The Autumn Quarter
of September,
October, November
September marks a shift in the daily routine and mindset. Summer is over, yet many afternoons are still bright and warm. While nights start to turn chilly, winter’s threat seems a far horizon as autumn colors begin to blaze with breathtaking beauty. Mabon marks the autumn equinox, and like its spring counterpart, it is a day of balance between light and dark. As we gather in the last of the summer harvest, we also draw spiritual abundance into our lives. We count our blessings and give thanks to the Lord and Lady.
A mild breeze whispers on sunny October afternoons. This is a time to pause and enjoy the magic and beauty of the earth, but change is in the air. Night comes earlier as the harbingers of winter steal leaves from the trees and scatter them crumpled and brown on the ground. Moonlight shimmers on the first wet frost as the earth prepares to rest and incubate the next cycle. November brings us into the dark of the year. After confronting our own mortality at Samhain, this month invites us to turn inward for reflection, study, and to further our skills.
The autumn night sky is called the Cassiopeia Quadrant because of this constellation’s distinctive shape that makes it an easy marker to find and then locate other stars. As a circumpolar constellation, Queen Cassiopeia can be seen throughout the year. However, she is most visible now and, quite appropriately, presides over this season when we give thanks to the Goddess for the bounty of the earth. Known to the ancient Greeks as the Sea, the autumn night sky is a watery place. It is populated by two fish, a dolphin, a whale, and a water bearer. Elsewhere in this quadrant we will find a ram, a winged horse with a colt, and a queen with her king and princess daughter. Let’s see what a Pagan perspective can do with these.
As a reminder, some of the bordering constellations noted throughout this chapter may fall within other seasons. The directions given to locate constellations and stars assumes that the reader is facing south. Also, have a look at chapter 8 as some of the southern constellations listed only in that chapter may be visible to you.
Figure 6.1. The autumn night sky. The dotted shapes show the Great Square of Pegasus and the Circlet of Pisces asterisms. Four of the brightest stars are also noted.
The Autumn Constellations
Andromeda: The Princess/Horse Goddess
Pronunciations: Andromeda (an-DRAH-meh-duh); Andromedae (an-DROM-uh-die)
Visible Latitudes: 90° North to 40° South
Constellation Abbreviation: And
Bordering Constellations: Cassiopeia, Pegasus, Perseus, Pisces
Description: Two gently curving lines of stars form a slanted, elongated V shape.
To Find: Andromeda appears below her mother, Cassiopeia. However, the easiest way to find her is to locate the Great Square of Pegasus asterism. The northeastern corner is Andromeda’s alpha star, Alpheratz. This is located at the bottom of Andromeda’s V shape and represents her head.
This constellation is believed to predate the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome, however, its true origin is unknown. While it is named after a mythical princess, the constellation is sometimes called the Chained Woman; Persea, “wife of Perseus”; or Cepheis, “daughter of Cepheus.”
In Greek mythology, Andromeda was the daughter of King Cepheus and Queen Cassiopeia. The extremely vain queen angered the Nereids (sea nymphs) by boasting that she and her daughter were more beautiful. In a rather overblown act of revenge for the slander, Poseidon, the nymphs’ father, sent a sea monster to flood and destroy their land. The sea monster is represented by the constellation Cetus. Advised to sacrifice his daughter to the monster in order to save his country, the king had her chained to a rock at the edge of the sea. Andromeda was resigned to her fate, but in true fairy-tale fashion, Perseus swooped in on the winged horse Pegasus and saved her. The goddess Athena honored this heroic deed by placing them among the stars. In fact, most of the characters in this drama populate the northern region of the sky.
According to Ptolemy, the stars in this constellation are equated with Venus. In medieval medicine, this constellation was said to engender love in marriage and to reconcile problems with adultery.
Figure 6.2. Andromeda represents the restoration of feminine power.
Notable Stars in Andromeda
Official Designation: Alpha Andromedae
Traditional Names: Alpheratz; Sirrah
Pronunciations: AL-fer-rats; SIR-ah
Alpheratz is a blue binary star that represents Andromeda’s head. Both of its traditional names are derived from an Arabic phrase that means “the horse’s navel,” referring to Pegasus. Connecting two constellations, this star marks the northeastern corner of the Great Square of Pegasus asterism. At one time it was also designated as the delta star in Pegasus, but that has been dropped. Along with the stars Caph in Cassiopeia and Algenib in Pegasus, it was known as one of the Three Guides. This star is associated with independence and freedom.
Official Designation: Beta Andromedae
Traditional Name: Mirach
Pronunciation: MIRR-ahk
This red star is located midway on the constellation’s V shape and marks Andromeda’s left hip. Its traditional name is derived from an Arabic word that means “the girdle” or “the waist-cloth.” Mirach is associated with feminine power and intuition.
Official Designation: Gamma Andromedae
Traditional Name: Almach
Pronunciation: ALL-mock
Almach is located at the top of the V shape near Andromeda’s left foot. Totally unrelated to the story of Andromeda, this star’s name comes from Arabic and means “a small predatory animal,” which is believed to refer to some type of wild cat local to the Middle East.23 The orange Gamma-1 is the brightest component of Almach. Gamma-2 is blue, and Gamma-3 is a white spectroscopic binary star. This star is associated with artistic abilities.
Magical Interpretations and Uses for Andromeda
With this constellation’s alpha star, Alpheratz, marking a corner of the Great Square of Pegasus, Andromeda is forever linked with the horse. Like goddesses such as Epona, Rhiannon, and Macha, she shares power with this animal. While Andromeda started out as a chained and helpless woman, Pegasus, representing the forces of nature, ignited her personal power. We can call on the energy of Andromeda for aid in breaking our chains and removing anything that holds us back from gaining or maintaining our personal power. In addition, this constellation can be called upon for spells of release.
Gather a few leaves that have fallen to the ground and dried. Oak, apple, hazel, or acacia leaves are good choices because they are associated with letting go. Light a black candle on your altar, place a piece of paper in front of it, and then put the leaves on the paper. Using a black felt-tip pen, write a few keywords on one of the leaves that describes a fear, something you want to release from your life, or something that is preventing you from developing your personal power. Draw the star pattern of the Andromeda constellation across the keywords. Use a second and third leaf if necessary for other things you want to release. When you are finished, hold the leaves between your hands and say: “Andromeda, Andromeda, please draw near; I hold in my hands the things I fear. Help me release them and throw away strife; May hope and beauty enter my life.” Crumble the leaves onto the paper, and then fold it over them, making a little package. Blow out the candle and leave the package on your altar for the night. The next day, take it to a place in nature, ideally a pond or river, and scatter the bits of leaves on the water as you repeat the incantation. When you return home, burn the piece of paper or tear it into small pieces and bury it.
