Influential studies of this first wave were Alex Callinicos, Against the Third Way (Cambridge, U.K., and Malden, MA: Polity Press; Blackwell, 2001); Steven Driver and Luke Martell, New Labour: Politics after Thatcherism (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1998); Stuart Hall, “The Great Moving Nowhere Show,” Marxism Today (1998); Colin Hay, The Political Economy of New Labour (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1998); Richard Heffernan, New Labour and Thatcherism: Political Change in Britain (Basingstoke, U.K., and New York: Macmillan; St. Martin’s Press, 2000). For Sweden, see J. Magnus Ryner, Capitalist Restructuring, Globalisation and the Third Way: Lessons from the Swedish Model, Routledge/RIPE Studies in Global Political Economy; 5 (London: Routledge, 2002).
See Tony Blair, New Britain. My Vision of a Young Country (London: Fourth Estate Limited, 1996); Tony Blair, The Third Way: New Politics for the New Century (London: Fabian Society, 1998); Department for Trade and Industry, “Our Competitive Future. Building the Knowledge Economy” (London: DfTI, 1998).
Gordon Brown, “The Politics of Potential. A New Agenda for Labour,” in Reinventing the Left, ed. David Miliband (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1994).
Brown, “The Politics of Potential. A New Agenda for Labour,” p. 116.
Göran Persson, speech to Örebro Universitets invigning, in Göran Persson, Tankar och tal 1996–2000 (Stockholm: Hjalmarson och Högerberg, 2000), p. 163; Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarparti, Ett decennium av satsningar på utbildning och forskning ledde till framgång. Socialdemokratisk utbildningspolitik 1994–2004 (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 2004).
See Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena. Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton, NJ, and Oxford, U.K.: Princeton University Press, 2002); Deirdre Mc-Closkey, The Bourgeois Virtues (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
Steve Bastow and James Martin, Third Way Discourse: European Ideologies in the Twentieth Century (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2003), pp. 59–66; Giuliano Bonoli and Martin Powell, “Third Ways in Europe?” Social Policy and Society , 1, 1 (2002); Anthony Giddens, The Global Third Way Debate (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 2001).
Donald Sassoon, One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century (London: Tauris, 1996); Francis Castles, The Social Democratic Image of Society (London: Routledge, Keegan Paul, 1978).
Bob Jessop, The Future of the Capitalist State (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 2002); Bob Jessop, “Critical Semiotic Analysis and Cultural Political Economy,” in Critical Discourse Studies, 1, 2 (October 2004), pp. 159–174. Compare Fred Block, Postindustrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
I make no attempt in this book to define the very nebulous concept of the knowledge, or knowledge-based, economy, or any of the other equally problematic terms that surround it, such as post-Fordism, the information age, or the knowledge society. The meaning of these terms is anything but clear, as is their correspondence to empirical reality. But from the perspective that the concept “the knowledge economy” has a critical function in setting the direction and content of reform, thus defining the role of modern politics, it is worthy of our attention. Under its conveniently wide umbrella, social democracy does some things that it already did before but that acquire new meaning because they are set in the context of the new economy, and other things whose relevance to social democratic politics is motivated by the idea of the knowledge economy.
Ruth Levitas, The Concept of Utopia (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1990); Peter Beilharz, Labour’s Utopias: Bolshevism, Fabianism, Social Democracy (London: Routledge, 1992).
John Callaghan and Ilaria Favretto, Transitions in Social Democracy (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2007).
See particularly Colin Hay, The Political Economy of New Labour (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1998); J. Magnus Ryner, Capitalist Restructuring, Globalisation and the Third Way: Lessons from the Swedish Model (London: Routledge, 2002).
Ilaria Favretto, The Long Search for a Third Way: The British Labour Party and the Italian Left since 1945 (Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 3.
Sheri Berman, The Primacy of Politics. Social Democracy and the Making of Europe’s 20th Century (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
Jonas Hinnfors, Reinterpreting Social Democracy. A History of Stability in the British Labour Party and Swedish Social Democratic Party (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2006).
Sassoon, One Hundred Years of Socialism.
See Gordon Brown, “Equality—Then and Now,” in Crosland and New Labour, ed. D Leonard (London: Macmillan, 1999); Raymond Plant, “Crosland, Equality and New Labour,” in Crosland and New Labour, ed. D Leonard (London: Macmillan, 1999); Stephen Fielding, The Labour Party: Continuity and Change in the Making of New Labour (Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
Jenny Andersson, Between Growth and Security. Swedish Social Democracy from a Strong Society to a Third Way (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2006).
Åsa Linderborg, Socialdemokraterna skriver historia: historieskrivning som ideologisk maktresurs 1892–2000 (Stockholm: Atlas, 2001); Patrick Diamond, ed., New Labour’s Old Roots. Revisionist Thinkers in Labour’s History 1931–1997 (Exeter, U.K.: Imprint Academic, 2004).
Brown, “Equality—Then and Now”: SAP, Framtid för Sverige. Handlingslinjer för att föra Sverige ur krisen (Stockholm, 1981).
Gerassimos Moschonas, In the Name of Social Democracy. The Great Transformation: 1945 to the Present (London: Verso, 2002), p. 293.
See Ruth Levitas, The Inclusive Society: Social Exclusion and New Labour (New York: Routledge, 2005).
David Miliband, Reinventing the Left (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1994).
Geoff Eley, Forging Democracy. The History of the Left in Europe 1850–2000. (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 7.
Gøsta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1990); Claus Offe, Contradictions of the Welfare State (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984).
Steve Bastow and James Martin, Third Way Discourse: European Ideologies in the Twentieth Century (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2003).
Sheri Berman, The Social Democratic Moment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
See Kevin Manton, Socialism and Education in Britain 1883–1902 (London: Woburn Press, 2001).
See Will Leggett, Luke Martell, and Sarah Hale, ed., The Third Way and Beyond: Criticisms, Futures, Alternatives (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2004).
Eley, Forging Democracy. p. 7.
John D. Stephens, The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism (London: Macmillan, 1979); Gösta Esping-Andersen, Politics against Markets (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985).
Vivienne A. Schmidt, “Values and Discourse in the Politics of Adjustment,” in Vivienne Schmidt and Fritz Scharpf, eds., Work and Welfare in the Open Economy (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 228–309.
Mark Blyth, Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Ryner, Capitalist Restructuring, Globalisation and the Third Way; Andersson, Between Growth and Security; Urban Lundberg, Social Democracy Lost—The Pension Reform in Sweden , Working Paper (Stockholm: Institute for Futures Studies, 2005); Jonas Pontusson, “At the End of the Third Road: Swedish Social Democracy in Crisis,” Politics and Society, 20, 3 (1992), pp. 305–332.
Hugh Heclo and Henrik Madsen, Policy and Politics in Sweden: Principled Pragmatism (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987); Tim Tilton, The Political Theory of Swedish Social Democracy. Through the Welfare State to Revolution (New York: Clarendon Press, 1990).
Interview, Ed Miliband, House of Commons, October 18, 2005.
Several of my British and Swedish interviewees have suggested this.
Bobo Hombach, The New Centre, Die Neue Mitte (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity, 1998).
There was disagreement, for instance in the Third Way meeting in Florence in November 1999 or in the meeting of European socialists in Malmö in 1997. See Progressive Governance for the XXI Century, Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale (Florence, 1999); Simon Lightfoot, Europeanizing Social Democracy? The Rise of the Party of European Socialists (London/New York: Routledge, 2005).
Anthony Giddens, ed., The Global Third Way Debate (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity, 2001); Anthon Hemericjk, Maurizio Ferrera, and Martin Rhodes, eds., The Future of Social Europe, Recasting Work and Welfare in the New Economy (Oeiras: Celta Editoria, 2004), pp.17, 54.
John Gray, After Social Democracy: Politics, Capitalism and the Common Life (London: Demos, 1996); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York/Toronto: Free Press; Maxwell Macmillan Canada, 1992); Andrew Gamble, The New Social Democracy (Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell, 1999).
David Marquand, The Progressive Dilemma: From Lloyd George to Blair (London: Phoenix Giant, 1999).
Tony Blair, The Third Way: New Politics for the New Century (London: Fabian Society, 1998); Geoff Mulgan, Life after Politics (1997).
Anthony Giddens, The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1998).
See Alan Finlayson, Making Sense of New Labour (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2003); Alex Callinicos, Against the Third Way (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 2001).
Finlayson, Making Sense of New Labour.
Raymond Williams, “May Day Manifesto, 1968,” quoted in Andrew Scott, Running on Empty. ‘Modernising’ the British and Australian Labour Parties. (Sydney/ London: Pluto Press, Comerford and Miller, 2000), p. 72.
Nikolas Rose, Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 8.
Chantal Mouffe, On the Political (New York/London: Routledge, 2005).
Lars Trägårdh, “Crisis and the Politics of National Community. Germany and Sweden 1933/1994,” in Nina Witoszek and Lars Trägårdh, eds., Crisis and the Construction of Identity (Oxford, U.K.: Berghahn Books, 2002), pp. 75–110.
Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (London: Sage, 1992). See Nico Stehr, Knowledge Societies (London: Sage, 1994), p. 41.
Tage Erlander, Människor i samverkan (Stockholm: Tiden, 1954); Tage Erlander, Framstegens politik (Stockholm: Tiden, 1956); Tage Erlander, Valfrihetens samhälle (Stockholm: Tiden, 1962).
Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Modernity (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 2000).
Fredric Jameson, “The Politics of Utopia,” New Left Review, 25 (2004), pp. 35–54.
Charles Taylor, Modern Social Imaginaries (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004), p. 7.
See Bob Jessop, “Narrating the Future of the National Economy and the Nation State: Remarks on Remapping Regulation and Reinventing Governance,” in George Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture: State Formation After the Cultural Turn (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 378–406.
Steven Driver and Luke Martell, New Labour: Politics after Thatcherism (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1998), p. 46f.
Progressive Governance Summit, Budapest 2004.
Stephen Driver, “Third Ways,” ed. Schmidtke (2002), p. 95. See Robert Cox, “The Path-Dependency of an Idea: Why Scandinavian Welfare States Remain Distinct,” Social Policy and Administration, 38, 2 (April 2004), pp. 204–219.
Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); Evelyne Huber and John D. Stephens, Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
Taylor, Modern Social Imaginaries, pp. 23, 25, 27.
See Jonas Pontusson, Inequality and prosperity. Social Europe vs. Liberal America (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005).
Birgit Pfau Effinger, “Culture and Welfare State Policies: Reflections on a Complex Interrelation,” Journal of Social Policy, 34, 1 (2005), pp. 3–20; Colin Hay, “Globalization, European Integration and the Discursive Construction of Economic Imperatives,” Journal of European Public Policy 9, 2 (April 2002), pp. 147–167. The historian of ideas Mark Bevir has made a similar argument for an interpretative approach to politics; see Mark Bevir, New Labour: A Critique (London: Routledge, 2005).
Schmidt, “Values and Discourse in the Politics of Adjustment,” p. 263.
Interview, Bo Ringholm, Stockholm, September 15, 2005.
Urban Lundberg, Juvelen i kronan: Socialdemokraterna och den allmänna pensionen (Stockholm: Hjalmarson & Högberg, 2003).
See Johannes Lindvall, The Politics of Purpose: Swedish Macroeconomic Policy after the Golden Age, Göteborg Studies in Politics, 84 (Göteborg, Sweden: Department of Political Science, Gothenburg University, 2004).
Christina Garsten and Kerstin Jacobsson, Learning to Be Employable: New Agendas on Work, Responsibility, and Learning in a Globalizing World (Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004); Bo Stråth and Peter Wagner, eds., After Full Employment. European Discourses on Work and Flexibility (Brussels: P.I.E. Peter Lang, 2000).
Paula Blomqvist and Bo Rothstein, Välfärdsstatens nya ansikte: Demokrati och marknadsreformer inom den offentliga sektorn (Stockholm: Agora, 2000); Arbetarrörelsens tankesmedja, Kunskap som klassfråga (Stockholm: Arbetarrörelsens tankesmedja, 2002).
For an evaluation of New Labour policies, see Polly Toynbee and David Walker, Better or Worse? Has New Labour Delivered? (London: Bloomsbury, 2005).
Nick Pearce and Will Paxton, Social Justice, Building a Fairer Britain (London: IPPR, 2005).
Interview, Ed Balls, House of Commons, London, October 19, 2005.
Anne Daguerre and Peter Taylor-Gooby, “Neglecting Europe: Explaining the Predominance of American Ideas in New Labour’s Welfare Policies since 1997,” Journal of European Social Policy, 14, 1 (2004), pp. 25–39; Desmond King and Mark Wickham-Jones, “Bridging the Atlantic: Democratic (Party) Origins of Welfare-to-Work,” in Martin Powell, ed., New Labour, New Welfare State: The Third Way in British Social Policy (Bristol, U.K.: Policy Press, 1998) pp. 257–270.
Gwendolyn Mink, Welfare’s End (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998).
Ed Miliband, “Northern Lights,” Progress Magazine, June 30, 2006. Available online at www.progressonline.org.uk/magazine/article.asp?a=1249 (last accessed June 15, 2009).
See Scott, Running on Empty, p. 75.
C. A. R. Crosland, The Future of Socialism (London/Southampton: Camelot Press, 1956), p. 143; Robert Taylor, Sweden: Proof That a Better World Is Possible (London: Compass, 2005).
Göran Persson, speech to SAP Conference 1997.
Peter F. Drucker, Post-Capitalist Society (New York: HarperBusiness, 1993).
Alan Finlayson, Making Sense of New Labour (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2003), p. 185.
Ibid., p. 196.
Colin Hay and Matthew Watson, “The Discourse of Globalisation and the Logic of No Alternative: Rendering the Contingent Necessary in the Political Economy of New Labour,” Policy and Politics 31, 3 (2003), pp. 289–305.
Stephen Driver and Luke Martell, New Labour: Politics after Thatcherism (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1998); Andrew Glyn, Social Democracy in Neoliberal Times: The Left and Economic Policy since 1980 (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2001); Chris Howell, Trade Unions and the State. The Construction of Industrial Relations Institutions in Britain, 1890–2000 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).
Colin Hay, The Political Economy of New Labour (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1998), p. 145.
J. Magnus Ryner, Capitalist Restructuring, Globalisation and the Third Way: Lessons from the Swedish Model (London: Routledge, 2002).
Andrew Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State: The Politics of Thatcherism , (Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1988).
Gordon Brown, “The Politics of Potential. A New Agenda for Labour,” in David Miliband, ed., Reinventing the Left, a New Agenda for Labour (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1994), pp. 113–122.
Finlayson, Making Sense of New Labour, p. 198; see also Mark Bevir, New Labour, a Critique (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 121.
Charles Leadbeater, Living on Thin Air. The New Economy. (London: Penguin, 2000).
Björn Elmbrant, Dansen kring guldkalven (Stockholm: Atlas, 2004).
The Wellbeing of Nations. The Role of Human and Social Capital (Paris: OECD, 2001); Employment and Growth in the Knowledge Based Economy (Paris: OECD, 1996).
George Liagouras, “The Political Economy of Post-Industrial Capitalism,” Thesis Eleven, 81 (May 2005), pp. 20–35.
Paul Pierson, The New Politics of the Welfare State (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2001).
David Coates, Prolonged Labour. The Slow Birth of New Labour Britain (New York: PalgraveMacmillan, 2005); HM Treasury, Supporting Young People to Achieve: Towards a New Deal for Skills (London: HMSO, 2004).
See William Keegan, The Prudence of Mr Gordon Brown (London: John Wiley and Sons, 2003); Göran Persson, Den som är satt i skuld är icke fri. Min berättelse om hur Sverige återfick sunda statsfinanser (Stockholm: Atlas, 1997).
Ed Balls, Open Macro-Economics in an Open Economy (London: Centre for Economic Performance, 1997); Gordon Brown, “Prudence Will Be Our Watchword,” Mansion House speech, 1998.
Mark Blyth, Great Transformations. Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the 20th Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Johannes Lindvall, The Politics of Purpose: Swedish Macro-Economic Policy after the Golden Age (Göteborg, Sweden: Department of Political Science, 2004); Peter H. Lindert, Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth since the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Michael Power, The Audit Society. Rituals of Verification (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1997).
Ed Balls and Gus O’Donnell, eds., Reforming Britain’s Economic and Financial Policy (London: Palgrave/Treasury, 2002); HM Treasury, Modern Public Services for Britain, Investing in Reform (London: HMSO, 1998); Finansdepartementet, Budgetprocessen , (Stockholm: SOU 2000:61).
HM Treasury, Modern Public Services for Britain, Comprehensive spending review 1999, Performance and Innovation Unit, Innovation in the Public Sector (London: HMSO, 2003).
David Marquand, Decline of the Public: The Hollowing-Out of Citizenship (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 2004).
HM Treasury, Prudent for a Purpose: Working for a Stronger and Fairer Britain (London: HMSO, 2000).
Paul Romer, “The Origins of Endogenous Growth,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 8, 1 (1994); Gregory Mankiw and David Romer, New Keynesian Economics (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991).
Robert B. Reich, The Work of Nations: Capitalism in the 21st Century (New York: Knopf, 1991).
Department for Education and Skills, Towards Full Employment in a Modern Society (London: HMSO, 2001); Regeringen och Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, En nation i arbete: ett handlingsprogram mot arbetslöshet, Politisk redovisning, 1995:2 (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 1995); Government bill, Sysselsättningspropositionen. Åtgärder för att minska arbetslösheten. Regeringens proposition 1995/96:222 (1995).
Mitchell Dean, “Governing the Unemployed Self in an Active Society,” Economy and Society 24 (1995), pp. 559–583; Bo Stråth, “After Full Employment. The Breakdown of Conventions of Social Responsibility,” in Bo Stråth, ed., After Full Employment. European Discourses on Work and Flexibility (Brussels: P. I. E. Peter Lang, 2000); Noel Whiteside, “From Full employment to Flexibility: Britain and France in Comparison,” in Stråth, After Full Employment, pp. 107–124.
Balls-O’Donnell, Reforming Britain’s Economic and Financial Policy; HM Treasury, The Modernisation of Britain’s Tax and Benefits System, 6, “Tackling Poverty and Making Work Pay, Tax Credits for the 21st Century” (March 2000).
Janet Newman, Modernising Governance (London: Sage, 2001), p. 155; Finlayson, Making Sense of New Labour, pp. 144f.
Bob Jessop, The Future of the Capitalist State (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 2002), p. 155.
Coates, Prolonged Labour.
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, En ny ekonomisk politik: Socialdemokraternas ekonomiska politik för arbete, tillväxt och sunda statsfinanser, Politisk redovisning, 1993:3 (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 1993); Blågul tillväxt, Programdebatt /Socialdemokraterna, 7 (Stockholm, 1993); Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, Näringspolitik för tillväxt, Vårt alternativ, 5 (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 1994); Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarparti, Näringspolitik för arbete och tillväxt (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 2006).
Mats Benner, The Politics of Growth: Economic Regulation in Sweden 1930–1994 (Lund, Sweden: Arkiv, 1997), p. 161; IT-kommissionen, Informationsteknologin. Vingar åt människornas förmåga. Betänkande av IT-kommissionen (Stockholm: Fritzes, 1994); Produktivitetsdelegationen (Stockholm: SOU 1991:82); Lindbeckskommissionen (Stockholm: SOU 1993:10).
HM Treasury, Productivity in the UK (London: HMSO, 2000); HM Treasury, Microeconomic Reform in Britain: Delivering Opportunities for All (London: Treasury/ Palgrave McMillan, 2004); Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, Näringspolitik för tillväxt.
Institute for Public Policy Research, Promoting Prosperity (London: IPPR, 1997); Department for Trade and Industry, Our Competitive Future. Building the Knowledge Economy (London: HMSO, 1998); Innovativa Sverige. En strategi för tillväxt genom förnyelse. (Stockholm: Näringsdepartmentet, Utbildningsdepartementet, Ds 2004:36); Government bill 1997/98:62, Regional tillväxt för arbete och välfärd.
