas F. Mayer, Reginald Pole (Cambridge, 2000), 242; Wizeman, Theology, 62–4. Carranza’s catechism would later supply the basis for the Catechism of the Council of Trent: Duffy, Fires, 206.

38.As, for example, Dickens, 309–15.

39.CRP, III, 24; Duffy, Fires, 30–3; John Edwards, Archbishop Pole (Farnham, 2014), 192, 196–200; Mary C. Erler, Reading and Writing during the Dissolution (Cambridge, 2013), 108–10.

40.Machyn, 171–2; Wriothesely, II, 128, 136; Mayer, Pole, 288; Edwards, Pole, 189–95; CSP, Venice, VI, no. 743.

41.Claire Cross, ‘Monasteries and Society in Sixteenth-Century Yorkshire’, in Janet E. Burton and Karen Stöber, eds, Monasteries and Society in the British Isles in the Later Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 2008), 236; Cross, ‘A Yorkshire Religious House and its Hinterland’, in Simon Ditchfield, ed., Christianity and Community in the West (Aldershot, 2001), 83.

42.Brigden, 477–8; Narratives, 182–3; William Lemprière, ed., John Howes’ MS., 1582 (1904), 66.

43.Foxe (1583), 1553; Duffy, Fires, 113–14.

44.MacCulloch, 584–605; David Loades, Two Tudor Conspiracies (2nd edn, Bangor, 1992), 213–33

45.McDiarmid, ‘Cheke’, 205–17; OL, I, 117–18, 133; CSP, Venice, VI, no. 690.

46.‘Marian Martyrs’, 239–50.

47.Foxe (1583), 2046.

48.Duffy, Fires, 129–30; ‘Marian Martyrs’, 245–6.

49.Duffy, Fires, 171–87 (quotes at 175, 177); Miles Huggarde, The Displaying of the Protestantes (1556), 124v.

50.Brigden, 601; Thomas Freeman, ‘Dissenters from a Dissenting Church’, in Peter Marshall and Alec Ryrie, eds, The Beginnings of English Protestantism (Cambridge, 2002), 129–56; The examinacion of the constaunt martir of Christ, Iohan Philpot (Emden, 1556), Part 2, A1r.

51.Foxe (1583), 2113–14, 2030; ‘Marian Martyrs’, 242–3.

52.Mark Byford, ‘The Birth of a Protestant Town’, in Patrick Collinson and John Craig, eds, The Reformation in English Towns (Basingstoke, 1998), 30–1.

53.Foxe (1583), 2168.

54.Foxe (1583), 2029, 2076; Duffy, Fires, 142–6.

55.Foxe (1583), 2114, 2168; Brigden, 601–2.

56.CRP, II, 339; Edwards, Pole, 136, 187–8; Foxe (1583), 1992; Eamon Duffy, ‘Hampton Court, Henry VIII and Cardinal Pole’, in Thomas Betteridge and Suzannah Lipscomb, Henry VIII and the Court (Farnham, 2013), 198.

57.Andrew Hegarty, ‘Carranza and the English Universities’, in Edwards and Truman, Reforming, 156–60; Claire Cross, ‘The English Universities, 1553–58’, in Eamon Duffy and David Loades, eds, The Church of Mary Tudor (Aldershot, 2006), 63–70.

58.Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England (Oxford, 1994), 96; Haigh, 211–12; Duffy, 555–64.

59.Peter Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England (Oxford, 2002), 116–17.

60.Machyn, 120.

61.Edwards, Pole, 208–11.

62.Michael Hicks, ‘Stafford, Thomas (c.1533–1557)’, ODNB.

63.Wriothesley, II, 139; Steve Rappaport, Worlds Within Worlds: Structures of Life in Sixteenth-Century London (Cambridge, 1989), 71.

64.Strype, III (2), 482–510 (quotes at 484, 485, 488, 492).

65.Duffy, Fires, 17–21.

66.Wriothesley, II, 140.

67.The argument of Duffy, Fires, 7, 168–70. ‘Marian Martyrs’, 260–5; Richard L. Greaves, ‘Rough, John (c.1508–1557)’, ODNB.

68.TRP, II, 90–1.

69.Strype, III (2), 133–5.

70.Peter Marshall, The Reformation: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2009), 72.

71.Ryan Reeves, English Evangelicals and Tudor Obedience (Leiden, 2014), 150–7; Jane Dawson, John Knox (New Haven, 2015), 140–6.

72.Scott Hendrix, Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer (New Haven, 2015), 248.

73.Duffy, Fires, is the most optimistic assessment, anticipated by Haigh, 227–34. Forthright scepticism about the potential of Marian restoration in Dickens, 289–315, finds more nuanced expression in Andrew Pettegree, Marian Protestantism (Aldershot, 1996) and David Loades, The Religious Culture of Marian England (2010).

74.Edwards, Mary, 326–8; Henry Clifford, The Life of Jane Dormer, ed. J. Stevenson (1887), 90; David Loades, Mary Tudor (2006), 199–201.

75.Edwards, Mary, 332; Strype, Annals, I (1), 72.

14 Alteration

1.TRP, II, 99–100; Winthrop S. Hudson, The Cambridge Connection and the Elizabethan Settlement of 1559 (Durham, NC, 1980), 9–12, 25; Machyn, 178; ZL, 4–5.

2.‘Wenlock’, 112; H. N. Birt, The Elizabethan Religious Settlement (1907), 4; TRP, I, 99; Marshall, 117.

3.CSP, Venice, VII, no. 2; Strype, III (2), 536–50.

4.Karl Gunther, Reformation Unbound: Protestant Visions of Reform in England, 1525–1590 (Cambridge, 2014), 180–1.

5.J. E. Neale, ed., ‘Sir Nicholas Throckmorton’s Advice to Queen Elizabeth on Her Accession to the Throne’, EHR, 65 (1950), 91–2; SP 12/1, 156r–158r; 12/1, 150v.

6.Strype, Annals, I (2), 392–8.

7.CSP, Simancas, I, no. 6; CSP, Venice, VII, no. 1; C. G. Bayne, ‘The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I’, EHR, 22 (1907), 662–3. Feria reported the 28 December mass as ‘said by another bishop’: this seems likely to be a misidentification of George Carew, dean of the Chapel Royal.

8.TRP, II, 102–3; CSP, Foreign, I, no. 379; ZL, 57–8.

