From the volumes in my scholar’s library are a few dozen flower and pollinator books that I consult often as references in my research as a pollination ecologist studying flowers, bees, and other pollinators. Some of these are highly technical scientific works, while others are intended for a scientifically engaged and curious audience. I offer these suggested readings for your own journey of discovery into the world of flowers, their pollinators, and the people who love them.
Cathy Barash, Edible Flowers: From Garden to Palate (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 1995), 250 pp.
Peter Bernhardt, The Rose’s Kiss: A Natural History of Flowers (Washington, DC, and Covelo, CA: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1999), 267 pp.
———, Gods and Goddesses in the Garden: Greco-Roman Mythology and the Scientific Names of Plants (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008), 239 pp.
Stephen Buchmann and Gary Paul Nabhan, The Forgotten Pollinators (Washington, DC, and Covelo, CA: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1996), 292 pp.
Stephen Buchmann and Banning Repplier, Letters from the Hive: An Intimate History of Bees, Honey, and Humankind (New York: Bantam Books, 2005), 275 pp.
Retha Edens-Meier and Peter Bernhardt, eds., Darwin’s Orchids: Then and Now (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), 419 pp.
Loren Eiseley, How Flowers Changed the World (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1996), 32 pp.
Knut Faegri and Leendert van der Pijl, The Principles of Pollination Ecology (Toronto: Pergamon Press, 1966), 248 pp.
Theodore Fleming and John Kress, The Ornaments of Life: Coevolution and Conservation in the Tropics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013), 588 pp.
Gordon Frankie, Robbin Thorp, Rollin Coville, and Barbara Ertter (with Mary Schindler), California Bees & Blooms: A Guide for Gardeners and Naturalists (Berkeley, CA: Heyday, 2014), 296 pp.
Roy Genders, Scented Flora of the World (London: Robert Hall, 1994), 560 pp.
Jack Goody, The Culture of Flowers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 462 pp.
E. Buckner Hollingsworth, Flower Chronicles: The Legend and Lore of Fifteen Garden Favorites (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 302 pp.
Stephen Kellert and Edward O. Wilson, eds., The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993), 484 pp.
Gretchen LeBuhn, Field Guide to the Common Bees of California: Including Bees of the Western United States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013), 175 pp.
David Lee, Nature’s Palette: The Science of Plant Color (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 409 pp.
Charles Michener, The Bees of the World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), 992 pp.
Andrew Moore and Anna Pavord, eds., Flower Power: The Meaning of Flowers in Art (London: Philip Wilson Publishers, 2003), 96 pp.
Cathy Newman, Perfume: The Art and Science of Scent (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1998), 157 pp.
David Roubik, Ecology and Natural History of Tropical Bees (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 514 pp.
Amy Stewart, Flower Confidential: The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful (Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 2007), 306 pp.
Luca Turin, The Science of Scent: Adventures in Perfume and the Science of Smell (New York: Ecco, 2006), 207 pp.
Paul Williams, Robbin Thorp, Leif Richardson, and Sheila Colla, Bumble Bees of North America: An Identification Guide (Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2014), 208 pp.
Pat Willmer, Pollination and Floral Ecology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 778 pp.
The following bibliography is a mix of citations including books, scientific-journal and magazine articles, edited volumes, and website URLs. They include some but not all of the bibliographic sources used during my research and writing. Primary scientific articles can be located using keyword searches with the Google Scholar search engine. Reference librarians will be glad to assist in your bibliophilic searchers. The main sources have been shortened. The complete source list can be found on the author’s website.
Pollen as a floral reward in angiosperms: Pat Willmer, Pollination and Floral Ecology (Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2011), 154–89.
Nectar as a floral reward in angiosperms: Ibid., 190–220.
Other floral rewards: Ibid., 221–33.
Oil-producing flowers: Stephen Buchmann, “The Ecology of Oil Flowers and Their Bees,” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18 (1987): 343–69.
Euglossine orchid bees and neotropical orchids: David Roubik and Paul Hansen, Orchid Bees of Tropical America: Biology and Field Guide (San Jose, Costa Rica: INBio, 2004).