Lars Ilshammar, Offentlighetens nya rum. Teknik och politik i Sverige 1969–1999. (Örebro, Sweden: Örebro Universitet, 2002); Government bill 1995/1996: 125, Åtgärder för att öka användandet av IT; Government bill, Ett informationssamhälle åt alla (1999).
The national grid for learning was scrapped in 2006. See also Cabinet Office, Electronic Networks, Challenges for the Next Decade (London: Strategy Unit, 2002).
Innovativa Sverige.
Benner, The Politics of Growth.
Mark Wickham-Jones, “Recasting Social Democracy,” Political Studies 43, 4 (1995): pp. 698–702.
Finlayson, Making Sense of New Labour, p. 179.
HM Government Policy Review, Building on Progress: Public Services (London: HMSO, 2007).
Sue Tomlinson, Education in a Post-Welfare Society (London: Open University Press, 2005).
Skolverket, Fristående grundskolor (Stockholm: Skolverket, 2001:3925).
After the policy failed there were attempts in the United Kingdom to create a replacement scheme with increased influence of participants (Department for Education and Skills, Individual learning accounts, a consultation exercise on a new ILA style programme [London: DfES research report 339, 2002]).
Individuellt kompetenssparande(Stockholm: SOU, 2000:119). Government bill 2001/02:175, Ett system för individuell kompetensutveckling.
Department for Education and Skills, Higher Standards, Better Schools for All. More Choice for Parents and Pupils (London: HMSO, 2005).
Claus Belfrage, unpublished PhD manuscript, University of Birmingham, U.K., “Neoliberal Reform in Sweden.”
Compare Walter Korpi, The Democratic Class Struggle (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983).
Geoffrey M Hodgson, Economics and Utopia. Why the Learning Economy Is Not the End of History (London/New York: Routledge, 1999).
Charles F. Sabel and Jonathan Zeitlin, World of Possibilities: Flexibility and Mass Production in Western Industrialization (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
The notion of partnership should not be confused with Will Hutton’s idea of stakeholding, which New Labour toyed with for a while in the mid-1990s and then replaced with the notion of partnership. See Coates, Prolonged Labour, p. 21; and Will Hutton, The State We’re In. Why Britain Is in Crisis and How to Overcome It (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1996).
Cabinet Office, Modernising Government, Department of Trade and Industry, Fairness at work (London: HMSO, 1998). Compare Francis Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1995).
Gösta Esping-Andersen, Politics against Markets (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985).
Howell, Trade Unions and the State, p. 174.
Institute for Public Policy Research, Promoting Prosperity (London: IPPR, 1997).
Olle Svenning, Göran Persson och hans värld (Stockholm: Norstedt, 2005).
Industriavtalet, Agreement on Industrial Development and Wage Formation; Nils Elvander, Industriavtalet i tillämpning. The Industrial Agreement, an Analysis of Its Ideas and Performance (Sandviken, Sweden: Almega, 1999).
Bo Stråth, The Organisation of Labour Markets: Modernity, Culture and Governance in Germany, Sweden, Britain and Japan (London: Routledge, 1996).
Ryner, Lessons from the Swedish Model, p. 52; Åke Sandberg, ed., Technological Change and Co-Determination in Sweden (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992).
Finlayson, Making Sense of New Labour.
Daniel Cohen, Nos temps modernes (Paris: Flammarion, 1999).
John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1958).
See Coates, Prolonged Labour, pp. 61, 68, 69.
See Jenny Andersson, Between Growth and Security. Swedish Social Democracy from a Strong Society to a Third Way (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2006).
Mark Bevir, New Labour, a Critique (London and New York: Routledge, 2004).
Vivienne Schmidt, “Values and Discourse in the Politics of Adjustment,” in Fritz Scharpf and Vivienne Schmidt, ed., Welfare and Work in the Open Economy (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 243.
The Wellbeing of Nations. The Role of Human and Social Capital, p. 17.
Gary Becker, Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education (New York: Columbia University Press, 1964).
Pete Woolcock, “Social Capital,” in Theory and Society 27, 2 (1998); Ismail Serageldin and Partha Dasgupta, Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2000).
J. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); John Rae, “Foreword,” in Scott L. McLean, David A. Schultz, and Manfred B. Steger, eds., Social Capital. Critical Perspectives on Community and Bowling Alone (New York: New York University Press, 2002).
Michael Freeden, “The Political Ideology of New Labour,” Political Quarterly 70, 1 (1999), pp. 42–51.
Desmond King, In the Name of Liberalism: Iliberal Social Policies in the United States and Britain (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1999).
Norman Fairclough, New Labour, New Language (London: Routledge, 2000), p. 18; Stuart Hall, “The Great Moving Nowhere Show,” Marxism Today (1998), pp. 9–15.
Labour Party, New Labour: Because Britain Deserves Better (London: Labour Party, 1997).
The concept of renewal was temporarily used in the mid-1980s, as förnya folkhemmet. See Jenny Andersson, Between Growth and Security. Swedish Social Democracy from a Strong Society to a Third Way (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2006), p. 118.
Tony Blair, New Britain. My Vision of a Young Country. (London: Fourth Estate Limited, 1996), p. 98.
See Pär Nuder, Stolt men inte nöjd: en kärleksförklaring till politiken (Stockholm: Norstedts, 2008).
Kjell Östberg, “Swedish Social Democracy and Intellectuals,” paper to the conference “Rethinking Social Democracy,” London, April 15–17, 2004.
Mats Benner, The Politics of Growth: Economic Regulation in Sweden 1930–1994, Scandinavian Studies in Social Science and History, 2 (Lund, Sweden: Arkiv, 1997); Johannes Lindvall, The Politics of Purpose: Swedish Macroeconomic Policy after the Golden Age (Göteborg, Sweden: Department of Political Science, 2004).
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarparti, Framtid för Sverige—program för att ta Sverige ur krisen (Stockholm: Tiden, 1981).
Olle Svenning, Göran Persson och hans värld (Stockholm: Norstedt, 2005); Jesper Bengtsson, Det måttfulla upproret. Lindh, Sahlin, Wallström och 20 år av politisk förnyelse (Stockholm: Norstedts, 2004).
Labour Party, The New Hope for Britain (London: Labour Party, 1983); Eric Shaw, The Labour Party since 1945 (London: Blackwell, 1996); Steven Driver and Luke Martell, New Labour: Politics after Thatcherism (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1998), pp. 10–20.
Kjell-Olof Feldt, Den tredje vägen: en politik för Sverige (Stockholm: Tiden, 1985).
Andersson, Between Growth and Security.
Jonas Pontusson, The Limits of Social Democracy: Investment Politics in Sweden, Cornell Studies in Political Economy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992).
Lars Ekdahl, Mot en tredje väg: En biografi över Rudolf Meidner. 2, Facklig expert och demokratisk socialist (Lund, Sweden: Arkiv, 2005).
Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, eds., New Times (London: Verso, 1989), pp. 29, 116.
Daniel Bell, The Coming of Postindustrial Society (London: Heineman, 1973); Alain Touraine, La Société Post-Industrielle (Paris: Bibliotheque Médiation, 1969); André Gorz, Farewell to the Working Class: An Essay on Postindustrial Socialism (London: Pluto Press, 1982).
Hall and Jacques, New Times, p. 16.
Stuart Hall developed these notions in Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left (London: Verso, 1988).
Marxism Today, “Special Issue: Wrong” (1998).
Geoff Mulgan, Connexity. How to Live in a Connected World (London: Chatto and Windus, 1997), p. 35.
Interview with Geoff Mulgan, Institute for Community Studies, April 4, 2005.
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarparti, Framtiden i hela folkets händer (Stockholm: Tiden, 1984).
Olof Palme, speech to party conference, 1984.
Det genuint mänskliga behovet av idealitet, av något som bär bortom vars och ens timliga existens. Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarparti, 90-talsprogrammet (Stockholm: Tiden, 1989), p. 39.
Ibid., p. 32.
Ibid., p. 33.
Ibid., p. 49.
The folkrörelse—voluntary organizations and social movements such as the Christian broderskapsrörelsen or the ABF, the workers’ movement for self-education (Arbetarnas bildningsförbund), are a traditional recruiting ground for Swedish social democracy, and many leading Social Democrats have their roots there.
90-talsprogrammet, p. 49.
Alan Finlayson, Making Sense of New Labour (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2003).
Labour Party, Meet the Challenge, Make the Change. A New Agenda for Britain: Final Report of Labour’s Policy Review for the 1990s (London: Labour Party,1989).
Labour Party, New Labour: Because Britain Deserves Better; Tony Blair, New Britain. My Vision of a Young Country, p. 98.
Gordon Brown, speech “Prosperity and Justice for All,” September 27, 2004.
Disraeli, Benjamin, Lord Beaconsfield, 1804–1881: “The continent will [not] suffer Britain to be the workshop of the world . . .” House of Commons, March 15, 1838.
Tristram Hunt, Building Jerusalem. The Rise and Fall of the Victorian City (London: Penguin, 2005), p. 4.
British Commission for Social Justice, Social Justice in a Changing World (London: IPPR, 1993); David Miliband, Reinventing the Left (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1994); David Miliband and Andrew Glyn, Paying for Inequality: The Economic Cost of Social Injustice (London: IPPR/Rivers Oram Press, 1994).
Blair, New Britain, p. x.
Labour Party, New Labour: Because Britain Deserves Better; Labour Party, Ambitions for Britain. Labour’s 2001 Manifesto (London: Labour Party, 2001).
Gordon Brown, “Prudence Will Be Our Watchword,” Mansion House speech, 1998, published in Andrew Chadwick and Richard Heffernan, The New Labour Reader (Cambridge, U.K.:Polity Press, 2003), pp. 101–104.
Ibid.
Gordon Brown, “The Future of Britishness,” speech to the Fabian Society’s New Year’s Conference, January 14, 2006.
Gordon Brown, “Exploiting the British Genius—The Key to Long Term Economic Success,” speech to the Confederation of British Industry, May 20, 1997.
George Orwell, The Lion and the Unicorn. Socialism and the English Genius (London: Searchlight Books, Secker and Warburg, 1941).
Gordon Brown, “Britishness and the Future of the British Economy,” speech to the London Business School, April 27, 2005.