It seems appropriate that the Andromeda constellation is almost directly overhead on Samhain. Her legend tells of her facing death, and at this sabbat we take time to acknowledge the fact that we, too, will step over that threshold someday. The following can be included in your Samhain ritual if you work solo or it can be done separately when you are alone any night either side of the sabbat. Use eight pomegranate seeds to lay out Andromeda’s star pattern on your altar. As you do this, say: “Dark Mother, as I stand at the gateway between the worlds this night, may the light of Andromeda shine on me. May she help me see that if I fear death I cannot fully live, and if I fear life I will not find solace in death. When my time comes, may Andromeda on her winged horse carry me peacefully over that threshold and show me the way into the otherworld beyond. So mote it be.” One by one, eat the pomegranate seeds from the star pattern as you contemplate the wonder, beauty, and delicacy of life and the cycles that form the ongoing spiral from one generation to another.
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Aquarius: The Water Bearer/Sea God
Pronunciations: Aquarius (uh-KWARE-ee-us); Aquarii (uh-KWARE-ee-eye)
Visible Latitudes: 65° North to 90° South
Constellation Abbreviation: Aqr
Bordering Constellations: Aquila, Capricornus, Cetus, Delphinus, Equuleus, Pegasus, Pisces, Piscis Austrinus
Description: A gentle zigzag line of stars forms a crooked, upside-down letter U.
To Find: Start at the Great Square of Pegasus and the star Alpheratz (the head of Andromeda) at the northeast corner of the square. Draw an imaginary line to the star Markab at the opposite, southwest corner of the square. Continuing that line will bring you to Sadalmelik, the alpha star in Aquarius.
Figure 6.3. Aquarius carries the power and magic of water.
The name Aquarius is Latin and means “the water bearer” or “the cupbearer.” Located in the area of the sky that the Greeks called the Sea, Aquarius fits in with a number of other constellations that relate to water. In fact, up until the second century BCE Aquarius was considered part of the constellation Eridanus the River.
Aquarius is sometimes depicted as a man pouring water from a large jar into the mouth of a fish, which is represented by the constellation Piscis Austrinus the Southern Fish. In addition, Aquarius is often associated with Ganymede in Greek mythology. He was a beautiful boy whom Zeus, in the form of an eagle, abducted to serve as cupbearer to the gods. The springtime constellation Crater is sometimes regarded as Ganymede’s cup.
Other legends associate Aquarius with Deucalion, the son of Prometheus, who survived the great deluge. The Sumerians and Babylonians regarded Aquarius as their gods Enki and Ea, respectively. Associated with water and creation, these gods epitomized the power of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Aquarius became equated with abundant water because the sun rose in this constellation during the rainy season in the Mediterranean region. The Egyptians associated it with Hapi, god of the Nile River and bringer of life-giving water. Aquarius was sometimes depicted as pouring water into the Nile and measuring its rise.
Ptolemy equated the stars of this constellation with Saturn and Mercury. In modern astrology it is equated only with Saturn. Culpeper credited this constellation with influencing the lower legs, ankles, circulation, and pineal gland.
Notable Stars in Aquarius
Official Designation: Alpha Aquarii
Traditional Name: Sadalmelik
Pronunciation: sah-dool-MEL-ik
Sadalmelik is a yellow star that marks one of the water bearer’s shoulders. Its name comes from an Arabic phrase that means “the lucky star of the king.”
Official Designation: Beta Aquarii
Traditional Name: Sadalsuud
Pronunciation: sah-dull-su-OOD
This yellow star is the brightest in the constellation and marks Aquarius’s other shoulder. The name Sadalsuud comes from Arabic and means “the luck of lucks.” It also has the Latin name of Lucida Fortunae Fortunarum, “the brightest luck of lucks” or “the luckiest of the lucky.” Both the alpha and beta stars are associated with attracting positive events and energies.
Official Designation: Delta Aquarii
Traditional Name: Skat
Pronunciation: SCOT
Skat is also a yellow star with a name coming from Arabic. It is most often interpreted as “leg” or “shin”; however, it may have been derived from a word that means “a wish.” The last meaning seems appropriate because the other stars in the constellation are associated with luck.
Magical Interpretations and Uses for Aquarius
Aquarius’s location in an area of the sky called the Sea, surrounded by other constellations depicting ocean creatures, brings a sea-god quality to this constellation. Just as the Sumerians and Babylonians associated him with Enki and Ea, and the Egyptians with Hapi, he could equally represent Poseidon, Neptune, Manannán, Aegir, or Njord. Aquarius carries the power of the oceans and water in general.
In approximately 4000 BCE, Aquarius was the background constellation for the sun during the winter solstice. Even though it no longer holds that position at the solstice today, it still represents beginnings and is famous for marking the dawn of a great new age. The opposite of beginnings is, of course, endings; however, Aquarius’s appearance in the night sky during the autumn and at Samhain is less about the ending of a cycle and more about preparing for the next. Summer and the blazing fall colors have passed, but winter is not yet upon us. Aquarius reminds us that this is a time to prepare for winter and get ready to nurture the new cycle that is to come. Just as the death aspect of the Great Mother Goddess is always linked with regeneration and renewal, the dark of winter is a time of incubation for whatever we want to develop. Whether you want to expand creative talents, psychic abilities, or magical skills, call on Aquarius to help you prepare mentally and energetically for these endeavors.
Prepare your altar by laying out the Aquarius star pattern with gold glitter/confetti, citrine gemstones, or small pieces of yellow paper. You will also need a small jar of water and an empty bowl that is large enough to hold the water from the jar. Light a yellow candle. Sit in front of your altar and as you draw down the energy of this constellation, say: “Aquarius, Aquarius, shining this night; Pour down energy and golden light. Help me prepare, develop, and grow; Nurture the seeds in the spring I will sow.” Repeat this incantation as you pour the water from the jar into the bowl and visualize Aquarius pouring golden light and energy on you. When the jar is empty, hold the image of golden light surrounding you for another moment or two, and then let it fade. Before blowing out the candle, say: “Aquarius, god of the celestial sea, may your water of golden light prepare and nourish my endeavors. Blessed be.”