Charles Darwin and orchids: Retha Edens-Meier and Peter Bernhardt, eds., Darwin’s Orchids: Then and Now (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014).
The ecology of floral scents: Robert Raguso, “Wake Up and Smell the Roses: The Ecology and Evolution of Floral Scent,” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 39 (2008): 549–69.
Electrostatic charges on bees: Eric Erickson and Stephen Buchmann, “Electrostatics and Pollination,” in Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology, eds. C. Jones and R. Little (New York: S & AE Division of Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1983), 173–84.
Floral pigments and color: David Lee, Nature’s Palette: The Science of Plant Color (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2010).
Ultraviolet floral patterns as cues for bees: Eugene Jones and Stephen Buchmann, “Ultraviolet Floral Patterns as Functional Orientation Cues in Hymenopterous Pollination Systems,” Animal Behaviour 22, no. 2 (1974): 481–85.
Ultraviolet signaling by plants and animals: Robert Silberglied, “Communication in the Ultraviolet,” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 10 (1979): 373–98.
Color vision in insects: Adriana Briscoe and Lars Chittka, “The Evolution of Color Vision in Insects,” Annual Review of Entomology 46 (2001): 471–510.
Early nonflowering plants and angiosperms: Karl Niklas, The Evolutionary Biology of Plants (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1997).
What were the earliest angiosperm flowers like?: Peter Endress and James Doyle, “Reconstructing the Ancestral Angiosperm Flower and Its Initial Specializations,” American Journal of Botany 96, no. 1 (2009): 22–66.
The first flowers: Peter Bernhardt, The Rose’s Kiss (Washington, DC, and Covelo, CA: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1999), 221–33.
The origin of angiosperms: James Doyle, “Molecular and Fossil Evidence on the Origin of Angiosperms,” Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 40 (2012): 301–26.
Ancient scorpion flies as early pollinators of flowering plants: Scorpion flies may have been pollinating seed ferns, conifers, and other gymnosperms during the Jurassic as early as 167 mya. For more see Doug Ren et al., “A Probable Pollination Mode before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies,” Science 326, no. 5954 (2009): 840–47.
Darwin’s abominable mystery: William Friedman, “The Meaning of Darwin’s Abominable Mystery,” American Journal of Botany 96, no. 1 (2009): 5–21.
Earliest bees from Burmese amber: Bryan Danforth and George Poinar, “Morphology, Classification, and Antiquity of Melittosphex burmensis (Apoidea: Melittosphecidae) and Implications for Early Bee Evolution,” Journal of Paleontology 85, no. 5 (2011): 882–91.
Earliest flowers were tiny: A representative paper on a small Cretaceous “charcoalized” flower from New Jersey clay pits. Also, from an unpublished plot of floral diameters over time by Dr. Bryan Danforth. William Crepet and Kevin Nixon, “Two New Fossil Flowers of Magnoliid Affinity from the Late Cretaceous of New Jersey,” American Journal of Botany 85, no. 9 (1998): 1273–88.
Pollination in the earliest/basal angiosperms, the ANITA group: Leonard Thien et al., “Pollination Biology of Basal Angiosperms (ANITA Grade),” American Journal of Botany 96, no. 1 (2009): 166–82.
The first flower?: G. Sun, David Dilcher, S. Zheng, and Z. Zhou, “In Search of the First Flower: A Jurassic Angiosperm, Archaefructus, from Northeast China,” Science 282, no. 5394 (1998): 1692–95.
Ecology of tropical bees: David Roubik, Ecology and Natural History of Tropical Bees (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Flowers, fruits, pollination mutualisms: Theodore Fleming and John Kress, The Ornaments of Life: Coevolution and Conservation in the Tropics (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2013).
An early warning on pollinator declines: Stephen Buchmann and Gary Paul Nabhan, The Forgotten Pollinators (Washington, DC, and Covelo, CA: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 1996).
Flies, the second most important order among anthophilous insects: B. Larson, Peter Kevan, and David Inouye, “Flies and Flowers: Taxonomic Diversity of Anthophiles and Pollinators,” Canadian Entomologist 133, no. 4 (2001): 439–65.