Gordon Brown, “The Spectator Lecture. The British Genius,” November 4, 1997; Linda Colley, “Downing Street Millennium Lecture: Britishness in the 21st Century,” February 20, 2003.
Brown, “Exploiting the British Genius—The Key to Long Term Economic Success.”
Jonas Johansson, Du sköna nya tid? Debatten om informationssamhället i riksdag och storting under 1990–talet, Linköping Studies in Arts and Science No 349 (Linköping, Sweden: Tema kommunikation, Linköpings universitet, 2006).
Kazimierz Musial, Roots of the Scandinavian Model. Images of Progress in the Era of Modernisation (Baden Baden: NomosVerlagsgesellschaft, 2000), p. 10; Bo Stråth and Øystein Sørensen, The Cultural Construction of Norden (Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1997); Bo Stråth, “Nordic Modernity: Origins, Trajectories and Prospects,” in Thesis Eleven 77, 1 (2004), pp. 5–23.
Marquis William Childs, Sweden: The Middle Way (London: Faber, 1936).
See Peter H. Lindert, Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth since the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Göran Persson, Den som är satt i skuld är icke fri. Min berättelse om hur Sverige återfick sunda statsfinanser (Stockholm: Atlas, 1997), p. 98.
Persson opening address to conference, March 10, 2000, in Göran Persson, Tankar och tal 1996–2000 (Stockholm: Hjalmarson och Högberg, 2000).
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarparti, Samtal om framtiden (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 1996); Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarparti, Steget in i 2000–talet: riktlinjer antagna av framtidskongressen i Sundsvall (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 1997).
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarparti, Riktlinjer (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 1997), p. 2.
The speaker is Hans Erik Svensson from Gotland, Conference protocol 1997 vol. 2, p. 7.
Göran Persson speech, “Tal vid folkbildningskonferensen perspektiv på folkbildningen” (September 27, 2005); Per Sundgren, Kulturen och arbetarrörelsen. Kulturpolitiska strävanden från August Palm till Tage Erlander (Stockholm: Carlssons, 2007).
Göran Persson speech to the inauguration of Örebro University, February 6, 1999, in Persson, Tankar och tal 1996–2000, p. 159.
Pär Nuder, speech “Tal vid Strängseminariet,” March 5, 2005; Göran Persson, speech to the Swedish Federation of Industry (SIF), November 15, 2004.
Gordon Brown, “The Politics of Potential. A New Agenda for Labour,” in David Miliband, ed., Reinventing the Left (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1994), pp. 114–122.
Charles Leadbeater, Living on Thin Air. The New Economy (London: Penguin, 2000).
Daniel Cohen, Nos temps modernes (Paris: Flammarion, 1999).
Gordon Brown, Fair Is Efficient (London: Fabian Society, 1994), p. 3.
See Bob Jessop, The Future of the Capitalist State (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 2002); Ellen Meiksins Wood, “Modernity, Postmodernity, or Capitalism?” in Robert W. McChesney, Ellen M. Wood, and John B. Foster, eds., Capitalism and the Information Age. The Political Economy of the Global Communications Era (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1998), pp. 27–49.
Cohen, Nos Temps Modernes; Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello, Le nouvel esprit du capitalisme (Paris: NRF Gallimard, 2002).
D. Barney, Prometheus Wired, the Hope for Democracy in the Age of Network Technology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), p. 153.
Richard Sennett, The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998).
Richard Sennett, The Culture of the New Capitalism (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 84.
Brown, “The Politics of Potential.”
C. A. R. Crosland, The Future of Socialism (London/Southampton: Camelot Press, 1956).
Brown, Fair Is Efficient, p. 3.
Brown, “The Politics of Potential,” p. 114.
Brown, Fair Is Efficient, p. 3
Brown, “The Politics of Potential,” p. 116.
Tony Blair, Socialism (London: Fabian Society, 1994).
Tony Blair, foreword to National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education, All Our Futures (London: Department of Culture, Media and Sports, 1998).
Labour Party Constitution, 1995.
Blair, The Third Way: New Politics for the New Century (London: Fabian Society, 1994).
Alan Finlayson, “Nexus Downing Street Seminar Report,” available online at www.netnexus.org/mail_archive/uk-policy.cur/0100.html.
Blair, Socialism.
Lars Trägårdh, “Crisis and the Politics of National Community. Germany and Sweden 1933/1994,” in Nina Witoszek and Lars Trägårdh, eds., Crisis and the Construction of Identity (Oxford, U.K.: Berghahn Books, 2002), pp. 75–110.
Labour Party, Because Britain Deserves Better (1997); Institute for Public Policy Research, Promoting Prosperity (London: IPPR, 1997).
Sheri Berman, The Primacy of Politics. Social Democracy and the Making of Europe’s 20th Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 172f.
Bo Stråth, Mellan två fonder. LO och den svenska modellen (Stockholm: Atlas, 1998).
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, Partiprogram för socialdemokraterna: antaget vid den 34e ordinarie partikongressen Västeråskongressen 5–11 November 2001, p. 5.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid., p. 6.
See Socialdemokratins partiprogram 1897–1990 (Labour Movement’s Archives: Stockholm, 2001).
Göran Persson, speech to Party Conference, 2001.
Partiprogram för socialdemokraterna, 2001, pp. 1–2.
Ibid., p. 20.
Ibid., p. 1. Frihet och jämlikhet handlar både om individuella rättigheter och kollektiva lösningar för att skapa det gemensamma bästa, som utgör grunden till den enskildes liv och möjligheter. Människan är en social varelse som utvecklas och växer i samspel med andra, och mycket av det som är viktigt för den enskildes välfärd kan bara skapas i gemenskap med andra. Detta gemensamma bästa förutsätter solidaritet. Solidaritet är den sammanhållning som kommer ur insikten att vi alla är ömsesidigt beroende av varandra, och att det samhälle är bäst, som byggs i samverkan i ömsesidig hänsyn och respekt. Alla måste ha samma rätt och möjlighet att påverka lösningarna, alla måste ha samma skyldighet att ta ansvar för dem. Solidaritet utesluter inte strävan till individuell utveckling och framgång, men väl den egoism som gör det tillåtet att utnyttja andra för egna fördelar.
Ibid., p. 19. Socialdemokratin avvisar en samhällsutveckling där kapital och marknad dominerar och kommersialiserar sociala, kulturella, och mänskliga relationer. Marknadens normer får aldrig avgöra människors värde eller bilda norm för det sociala och kulturella livet.
Ibid.
Crosland, The Future of Socialism, p. 211.
Ernst Wigforss, Skrifter i urval (Stockholm: Tiden, 1980), vol. 4, p. 212.
Gordon Brown, “Equality—Then and Now,” in D. Leonard, ed., Crosland and New Labour (London: MacMillan, 1999), p. 37.
Stuart White, “Welfare Philosophy and the Third Way,” in Jane Lewis and Rebecca Surrender, eds., Welfare State Change. Towards a Third Way? (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 25–47.
Blair, “The Opportunity Society,” speech to Conference, 2004.
Crosland, The Future of Socialism, p. 221.
Ibid., p. 217.
Fria och jämlika människor är socialismens mål.
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, Partiprogram för socialdemokraterna 2001, p. 8.
Persson, speech to party conference, 2001.
Interview with Anne Marie Lindgren, December 2006, Stockholm.
Tage Erlander, Valfrihetens Samhälle (Stockholm: Tiden, 1962).
Gerassimos Moschonas, In the Name of Social Democracy (London: Verso, 2002), p. 158.
Brown, “Equality—Then and Now,” p. 42.
See Richard Brooks, “Time to Rewrite Clause IV Again?” (London: Fabian Society, 2004); Anthony Giddens and Patrick Diamond, eds, The New Egalitarianism (London: Policy Network, 2005).
Tony Blair, “The Labour Party—The Party of Wealth Creation,” speech at Canary Wharf, April 14, 2005.
H. W. Arndt, Economic Development. The History of an Idea (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
Raymond Williams, Culture and Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983 [1958]).
It was the architect of universalism Gustav Möller who introduced the concept of economic growth to Swedish social democracy because he saw it as the necessary foundation for the welfare state. See Eva Friman, No Limits: The 20th Century Discourse of Economic Growth (Umeå. Sweden: Institutionen för historiska studier, Umeå University, 2002).
Gail Stedward, “Education as Industrial Policy: New Labour’s Marriage of the Social and the Economic,” in Policy and Politics 31: 2 (2003); Lindsey Paterson, “The Three Educational Ideologies of the British Labour Party, 1997–2001,” Oxford Review of Education 29: 2 (2003); Jean Bocock and Taylor Richard, “The Labour Party and Higher Education: The Nature of the Relationship,” Higher Education Quarterly 57: 3 (July 2003); Lennart Svensson, “Life Long Learning, a Clash between a Production Logic and a Learning Logic,” in Christina Garsten and Kerstin Jacobsson, eds., Learning to Be Employable: New Agendas on Work, Responsibility, and Learning in a Globalizing World (Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 83–107.
Bob Jessop, “Cultural Political Economy, the Knowledge-Based Economy, and the State,” in Don Slater and Andrew Barry, eds., The Technological Economy (London : Routledge, 2005), pp. 144-166
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, Blågul tillväxt (Stockholm: 1993); Declaration of Government, October 6, 1998.
Department for Trade and Industry, Our Competitive Future. Building the Knowledge Economy (London: HMSO, 1998).
Innovativa Sverige, En strategi för tillväxt genom förnyelse, Ds 2004:36.
Ibid., National Curriculum in Action, “What Is Creativity?”
Gordon Brown, “Britishness and the Future of the British Economy,” speech to the London Business School, April 27, 2005.
Government bill, 2004/05:11, Kvalitet i förskolan, Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, Nationell utvecklingsplan för förskola, skola och vuxenutbildning, Politisk redovisning, 1997:8 (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 1997); Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarparti, Framtidens förskola (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 2005).
NUTEK, “Nationellt entreprenörskapsprogram.”
Lena Hallengren, Leif Pagrotsky, and Ibrahim Baylan, “Kultur och lärande går hand i hand,” in Folket (2005); Riksdagens skrivelse 2005/06:206, Ett Sverige för barn: redogörelse för regeringens barnpolitik; Government bill, Kulturpolitik. Regeringens proposition 1996/97:3; Lena Hallengren speech, “Kultur för lust och lärande” October 18, 2004.
