CHAPTER ONE
1. Beschloss and Talbott, 434.
2. Ibid., 135.
3. Powell, 532.
4. Beschloss and Talbott, 461.
5. Ibid., 230.
CHAPTER THREE
1. Doder and Branson, 70; interview with Scanlan and Eagleburger.
2. Zimmermann, 59.
CHAPTER FOUR
1. Interview with Eagleburger.
2. Interview with Vulliamy.
3. Interview with Eagleburger.
4. Interview with Scowcroft; Zimmermann, 215.
5. David Owen, 6.
CHAPTER FIVE
1. Reynolds, 29.
2. Schwarzkopf, 318–19.
3. Reynolds, 58.
4. Schwarzkopf, 321.
5. Varying interviews; Reynolds, 128.
6. Gordon and Trainor, 93.
CHAPTER SIX
1. Halberstam, Children, 517.
2. Deaver, 130.
3. Atkinson, 94; Powell, 492.
4. Interview with Wooten.
1. Powell, 465.
2. Cramer, 13.
3. Beschloss and Talbott, 26.
4. Tyler, 131.
CHAPTER EIGHT
1. Holbrooke, 26.
2. Gunther, 345.
3. Vulliamy, 5.
4. Rieff, 117.
5. Silber and Little, 29.
6. David Owen, 134.
7. Kaplan, 39.
8. Silber and Little, 29.
9. Kaplan, 40.
10. Doder and Branson, 142.
11. Silber and Little, 37.
12. Doder and Branson, 45, 46.
13. Vulliamy, 52.
14. Zimmermann, 121.
15. Glenny, 35.
16. Judah, 56.
17. Doder, 110.
CHAPTER NINE
1. Interview with Shalikashvili.
2. Interview with Tony Judt.
3. Ibid.
4. Judah, xvii.
5. David Owen, 8.
6. Doder and Branson, 82.
7. Ibid., 91.
CHAPTER TEN
1. David Owen, 9.
2. Doder and Branson, 82.
3. Ibid., 109.
4. Ibid., 95.
5. Ibid., 97.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
1. Interview with Reich.
2. Interview with Shields.
3. Interview with Rollins.
4. Tom Noah, Slate, July 27, 2000.
5. Flowers, 125.
6. Interview with Wooten.
7. Goldman et al., 138.
CHAPTER TWELVE
1. Vulliamy,74–75.
2. Ibid., 83.
3. Holbrooke, 39.
4. Interview with Ullman.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
1. Rieff, 182.
2. Vulliamy, 101–2.
3. Interview with Johnson; Richard Johnson in Mestrovic, 66.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
1. Cramer, 87.
2. Noonan, 301.
3. Goldman et al., 407.
4. Ibid., 356.
5. As quoted by John Gregory Dunne, New Yorker, “Virtual Patriotism,” November 16, 1998.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
1. Interview with Stephanopoulos.
2. In a talk with the author. We are longtime friends.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
1. To the author.
2. Halberstam, “The Decline and Fall of the Eastern Empire,” Vanity Fair, October 1995.
3. Bonner, 169; interview with Bonner and R. W. Apple Jr.
4. The resident Times man was me; we have known each other for thirty-seven years in a sometimes uneven, volatile, but warm friendship.
5. Stephanopoulos, 196–97.
6. Interview with Kagan.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
1. David Owen 107.
2. Holbrooke, 50.
3. Ibid., 54.
4. Honig and Both, 84; Silber and Little, 266.
5. Honig and Both, 91.
6. Silber and Little, 270.
7. Powell, 564.
8. David Owen, 289.
CHAPTER NINETEEN
1. Reich, 63.
2. Woodward, Agenda, 125.
3. Reich, 72.
4. Interviews with Clinton economic and political aides.
5. Woodward, Agenda, 165.
CHAPTER TWENTY
1. Interview with Wooten.
2. Seitz, 328.
3. Interview with Marshall Harris; Marshall Harris in Mestrovic, 242.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
1. Halberstam, Parade, September 17, 1995.
2. Ibid.
3. Schwarzkopf, 288.
4. Interview with Gelb.
5. Powell, 148.
6. Ibid., 149.
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
1. Stephanopoulos, 132.
2. Powell, 578.
3. Interview with Powell.
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE
1. Oakley and Hirsch, 7.
2. Ibid., 15.
3. Ibid., 43.
4. Ibid., 111.
5. Dobbs, 355.
6. Oakley and Hirsch, 122.
7. Mark Bowden’s Black Hawk Down tells in great detail what happened that day and is one of the best pieces of war reporting I have ever read.
8. Stephanopoulos, 214.
9. I am dependent here on background interviews with almost all of the various principals, plus varying memoirs of the period, plus Elizabeth Drew’s excellent account in On the Edge, the best description of Clinton in that period.