Since the stars in this constellation are associated with luck, the energy of Aquarius can give your good luck spells a boost. Prepare a yellow candle by carving the Aquarius star pattern or the names of the stars into it. Below this, carve a word or two relating to the reason you are seeking luck, and then anoint the candle with jasmine or spikenard oil. When the oil is dry and before lighting the candle, gently touch the end of it to each of your shoulders and a shin, the locations of the three notable stars on depictions of Aquarius. As you do this, say: “Lucky stars, yellow and bright; Shine on me this beautiful night.” Place the candle in its holder and light it. Visualize what you want to achieve and then say: “Lucky stars, yellow and bright; Shine on me this beautiful night. I wish I may, I wish I might; Have luck for what I have in sight.” Blow out the candle and visualize the smoke rising to Aquarius, taking your wishes with it.
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Aries: The Ram/Power of the Horned God
Pronunciations: Aries (AIR-eez); Arietis (air-ee-ah-tiss)
Visible Latitudes: 90° North and 60° South
Constellation Abbreviation: Ari
Bordering Constellations: Cetus, Perseus, Pisces, Taurus
Description: The three brightest stars form an obtuse angle on the ram’s head. Another triangle of stars marks its rear flank.
To Find: Start at the Great Square of Pegasus and the star Alpheratz (the head of Andromeda) at the northeast corner of the square. Follow Andromeda’s stars northeast up to the top of the V and then draw an imaginary line to the southeast.
Figure 6.4. Aries is the god of abundance and strength.
Aries is the first sign of the zodiac in modern astrology because when the system was devised this constellation marked the vernal equinox. However, Pisces is the actual constellation in position on the other side of the sun on the equinox.
Associated with the mythological golden ram, this constellation’s name is Latin and means “the ram.” The legend is about a king in a region of Greece and his second wife, the quintessential evil stepmother, who wanted to do away with her husband’s offspring. The children were a boy and girl, Phrixus and Helle. Just in the nick of time before the stepmother could strike, a winged ram with a golden fleece arrived to save them. As they flew away, Helle fell off and drowned in the strait of water in Turkey that was called the Hellespont in her honor. It is now known as the Dardanelles.
When Phrixus arrived at a place of safety, he sacrificed the ram and presented it to King Aeëtes. It may seem like a cruel end for the creature that had saved his life, but the act illustrated his gratitude to the powers that sent the ram to his rescue. In another legend, this animal’s pelt became the quest object for Jason and the Argonauts. The Aries constellation has also been regarded as Zeus disguised as a ram to escape the Titan giants during their epic battle with the Olympian gods.
According to Ptolemy, most of the stars in this constellation are equated with Mars and Saturn, a few with Mercury, and others with Venus. To modern astrologers, Aries is equated with Mars. According to Culpeper, this constellation influences the head, eyes, face, upper jaw, and front of the body.
Notable Stars in Aries
Official Designation: Alpha Arietis
Traditional Name: Hamal
Pronunciation: HAHM-al
Hamal is an orange star and originally it was the only one that marked the celestial ram. Its name comes from Arabic and means “sheep” or “lamb,” which is how the constellation was interpreted. Although it is usually depicted on the ram’s head, Ptolemy called this star the One Above the Head. Hamal is associated with action and independence.
Official Designation: Beta Arietis
Traditional Name: Sheratan
Pronunciation: SHARE-ah-tahn
Sheratan is a binary star with a white primary component and a yellow companion. This star’s traditional name comes from an Arabic phrase that has two interpretations: “the two signs” and “the two attendants.” The name is believed to refer to a time when the beta and gamma stars seemed to herald the vernal equinox.
Official Designation: Gamma Arietis
Traditional Name: Mesarthim
Pronunciation: mess-AHR-tim
This is a triple star system that includes a binary star (both components are white) and one orange star. The name Mesarthim has the same origin as Sheratan, the beta star, and was one of the two stars that heralded the vernal equinox. The Persians called Sheratan and Mesarthim the Protecting Pair. Both stars are usually depicted on one of the ram’s horns.
Magical Interpretations and Uses for Aries
The ram is associated with the Horned God and serves as a symbol of fertility and abundance. The Egyptian solar god Amun is associated with this constellation, as is Khnum, the Egyptian god of creation, who was depicted with a ram’s head. As a symbol of strength, the ram is also associated with Ares, Belenus, Hermes, Pan, Marduk, and Mars. Call on the power of Aries for October or November dark moon observances or any ritual in which you want to call on the power of the god. Lay out the Aries star pattern on your altar using agate, bloodstone, or carnelian. Call down the energy of Aries to cast your circle, saying: “Lord of abundance and strength, join me in creating this circle that echoes the turning shape of a ram’s horn. May the power of your presence guide and protect all who stand within.”
Because Aries is associated with the terrestrial animal and the Horned God, this constellation offers a high degree of protective energy. To invite this presence to your property, paint the star pattern on a rock that you will place outdoors. Choose a spot where you feel protective energy is needed or anywhere for general protection. On a starry night, put the rock in place as you say: “Aries, Aries, I call to thee; Bring protective power to me. Let it flow into this stone; With your grace, protect this home.” Apartment dwellers can make adjustments by placing the rock in a potted plant, on a windowsill, or on a balcony. Walk around your property or apartment three times as you repeat the incantation.
Another way to draw down the power of this constellation is to walk a spiral as described in Chapter Three. This is especially appropriate when working with Aries as the spiral echoes the winding shape of a ram’s horn. You will need enough floor space to lay out a spiral and a couple of strands of garland or a rope to create it. Start at the center and allow enough space to sit there. As you wind the rope or garland outward, make the space in between each turning wide enough to walk. Before you begin your walk into the spiral, pause at the entrance to ground your energy and focus on your purpose for calling on Aries. Once you begin, say this as a mantra: “As I walk this spiral tonight; Aries lend your power and might.”
When you reach the center of the spiral, draw down the energy of Aries. Visualize your purpose and repeat the Aries mantra three times. Spend as much time as feels appropriate and then slowly walk out of the spiral as you say: “Aries lend your power and might; For what I seek this starry night.”
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Cepheus and Cassiopeia: The King and Queen/The Lord and Lady
Pronunciations: Cassiopeia (kass-ee-oh-PEE-uh); Cassiopeiae (kass-ee-oh-pee-eye)
Visible Latitudes: 90° North to 20° South
Constellation Abbreviation: Cas
Bordering Constellations: Andromeda, Cepheus, Perseus
Description: Five stars in this constellation form a distinctive letter W.