Institute for Public Policy Research, Promoting Prosperity (London: IPPR, 1997); Department for Education and Employment, Excellence in Schools (London: HMSO, 1997); Department for Education and Employment, The Learning Age: A Renaissance for Britain (London: HMSO, 1998).
Helga Nowotny, Peter Scott, and Michael Gibbons, Rethinking Science. Knowledge and the Public in an Age of Uncertainty (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 2001).
Innovativa Sverige; HM Treasury, Building a Stronger Economic Future for Britain (London, HMSO, 1999); Our Competitive Future, pp. 7, 14, 28.
National Advisory Committee on Education, All Our Futures (London: DCMS, 1998).
Df EE, The Learning Age: A Renaissance for Britain.
See Denis Lawton, Education and Labour Party Ideologies, 1900–2001 and Beyond (London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2004), pp. viii, 12; Kevin Manton, Socialism and Education in Britain 1883–1902 (London: Woburn Press, 2001).
Ronny Ambjörnsson, Den skötsamme arbetaren. Ideer och ideal i ett norrländskt sågverkssamhälle 1880–1930 (Stockholm: Carlssons, 1988); Inge Johansson, Bildning och klasskamp. Om arbetarbildningens historia, ideer och utveckling (Stockholm: ABF, 2002); Bernt Gustavsson, Bildningens väg. Tre bildningsideal i svensk arbetarrörelse 1880–1930 (Stockholm: Wahlström och Widstrand, 1991). There were important links between Swedish and British debates around self-education, mutuality, and cooperation at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. Folkbildning has had a central role in Swedish political culture. Many leading social democratic politicians have come out of the ABF, Arbetarnas bildningsförbund.
Lawton, Education and Labour Party Ideologies.
Francis Sejersted, Socialdemokratins tidsålder: Sverige och Norge under 1900–talet. (Nora, Sweden: Nya Doxa, 2005).
Ilaria Favretto, The Long Search for a Third Way: The British Labour Party and the Italian Left since 1945 (Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave McMillan, 2003), p. 57.
DfEE, The Learning Age: A Renaissance for Britain.
Ibid.
Government bill 1997/1998:62, Regional tillväxt för arbete och välfärd.
Lena Hallengren speech, “Perspektiv på folkbildningen,” September 27, 2005; Government bill, Lära, växa, förändra. Regeringens folkbildningsproposition 2005/06:192; Folkbildning i brytningstid (Stockholm: SOU, 2004:30).
The Kennedy Report, Widening Participation in Further Education (London: Design Council, 1998).
Innovativa Sverige; Chris Smith, Creative Britain (London: Faber and Faber, 1998).
Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
In 2006 Sweden opened a virtual embassy in Lindenland to promote Swedish culture abroad. Accessed May 30, 2007, at www.Sweden.se/templates/cs/Article_16345.aspx.
Chris Smith, Creative Futures: Culture, Identity and National Renewal (London: Fabian Society, 1997); Creative Britain.
Jo Littler, “Creative Accounting: Consumer Culture, the ‘Creative Economy, ’ and the Cultural Policies of New Labour,” in Timothy Bewes and Jeremy Gilbert, eds., Cultural Capitalism (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2000), pp. 203–223; E. McLaughlin, Rebranding Britain: The Life and Times of Cool Britannia (London: Open University/BBC); Panel 2000, “Towards a Cool Britannia.” Retrieved on February 18, 2006, from: wwp.greenwhich2000.com/millennium/info/panel2000/htm.
Mark Leonard, Britain TM—Renewing Our Identity (London: Demos, 1997).
It leaned on the work of the postmodern historian Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, and the British historian Linda Colley’s work on the forging of British identity in the eighteenth century, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (London: Vintage, 1996).
Fabian Society, Creative Futures: Culture, Identity and National Renewal.
The Parekh report, The Future of Multiethnic Britain (London: Profile Books, 2000).
“The Britishness Issue,” special Fabian review (London: Fabian Society, 2006).
Government bill, Framtidsformer: Förslag till handlingsprogram för arkitektur, formgivning och design, 1997/1998:117; Leif Pagrotsky speech, “Design som ett verktyg i näringspolitiken,” October 15, 2003.
Innovativa Sverige, p. 24; Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarparti, Näringspolitik för arbete och tillväxt. Rapport från socialdemokraternas näringspolitiska grupp (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 2006), p. 5.
Leif Pagrotsky speech, “Branding Sweden,” June 8, 2005.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Raymond Williams, Culture (Glasgow: Fontana, 1981); Raymond Williams, Culture and Society, 1780–1950 (London: Chatto and Windus, 1958).
Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991); David Lloyd and Paul Thomas, Culture and the State (London and New York: Routledge, 1998).
Kulturpolitikens inriktning(Stockholm: SOU, 1995:84); Government bill, Kulturpolitik , 1996/97:3.
Per Sundgren, Kulturen och arbetarrörelsen. Kulturpolitiska strävanden från August Palm till Tage Erlander (Stockholm: Carlssons, 2007), p. 285.
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarparti, Människan i nutiden (Stockholm: Tiden, 1952); Ny kulturpolitik (Stockholm: SOU, 1972:67, 1972:66): Government bill, Den statliga kulturpolitiken, 1974:28.
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, Partiprogram för socialdemokraterna: antaget vid partikongressen 2001, p. 19; Socialdemokratin avvisar en samhällsutveckling där kapital och marknad dominerar och kommersialiserar sociala, kulturella och mänskliga relationer.
Ibid. p. 30: Kunskap och kultur är verktyg för människors personliga frihet och växande likaväl som för samhällets utveckling och för ekonomisk tillväxt och välfärd. Kunskap och kultur ger människor möjlighet att växa och att vidga sina perspektiv, frigör människors tankar och människors skapande förmåga. Denna frigörande förmåga är en avgörande motvikt mot ekonomiska och sociala eliters strävan efter att ta makten över tanken.
Government bill, Kulturpolitik, 1996/97:3.
Timothy Bewes, “Cultural Politics/Political Culture,” in Cultural Capitalism, pp. 20–40; Littler, “Creative Accounting.”
Thomas Östros speech, “Tal vid konferensen design och arbetsliv,” January 2005; Swedish Government, “Designår 2005,” retrieved on February 19, 2006, from: www.regeringen.se/sb/d/5231/a37952, and “Design för alla,” retrieved on June 15, 2009, from: www.regeringen.se/sb/d/1928/a/19728; Kultur- och utbildningsdepartementet, Framtidsformer: Förslag till handlingsprogram för arkitektur och formgivning (Stockholm: Ds, 1997:86).
Tessa Jowell speech, “Britain’s Cultural Identity,” 2001; Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Government and the Value of Culture (London: DCMS, 2002),; Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Better Places to Live. Government, Identity and the Value of the Historic and Built Environment (London: DCMS, 2005).
Department for Culture, Media and Sport, The Historic Environment: A Force for Our Future (London: DCMS, 2001).
See David Miliband and Tristram Hunt, “Learn from Victorians,” Guardian, September 10, 2004.
James Purnell speech, “Making Britain the World’s Creative Hub,” June 16, 2005.
Jo Littler, “Introduction. British Heritage and the Legacies of Race,” in Jo Littler and Roshi Naidoo, eds., The Politics of Heritage (London and New York: Routledge, 2005), pp. 1–21.
Ibid., p. 10.
Ruth Levitas, The Concept of Utopia, Utopianism and Communitarianism (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1990).
Williams, Culture and Society, p. 34.
Yasmin Alibhai Brown, Who Do We Think We Are? Imagining the New Britain (London: Allen Lane, the Penguin Press, 2000).
Tim Edensor, National Identity, Popular Culture, and Everyday Life (Oxford, U.K.: Berg, 2002), p. 171 ff.; Jeremy Gilbert, “Beyond the Hegemony of New Labour,” in Cultural Capitalism, pp. 231–232; BBC, “Virtual Tour of the Millennium Dome,” available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/uk/2000/dome_tour/default.stm.
Yvonne Hirdman, Att lägga livet till rätta: studier i svensk folkhemspolitik (Stockholm: Carlsson, 1989).
Gilbert, “Beyond the Hegemony of New Labour.”
Bewes, “Cultural Politics/Political Culture,” p. 31.
Manuel Castells, The Network Society: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004).
HM Treasury, Opportunity and Security for All. Investing in an Enterprising, Fairer Britain (London: HMSO, 2002).
Bob Jessop, The Future of the Capitalist State (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 2002); Nikolas Rose, Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Mark Bevir, New Labour, a Critique (New York: Routledge, 2004), p. 127.
George Steinmetz, Regulating the Social. The Welfare State and Local Politics in Imperial Germany (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), pp. 2, 52; Jacques Donzelot, L’invention du social. Essai sur le déclin des passions politiques (Paris: Fayard, 1984).
David Marquand, The Progressive Dilemma: From Lloyd George to Blair (London: Phoenix Giant, 1999); Michael Freeden, Liberal Languages. Ideological Imaginaries and 20th Century Progressive Thought (Princeton, NJ, and Oxford, U.K.: Princeton University Press, 2005).
Janet Newman, Modernising Governance. New Labour, Policy and Society (Bristol, U.K.: Policy Press, 2001).
Steven Driver and Luke Martell, “New Labour’s Communitarianism,” Critical Social Policy 17, 3 (1997); Michael Freeden, “The Ideology of New Labour,” Political Quarterly 70, 1 (1999); Sarah Hale, “The Communitarian ‘Philosophy’ of New Labour,” in Will Leggett, Luke Martell, and Sarah Hale, eds., The Third Way and Beyond: Criticisms, Futures and Alternatives (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2004), pp. 87–95.
Sarah Hale, “The Communitarian ‘Philosophy’ of New Labour,” pp. 90–91.
Ruth Levitas, The Inclusive Society. Social Exclusion and New Labour (New York: Routledge, 2005).
See the Commission for Social Justice, Social Justice. Strategies for National Renewal (London: Vintage, 1994); Tony Blair, New Britain. My Vision of a Young Country (London: Fourth Estate Limited, 1996).
David Blunkett speech, “Civil Renewal—A New Agenda,” June 11, 2003.