9.Germanine Warkentin, ed., The Queen’s Majesty’s Passage and Related Documents (Toronto, 2004), 98.

10.Bayne, ‘Coronation’, 650–73; William P. Haugaard, ‘The Coronation of Elizabeth I’, JEH, 19 (1968), 161–70; Stephen Alford, Burghley: William Cecil at the Court of Elizabeth I (New Haven, 2008), 96.

11.CSP, Venice, VII, no. 15.

12.Hartley, I, 34.

13.Norman L. Jones, Faith by Statute (1982), 62–72; P. W. Hasler, ed., The House of Commons 1558–1603 (3 vols, 1981), I, 67–9.

14.CSP, Simancas, I, nos 4, 6; Susan Doran, Monarchy and Matrimony: The Courtships of Elizabeth I (1996), 1–2.

15.ZL, 19.

16.Jones, Faith, 89–94; Cyndia S. Clegg, ‘The 1559 Books of Common Prayer and the Elizabethan Reformation’, JEH, 67 (2016), 94–121.

17.APC, VII, 36, 47–8, 52, 59, 62, 64, 65, 67; Machyn, 189–90; CSP, Venice, VII, no. 23.

18.Wilkins, IV, 179–80; Jones, Faith, 96–7; Strype, Annals, I (2), 400, 401, 409–10.

19.Hartley, I, 9–10; CSP, Venice, VII, no. 45.

20.CSP, Venice, VII, no. 45; CSP, Simancas, I, no. 18; LJ, I, 564–5.

21.TRP, II, 109–11; CJ, I, 58.

22.CSP, Simancas, I, no. 18.

23.ZL, 22–3; Haugaard, 96–104; Jones, Faith, 123–9; The Declaracyon of the procedynge of a Conference begon at Westminster (RSTC suggests a publication date of 1560, but 1559 is more likely).

24.Jones, Faith, 130–1; ZL, 2, 41–2; John Knox, Works, ed. David Laing (6 vols, Edinburgh, 1846–64), IV, 564; Parker, 66.

25.John Aylmer, An harborowe for faithfull and trewe subiectes (London, 1559), B3r, H3r–v.

26.ZL, 29; APC, VII, 77; Machyn, 193, 196; CSP, Venice, VII, no. 71.

27.Jones, Faith, 130, 142–4.

28.Hartley, I, 19–20; 27–31.

29.Jones, Faith, 77–80, 150–1.

30.Gee, 458–67; Brian Cummings, ed., The Book of Common Prayer (Oxford, 2011), xxxiii–xxxiv, 102, 137, 140.

31.Parker, 65.

32.ZL, 33.

33.ODNB, by name; Aylmer, Harborowe, D3v–4r; ZL, 38.

34.CSP, Simancas, I, no. 32; ZL, 40; CSP, Venice, VII, no. 81; Haugaard, 37–8.

35.APC, VII, 38; CSP, Foreign, I, no. 422; ‘Dr Nicholas Sander’s Report to Cardinal Moroni’, in J. Pollen, ed., Catholic Record Society Miscellanea I (1905), 35–6; CSP, Simancas, I, no. 54; Parker, 222.

36.David J. Crankshaw and Alexandra Gillespie, ‘Parker, Matthew (1504–1575)’, ODNB; Parker, 59.

37.SP 12/4, 131r; Brett Usher, William Cecil and Episcopacy, 1559–1577 (Aldershot, 2003), 7–23; Andrew Pettegree, Marian Protestantism (Aldershot, 1996), 112; Haugaard, 43.

38.Haugaard, 47–50; David Daniell, The Bible in English (New Haven, 2003), 294; Letters of John Calvin, ed. Jules Bonnet (4 vols, Philadelphia, 1858), IV, 16; Knox, Works, VI, 31, 40–4, 47–50; Jane Dawson, John Knox (New Haven, 2015), 172–3.

39.Patrick Collinson, The Elizabethan Puritan Movement (1967), 46–7; ZL, 63–5, 71; David Marcombe, ‘Pilkington, James (1520–1576)’, ODNB; Norman Jones, The Birth of the Elizabethan Age (Oxford, 1993), 31.

40.Haugaard, 136–7; TRP, II, 117; SP, 12/6, 49r; Wriothesley, II, 146; Machyn, 207.

41.C. J. Kitching, ed., The Royal Visitation of 1559 (Gateshead, 1975), xx–xxi; VAI, III, 2; Margaret Aston, Broken Idols of the English Reformation (Cambridge, 2016), 123; Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England (Oxford, 1994), 105; Edwin Sandys, Sermons, ed. John Ayre (Cambridge, 1852), 235–55 (quote at 250); Diarmaid MacCulloch and Pat Hughes, eds, ‘A Bailiff’s List and Chronicle from Worcester’, Antiquaries Journal, 74 (1995), 249.

42.Kitching, Visitation, 69, 85; VAI, III, 6; Aston, Idols, 236–8.

43.ZL, 54, 60.

44.Edmund Hobhouse, ed., Church-wardens’ accounts of Croscombe, Pilton, Yatton, Tintinhull, Morebath, and St. Michael’s, Bath (1890), 170–1; Jones, Birth, 29.

45.Clive Burgess, ed., The Church Records of St Andrew Hubbard, Eastcheap c.1450–c.1570 (1999), 183.

46.Jonathan Willis, Church Music and Protestantism in Post-Reformation England (Farnham, 2010), 54–8; VAI, III, 23; Collinson, Movement, 50; Machyn, 212, 228; ZL, 90.

47.Peter Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England (Oxford, 2002), 169–71.

48.Duffy, 571; Ronald Hutton, ‘The Local Impact of the Tudor Reformations’, in Christopher Haigh, ed., The English Reformation Revised (Cambridge, 1987), 134–6; VAI, III, 108.

49.ZL, 45, 54.

50.Peter Marshall and John Morgan, ‘Clerical Conformity and the Elizabethan Settlement Revisited’, HJ, 59 (2016), 1–22; ZL, 6.

51.Eamon Duffy, Fires of Faith (New Haven, 2009), 197; Parker, 27–7, 153–4.

52.Birt, Settlement, 439; James Calfhill, An Answer to John Martiall’s Treatise of the Cross, ed. Richard Gibbings (Cambridge, 1846), 52.

53.VAI, III, 9–10, 14, 18–19, 20, 23, 25–8, 61; Cummings, Prayer, 124.