To Find: Locate the Great Square of Pegasus and draw an imaginary line north. The two bright stars mark the right side of Cassiopeia’s W shape.
Pronunciations: Cepheus (SEE-fee-us); Cephei (see-fee-EYE)
Visible Latitudes: 90° North to 10° South
Constellation Abbreviation: Cep
Bordering Constellations: Cassiopeia, Cygnus, Draco, Ursa Minor
Description: Five of the stars in this constellation form a connected square and rectangle that resembles a child’s drawing of a house.
To Find: Locate the W of stars in Cassiopeia. From the bright star at the bottom right (west) of the W shape, draw an imaginary line to the star at the top right of the W. Continue that line and you will come to the faint square of stars in Cepheus.
Cepheus and Cassiopeia are circumpolar constellations and can be seen throughout the year sitting on their thrones. I have presented them together because their legends as well as their roles for Pagans and Wiccans are intertwined.
In Greek mythology, Cepheus was the king of Ethiopia, and Cassiopeia was his wife and queen. This kingdom of Ethiopia is not the modern-day country in Africa. Its location is thought to have been a stretch of land along the Mediterranean and the Red Seas that encompassed parts of present-day Egypt, Jordan, Israel, and Lebanon.
Figure 6.5. Cassiopeia and Cepheus provide power together and separately.
Both Cassiopeia and her daughter Andromeda were exceptionally pretty, but the queen was extremely vain and boasted that they were more beautiful than all of the Nereids. This caused a ruckus with the sea nymphs, who complained to their father, Poseidon. To avenge their honor, Poseidon sent a sea monster to flood and destroy Ethiopia. King Cepheus was advised that the only way to save his country was to sacrifice his daughter to the sea monster. Luckily for Andromeda, Perseus saved her and the monster was slain. While Andromeda and Perseus were placed in the sky by Athena to honor the daring rescue, Poseidon placed Cassiopeia near the celestial pole, where she was condemned to spend half of the year upside down. Zeus placed the king among the stars because Cepheus was descended from one of his lovers, the nymph Io.
The constellation of Cepheus is believed to predate Greek mythology, and according to author and astrologer Bernadette Brady, Cepheus was an “important image of male sovereignty” 24 that portrayed strength in balance with the Great Goddess. While the Greek story of Cassiopeia belittles female power, her constellation was noted on Assyrian tablets as the vitally important Lady of the Corn. The constellation was also known as the Creatress of Seed. Also, the Arabs regarded Cepheus as a shepherd.
Ptolemy equated Cassiopeia with Saturn and Venus, and Cepheus with Saturn and Jupiter. Cassiopeia is associated with the ability to command respect, and Cepheus with authority. In medieval medicine, the constellation of Cassiopeia was believed to help restore strength to weak bodies.
Notable Stars in Cassiopeia
Official Designation: Alpha Cassiopeiae
Traditional Name: Schedar
Pronunciation: SHED-er
Schedar is an orange star located at the bottom right of the W in the star pattern. This star’s traditional name is Arabic and means “the breast,” which describes its location on the star figure.
Official Designation: Beta Cassiopeiae
Traditional Name: Caph
Pronunciation: KAFF
This yellow-white star is the brightest in the constellation. Its traditional name is derived from an Arabic phrase that means “the stained hand,” which refers to the use of henna for the ritual tattooing of hands and feet. Caph is located at the top right of the W in the star pattern. Along with the stars Alpheratz in Andromeda and Algenib in Pegasus, Caph was known as one of the Three Guides.
Official Designation: Delta Cassiopeiae
Traditional Name: Ruchbah
Pronunciation: ROOK-baht
Ruchbah is a blue-white binary star. Its name comes from Arabic and means “the knee.” A variation in translation of the spelling of this star’s traditional name can be found in the alpha star of Sagittarius, Ruckbat. Ruchbah is located at the bottom left of this constellation’s W shape.
Notable Stars in Cepheus
Official Designation: Alpha Cephei
Traditional Name: Alderamin
Pronunciation: al-DER-ah-min
This white star marks the king’s right shoulder. Its traditional name comes from an Arabic phrase that means “the right arm.” If you look at Cepheus as an upright house shape, Alderamin would be at the lower, right corner.
Official Designation: Beta Cephei
Traditional Name: Alfirk
Pronunciation: all-firk
The brightest component of this triple star, Beta-1, is blue and its two companions are white. The name comes from Arabic and means “the flock,” left over from a time when Cepheus was regarded as a shepherd. In an upright house shape, Alfirk would be the upper right corner.
Official Designation: Gamma Cephei
Traditional Name: Errai
Pronunciation: err-RYE
Marking the king’s knee, Errai is an orange binary star. Its traditional name is derived from Arabic and means “the shepherd.” In the Cepheus house shape, Errai is the peak of the roof.
Official Designation: Mu Cephei
Traditional Name: The Garnet Star
This luminous red star is one of the largest in the Milky Way. It is often called Herschel’s Garnet Star for German-born astronomer Sir William Herschel (1738–1822) who was so delighted with its color that he brought it to worldwide attention in 1783. This star is outside of and below the house-shape pattern. On the star figure of Cepheus it is located on his head.
Magical Interpretations and Uses for Cassiopeia and Cepheus
With their position at the top of the celestial dome and their myth as king and queen, Cassiopeia and Cepheus represent the god and goddess, the Lord and Lady. They preside over the natural world in balance, especially at the autumn equinox. Not only do they bring balance with male and female energies, but they also turn the cycles of life and death, light and dark. The Welsh name for the Cassiopeia constellation is Llys Dôn, “the Court of Dôn.” Dôn is the Welsh mother goddess and the equivalent of the Irish Danu. Beli or Beli Mawr is the father god of the Welsh and Dôn’s husband. He is the god of the dead and she is the life-giving mother. At Samhain, incorporate Cassiopeia and Cepheus into your ritual or simply take some time to call on the energy of these constellations as you remember those you love who have passed beyond the veil. Call down the energy of these constellations by saying: “As the world passes into the dark of the year with Cassiopeia and Cepheus in the heavens above, I call to Dôn and Beli, the Lord and Lady to preside over this sacred circle. Beli, god of the dead, receive those I love who have passed into your realm this year.” Take time to name them and then say: “Lady Dôn, when the time is right, give them renewed life. So mote it be.”
During autumn backyard cleanup, use stones to lay out the star patterns of Cassiopeia and Cepheus in your garden so the Lord and Lady can preside over your property. In the spring and summer these stones will disappear under a canopy of plants, but in the autumn they will re-emerge and be visible again. This will also serve as a reminder of the turning Wheel of the Year as well as the eternal presence of the god and goddess.