Bevir, New Labour, a Critique, p. 71.
Department of Communities and Local Government, Our Towns and Cities: The Future (London: HMSO, 2005); Strong and Prosperous Communities (London: HMSO, 2006).
Rob Imrie and Mike Raco, Urban Renaissance? New Labour, Community, and Urban Policy (Bristol, U.K.: Policy Press, 2003), pp. 33–37.
Amitai Etzioni, The Third Way to a Good Society (London: Demos, 2000).
Geoff Mulgan, Connexity. How to Live in a Connected World (London: Chatto and Windus, 1997), p. 35.
Cabinet Office, Modernising Government(London: HMSO, 1999).
David Blunkett, speech to the Performance and Innovation Unit, “How Government Can Help Build Social Capital,” March 26, 2002.
Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone. The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000).
John Rae, “Foreword,” in S. L. McLean, D. A. Schultz, and M. B. Steger, eds., Social Capital. Critical Perspectives on Community and Bowling Alone (New York: NYU Press, 2002).
David Halpern, Social Capital (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 2005), p. 44.
This celebration of the two-parent family has come with policies to help single parents and also to recognize work–life balance. See Stephen Driver and Luke Martell, “New Labour, Work, and the Family,” in Social Policy and Administration 36, 1 (2002); and Mary Daley, “Changing Conceptions of Family and Gender Relations in European Welfare States and the Third Way,” in Jane Lewis and Rebecca Surender, eds., Welfare State Change, Towards a Third Way? (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 135–156.
Halpern, Social Capital, p. 53.
Simon Szreter, “A New Political Economy: The Importance of Social Capital,” in Anthony Giddens, ed., The Global Third Way Debate (2001); Halpern, Social Capital , p. 22.
Debates on social capital have systematically avoided references to the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, who saw social capital as a symbolic individual resource in a powered field of social hierarchies; see Bourdieu, “The Forms of Capital,” in J. G. Richardson, ed., Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), pp. 241–258.
David Blunkett, speech to the IPPR, “The Asset State—the Future of Welfare,” July 5, 2005. The baby bonds were designed to counter the determining effects on individual life chances of asset-owning by giving each newborn child a small trust. It might be pointed out here that encouraging a culture of property is an old means of disciplining for social democracy, beginning with nineteenth-century credit institutions and friendly societies.
Ben Fine, Social Capital vs. Social Theory. Political Economy and Social Science at the End of the Millennium (New York: Routledge, 2001); Ben Fine and F. Green, “Economics, Social Capital, and the Colonisation of the Social Sciences,” in Tom Schuller, Steven Davon, and John Field, eds., Social Capital. Critical Perspectives (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 87.
Interview with Amitai Etizioni, Budapest, July 2005.
Henrik Berggren and Lars Trägårdh, Är svensken människa? (Stockholm: Norstedts, 2006).
Fredrika Lagergren, På andra sidan välfärdsstaten: en studie i politiska idéers betydelse (Eslöv, Sweden: B. Östlings bokförl. Symposion, 1999); Henrik Björck, “Till frågan om folkhemmets rötter,” in Lychnos (Göteborg, Sweden: Annual of the Swedish History of Science Society, Swedish Science Press, 2000), pp. 139–170.
See Göran Persson, Den som är satt i skuld är icke fri. Min berättelse om hur Sverige återfick sunda statsfinanser (Stockholm: Atlas 1997); Göran Persson, Se dig själv i andra (Stockholm: Hjalmarson och Högberg, 2006).
In recent years there has been a vital debate in Sweden on the possible conflict between the values of universalism and diversity. See Integrationens svarta bok: Agenda för jämlikhet och social sammanhållning (Stockholm: SOU, 2006:79).
See Sten O. Karlsson, Det intelligenta samhället: en omtolkning av socialdemokratins idéhistoria (Stockholm: Carlsson, 2001); Jenny Andersson, “A Productive Social Citizenship? Reflections on the Notion of Productive Social Policies in the European Tradition,” in Bo Stråth and Lars Magnusson, eds, A European Social Citizenship (Brussels: PIE Peter Lang, 2004); Magnus Ryner, Capitalist Restructuring, Globalisation and the Third Way: Lessons from the Swedish Model (London and New York: Routledge, 2002), p. 72.
Francis Sejersted, Socialdemokratins tidsålder: Sverige och Norge under 1900–talet. (Nora: Nya Doxa, 2005).
Bo Rothstein, Just Institutions Matter. The Moral and Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State (Cambrige, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, Partiprogram för socialdemokraterna: antaget vid partikongressen 2001, p. 30; Att ge alla möjlighet och förutsättningar till kunskap är centralt för att bryta klassmönstren. Kunskap och kompetens blir allt mer de arbetsredskap som bestämmer den enskildes möjligheter i arbetslivet. Stora skillnader i tillgång till dessa redskap ökar klyftorna i samhället och därmed i samhället. En hög kunskaps-och kompetensnivå hos alla i arbetslivet innebär däremot att de klassmönster som skapas av produktionslivet förändras. Hög kompetens hos alla i arbetslivet ökar samtidigt styrkan och slagkraften i produktionslivet, och det innebär ökade resurser för välfärden. Den nya produktionsordning som växer fram bygger i mycket på hanteringen av information. Informationsflödena har aldrig varit så omfattande som idag, och den moderna informationstekniken betyder en verklig demokratisering av tillgången till kunskap. Men den makt som kunskapen ger handlar inte bara om tillgång till information utan lika mycket om förmågan att kunna tolka informationen. All kunskapsförmedling måste bygga på respekt för fakta, men den måste också ge alla redskapen att självständigt tolka och värdera information, se sociala sammanhang och skilja mellan fakta och värderingar. Först då kan man tala om en verklig demokratisering av kunskapen. Socialdemokratins uppgift är nu att skapa ett verkligt kunskapssamhälle, byggt både på bildning och utbildning, öppet och tillgängligt för alla på likvärdiga villkor.
Government bill, Lära, växa, förändra. Regeringens folkbildningsproposition. 2005/06:192 (Stockholm, 2005).
Jonas Johansson, Du sköna nya tid? Debatten om informationssamhället i riksdag och storting under 1990-talet (Linköping, Sweden: Linköping Studies in Arts and Science, 2006).
Individuellt kompetenssparande(Stockholm: SOU, 2000:119); Livslångt lärande i arbetslivet—steg på vägen mot ett kunskapssamhälle (Stockholm: SOU, 1996:164).
See Paulina De los Reyes, Mångfald och differentiering. Diskurs, olikhet och normbildning inom svensk forskning och samhällsdebatt (Stockholm: SALTSA, Swedish National Institute for Working Life, 2001), p. 82; Wuocko Knocke and Fredrik Herzberg, Mångfaldens barn söker sin plats (Stockholm: Swedish National Institute for Working Life), p. 26.
Blunkett, “Civil Renewal—a New Agenda.”
Lindsey Paterson, “The Three Educational Ideologies of the British Labour Party, 1997–2001,” Oxford Review of Education 29, 2 (2003), p. 176; Elisabeth Fraser, “Citizenship Education: Antipolitical Culture and Political Education in Britain,” Political Studies, 48 (2000). The National curriculum is available online at www.direct.gov.uk/en/RightsAndResponsibilities/index.htm.
Alva Myrdal, Förskolan, 1980–talets viktigaste skola (Stockholm: Tiden, 1982).
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, Nationell utvecklingsplan för förskola, skola och vuxenutbildning, Politisk redovisning, 1997:8 (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 1997); Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, Förskola för alla barn (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 1985); Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, Framtidens förskola (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 2005); Partiprogram för socialdemokraterna , pp. 30–34.
Läroplan för det obligatoriska skolväsendet, förskoleklassen och fritidshemmet, 1994, p. 3.
Ronald Dearing, Higher Education in the Learning Society (London: HMSO, 1997); Helena Kennedy, Learning Works. Widening Participation in Further Education (Coventry, U.K.: Further Education Funding Council, 1998); Department for Education and Employment, Learning Works. Further Education for the New Millennium (London: DfEE, 1998).
Denis Lawton, Education and Labour Party Ideologies, 1900–2001 and Beyond (London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2004).
Blair, conference speech, 1996; Sue Tomlinson, Education in a Post-Welfare Society (London: Open University Press, 2005), pp. 86f.
See Department for Education and Skills, Higher Standards, Better Schools for All. More Choice for Parents and Pupils. Education White Paper (London: HMO, 2005); Compass paper, Shaping the Education Bill. Reaching for Consensus. Alternative White Paper (London: Compass, 2005); Fiona Millar and Melissa Benn, A Comprehensive Future. Quality and Equality for All Our Children (London: Compass, 2005).
Francis Sejersted, Socialdemokratins tidsålder: Sverige och Norge under 1900–talet (Nora, Sweden: Nya Doxa, 2005).
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarparti, En kunskapsskola för alla (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 2006).
Kunskapslyftskommittén, Kunskapsbygget 2000. Det livslånga lärandet (Stockholm, SOU, 2000:28); Kommittén om ett nationellt kunskapslyft för vuxna, En strategi för kunskapslyft och livslångt lärande (Stockholm: SOU, 1996:27); Government bill, Sysselsättningspropositionen. Åtgärder för att minska arbetslösheten. 1995/96:222.
See Thomas Englund, ed., Utbildningspolitiskt systemskifte? (Stockholm: HLS förlag, 1995). Anyone with sufficient capital can start a “free” school. Schools are not allowed to choose students by ability unless this is because of specific abilities such as musical talent or sports. (In the United Kingdom, specialization schools can choose up to 10 percent of their students.) Voucher schools are subject to inspection, but control has so far been lax. Until 2007, public schooling had to be provided in each community, so public schools in each area were to some extent protected against voucher schools, but this has now changed. After the change of government, applications for voucher schools have increased dramatically, and there are now places where the last remaining comprehensive school is under threat of takeover, to the objections of many parents and teachers.
After the lost election, the SAP admits that uneven standards are a problem, but it does not mention the voucher schools and their effect in creating inequalities.
Skolverket, Resultat av inspektion av fristående skolor 2003–2006 (Stockholm: Skolverket, 2006).
Interview with Bosse Ringholm, October 3, 2005, Stockholm.