15 Unsettled England

1.Haugaard, 185–7; Margaret Aston, Broken Idols of the English Reformation (Cambridge, 2016), 748–50; Machyn, 226–9; ZL, 79; Parker, 93, 97.

2.ZL, 86, 98.

3.ZL, 89.

4.The best discussions of this thorny issue are Patrick Collinson, Elizabethan Essays (1994), 87–118; Susan Doran, ‘Elizabeth I’s Religion: Clues from her Letters’, JEH, 52 (2001).

5.Diarmaid MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant (1999), 187–9.

6.Machyn, 218; Norman Jones, The Birth of the Elizabethan Age (Oxford, 1993), 69–70.

7.CSP, Foreign, II, no. 145.

8.Stephen Alford, Burghley: William Cecil at the Court of Elizabeth I (New Haven, 2008), 104–8.

9.Alec Ryrie, The Origins of the Scottish Reformation (Manchester, 2006), 161–3, 189–90; Alford, Burghley, 109–11; ZL, 108–9.

10.Norman L. Jones, Faith by Statute (1982), 53–4.

11.Haugaard, 310–11; T. F. Mayer, ‘Cole, Henry (1504/5–1579/80)’, ODNB; C. S. Knighton, ‘Feckenham, John (c.1510–1584)’, ODNB; CSP, Simancas, I, nos 85–6,

12.CSP, Venice, VII, no. 178; C. J. Bayne, Anglo-Roman Relations, 1558–1565 (Oxford, 1913), 69–70; Susan Doran, Monarchy and Matrimony: The Courtships of Elizabeth I (1996), 42–50; CSP, Simancas, I, no. 125.

13.Jones, Birth, 36–8; Bayne, Relations, 99–102; CSP, Foreign, IV, no. 187.

14.Elizabeth Goldring et al., eds, John Nichols’s The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth I (5 vols, Oxford, 2014), I, 184–5; VAI, III, 98, 108–10.

15.Parker, 66, 146, 156–60.

16.Brett Usher, ‘Queen Elizabeth and Mrs Bishop’, in Susan Doran and Thomas S. Freeman, eds, The Myth of Elizabeth (Basingstoke, 2003), 207–8; Jane Reedy Ladley, ‘Cheyney, Richard (d. 1579)’, ODNB.

17.ZL, 161, 173.

18.Wallace MacCaffrey, The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime (1969), 92–7; C. P. Croly, ‘Vaughan, Cuthbert (c.1519–1563)’, ODNB; CSP, Foreign, V, 1299.

19.Alexander Nowell, A Catechism, ed. George E. Corrie (Cambridge, 1853), 223–9; CSP, Simancas, I, no. 208; Hartley, I, 58–62, 115.

20.MacCaffrey, Shaping, 108–9; Alford, Burghley, 123–5.

21.Jones, Faith, 172–6; Strype, Annals, I (1), 444–5, 446–55; CSP, Simancas, I, nos 210, 213; Parker, 173–5.

22.Haugaard, 126; Christopher Maginn, ‘O’Neill, Shane (c.1530–1567)’, ODNB.

23.Haugaard, 248–53; Peter Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England (Oxford, 2002), 54; SP 12/41, 135r; Gerald Bray, ed., Documents of the English Reformation (Cambridge, 1993), 296–7, 303.

24.Ashley Null, ‘Official Tudor Homilies’, in Peter McCullough et al., eds, The Oxford Handbook of the Early Modern Sermon (Oxford, 2011), 359–60; Margaret Aston, England’s Iconoclasts (Oxford, 1988), 320–4; John Griffiths, ed., Certain Sermons or Homilies (Oxford, 1850), 168, 239, 398–9.

25.Haugaard, 60–2, 166–82; David Crankshaw, ‘Preparations for the Canterbury Provincial Convocation of 1562–63: A Question of Attribution’, in Susan Wabuda and Caroline Litzenberger, eds, Belief and Practice in Reformation England (Aldershot, 1998), 60–93; CSP, Foreign, VI, no. 136; David J. Crankshaw and Alexandra Gillespie, ‘Parker, Matthew (1504–1575)’, ODNB.

26.Mears, 56–68; BL, Lansdowne MSS, Vol. 6, 202r; Johan Wigand, De neutralibus et mediis, grossly Inglished, Jacke of both sydes (1562), B1r, B3r; Folger, L.b.98.

27.William Bullein, A dialogue both pleasant and piety-full, against the fever pestilence (1564), B4r–v, C5v; The true report of the burnyng of the steple and church of Poules (1561), A7r–8v; Thomas S. Freeman, ‘Foxe, John (1516/17–1587)’, ODNB; John N. King, ‘Baldwin, William (d. in or before 1563)’, ODNB; ‘Historical Memoranda in the Handwriting of John Stow’, in James Gairdner, ed., Three Fifteenth Century Chronicles (1880), 126.

28.SP 12/34, 1r; CSP, Simancas, I, no. 263.

29.Geoffrey de C. Parmiter, ‘Bishop Bonner and the Oath’, Recusant History, 11 (1972), 215–36; SP 15/12, 173r; CSP, Simancas, I, nos 270, 272, 274, 277.

30.Dr Nicholas Sander’s Report to Cardinal Moroni’, in J. Pollen, ed., Catholic Record Society Miscellanea I (1905), 45.

31.Alan Dures, English Catholicism 1558–1642 (Harlow, 1983), 6; Jones, Birth, 74–5; Mary Bateson, ed., ‘A Collection of Original Letters from the Bishops to the Privy Council, 1564’, in Camden Miscellany IX (1895), 2, 3, 7–8, 19, 46, 77–8; Strype, Annals, I (2), 15–22.

32.Ginerva Crosignani et al., eds, Recusancy and Conformity in Early Modern England (Toronto, 2010), 3, 7, 19.

33.Doran, Matrimony, 73–4; Haugaard, 304–6, 315, 324; CSP, Vatican, I, no. 278.

34.Francis Bacon, Works, vol. I (1838), 387; Crosignani, Recusancy, 30–57; Bateson, ‘Letters’, 40.

35.Frederick Smith, ‘The Origins of Recusancy in Elizabethan England Reconsidered’, HJ, forthcoming.

36.Haigh, 254–5; SP 12/19, 45r; 12/17, 47r; Smith, ‘Recusancy’; Christopher Haigh, ‘Marshall, Richard (b. 1517, d. in or after 1575)’, ODNB; Jonathan Wright, ‘Langdale, Alban (fl. 1532–1580)’, ODNB.