Cassiopeia and Cepheus not only represent the Lord and Lady, but also the relationships of lovers. Call on the energy of these constellations for spells in finding your true love and for adding spark to an ongoing union. Additionally, with the stars of Cepheus portraying an image of a house, call on the energy of his constellation for matters dealing with home and family.
On her own, the power of Cassiopeia can be instrumental in healing or dealing with mother/daughter relationship issues. For this you will need a six-inch square of white cloth, a felt-tip marker, approximately eight inches of red ribbon or yarn, a piece of moonstone, and a piece of bloodstone. As you assemble these things, burn a little myrrh to clear the energy of the room. Use the marker to draw Cassiopeia’s star pattern in the center of the cloth. As noted in the description, the major stars of this constellation form the letter W, which can also be the letter M if you look at it the other way around. For this purpose think of it as M for mother. Place the two gemstones over the star pattern, gather the cloth up around them, and tie it closed with the ribbon, making a little sachet. Hold it between your hands and say: “Cassiopeia, mother above; Help me sort out this complicated love.” Think of how you want to resolve the issues with your mother or daughter as you draw down the energy of the stars through you and into the sachet. Tuck the sachet into your purse so you can carry it with you, especially when you are with your mother or daughter. Of course, this can extend to relationship issues with mothers- and daughters-in-law.
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Cetus: The Whale/Keeper of Traditions
Pronunciations: Cetus (SEE-tus); Ceti (SEE-tee)
Visible Latitudes: 70° North to 90° South
Constellation Abbreviation: Cet
Bordering Constellations: Aquarius, Aries, Eridanus, Pisces, Taurus
Description: A circle of stars marks the whale’s head. Other stars trail down toward the southwest and end with his split tail. Most of the stars in Cetus are faint.
To Find: Begin at the W of Cassiopeia. From the star at the top left (east) of the W, draw an imaginary line south and slightly east between Aries and Pisces. The whale stretches southwest under Aries and Pisces toward Aquarius.
Derived from the Greek word ketos, Cetus is Latin for “whale.” Along with other water creatures, this constellation is in the region of the sky that the ancients called the Sea. Cetus was usually depicted as a hybrid creature described as a dog with a mermaidlike tail. In the Greek legend of Andromeda, Cetus was the monster to whom the princess was to be sacrificed. The hero, Perseus, who rescued Andromeda, used the head of Medusa to defeat the monster. Medusa was the snake-haired Gorgon whose glance, even in death, turned onlookers to stone.
Figure 6.6. Cetus, the keeper of traditions, carries the world.
It was natural for the Greeks to consider this constellation as a sea monster because it had been regarded as a type of leviathan by earlier stargazers. To the Babylonians it represented the chaotic and frightening unknown of deep water. In seventeenth-century Europe, this constellation became associated with the Christian story of Jonah and the Whale, and Cetus remained an ominous, scary creature.
Ptolemy equated the stars of Cetus with Saturn. According to author and astrologer Bernadette Brady, this constellation is associated with unconscious forces.25
Notable Stars in Cetus
Official Designation: Alpha Ceti
Traditional Name: Menkar
Pronunciation: MEN-car
The name of this red star is Arabic and means “nose,” although in many depictions it is located lower on the creature’s head. If Menkar’s scientific designation seems familiar, it is because Alpha Ceti has been a popular name with science-fiction writers.
Official Designation: Beta Ceti
Traditional Names: Deneb Kaitos; Diphda
Pronunciations: DEN-ebb KAY-tohs; DIFF-duh
Deneb Kaitos is an orange star and the brightest in the constellation. Its name comes from an Arabic phrase that means “the southern branch of the monster’s tail.” Its other name, Diphda, means “the second frog.” At one time it was associated with the star Fomalhaut in Piscis Austrinus and both were regarded as frogs. Fomalhaut was called the First Frog because it seemed to lead Beta Ceti across the sky.
Official Designation: Omicron Ceti
Traditional Name: Mira
Pronunciation: MEE-ruh
Mira is a binary star of which one component is red (Omicron-1) and the other white (Omicron-2). In 1596, the German astronomer David Fabricius (1564–1617) noted this star’s changeable characteristics, making it the first variable star to be discovered. Its traditional name is Latin and means “the amazing one” or “wonderful.” It was so named because, as variable stars do, it seems to disappear and reappear as its brightness varies.
Official Designation: Zeta Ceti
Traditional Name: Baten Kaitos
Pronunciation: BAH-tun KYE-tuss
Although in most depictions this star is located on the side of the whale, its traditional name means “the belly of the sea monster” in Arabic. Baten Kaitos is an orange star.
Magical Interpretations and Uses for Cetus
Luckily we have moved beyond the stories of Jonah and of Moby Dick to regard whales quite differently. Nowadays instead of devilish monsters, they are considered majestic giants and a symbol of the importance of living in harmony with the natural world. Revered by Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest, whales are often depicted on totem poles. According to the legends of various traditions, the earth rests on the back of a great creature, usually a tortoise or whale, that guides our planet safely on its course through the sky. The whale is a symbol of great power and Cetus represents a power that is larger than us. It holds us and lifts us up.
Call on the power of Cetus when you feel that you need to be lifted through a rough period in your life. Draw the Cetus star pattern on a piece of paper, and then place it under your bed or under your mattress. Before going to sleep, say: “Cetus, in the celestial sea; Lift me up and carry me. From this difficulty set me free; Oh mighty whale, blessed be.” Do this each day until your challenge begins to pass, and then remove the Cetus drawing from under your bed. Light a candle on your altar, thank Cetus, and then safely burn the paper.
As people have learned in the last several decades, whales are highly intelligent creatures. They are keepers of traditions, which they communicate through complex musical patterns. Whales are animals of the underworld fearlessly diving deep into the darkness. Yet these amazingly large creatures are powerful enough to rise up out of the water to momentarily soar, embodying the phrase “as above, so below.”
For Mabon, carve the Cetus star pattern on a candle to represent the balance of the equinox. Use the energy of this constellation to cast your ritual circle, saying: “In sweet majestic harmony; Cetus swims the celestial sea. Enfold the world with your song; Help to make this circle strong. Cetus, with your power vast; This magic circle now is cast.” Also use this when casting circles for spellwork.