10. Bowden, 309; interviews with Oakley and Lake.
11. Hyland, 59.
12. Ibid.
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR
1. Powell, 544.
2. Morris Morley and Chris McGillion, Political Science Quarterly, fall 1997.
3. Morris, 5.
4. Stephanopoulos, 219.
5. Ann Devroy and Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, September 25, 1994.
6. Stephanopoulos, 219.
7. Ibid., 217.
8. Ibid., 217–18.
9. Gourevitch, 95.
10. Frontline, “The Triumph of Evil,” January 16, 1999, transcript.
11. Frontline, interview with James Woods, deputy assistant secretary of defense.
12. Gourevitch, 168–69.
13. Frontline, “The Triumph of Evil,” January 26, 1999.
14. Stephanopoulos, 305.
15. Powell, 598.
16. Stephanopoulos, 313; interviews with him and other White House principals.
17. From an article in the United States Institute of Peace Press by Robert Pastor, who was the senior adviser to the Carter trip; interview with Pastor.
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE
1. Daalder, 33.
2. Ibid., 34.
3. Powell, 576.
4. Stephanopoulos, 214.
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX
1. Roger Cohen, 233.
2. Ibid., 234.
3. Doder and Branson, 209.
4. Vulliamy, 107.
5. Ibid., 47.
6. Honig and Both, 28.
7. Jann Wenner, “The Rolling Stone Interview with Clinton,” January 4, 2001.
8. Powell, 602.
9. Rohde, 25.
10. Ibid., 363.
11. Stephanopoulos, 216.
12. Woodward, Choice, 254.
1. Stephanopoulos, 331.
2. Ibid., 333.
3. Morris, 254.
4. Woodward, Choice, 258; plus further interviews with principals.
5. Rohde, 167.
6. Honig and Both, xvii.
7. Ibid., 63–64.
8. Woodward, Choice, 259–60.
9. Rohde, 301–2.
10. Woodward, Choice, 261; plus interviews with Lake, Soderberg, McCurry, Berger, and Vershbow.
11. Woodward, Choice, 262; plus interviews with almost all of the principals.
CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT
1. Interview with Gore; Woodward, Choice, 262.
2. From varying interviews, including with Gore.
CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE
1. Rohde, 330.
CHAPTER THIRTY
1. Interviews with Lake and Holbrooke; Holbrooke, 74.
2. Holbrooke, 73.
3. Ibid., 168.
CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE
1. Holbrooke, 212.
2. Ibid., 106.
3. Ibid., 360.
CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO
1. Judah, xix.
2. Ibid., 156.
3. Ibid., 130–31.
CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE
1. George, December 1999.
2. Toobin, 251–52.
3. Time, February 2, 1998.
4. George, December 2000.
5. Time, February 2, 1998.
6. George, December 1999.
7. Richard Reeves, Talk, September 2000.
8. Woodward, Shadow, 493.
9. Ibid., 490–93.
10. Ibid., 495.
11. Daalder and O’Hanlon, 30, 283.
12. Dobbs, 86.
13. Blackman, 141.
14. Dobbs, 197.
15. Ibid., 333.
16. Powell, 576; interview with Albright.
CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR
1. Daalder and O’Hanlon, 43.
2. Frontline, September 22, 2000.
3. Judah, 187; interviews with Clark and Holbrooke.
CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE
1. Judah, 137.
2. Interview with Clark; Clark, 164–65.
3. Frontline, February 22, 2000, Peter Boyer, Michael Kirk, and Rick Young, reporters.
4. Judah, 186; interviews with Short and Holbrooke.
CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX
1. Maraniss, 446.
2. R. W. Apple, New York Times, August 25, 1999.
3. Daalder, 70–71; interviews with different principals.
4. Frontline, transcript of interview with William Walker, 9.
CHAPTER THIRTY-SEVEN
1. John Barry, Newsweek, July 14, 1997.
2. Clark, 82.
3. Current Biography, 1998, 529.
4. Elaine Sciolino and Steven Lee Myers, New York Times, December 5, 1997.
5. Murray Kempton, New York Newsday, February 26, 1995.
6. Halberstam, Best and Brightest, 270.
CHAPTER THIRTY-EIGHT
1. Daalder and O’Hanlon, 94.
2. Frontline, February 22, 2000.
3. Judah, 227; interviews with Holbrooke and Clark.
4. Frontline, February 22, 2000; interview with Short.
1. Gordon Chaplin, Washington Post, May 10, 1981.
2. Ibid.
3. Interview with Christman.
4. Interview with Clark; Clark, 119.
CHAPTER FORTY
1. Interview with Clark and other senior officers; Clark, 126–27.
2. William S. Cohen, 59–62.
3. Dorland, 162–63.
4. Charles Lane, New Republic, July 28, 1997.
5. Frontline, February 22, 2000.
CHAPTER FORTY-ONE
1. Daalder and O’Hanlon, 19.
2. Frontline, February 22, 2000.
CHAPTER FORTY-TWO
1. Interviews with Short and Clark; Grant, B-2 Goes to War, 31.
2. Dana Priest, Washington Post, December 29, 1999.
3. Interviews with Clark and other generals; Clark, 227.
CHAPTER FORTY-THREE
1. Judah, 274.
2. Ibid., 271.
3. Ibid., 278–79; interview with Talbott; Talbott interview, Frontline, February 22, 2000.
4. Laura Silber, Talk, April 2000.
5. Interview with Biden.
CHAPTER FORTY-FOUR
1. Washington Post, June 28, 2001.
2. Interview with Wooten.