37.J. Andreas Löwe, Richard Smyth and the Language of Orthodoxy (Leiden, 2003), 57–75; Gary W. Jenkins, John Jewel and the English National Church (Aldershot, 2006), 117–23; Nicholas Sander, Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism, ed. David Lewis (1877), 261; J. H. Pollen, The English Catholics in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (1920), 109; Parker, 233; Karl Gunther, Reformation Unbound: Protestant Visions of Reform in England, 1525–1590 (Cambridge, 2014), 192–3.

38.Paul Arblaster, ‘Darbyshire, Thomas (1518–1604)’, ODNB; Thomas M. McCoog, ‘Good, William (1527–1586)’, ODNB; Dennis Flynn, ‘Heywood, Jasper (1535–1598)’, ODNB; Eamon Duffy, ‘Allen, William (1532–1594)’, ODNB; A. J. Loomie, ‘Englefield, Sir Francis (1522–1596)’, ODNB; Julian Lock, ‘Story, John (1503/4?–1571)’, ODNB.

39.Christopher Highley, Catholics Writing the Nation in Early Modern Britain and Ireland (Oxford, 2008), 29; Lucy Wooding, Rethinking Catholicism in Reformation England (Oxford, 2000), 195–6; Thomas Harding, A confutation of a booke intituled An apologie of the Church of England (Antwerp, 1565), *2v; Stanford Lehmberg, ‘Nowell, Alexander (c.1516/17–1602)’, ODNB; Parker, 235.

40.Thomas Stapleton, A fortresse of the faith (Antwerp, 1565), 134v; Patrick Collinson, ‘Antipuritanism’, in John Coffey and Paul C. H. Lim, eds, The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism (Cambridge, 2008), 19–22.

41.John Strype, The Life and Acts of Matthew Parker (3 vols, Oxford, 1821), I, 302; J. S. Purvis, ed., Tudor Parish Documents of the Diocese of York (Cambridge, 1948), 212; Patrick Collinson, Richard Bancroft and Elizabethan Anti-Puritanism (Cambridge, 2013), 15.

42.CSP, Simancas, I, no. 270; James Pilkington, Works, ed. J. Scholefield (Cambridge, 1842), 658–62.

43.Ryan Reeves, English Evangelicals and Tudor Obedience (Leiden, 2014), 184; Patrick Collinson, The Elizabethan Puritan Movement (1967), 68–9; John S. Coolidge, The Pauline Renaissance in England (Oxford, 1970), 27–41.

44.Parker, 223–7.

45.ZL, 243–4; Parker, 227–30; VAI, III, 172–3, 175, 178–80.

46.C. M. Dent, Protestant Reformers in Elizabethan Oxford (Oxford, 1983), 34–9; Strype, Annals, I (2), 155; Jones, Birth, 57–9; Parker, 279–70; Collinson, Movement, 72–6; Patrick Collinson, ed., Letters of Thomas Wood, Puritan (1960), xi, 1.

47.Stow, ‘Memoranda’, 135–40; Edmund Grindal, Remains, ed. John Williamson (Cambridge, 1843), 288–9. For another instance of ‘ware horns’, Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, V, vii, 12.

48.Parker, 284; SP 12/44, 53r–53Ar.

49.Patrick Collinson, Archbishop Grindal (1979), 177–9; Grindal, Remains, 201–4; A. P. House, ‘The City of London and the Problem of the Liberties, c.1540–c.1640’, Oxford D.Phil. Thesis (2006), 83–4; Stow, ‘Memoranda’, 143–4.

50.Hartley, I, 147; Pollen, Catholics, 112; CSP, Vatican, I, no. 348; MacCaffrey, Shaping, 144; Mortimer Levene, The Early Elizabethan Succession Question (Stanford, 1966), 168–70.

51.Hartley, I, 171; Jones, Birth, 64; Parker, 290–4; ZL, 236–7; Anthony Gilby, A Pleasaunt Dialogue (Middelburg, 1581), A7v, G8r.

52.CSP, Simancas, I, no. 418.

53.Doran, Matrimony, 76, 234; CSP, Simancas, I, no. 295; Harding, Confutation, *2v.

54.Aston, Iconoclasts, 313–14; SP 70/93, 22r; Historical Manuscripts Commission: Report on the Pepys Manuscripts (1911), 90; An answere for the tyme (Rouen, 1566), H6v; Gunther, Unbound, 119, 212.

55.Purvis, Documents, 15–34 (quotes at 32, 34); Marshall, Beliefs, 126; SP 12/44, 62r; H. N. Birt, The Elizabethan Religious Settlement (1907), 429; Duffy, 572–4, 585.

56.VAI, III, 168; John Strype, Life and Acts of … Edmund Grindal (Oxford, 1821), 516–19.

57.Crosignani, Recusancy, xix, 60–3, 70; John J. LaRocca, ‘Vaux, Laurence (1519–1585)’, ODNB; Alexandra Walsham, Church Papists (Woodbridge, 1993), 23; SP 12/46, 45r, 69r–v.

58.TRP, II, 133.

16 Admonitions

1.Samuel Haynes, ed., A Collection of State Papers (1740), 579–88; T. F. Knox, ed., The First and Second Diaries of the English College, Douay (1878), xxviii–xxix; Stephen Alford, The Early Elizabethan Polity (Cambridge, 1998), 182–9. Alford dates the Memorial to July/August due to its mention of ‘the new rebellion in Ireland’: revolt broke out there in July. But this appears on a list of envisaged threats and dangers. References to Mary being in the north, to military action ‘this spring’, and an absence of references to the death of Condé (in March 1569) make January the likelier date.

2.The best among countless biographies is John Guy, ‘My Heart is My Own’: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (2004).

3.Haynes, Papers, 587; Brett Usher, William Cecil and Episcopacy, 1559–1577 (Aldershot, 2003), 105–6; CSP, Simancas, II, nos 70, 95, 99, 119.

4.Anthony Fletcher and Diarmaid MacCulloch, Tudor Rebellions (6th edn, 2016), 101–2; CSPD, Elizabeth Addenda 1566–1579, 403.

5.K. J. Kesselring, The Northern Rebellion of 1569 (2007), 46–56; Kenneth Carleton, ‘Bonner, Edmund (d. 1569)’, ODNB; R. R. Reid, ‘The Rebellion of the Earls, 1569’, TRHS, 20 (1906), 191, 196.