Fifty-five million years ago the whale’s rugged and adaptable ancestors, like other marine mammals, left the changing environment on land for life in the sea. High above in the celestial sea, Cetus reminds us that we can always make changes in our lives. Try this to help send your energy toward the changes you seek. Cut open an apple, take out the seeds, rinse them in water, and let them dry. On a starry night, hold the seeds in your hands as you draw down the energy of Cetus and visualize the change you want to bring into your life. Release the energy into the seeds, and then use them to lay out the Cetus star pattern on your altar. Leave the seeds in place for three days, and then bury them in the ground. Apples are associated with transformation, and burying the seeds is a symbolic act that carries the intention of change and growth.
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Delphinus: The Dolphin/Carrier of Souls
Pronunciations: Delphinus (dell-FIE-nuss); Delphini (dell-FIE-nee)
Visible Latitudes: 90° North to 70° South
Constellation Abbreviation: Del
Bordering Constellations: Aquarius, Aquila, Equuleus, Pegasus
Description: A small, kitelike shape is formed by a diamond of four stars with a fifth star below to the southwest suggesting the tail of a kite.
To Find: Start at the Great Square of Pegasus. An imaginary line drawn from the center of the square westward would pass north of Equuleus to Delphinus.
This constellation’s name is Latin and means “dolphin.” Like a number of other celestial marine animals, Delphinus is located in the area of the sky the ancients called the Sea. According to one Greek legend, this constellation represents the dolphin that acted as Poseidon’s messenger or go-between while he was courting the sea nymph Amphitrite. The sea god honored the dolphin by placing an image of him among the stars.
Another legend concerns a dolphin that saved the life of poet and musician Arion. When Arion was sailing back to Greece after visiting Italy, the sailors plotted to kill him and take his money. Having noticed dolphins swimming alongside the ship whenever he played his lyre, Arion requested that the sailors allow him to sing one more song before he died. As he played, the dolphins swam alongside the ship and the musician jumped overboard onto one of the creatures, which took him all the way to Greece. To commemorate the rescue, Apollo placed the dolphin among the stars and called it Vector Arionis, “victorious Arion.” Apollo also made a constellation of Arion’s harp, which is represented by Lyra. In other legends, Apollo, who was an accomplished lyre musician, transformed himself into a dolphin and was known as Apollo Delphinios.
Figure 6.7. Delphinus carries souls to the otherworld.
While this constellation was regarded as a dolphin in India, the Arabs regarded it as a camel. Ptolemy noted that the stars of Delphinus were equated with Saturn and Mars. Delphinus is associated with cheerfulness and a fondness for travel.
Notable Stars in Delphinus
Official Designation: Alpha Delphini
Traditional Name: Sualocin
Pronunciation: SWAH-low-sin
The primary component of this multiple star system is blue-white. Sualocin and Rotanev, the beta star, were named by and for Italian astronomer Niccolò Cacciatore (1770–1841). Using the Latinized version of his name “Nicolaus Venator,” he spelled his first name backward to name the alpha star and his last name backward for the beta star.26
Official Designation: Beta Delphini
Traditional Name: Rotanev
Pronunciation: ROE-tuh-nev
Rotanev is a yellow-white star. Along with Sualocin, Rotanev marks the back of the dolphin. Both stars are associated with talent.
Official Designation: Epsilon Delphini
Traditional Name: Deneb al Dulfin
Pronunciation: DEN-ebb al DULL-fin
Deneb al Dulfin is a white binary star. The name is Arabic and means “the tail of the dolphin,” which describes its location on the star figure.
Magical Interpretations and Uses for Delphinus
Dolphins are friendly, playful, extremely intelligent, and social animals. They are the focus of a great deal of scientific study because they seem interested in and reach out to humans. Their wise and otherworldly qualities have fascinated people for thousands of years. Dolphins have served as a symbol of transformation, beauty, fun, and the sea. Since ancient times, mariners believed that dolphins could warn them of approaching storms. Call on the energy of Delphinus for support in weather and other forms of divination. Like dolphins, this constellation can aid in working with elemental magic, releasing negativity, and discovering truth.
To the Greeks, Romans, and Celts, dolphins personified the journey to the Isle of the Blessed. In Greek legend, it was Apollo Delphinios who carried souls to the land of the dead. Greek coins depicting dolphin riders often included a cockleshell beneath the dolphin. The famed Celtic artifact known as the Gundestrup cauldron also portrays a rider on a dolphin, which has been interpreted as a liberated soul.27 Ferrying the departed to the otherworld combined with the association of transformation makes Delphinus appropriate for Samhain. Draw the star pattern of Delphinus on the inside of a cockleshell, scallop, or clamshell. Place it on your altar to represent the passing over of loved ones, or as part of your Samhain ritual hold it in your hands as you draw down the energy of Delphinus while saying: “Hail dolphin Delphinus, ferryman of souls; Glide across the heavens, seas, and shoals. Carry those I love and keep them safe; Until I once more behold each face.”
Dolphins have been a symbol of pregnancy because of the similarity in the Greek words delphis, “dolphin,” and delphus, “womb.” If you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, call on the power of Delphinus during the darkness of a new moon to aid with fertility as well as protection during pregnancy. Prepare a blue candle with jasmine oil or burn jasmine incense, and lay out the Delphinus star pattern using bloodstone, hematite, red jasper, or moonstone. Put your hands on your belly as you draw down the energy of this constellation while saying three times: “May the baby in this womb; Come to term, grow, and bloom. Delphis, Delphinus swimming above; Protect this baby that I so much love.” Leave the stones in place until the full moon, and then move them to the room where your baby’s crib is or will be located.
As in the legend of musician Arion, dolphins carry travelers safely to their destinations. With this association in mind, use the energy of the Delphinus constellation for travel spells. You will need a cockleshell, scallop, or clamshell and pieces of aquamarine, blue zircon, or moonstone to represent each person who will be traveling. On a starry night, draw the star pattern of Delphinus on the inside of the seashell and place the stone(s) in it. Hold the shell in front of you as you walk through your home, saying: “Dolphin above, guide and protect me; As I travel o’er land, air, or sea. Keep me safe wherever I roam; Then bring me safely back to my home.” Place the shell with the gemstone(s) on your altar until you return from your travels.
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Pegasus and Equuleus: The Winged Horse and the Colt/Powers of Nature
Pronunciations: Pegasus (PEG-ah-suss); Pegasi (PEG-ah-see)
Visible Latitudes: 90° North to 60° South
Constellation Abbreviation: Peg
Bordering Constellations: Andromeda, Aquarius, Cygnus, Delphinus, Equuleus, Pisces
Description: The Great Square of Pegasus represents the main body of the horse. It is a prominent asterism made up of three bright stars in Pegasus and one in Andromeda. This constellation represents the front half of the horse’s body.