Monarchs at risk?: Lincoln Brower et al., “Decline of Monarch Butterflies Overwintering in Mexico: Is the Migratory Phenomenon at Risk?,” Insect Conservation and Diversity 5, no. 2 (2012): 95–100.
Deep flowers for long tongues: Joseph Arditti et al., “ ‘Good Heavens What Insect Can Suck It’: Charles Darwin, Angraecum sesquipedale and Xanthopan morganii praedicta,” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 169, no. 3 (2012): 403–32.
Yucca flowers and their pollinating moths: Olle Pellmyr, “Yuccas, Yucca Moths, and Co-evolution: A Review,” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 90, no. 1 (2003): 35–55.
Bumble bees of North America: Paul Williams, Robbin Thorp, Leif Richardson, and Sheila Colla, Bumble Bees of North America: An Identification Guide (Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2014).
Conserving our bees: Laurence Packer, Keeping the Bees: Why All Bees Are at Risk and What We Can Do to Save Them (Toronto, Canada: HarperCollins, 2010).
Giving good vibrations: Stephen Buchmann, “Buzz Pollination in Angiosperms,” in Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology, ed. C. Jones and R. Little (New York: Scientific and Academic Editions, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983), 73–113.
The ecology of buzz pollination: Paul De Luca and M. Vallejo-Marín, “What’s the ‘Buzz’ About? The Ecology and Evolutionary Significance of Buzz-Pollination,” Current Opinion in Plant Biology 16 (2013): 1–7.
Every third bite of our food: Alexandra Klein et al., “Importance of Pollinators in Changing Landscapes for World Crops,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences 274, no. 1608 (2007): 303–13.
Ecological services from insects: John Losey and Mace Vaughan, “The Economic Value of Ecological Services Provided by Insects,” BioScience 56, no. 4 (2006): 311–23.
Pollination by birds: Theodore Fleming and John Kress, The Ornaments of Life: Co-evolution and Conservation in the Tropics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013).
Pollination by bats: Theodore Fleming, Cullen Geiselman, and John Kress, “The Evolution of Bat Pollination: A Phylogenetic Perspective,” Annals of Botany 104, no. 6 (2009): 1017–43.
Human as pollinators: Uma Partap and Tang Ya, “The Human Pollinators of Fruit Crops in Maoxian County, Sichuan, China,” Mountain Research and Development 32, no. 2 (2012): 176–86.
European gardens, history: Tom Turner, European Gardens: History, Philosophy and Design (London: Routledge, 2011).
Ancient Egyptian gardens: Lise Manniche, An Ancient Egyptian Herbal (London: British Museum Press, 2006).
Gardening through the ages: Tassilo Wengel, The Art of Gardening through the Ages (Leipzig: Edition Leipzig, 1987).
Garden plants and Greco-Roman mythology: Peter Bernhardt, Gods and Goddesses in the Garden: Greco-Roman Mythology and the Scientific Names of Plants (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008).
Gardens of ancient Pompeii: Annamaria Ciarallo, Gardens of Pompeii (Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider, 2000).
Gardens of Monticello and Mount Vernon: Peter Martin, The Pleasure Gardens of Virginia: From Jamestown to Jefferson (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991).
Attracting native pollinators: Xerces Society, Attracting Native Pollinators: The Xerces Society Guide, Protecting North America’s Bees and Butterflies (North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing, 2011).
Pollinator gardening: Xerces Society and Smithsonian Institution (anonymous), Butterfly Gardening: Creating Summer Magic in Your Garden (San Francisco: Sierra Clubs Books, 1998).
Moonlight gardens: Peter Loewer, The Evening Garden: Flowers and Fragrance from Dusk till Dawn (Portland, OR: Timber Press, 1993).
Neanderthal flower burials: Ralph Solecki, “Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq,” Science 190, no. 4217 (1975): 880–81.
Natufian flower burials: Dani Nadel et al., “Earliest Floral Grave Lining from 13,700–11,700-y-old Natufian Burials at Raqefet Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 29 (2013): 11774–78.
Mummy garlands and collars: Lise Manniche, An Ancient Egyptian Herbal (London: British Museum Press, 2006).