6.Cuthbert Sharp, ed., Memorials of the Rebellion of 1569 (1840), 77; W. R. B. Robinson, ‘Somerset, William, third earl of Worcester (1526/7–1589)’, ODNB; H. N. Birt, The Elizabethan Religious Settlement (1907), 358, 529.

7.Sharp, Memorials, xvi, 71.

8.Reid, ‘Rebellion’, 192; Haynes, Papers, 564–5.

9.Sharp, Memorials, 42–3n, 204, 212–13; Kesselring, Rebellion, 58–9. A Robert Copley was deprived as rector of Walton-on-the-Hill, Surrey, in 1562: CCED, person ID 106441.

10.Sharp, Memorials, 43–5; James Raine, ed., Depositions and other Ecclesiastical Proceedings from the Courts of Durham (1845), 143–4, 162, 184–93; Kesselring, Rebellion, 69–70.

11.Geoffrey Moorhouse, The Last Office (2008), 243–4; Kesselring, Rebellion, 67.

12.Raine, Depositions, 174–5, 180.

13.Fletcher and MacCulloch, Rebellions, 104–7; Henry Summerson, ‘Dacre, Leonard (d. 1573)’, ODNB; Roger N. McDermott, ‘Neville, Charles, sixth earl of Westmorland (1542/3–1601)’, ODNB; Julian Lock, ‘Percy, Thomas, seventh earl of Northumberland (1528–1572)’, ODNB; Sharp, Memorials, 219–20.

14.Kesselring, Rebellion, 122–5; Sharp, Memorials, 163.

15.Mears, 127–8; Usher, Episcopacy, 106; ‘Lemeke Avale’, A commemoration or dirige of bastarde Edmonde Boner (1569), C3r; Thomas Norton, A warning agaynst the dangerous practises of papistes (1569), B1r–v; Birt, Settlement, 332.

16.Haynes, Papers, 588; SP 12/48, 179r; Norman Jones, The Birth of the Elizabethan Age (Oxford, 1993), 84–6; Birt, Settlement, 419, 518–19

17.J. H. Pollen, The English Catholics in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (1920), 142–9; Robert S. Miola, ed., Early Modern Catholicism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Oxford, 2007), 486–8.

18.Birt, Settlement, 499–500; Pollen, Catholics, 155; Julian Lock, ‘Felton, John (d. 1570)’, ODNB.

19.R. Pollitt, ‘The Abduction of Dr John Story’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 14 (1983), 131–56; A Declaration of the Lyfe and Death of Iohn Story (1571), B3v–4v; Elizabeth Evenden and Thomas S. Freeman, ‘Print, Profit and Propaganda: The Elizabethan Privy Council and the 1570 Edition of Foxe’s “Book of Martyrs”, EHR, 119 (2004), 1288–1307.

20.Michael A. R. Graves, ‘Howard, Thomas, fourth duke of Norfolk (1538–1572)’, ODNB; L. E. Hunt, ‘Ridolfi, Roberto di (1531–1612)’, ODNB.

21.Usher, Episcopacy, 115–17.

22.Edward Dering, A sermon preached before the Quenes Maiestie (?1570), E4r, F1r–v.

23.Patrick Collinson, The Elizabethan Puritan Movement (1967), 109–10, 112–13; William Joseph Sheils, ‘Whitgift, John (1530/31?–1604)’, ODNB.

24.Hartley, I, 199, 201–5; Statutes of the Realm (11 vols, 1810–28), IV, 526–34; Wallace T. MacCaffrey, Queen Elizabeth and the Making of Policy (Princeton, 1981), 125–6.

25.Hartley, I, 200–1, 220; Gerald Bray, ed., Tudor Church Reform: The Henrician Canons of 1535 and the Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum (Woodbridge, 2000), lxxvi–xcix; T. Freeman, ‘Thomas Norton, John Foxe and the Parliament of 1571’, Parliamentary History, 16 (1997), 131–47; MacCaffrey, Policy, 60.

26.Haugaard, 254–5; Gee, 478; MacCaffrey, Policy, 59–61.

27.Gerald Bray, ed., The Anglican Canons, 1529–1947 (Woodbridge, 1998), xlviii–xlix, 197–9, 201.

28.Claire Cross, The Royal Supremacy in the Elizabethan Church (1969), 213–15; Ralph Houlbrooke, ed., The Letter Book of John Parkhurst (Norwich, 1974), 243; Patrick Collinson, ed., ‘The Prophesyings and the Downfall of Archbishop Edmund Grindal, 1576–1583’, in Melanie Barber et al, eds, From the Reformation to the Permissive Society (Woodbridge, 2010), 4–5.

29.Peter Marshall, ‘“Rather with Papists than with Turks”: The Battle of Lepanto and the Contours of Elizabethan Christendom’, Reformation, 17 (2012), 135–59.

30.Hartley, I, 270–2, 274–82, 298, 325, 376; Patrick Collinson, Elizabethan Essays (1994), 46–7; Rosamund Oates, ‘Puritans and the “Monarchical Republic”’, EHR, 127 (2012), 819.

31.Hartley, I, 302–10, 332–3, 418; Graves, ‘Norfolk’.

32.Hartley, I, 330, 359, 369–70; MacCaffrey, Policy, 62–3; W. H. Frere and C. E. Douglas, eds, Puritan Manifestoes (1907), 149–51.

33.Frere and Douglas, Manifestoes, 8–37; Collinson, Movement, 118–20.

34.Collinson, Movement, 133–40; Frere and Douglas, Manifestoes, 96–8, 107–8; Sheils, ‘Whitgift’.

35.TRP, II, 375–6; Collinson, Movement, 12, 146–9; Thomas Wright, ed., Queen Elizabeth and her Times (2 vols, 1838), I, 475–6; ZL, 439–40; Parker, 410, 426, 434; Patrick Collinson, ed., Letters of Thomas Wood, Puritan (1960), xxx–xxxi; John Strype, Life and Acts of John Whitgift (3 vols, Oxford, 1822), III, 32–5.

36.Collinson, Movement, 150–4; Wallace T. MacCaffrey, ‘Hatton, Sir Christopher (c.1540–1591)’, ODNB; TRP, II, 379–81; Collinson, Wood, xvi, 7–8.

37.Stephen Alford, The Watchers (2012), 52, 129–30; Mears, 134; Parker, 398–9.