Pronunciations: Equuleus (eh-KWOO-lee-us); Equulei (eh-KWOO-lee-eye)
Visible Latitudes: 90° North to 80° South
Constellation Abbreviation: Equ
Bordering Constellations: Aquarius, Delphinus, Pegasus
Description: Equuleus is a small, faint constellation. Four of its most visible stars create a parallelogram that represents the colt’s head, neck, and shoulder.
To Find: Locate the Great Square of Pegasus. Equuleus is west and slightly south of the square.
The Pegasus constellation is known for its Great Square asterism as well as for its number of bright stars. There is no definitive explanation as to why this star figure depicts only half of the horse. However, according to writer William Olcott, this was intended to convey the idea that Pegasus is soaring through the clouds.28
Greek mythology has several stories about the creation of the white, winged horse. One explains how this immortal offspring of Poseidon and Medusa sprang from her neck when Perseus beheaded her. Medusa was the snake-haired Gorgon whose glance turned onlookers to stone. Another legend says that when Medusa’s head was severed, drops of blood fell into the sea. From her blood and sea foam, Pegasus emerged. The name Pegasus comes from a Greek phrase that means “the spring of the ocean.” 29 The winged horse was said to have been tamed by either Neptune or Minerva.
Other stories about Pegasus tell of his flying to the home of the Muses on Mount Helicon, where after striking his hoof against the ground the Hippocrene, “horse’s fountain,” was formed. According to legend, anyone who drank from the fountain was gifted with the ability to write poetry. Pegasus was also said to have assisted Zeus by carrying his thunderbolts.
Figure 6.8. Pegasus and Equuleus provide ancient powers for divination and guidance for travel to other realms.
Vedic myths from India tell of a horse called Pagas, which was represented by the alpha and beta stars of Aries. Ptolemy indicated that the stars of Pegasus were equated with Mars and Mercury. Pegasus is associated with action, ability, and knowledge. In medieval medicine, this constellation was called upon for aid in preventing diseases in horses as well as to free a person from the influence of witchcraft.
The name Equuleus is Latin and means “the little horse” or “foal.” It is one of the smallest of the eighty-eight constellations. Equuleus has been called the Foal of the Heavens, and because it precedes Pegasus across the sky, it was known as Equus Primus, “the first horse.”
The Greeks associated this constellation with Hippe, the daughter of the centaur Chiron. Her name means “mare.” She became pregnant after being seduced by Aeolus, a god of the wind. Too ashamed to tell her father, Hippe hid in the mountains until her child was born and prayed to the gods that Chiron would not find her. According to legend, Artemis answered her plea and put Hippe and her child in the heavens. Hippe was associated with prophecy. According to another legend, Equuleus was the foal Celeris, which was given to Castor as a gift from Mercury. He represented the offspring of Pegasus.
Notable Stars in Pegasus
Official Designation: Alpha Pegasi
Traditional Name: Markab
Pronunciation: MAR-kab
This blue-white star at the lower right (southwest) corner of the Great Square is usually depicted on the horse’s wing. Its traditional name comes from Arabic and means “the horse’s saddle.” Markab is associated with stability.
Official Designation: Beta Pegasi
Traditional Name: Scheat
Pronunciation: SHEE-aht
This red star marks the upper right (northwest) corner of the Great Square. Its traditional name comes from Arabic and means “the shin,” although in most depictions it is at the top of the horse’s leg. Scheat is associated with creativity.
Official Designation: Gamma Pegasi
Traditional Name: Algenib
Pronunciation: al-JEN-ihb
Algenib is a blue-white star located at the lower left (southeast) corner of the Great Square. Also derived from Arabic, its name means either “the side” or “the wing.” Along with the stars Caph in Cassiopeia and Alpheratz in Andromeda, Algenib was known as one of the Three Guides.
Official Designation: Epsilon Pegasi
Traditional Name: Enif
Pronunciation: EEN-if
Enif is an orange star and the brightest in this constellation. Its traditional name comes from an Arabic word that means “the nose,” and as you might expect, it is located on the horse’s muzzle.
Notable Star in Equuleus
Official Designation: Alpha Equulei
Traditional Name: Kitalpha
Pronunciation: kit-AL-fah
This yellow, spectroscopic binary star is the only one in the constellation that has a traditional name. Kitalpha comes from an Arabic phrase that means “part of the horse.” It marks the neck or shoulder of the colt.
Magical Interpretations and Uses for Pegasus and Equuleus
Throughout the world, the horse was represented as coming from the darkness of the earth or sea, and springing forth with abundant life-force energy. Befitting the balance of the autumn equinox, the duality of the horse represents both life and death. The White Horse of Uffington on the Berkshire Downs in England is a stylized representation of a horse created by cutting away turf to reveal the glistening white chalk beneath. It has been a ritual site since ancient times and indicates the importance of this animal. Goddesses such as Epona, Rhiannon, Macha, and others were intimately associated with the horse and its power.
A winged horse is a symbol of the ability to fly to heaven or journey to the underworld. In particular, a white horse represents a bridge for transversing realms. In Celtic myth, the sea god Manannán’s horses were said to be visible amongst the white, curling wave tops. His horses could carry people across the water as well as to the otherworld under the sea.
Call on Pegasus to carry you over the threshold at Samhain to bring you into contact with loved ones on the other side of the veil. With this constellation’s proximity to the celestial sea, Pegasus is a natural vehicle and guide for astral travel. On a terrestrial level, Pegasus helps us cross the threshold from one season into the other as winter approaches. Whatever threshold you are about to cross, on a starry night lay out the Pegasus star pattern on your altar with star glitter/confetti or pieces of white quartz. Light a black candle and then draw down the energy of Pegasus. State your purpose and then say: “Through the air or under the sea; Winged horse above, carry me. At the threshold that I must go through; Pegasus, Pegasus, I call to you.”
In Irish folklore, horses were believed to have second sight and the ability to see ghosts. Additionally, the Celts and Germanic tribes practiced forms of divination involving horses. Because of this, I think of the Great Square of Pegasus as a window into other realms with the power to aid us in divination and other psychic practices. The association of horses with protection enhances the power that Pegasus can lend for these endeavors. Before you begin a divination session, lay out the constellation’s star pattern using pieces of clear quartz, white coral, black agate, jet, or black tourmaline in any combination. Place your divination tools within or on top of the square. Sprinkle a pinch of dried herbs such as black cohosh or coltsfoot over your tools and the star pattern. Draw down the energy of Pegasus and release it into your divination tools and the gemstones.