Socialdemokraterna, En kunskapsskola för alla.
Skolans uppgift är attlåta varje elev finna sin unika egenart och därigenom kunna delta i samhällslivet genom att ge sitt bästa i ansvarig frihet.
Michael Power, The Audit Society. Rituals of Verification (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1997). See Bengt Jacobsson and Kerstin Sahlin Andersson, Skolan och det nya verket (Stockholm: Nerenius Santerus, 1995).
Denis Lawton, Education and Labour Party Ideologies, 1900–2001 and Beyond (London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2004).
Michael Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy 1870–2033: An Essay on Education and Equality (London: Thames and Hudson, 1961).
Lawton, Education and Labour Party Ideologies; Bernt Gustavsson, Bildningens väg. Tre bildningsideal i svensk arbetarrörelse 1880–1930 (Stockholm: Wahlström och Widstrand, 1991).
Francis Sejersted, Socialdemokratins tidsålder, p. 297.
Learning for Success,The Learning Age; Department for Education and Skills, Higher Standards, Better Schools for All. More Choice for Parents and Pupils. Education White Paper (London: HMSO, 2005), p. 17.
Excellence in Schools,1997.
Interview with Michael Barber, October 20, 2005.
Higher Standards, Better Schools for All.
Ibid.
Compare Stuart White, “Welfare Philosophy and the Third Way,” in Jane Lewis and Rebecca Surender, eds., Welfare State Change. Towards a Third Way? (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 25–47.
Richard Sennett, The Culture of the New Capitalism, The Castles Lectures in Ethics, Politics and Economics (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006).
Francis Sejersted, Socialdemokratins tidsålder.
Steve Bastow and James Martin, Third Way Discourse: European Ideologies in the Twentieth Century (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2003).
Gøsta Esping-Andersen, Politics against Markets (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985); Claus Offe, Contradictions of the Welfare State (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984); Bob Jessop, The Future of the Welfare State (Oxford, U.K.: Polity Press, 2001).
Department of Social Security and Department for Employment and Education, New Ambitions for Our Country: A New Contract for Welfare (London: HMSO, 1998).
John D. Stephens, The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism (London: Macmillan, 1979).
Jenny Andersson, Between Growth and Security. Swedish Social Democracy from a Strong Society to a Third Way (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2006).
The concept of social investment gained a significant emphasis on the European level following the summits of Lisbon and Nice.
HM Treasury, Modern Public Services for Britain, Investing in Reform (London: HMSO, 1998).
Gordon Brown, budget speech, April 16, 2002.
Ruth Lister, “Investing in the Citizen Workers of the Future, Transformations in Citizenship and the State under New Labour,” in Social Policy and Administration 37, 5 (October 2003), pp. 427–443, p. 431.
Jane Jenson and Denis Saint-Martin, “New Routes to Social Cohesion. Citizenship and the Social Investment State,” Canadian Journal of Sociology 28, 1 (2003), pp. 77–99.
Ibid.
Lister, “Investing in the Citizen Workers of the Future.”
Daniel Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings. Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
Jenny Andersson, “A Productive Social Citizenship? Reflections on the Notion of Productive Social Policies in the European Tradition,” in A European Social Citizenship (Brussels: PIE Peter Lang, 2004).
Tony Blair, quoted in Martin A. Powell, ed., New Labour, New Welfare State? The “Third Way” in British Social Policy (Bristol, U.K.: Policy Press, 1999), p. 21.
See Pre-budget Reports, 1997–2006, and Comprehensive Spending Reviews, 2002, 2004.
British Commission on Social Justice, Social Justice, Strategies for National Renewal (London: Vintage, 1994), pp. 96–106, 110–113; Social Exclusion Unit, Bringing Britain Together (London: SEU, 1998), p. 7.
Marshall’s argument does not need to be recounted here, but it should be pointed out that while Marshall certainly saw responsibilities as a part of citizenship, his argument on social transformation was linked to the rights side of citizenship. See T. H. Marshall, Citizenship and Social Class (London: Pluto Press, 1992); Ruth Lister, Citizenship. Feminist Perspectives (Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1997), p. 14; and Stuart White, “Social Rights and the Social Contract—Political Theory and the New Welfare Politics,” in British Journal of Political Science 30 (2000), pp. 507–532, p. 511.
Desmond King, In the Name of Liberalism. Illiberal Social Policy in the U.S. and Britain (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1999); William Walters, Unemployment and Government. Genealogies of the Social (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
Andersson, Between Growth and Security; Tim Tilton, The Political Theory of Swedish Social Democracy. Through the Welfare State to Revolution (New York: Clarendon Press, 1990).
Andersson, Between Growth and Security.
Esping-Andersen, Politics against Markets.
See Teresa Kulawik, “A Productivist Welfare State, the Swedish Model Revisited,” in Tadeusz Borkowski, ed., Social Policies in a Time of Transformation (Krakow: Goethe Institute and Jagellonian University, 1991).
Lena Sommestad, “Human Reproduction and the Rise of Welfare States: An Economic-Demographic Approach to Welfare State Formation in the United States and Sweden,” Scandinavian Economic History Review 46, 2 (1998), pp. 97–116; Allan Constantine Carlson, The Swedish Experiment in Family Politics: The Myrdals and the Interwar Population Crisis (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1990).
Andersson, “A Productive Social Citizenship?”
Maija Runcis, Steriliseringar i folkhemmet (Stockholm: Ordfront, 1998); Gunnar Broberg and Mattias Tydén, “Eugenics in Sweden: Efficient Care,” in Gunnar Broberg and Nils Roll-Hansen, eds., Eugenics in the Welfare State (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996); A. Spektorowski and E. Mizrachi, “Eugenics and the Welfare State in Sweden. The Politics of Social Margins and the Idea of a Productive Society,” in Journal of Contemporary History 39, 3 (2004), pp. 333–352.
See Rothstein, Just Institutions Matter. The Moral and Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Sheri Berman, The Social Democratic Moment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
Discussion paper, “Personal Responsibility and Changing Behaviour: The State of Knowledge and the Implications for Public Policy” (London: Strategy Unit, 2004), pp. 10, 64; Levitas, The Inclusive Society (New York: Routledge, 2005), p. 227.
Andersson, Between Growth and Security.
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, Steget in i 2000–talet: Riktlinjer antagna av framtidskongressen i Sundsvall (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 1997).
Government budget bill, 2002/2003:1, p. 25. Välfärden ska fortsätta att byggas ut. Trygghet i förändring stimulerar nytänkande och ger växtkraft. Trygga människor vågar. Trygghet gör ekonomin mera dynamisk. This has been a standing theme since Ingvar Carlsson’s 1994 government, but the slogan “security in change” was coined in 1997.
David Blunkett speech, “The Asset State—the Future of Welfare,” July 5, 2005; Gordon Brown, Fair Is Efficient (London: Fabian Society, 1994).
HM Treasury, The Modernisation of Britain’s Tax and Benefits System, nr. 4 and 6.
Gordon Brown speech, “Prosperity and Justice for All,” September 27, 2004; Göran Persson speech, “Economic and Social Policy, the Swedish way,” Wellington, New Zealand, February 14, 2005.
The Swedish term for security, trygghet, is a much more immaterial term than the English notions of security and alludes also to psychological and cognitive security and the political capacity to accommodate for individual need in processes of structural transformation.
Göran Persson speech to the Progressive Governance Summit, Budapest, 2004.
Göran Persson to the Congress of Swedish Industry (SIF), November 15, 2002. Människor i trygghet är skapande människor. Människor som drivs av en äkta vilja att söka kunskap inte därför att man drivs av en piska, utan för att man växer själv som individ.
DfTI, Our Competitive Future.
Sofia Murhem, “Flexicurity in Sweden,” unpublished research paper (Uppsala: Department of Economic History, Uppsala University, 2007).
See, for instance, the Pär Nuder speech, “Tal vid Strängseminariet,” March 5, 2005, and Nuder’s speech to the Harvard Center for European Studies, November 15, 2006.
HM Treasury and the Swedish Ministry of Finance, “Social Bridges. Meeting the Challenges of Globalisation” (HM Treasury, Regeringskansliet, 2006); Conversation with Jens Henriksson, special advisor to Pär Nuder.
New Ambitions for Our Country: A New Contract for Welfare.
See Stuart White, “Welfare Philosophy and the Third Way,” in Jane Lewis and Rebecca Surender, eds., Welfare State Change. Towards a Third Way? (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 40; also Claire Annesley and Andrew Gamble, “Economic and Welfare Policy,” in Steve Ludlam, ed., Governing as New Labour (Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. 144–159.
Michael Freeden, The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1978).
Bo Rothstein, The Social Democratic State: The Swedish Model and the Bureaucratic Problem of Social Reforms, Pitt Series in Policy and Institutional Studies (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996).
See Steffen Mau, The Moral Economy of Welfare States (New York and London: Routledge, 2004).
See Lena Eriksson, Arbete till varje pris, arbetslinjen i 1920–talets arbetslöshetspolitik (Stockholm: Stockholm Studies in History, 2004); Åke Bergmark, “Activated to Work? Activation Policies in Sweden in the 1990s,” in Revue Francaise des Affaires Sociales, 4, (2003), pp. 291–306.
The epicentre of this debate is the term arbetslinjen, meaning the work strategy. Arbetslinjen is a term that is used today by all political actors in Swedish society, and correspondingly it can signify everything from the right to work to the duty to work and anything from active labor market policy to activation policies. See Socialförsäkringsutredningen, Vad är arbetslinjen? Samtal om socialförsäkring nr 4 (Stockholm: Riksförsäkringsverket, 2005).
Mark Canadine, Enterprising States. The Public Management of Welfare to Work (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
As such, it is also codified in the Swedish constitution: the right of all to security and work.
Anne Daguerre and Peter Taylor-Gooby, “Neglecting Europe: Explaining the Predominance of American Ideas in New Labour’s Welfare Policies since 1997,” Journal of European Social Policy 14, 1 (2004), pp. 24-39; Jochen Clasen and Daniel Clegg, “Does the Third Way Work? The Left and Labour Market Reform in Britain, France and Germany,” in Lewis and Surender, eds., Welfare State Change, pp. 89–111.