38.Birt, Settlement, 420; Folger, L.a.651; CCED Record ID: 99389; ZL, 414.

39.Sharp, Memorials, 188; Thomas M. McCoog, ‘Woodhouse, Thomas (d. 1573)’, ODNB; APC, VIII, 218, 264, 269, 284; Patrick McGrath, Papists and Puritans under Elizabeth I (1967), 111; Robert Crowley, A sermon made in the chappel at the Gylde Halle (1575), F2v; Robert Harkins, ‘Elizabethan Puritanism and the Politics of Memory in Post-Marian England’, HJ, 57 (2014), 904–5, 908–9.

40.Parker, 477–9; David J. Crankshaw and Alexandra Gillespie, ‘Parker, Matthew (1504–1575)’, ODNB.

41.Alastair Duke, ‘Martyrs with a Difference: Dutch Anabaptist Victims of Elizabethan Persecution’, Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis, 80 (2000), 263–81.

42.SP 12/103, 111r.

43.Patrick Collinson, Archbishop Grindal (1979), 190, 199, 215, 221–2; William Nicholson, ed., The Remains of Edmund Grindal (Cambridge), 347, 357; Parker, 477–8; Felicity Heal, ‘Cox, Richard (c.1500–1581)’, ODNB; Collinson, ‘Prophesyings’, 3 (noting Grindal’s correspondent was ‘almost certainly’ Mildmay).

44.Collinson, Movement, 161–4; Hartley, I, 445–7; Bray, Canons, 211–15; Collinson, Grindal, 225.

45.Collinson, Grindal, 228–32; Frere and Douglas, Manifestoes, 32; Parker, 336, 338; Bray, Canons, 193.

46.MacCaffrey, Policy, 84–5; Parker, 457–60; Houlbrooke, Parkhurst, 46–7, 242–6.

47.Collinson, Grindal, 233; ‘Wood’, 10, 12–16.

48.Susan Doran, Elizabeth I and Her Circle (Oxford, 2015), 152; Collinson, ‘Prophesyings’, 13–16, 40; Richard L. Greaves, ‘Pagit, Eusebius (1546/7–1617)’, ODNB.

49.Collinson, ‘Prophesyings’, 40, 19–25.

50.Collinson, ‘Prophesyings’, 8; Movement, 201; Strype, Annals, IV, 317; Harris Nicolas, Memoirs of the Life and Times of Sir Christopher Hatton (1847), 56, 58–9.

51.Collinson, Grindal, 248–9, 263; Patrick Collinson, ‘Grindal, Edmund (1516x20–1583)’, ODNB; C. S. Knighton, ‘Feckenham, John (c.1510–1584)’, ODNB; APC, X, 83–5, 111; Peter Lake, ‘A Tale of Two Episcopal Surveys’, TRHS, 18 (2008), 129–63; Edmund Grindal, Remains, ed. John Williamson (Cambridge, 1843), 471.

17 Wars of Religion

1.William Elderton, A newe ballade, declaryng the daungerous shootynge of the gunne at the courte (1579); John Stow, The chronicles of England (1580), 1200–1; A briefe discourse of the most haynous and traytorlike fact of Thomas Appeltree (1579).

2.Susan Doran, Monarchy and Matrimony: The Courtships of Elizabeth I (1996), 130–48.

3.CSP, Simancas, II, no. 31; Edmund Lodge, ed., Illustrations of British History (3 vols, 1838), II, 150.

4.Doran, Matrimony, 160–7; Peter Lake, Bad Queen Bess: Libels, Secret Histories, and the Politics of Publicity (Oxford, 2016), 99–103; TRP, II, 445–9; John Strype, Life and Acts of Edmund Grindal (2 vols, Oxford, 1821), II, 584–6; Patrick Collinson, This England (Manchester, 2011), 77–8.

5.Lake, Bess, 103–8; Albert Peel, ed., The Seconde Parte of a Register (2 vols, Cambridge, 1915), II, 166; J. C. H. Aveling, Catholic Recusants of the West Riding (Leeds, 1963), 211; Doran, Matrimony, 172–6.

6.Patrick McGrath, Papists and Puritans under Elizabeth I (1967), 116.

7.Michael E. Williams, The Venerable English College, Rome (2nd edn, Leominster, 2008), 7–8, 273–4; Thomas M. McCoog, The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland and England, 1541–1588 (Leiden, 1996), 106–8.

8.Peter Holmes, ‘Stucley, Thomas (c.1520–1578)’, ODNB; T. F. Mayer, ‘Sander, Nicholas (c.1530–1581)’, ODNB; McCoog, Society, 116–17; Gerard Kilroy, Edmund Campion: A Scholarly Life (Farnham, 2015), 127–8. On the longer-term impact and significance of the bull, see Aislinn Muller, ‘Queen Elizabeth’s Excommunication and its Afterlife, c. 1570–1603’, Cambridge PhD thesis (2016).

9.Victor Houliston, ‘Persons [Parsons], Robert (1546–1610)’, ODNB; Michael A. R. Graves, ‘Campion, Edmund [St Edmund Campion] (1540–1581)’, ODNB; Ginerva Crosignani et al., eds, Recusancy and Conformity in Early Modern England (Toronto, 2010), 94–100.

10.Kilroy, Campion, 145–6, 150–9; Alexandra Walsham, Providence in Early Modern England (Oxford, 1999), 130–5; TRP, II, 469–71.

11.McGrath, Papists, 167–70; Robert Parsons, A Brief Discours Contayning Certayne Reasons (Douai, i.e. East Ham, 1580), ‡3r, 15v–16r, 39v–40r.

12.Crosignani, Recusancy, 117–29; SP 12/167, 60r.

13.Kilroy, Campion, 190; Meredith Hanmer, The great bragge and challenge of M. Champion (1581), 20r, 24v.

14.Hartley, I, 502–5; Alexandra Walsham, ‘The Holy Maid of Wales: Visions, Imposture and Catholicism in Elizabethan Britain’, EHR (forthcoming); John Cooper, The Queen’s Agent (2011), 248–50.

15.Statutes of the Realm (11 vols, 1810–28), IV, 657–8; Wallace T. MacCaffrey, Queen Elizabeth and the Making of Policy (Princeton, 1981), 131–2.

16.TRP, II, 483; Kilroy, Campion, 203–5.