Autumn is the time when children go back to school. This event is a major milestone, whether children are just beginning school or going off to college. Although it is a proud day for parents, it can also be a little difficult to experience the separation from our children that this initiates. Of course, no matter where or how far away they go from us, we always remain connected. As is most often the case, our children are fine and we are the ones who need reassurance.
On the night before your child starts school or moves out of the house, lay out the Pegasus and Equuleus star patterns on your altar using blue lace agate, citrine, jade, or rose quartz in any combination. Draw down the energy of both constellations as you say: “Pegasus and Equuleus; My child I will soon miss. Keep him/her safe as he/she goes away; He/she will always in my heart stay. Although his/her time away will seem long; Our love and bonds are forever strong.” Leave the star pattern in place for a day and then put the stones away.
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Pisces: The Fish/Duality, Unity, and Divination
Pronunciations: Pisces (PIE-seez); Piscium (PIE-see-em)
Visible Latitudes: 90° North to 65° South
Constellation Abbreviation: Psc
Bordering Constellations: Andromeda, Aquarius, Aries, Cetus, Pegasus
Description: The stars form a large V shape that leans to one side, with the bottom of the V pointing toward the southeast. The westernmost end of the shape culminates in a circle.
To Find: Locate the Great Square of Pegasus. Below it is the circle of stars that depict one of the fish. The other half of the V shape, closer to Andromeda, represents the other fish.
Figure 6.9. Pisces represents the power of the knot and creative energies.
According to modern astrology, Pisces is the last constellation of the zodiac; however, because of precession it now hosts the vernal equinox. In Latin, Pisces means “the fish.” The circlet of stars represents the head of the Western Fish. The line of stars closer to Andromeda is known as the Northern Fish. Like the other marine-related constellations, Pisces is located in an area of the sky that the ancients called the Sea. The Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, and Turks regarded this constellation as two fish. The Arabs considered the Western Fish as such, but regarded the stars of the Northern Fish as part of the Andromeda constellation.
The Babylonians considered Pisces as a pair of fish joined by a cord, as did the Greeks and the Romans. The constellation is usually associated with the Roman myth of Venus and Cupid, who tied themselves together with a rope and shape-shifted into fish to escape the monster Typhon. For a time, the constellation was commonly known as Venus and Cupid. If this sounds familiar it is because Pan, in the story of Capricornus, jumped into a river and partially turned into a fish to escape the same monster.
In Greek myth, Aphrodite and her son Eros called to the water nymphs for help before jumping into a river. In one version of the story, two fish came to the rescue and carried Aphrodite and Eros to safety on their backs. In another version, mother and son were themselves transformed into fish.
In ancient Egypt, this constellation was a sign that springtime and the fishing season were about to commence. According to Ptolemy, the stars of Pisces were equated with Mercury and Saturn or Jupiter, depending on their location in the constellation. In modern astrology, Pisces is equated with Neptune. For medical purposes, Culpeper determined that Pisces influenced the feet, toes, and thalamus gland.
Notable Stars in Pisces
Official Designation: Alpha Piscium
Traditional Name: Alrescha
Pronunciation: ahl-RESH-ah
While Alrescha is only the third-brightest star in the constellation, it holds the important intersecting point of the two lines of stars at the bottom of the V shape. This white, double star marks the knot of the rope. Its name comes from Arabic and means “the cord.” Ptolemy called it the Bright Star in the Knot. Alrescha is associated with acquiring knowledge and integrating ideas.
Official Designation: Eta Piscium
Traditional Name: Kullat Nunu
Pronunciation: KU-lot new-new
This yellow star is the brightest in the constellation. The name Kullat Nunu is believed to come from the Babylonian words for “cord” and “fish,” respectively. It is usually depicted as part of the cord just below the Northern Fish.
Official Designation: Gamma Piscium
This yellow star is the second brightest in the constellation. It is part of the Circlet of Pisces asterism, which represents the Western Fish. This star does not have a traditional name.
Magical Interpretations and Uses for Pisces
In Egypt, Mesopotamia, and throughout the ancient world fish were a symbol of fecundity and the feminine principle. To the Greeks, a fish was a symbol of Aphrodite. The Vesica Pisces, “vessel of the fish,” is the central almond shape created between the two fish in many depictions of them. It is a symbol that represents the fertile creative power of the vulva. The almond-shaped yoni symbol dates back to the Neolithic period and to the worship of the Great Mother Goddess. It remained a powerful symbol that survived as the sheela-na-gig portrayed on old churches in Ireland, which shows a goddess squatting to display her yoni.
Like a seed resting in the darkness of the womb or in the earth (as we head into winter), this state of incubation beckons to the future and what is to come. To foster your creative and procreative energies, gather fifteen pieces of bloodstone, coral, moonstone, or pearls. On the night of a new moon, hold them in your hands as you draw down the energy of this constellation. Release the energy into the stones as you say: “Creative forces stirring in me; With aid from Pisces set these free. To nurture and grow as in a womb; Begin to draw life on this dark moon.” Say this three times and then lay out the configuration of the Pisces’s star pattern wherever you do your creative work or in your bedroom if you are trying to conceive.
In legend, not only are the two fish of Pisces mentioned as joined by a cord, but a cord that is knotted. The alpha star, Alrescha, represents that knot. Around the world and throughout the centuries knotted cords were believed to hold mystical properties. They were used in medical practices, witch charms, and folk traditions. Sailors believed they could control the winds by knotting and unknotting special cords. A knot, of course, is the symbol of a bond, and a knotted cord used as part of your Samhain remembrance ritual is a symbol of the unbroken bonds with those you love. In preparation for setting up your sabbat altar, take a length of string (white if you are using a dark-colored altar cloth) and make fifteen knots with a little space in between each of them. Cut the knots apart and use them to lay out the Pisces star pattern. Also cut a two-foot length of string. During your ritual when you pause to remember your loved ones and speak the name of each person, make a knot in the two-foot length of string. When you have named all those you are commemorating, hold the string in your hands as you think of how each person has touched your life. When you are finished, lay the cord around the Pisces star pattern on your altar, and then place a piece of candy in the center. This will carry the symbolism of sweet memories as well as the intention to sweeten the paths of your loved ones in the otherworld.