John Stephens, “The Scandinavian Welfare States. Achievements, Crisis and Prospects,” in Gösta Esping Andersen. ed., Welfare States in Transition. National Adaptations in Global Economies (New York: Sage, 1996), pp. 32–66.
Government bill 1995/96:207. En politik för att halvera den öppna arbetslösheten till år 2000.
Håkan Johansson, Svensk aktiveringspolitik i nordisk belysning (Stockholm: ESO, 2006); Joakim Palme et al., “Welfare Trends in Sweden: Balancing the Books for the 1990s,” Journal of European Social Policy 12, 4 (2002); Johannes Lindvall, Ett land som alla andra. Från full sysselsättning till massarbetslöshet (Stockholm: Atlas, 2006).
Julia Peralta, Den sjuka arbetslösheten (Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala Studies in Economic History, 2006); Christina Garsten and Kerstin Jacobsson, Learning to Be Employable: New Agendas on Work, Responsibility, and Learning in a Globalizing World (Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004); Jessica Lindvert, Ihålig arbetsmarknadspolitik? Organisering och legitimitet igår och idag (Umeå, Sweden: Borea, 2006).
DfWP, A New Deal for Welfare, 2006.
Sven E. Hort, “Sweden, Still a Civilised Version of Welfare?” in Noel Gilbert and Rebecca vaan Vorhis, eds., Activating the Unemployed (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers), pp. 243–267.
Government bill 1995/96:207. En politik för att halvera den öppna arbetslösheten till år 2000.
Johansson, Svensk aktiveringspolitik i nordisk belysning. Government bill 1999/2000:98, Förnyad arbetsmarknadspolitik för delaktighet och tillväxt, Kontrakt för arbete. Rättvisa och tydliga regler i arbetslöshetsförsäkringen (Stockholm: Ds, 1999:58).
Renita Thedvall, “Do It Yourself. Making Up the Selfemployed Individual in the Swedish Public Employment Service,” in Garsten and Jacobsson, Learning to Be Employable, pp. 131–152.
En god arbetsmarknadspolitik innebär ett ömsesidigt åtagande mellan samhället och medborgaren. Samhället ikläder sig skyldigheter gentemot individen enbart i den mån individen uppfyller sitt ansvar. Det egna ansvaret ligger i att anta utmaningen om att utveckla kompetens och aktivt söka arbete. Government bill 1995/96:207, En politik för att halvera den öppna arbetslösheten till år 2000.
What is traditionally referred to in Swedish as arbetslinjen has thus become arbets-och kompetenslinjen in the 1990s; see 1998, The Budget Statement and Summary , p. 19.
I am particularly grateful for discussions with Joakim Palme, Bosse Ringholm, and Anna Hedborg here.
Sheri Berman, The Primacy of Politics. Social Democracy and the Making of Europe’s 20th Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 178.
Gilles Raveaud and Robert Salais, “Fighting against Social Exclusion in a Knowledge Based Society,” in David Mayes, Jos Berghamn, and Robert Salais, eds. Social Exclusion and European Policy (Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2001).
Perry 6 and Ben Jupp, Divided by Information. The Digital Divide and the Implications of the New Meritocracy (London: Demos, 2001).
Jean Gardiner, Gender, Care and Economics, (Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1997).
Daniel Cohen, Nos Temps Modernes (Paris: Flammarion, 1999).
Richard Sennett, The Culture of the New Capitalism, The Castles Lectures in Ethics, Politics and Economics (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 123.
Michael Katz, The Undeserving Poor. From President Johnson’s War on Poverty to Reagan’s War on Welfare (New York: Pantheon Books, 1989).
Alain Touraine, The Post-Industrial Society, Tomorrow’s Social History (New York: Random House, 1971).
Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1996); Manuel Castells, The Network Society: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004).
Government bill, Ett informationssamhälle åt alla (Stockholm, 1999); Social Exclusion Unit, Inclusion through Innovation: Tackling Social Exclusion through New Technologies (London: SEU, 2005).
Compare Ruth Levitas, The Inclusive Society. Social Exclusion and New Labour (New York: Routledge, 2005).
Hilary Silver, “Social Exclusion and Social Solidarity: Three Paradigms,” in International Labour Review nr. 5/6, 133, 1994.
I have discussed the origins of the term social exclusion in Sweden in Jenny Andersson, Between Growth and Security. Swedish Social Democracy from a Strong Society to a Third Way (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2006).
In the Swedish action plans against social exclusion, utslagning has become utestängning, which is much milder, meaning not the “knocked out” but the “closed out,” and in the election campaign 2006 it became milder again, utanförskap—those “outside.” See Sveriges handlingsplan mot fattigdom och social utslagning 2001–2003, Bilaga till protokoll vid regeringssammanträde 2001-05-23 nr 11, Sveriges handlingsplan mot fattigdom och social utestängning 2003–2005, bilaga till protokoll vid regeringssammanträde 2003-07-03.
Janet Newman, Modernising Governance. New Labour, Policy and Society (London: Sage, 2001).
Levitas, The Inclusive Society?; Charles Murray, The Emerging British Underclass (London: Institute for Economic Affairs, 1990).
Social Exclusion Unit, Bringing Britain Together (London: SEU, 1998); Bridging the Gap: New Opportunities for 16–18 Year-Olds Not in Education, Employment or Training (London: SEU, 1999).
Social Exclusion Unit, Preventing Social Exclusion (London: SEU, 2001).
Ibid.
Levitas, The Inclusive Society.
This became a near-dominant discourse of poverty in the late 1990s, not least because of the policy production of the European Union. See Mary Daley, “Social Exclusion as Concept and Policy Template in the European Union,” Working paper, Center for European Studies, Harvard, 2005, nr. 135.
Department for Communities and Local Government, Strong and Prosperous Communities (London: TSO, 2006).
Levitas, The Inclusive Society.
Department for Education and Employment, Raising Expectations: Staying in Education and Training Post-16 (London: DfEE, 2007); Social Exclusion Unit, Bridging the Gap.
Social Exclusion Unit, Inclusion through Innovation.
Newman, Modernising Governance.
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarparti, 90-talsprogrammet (Stockholm: Tiden, 1989).
See Låginkomstutredningen.
See LO 1966, Fackföreningsrörelsen och den tekniska utvecklingen, Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, Partiprogram för socialdemokraterna: antaget vid partikongressen 2001.
Olof Palme speech to party conference, 1978.
Jonas Pontusson, The Limits of Social Democracy: Investment Politics in Sweden, Cornell Studies in Political Economy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992).
Government bill, Sysselsättningspropositionen (1995): Government bill, Vuxnas lärande och utvecklingen av vuxenutbildningen (2000).
This was the original metaphor of the People’s Home, from Per Albin Hansson’s famous speech in 1928.
A Welfare Balance Sheet for the 1990s: Final Report of the Swedish Welfare Commission, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, Supplement, 60 (Stockholm: Umeå, 2003).
Integrationens svarta bok: agenda för jämlikhet och social sammanhållning. Slutbetänkande av utredningen om makt, integration och strukturell diskriminering (Stockholm: SOU 2006:79).
Anna Hedborg to seminar on the future of welfare, Stockholm, Ministry of Social Affairs, October 2005.
Department of Work and Pensions, A New Deal for Welfare: Empowering People to Work (London: DWP, 2006).
Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. A Venture in Social Forecasting (New York: Basic Books, 1973), p. 170.
Fred Hirsch, Social Limits to Growth (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977).
Cohen, Nos Temps Modernes.
Department of Trade and Industry, A New Deal for Welfare: Empowering People to Work, Success at Work, Protecting Vulnerable Workers, Supporting Good Employers (London: D T I, 2006); Department of Work and Pensions, Workplace Health, Work and Wellbeing (London: DWP, 2005).
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarparti, Politiska riktlinjer beslutade av mellankongressen (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 2004), p. 2.
Declaration of Government, 2004; and Finansplanen 2004/05:1; Government bill 2004; Tillväxt i hela landet. En hållbar tillväxt (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 2004); and Ett mänskligare arbetsliv (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 2004).
Kjell Nyman et al., Den svenska sjukan: Sjukfrånvaron i åtta läder (Stockholm: ESO, 2002:49).
In the recently published interviews with the political journalist Erik Fichtelius, Göran Persson says that social democracy was ready to abolish wealth, inheritance, and property tax in 2004. Inheritance tax was dropped in 2004. The right-wing government abolished wealth and property tax in April 2007. Erik Fichtelius and Göran Persson, Aldrig ensam, alltid ensam: samtalen med Göran Persson 1996–2006 (Stockholm: Norstedt, 2007).
Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, Steget in i 2000–talet: riktlinjer antagna av framtidskongressen i Sundsvall (Stockholm: Socialdemokraterna, 1997); En svensk strategi för hållbar utveckling (Stockholm: Miljödepartementet, Regeringskansliet, 2004).
Zygmunt Bauman, Work, Consumerism and the New Poor (Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1998).
David Marquand, “A Man without History,” in New Statesman, May 7, 2007.
Mona Sahlin speech to party conference, March 18, 2007, available online at at www.sap.se.
Mona Sahlin, “Självkritik är nödvändig på viktiga politikområden,” in Dagens nyheter, June 13, 2007.
See SAP, With a View to the Future. Thoughts to Inspire, paper to congress March 16–18, 2007; Nick Pearce and Julia Margo, eds., Politics for a New Generation (London: IPPR, Palgrave, 2007).
Roberto Mangabeira Ungar, What Should the Left Propose? (London: Verso, 2005), p. 22.
Per Nuder to panel debate, SAP Party Headquarters, January 2004.
Peter Taylor Gooby, ed., Risk, Trust and Welfare (Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000).
Sheri Berman, The Primacy of Politics. Social Democracy and the Making of Europe’s 20th Century (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 211.
Berman, The Primacy of Politics.
Bo Rothstein, “Valet en triumph för socialdemokraterna,” in Dagens nyheter, September 20, 2006.
Ernst Wigforss, Minnen (1–3, 1950–1954), pp. 86–119.
Roberto Ungar, What Should the Left Propose?, p. 2.
The party has announced a new committee on equality, which will report before the next election.
Tony Fitzpatrick, New Theories of Welfare (Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).