17.Leo Hicks, ed., Letters and Memorials of Father Robert Persons (1942), 83; Peter Lake with Michael Questier, The Antichrist’s Lewd Hat (New Haven, 2002), 255–62; Peter Milward, Religious Controversies of the Elizabethan Age (Lincoln, NB, 1977), 46–64; Anthony Munday, The English Romayne Life, ed. G. B. Harrison (Edinburgh, 1966), 39; Peter Marshall, ‘Religious Ideology’, in Paulina Kewes et al., eds, The Oxford Handbook of Holinshed’s Chronicles (Oxford, 2013), 423.

18.Kilroy, Campion, 243–55; SP 12/152, 124r.

19.Stephen Alford, Burghley (New Haven, 2009), 248; Henry Ellis, ed., Holinshed’s Chronicles (6 vols, 1807–8), IV, 459; Stefania Tutino, Law and Conscience (Aldershot, 2007), 35; William Allen, A Briefe Historie (Rheims, 1582), A2v–3r; TRP, II, 488–91; SP 15/27/1,141r.

20.Robert Persons, The copie of a double letter (Rheims, 1581), 5, 7, 10–11, 21, 23; Foxe (1583), 2174–5; Munday, Life, 100–5.

21.Robert M. Kingdon, ed., The Execution of Justice in England (Ithaca, NY, 1965), 5, 8, 9–10, 20, 40, 70.

22.Alford, Burghley, 245–6; Jesse Childs, God’s Traitors (2014), 99–101; Peter Marshall, Faith and Identity in a Warwickshire Family (Stratford-upon-Avon, 2010) 21–2.

23.Antoinina Bevan Zlatar, Reformation Fictions (Oxford, 2011), 115–23.

24.George Gifford, A briefe discourse (1581), 4r–5r, 7r, 12r–v, 13v, 22r, 68r; Zlatar, Fictions, 178–85; M. M. Knappen, ed., Two Elizabethan Puritan Diaries (Chicago, 1933), 53–102 (quote at 55).

25.Peter Marshall, ‘The Naming of Protestant England’, Past and Present, 214 (2012), 103–5; Gifford, Discourse, 2v, 34r; SP 12/156, 70v; Haigh, 279–84.

26.Rosemary O’Day, The English Clergy (Leicester, 1979), 132; Patrick Collinson, The Religion of Protestants (Oxford, 1982), 94; Anne Thomson, ‘Clergy Wives in Elizabethan England’, University of Warwick PhD (2016), 26–31, 247–61; Gifford, Discourse, 1v–2r, 5v; Borthwick Institute, York, CP G 2169; Folger, X.c.28; L. L. Ford, ‘Mildmay, Sir Walter (1520/21–1589)’, ODNB.

27.Folger, V.a.459, 5r, 10v, 11v, 19r, 21r, 30r, 33v, 73r.

28.John Craig, ‘Erasmus or Calvin? The Politics of Book Purchase in the Early Modern English Parish’, in Polly Ha and Patrick Collinson, eds, The Reception of Continental Reformation in Britain (Oxford, 2010), 39–62; Craig, Reformation, Politics and Polemics (Aldershot, 2001), 50–63; Lucy Kaufman, ‘Ecclesiastical Improvements, Lay Impropriations, and the Building of a Post-Reformation Church in England, 1560–1600’, HJ, 58 (2015), 1–23.

29.Craig, Reformation, 32; Judith Maltby, Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England (Cambridge, 1998), 24–8; Ian Green, The Christian’s ABC (Oxford, 1996), ‘Finding List’, 580–750; Green, Print and Protestantism in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2000), 50, 248, 513; Patrick Collinson, Elizabethan Essays (1994), 251–2.

30.Christopher Haigh, ‘The Church of England, the Catholics, and the People’, in Peter Marshall, ed., The Impact of the English Reformation 1500–1640 (1997), 253–4; Maltby, Prayer Book, 11; Martin Ingram, Church Courts, Sex and Marriage in England, 1570–1640 (Cambridge, 1987), 123; Christopher Marsh, Popular Religion in Sixteenth-Century England: Holding their Peace (Basingstoke, 1998), 26.

31.This can be inferred from will preambles, avoiding for the most part both traditional Catholic invocations and high-Calvinist declarations of assurance: Caroline Litzenberger, ‘Local Responses to Religious Change: Evidence from Gloucestershire Wills’, in Eric Carlson, ed., Religion and the English People 1500–1640 (Kirksville, MO, 1998), 245–70.

32.TRP, II, 501–2; Michael E. Moody, ‘Browne, Robert (1550?–1633)’, ODNB; Ronald Bayne, ‘Harrison, Robert (d. c.1585)’, rev. Michael E. Moody, ODNB; Albert Peel, ed., The Writings of Robert Harrison and Robert Browne (1953), 404; Peel, ed., The Seconde Parte of a Register (2 vols, Cambridge, 1915), I, 157–61; Peel and Leland H. Carlson, eds, Cartwrightiana (1951), 48.

33.Craig, Reformation, 103–7; Patrick Collinson, Richard Bancroft and Elizabethan Anti-Puritanism (Cambridge, 2013), 32–6.

34.Patrick Collinson et al., eds, Conferences and Combination Lectures in the Elizabethan Church (Woodbridge, 2003), xlix–l, lxxxii–xc; Collinson, The Elizabethan Puritan Movement (1967), 220.

35.Collinson, Conferences, 9; Collinson, Movement, 244–7; William Joseph Sheils, ‘Whitgift, John (1530/31?–1604)’, ODNB; Whitgift, Works, ed. J. Ayre (3 vols, Cambridge, 1851–3), III, 586–96; MacCaffrey, Policy, 107.

36.Collinson, Movement, 249–72; Collinson, Conferences, xcii; John Strype, Life and Acts of John Whitgift (3 vols, Oxford, 1822), III, 81–7; Harris Nicolas, Memoirs of the Life and Times of Sir Christopher Hatton (1847), 380.

37.SP 12/171, 41r; HMC, Bath, II, 26; Lake, Bess, 116–32.

38.Stephen Alford, The Watchers (2012), 134–5, 152–66, 174–8; J. O. W. Haweis, Sketches of the Reformation and Elizabethan Age (1844), 195; Marshall, Faith, 17–19; A. L. Rowse, Ralegh and the Throckmortons (1962), 213.

39.BL, Add. MS 48027, 248r–249r; David Cressy, ‘Binding the Nation: The Bonds of 1584 and 1696’, in DeLloyd Guth and John W. McKenna, eds, Tudor Rule and Revolution (Cambridge, 1982), 217–25; SP 12/175, 6r.

40.Hartley, II, 20–1, 29, 45–50, 53, 54–5, 185–6; Collinson, Movement, 268–9, 279–88; Strype, Whitgift, III, 118–24.

41.Peel, Register, II, 49–64; Natalie Mears, ‘Fuller, William (d. 1586?)’, ODNB.

42.Statutes, IV, 704–8; Hartley, II, 77, 154–5; Lake, Bess, 178–83.

43.HMC, Salisbury, III, 67; MacCaffrey, Policy, 348–9; Irene A. Wright, ed. and tr., Further English Voyages to Spanish America, 1583–1594: Documents from the Archives of the Indies (1951), 27–8, 40, 51.

44.Richard Challoner, Memoirs of Missionary Priests (2 vols in 1, Philadelphia, 1839), I, 114–15; TRP, II, 518–21; Peter Lake and Michael Questier, The Trials of Margaret Clitherow (2011), 83–108.

45.John Guy, ‘My Heart is My Own’: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (2004), 456–8, 483; A Complete Collection of State Trials (2nd edn, 6 vols, 1730), I, 121; Penry Williams, ‘Babington, Anthony (1561–1586)’, ODNB; Alford, Watchers, 210–35.

46.Guy, Mary, 488–94; Hartley, II, 214–18, 228–32, 244–7, 372.

47.John Guy, The Tudors (Oxford, 2013), 100; Alford, Burghley, 286–92; Elizabeth Goldring et al., eds, John Nichols’s The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth I (5 vols, Oxford, 2014), III, 360–1.

48.CSP, Foreign, Elizabeth, XXI (1), 316; Anne Dillon, The Construction of Martyrdom in the English Catholic Community, 1535–1603 (Aldershot, 2002), 165–7, 243–76; McCoog, Society, 239–40.

49.Hartley, II, 285, 310–19; Collinson, Conferences, xcvii–xcviii; Peel, Register, II, 162, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 173, 212–13; Collinson, Movement, 303–11.

50.Hartley, II, 333–54; Lee W. Gibbs, ‘Life of Hooker’, in Torrance Kirby, ed., A Companion to Richard Hooker (Leiden, 2008), 11–13; Anthony Milton, Catholic and Reformed (Cambridge, 1995), 286; APC, XIV, 5.

51.Peter Lake, Anglicans and Puritans? (1988), 90–6; M. R. Sommerville, ‘Richard Hooker and his Contemporaries on Episcopacy: An Elizabethan Consensus’, JEH (1984), 177–87.

52.Moody, ‘Browne’; Moody, ‘Greenwood, John (c.1560–1593)’, ODNB; Stephen Bredwell, The rasing of the foundations of Brownisme (1588), 126; SP 12/204, 17r; Leland H. Carlson, ed., The Writings of Henry Barrow, 1587–1590 (1962), 67.

53.MacCaffrey, Policy, 386–7; SP 12/203, 97r; 12/198, 76r–77r.

54.Alford, Watchers, 250–1; Eamon Duffy, ‘Allen, William (1532–1594)’, ODNB; Lake, Bess, 302–11; Knappen, Diaries, 80; Marshall, Faith, 27; Childs, Traitors, 159.

55.Strype, Annals, III (2), 26–8; Thomas Rogers, An historical dialogue (1589), 85; Mears, 182–8; Alford, Burghley, 308; Hartley, II, 414–26.

56.McGrath, Papists, 202–3; Edwin H. Burton and J. H. Pollen, eds, Lives of the English Martyrs (1914), 432–7; John J. McAleer, ‘Ballads on the Spanish Armada’, Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 4 (1963), 602–12; A Warning to all False Traitors (1588).

57.Anthony Palmer, ed., Tudor Churchwardens’ Accounts (Cambridge, 1985), 114, 116, 130, 136, 139, 142, 149, 152, 155; Peter Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England (Oxford, 2002), 128–32.

58.A. J. Mann, ‘Waldegrave, Robert (c.1554–1603/4)’, ODNB; Collinson, Bancroft, 60–9; Matthew Sutcliffe, A treatise of ecclesiasticall discipline (1590), A3r; Brian Cummings, ‘Martin Marprelate and the Popular Voice’, in Kate Cooper and Jeremy Gregory, eds, Elite and Popular Religion (Woodbridge, 2006), 225–39.

59.Joseph L. Black, ed., The Martin Marprelate Tracts (Cambridge, 2008), 9, 32–3, 37; Collinson, Bancroft, 60–2; Strype, Whitgift, I, 602; APC, XVIII, 62; Collinson, Movement, 403–31.

60.Mary Morrissey, Politics and the Paul’s Cross Sermons, 1558–1642 (Oxford, 2011), 208–13; Collinson, Bancroft, 77–82

61.Holinshed, IV, 263–4; James McDermott, England and the Spanish Armada (New Haven, 2005), 170; Cyndia Susan Clegg, ‘Fleming, Abraham (c.1552–1607)’, ODNB.

Postscript

1.William Salesbury, The Baterie of the Popes Botereulx (1550), A4r, F2r; R. Brinley Jones, ‘Salesbury, William (b. before 1520, d. c.1580)’, ODNB.

2.The standard mid- to late twentieth-century account, A. G. Dickens’s The English Reformation (1964), was a meticulously scholarly study, regarding itself as non-sectarian, but still able to conclude (340) that the achievement of the English Reformation was ‘to cast aside misleading unessentials and accretions’, and bring Christians ‘nearer in love to the real person of the Founder’.

3.Haigh and Duffy are the leading exemplars of this ‘revisionist’ school, sometimes – not entirely accurately – termed ‘Catholic revisionism’. It is important to note, however, that Duffy’s magnificent Stripping of the Altars was not intended as a comprehensive history of the Reformation, but as an account of the heyday and demise of ‘traditional religion’.

4.For summary and assessment of a rich ‘post-revisionist’ literature on the social history of the Reformation, see my ‘(Re)defining the English Reformation’, Journal of British Studies, 48 (2009), 564–86, and Reformation England 1480–1642 (2nd edn, 2012), especially ch. 6.

5.John Milton, Of Reformation (1641), 9–10.

6.Roper, 250; Foxe (1583), 1079, 2032; BL, Harley MS 422, 133r.