Grecian burial customs: F. Retief and L. Cilliers, “Burial Customs, the Afterlife and the Pollution of Death in Ancient Greece,” Acta Theologica 26, no. 2 (2006): 44–61.
Roman burial practices: http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/deathafterlife/a/RomanBurial.htm.
The lotus flower in art and culture: Riklef Kandeler and Wolfram Ullrich, “Symbolism of Plants: Examples from European-Mediterranean Culture Presented with Biology and History of Art: JULY: Lotus,” Journal of Experimental Botany 60, no. 9 (2009): 2461–64.
Flowers in Bali and the culture of flowers: Jack Goody, The Culture of Flowers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
Mexico’s Day of the Dead: Stanley Brandes, Skulls to the Living, Bread to the Dead: The Day of the Dead in Mexico and Beyond (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2006).
Victorian mourning: Sonia Bedikian, “The Death of Mourning: From Victorian Crepe to the Little Black Dress,” Omega: Journal of Death and Dying 57, no. 1 (2008): 35–52.
Death and dying in America: Jessica Mitford, The American Way of Death Revisited (New York: Vintage, 2000).
Flower sex and other secrets: Ruth Kassinger, A Garden of Marvels: How We Discovered That Flowers Have Sex, Leaves Eat Air, and Other Secrets of Plants (New York: William Morrow, 2014).
Garden flowers and their lore: E. Buckner Hollingsworth, Flower Chronicles: The Legend and Lore of Fifteen Garden Favorites (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).
Luther Burbank: Peter Dreyer, A Gardener Touched with Genius: The Life of Luther Burbank (Santa Rosa, CA: L. Burbank Home & Gardens, 1993).
Debunking tulipmania: Anne Goldgar, Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
Nudging mother nature: J. Mol, E. Cornish, J. Mason, and R. Koes, “Novel Coloured Flowers,” Current Opinions in Biotechnology 10 (1999): 198–201.
Pollinators and gardeners beware: Livio Comba et al., “Flowers, Nectar and Insect Visits: Evaluating British Plant Species for Pollinator-Friendly Gardens,” Annals of Botany 83, no. 4 (1999): 369–83.
Make mine a single: Sarah Corbet et al., “Native or Exotic? Double or Single? Evaluating Plants for Pollinator-Friendly Gardens,” Annals of Botany 87, no. 2 (2001): 219–32.
RHS Chelsea: Brent Elliott, RHS Chelsea Flower Show: The First 100 Years, 1913–2013 (London: Frances Lincoln, 2014).
Gardens across America: Thomas Spencer and John Russell, Gardens Across America, East of the Mississippi: The American Horticultural Society’s Guide to American Public Gardens and Arboreta, vol. 1 (Boulder, CO: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2005).
At the Miami airport: Amy Stewart, Flower Confidential: The Good, the Bad and the Beautiful (Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 2007).
The Dutch floral trade: Niala Maharaj and Gaston Dorren, The Game of the Rose (Utrecht, Netherlands: International Books, 1995).
Various statistics on flowers grown in the United States and exported: US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, www.ers.usda.gov/.
Data on US imports of cut flowers is contained in the various yearbooks: US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, “Floriculture and Nursery Crops Yearbook,” www.ers.usda.gov/.
Buying patterns and statistics: Society of American Florists, www.safnow.org/.
The florist industry: Florists’ Review Enterprises, A Centennial History of the American Florist (Topeka, KS: Florists’ Review Enterprises, 1997).
Flowers for the holidays: Leigh Schmidt, Consumer Rites: The Buying and Selling of American Holidays (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
Per capita spending on flowers: Flower Council of Holland, www.flowercouncil.org; and United Nations COMTRADE database, http://comtrade.un.org/.
Saffron, thistles, and Roman capers: Peter Bernhardt, Gods and Goddesses in the Garden: Greco-Roman Mythology and the Scientific Names of Plants (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008).
How Rome tamed the artichoke: Gabriella Sonnante et al., “The Domestication of Artichoke and Cardoon: From Roman Times to the Genomic Age,” Annals of Botany 100, no. 5 (2007): 1095–1100.
Rose water and rose recipes: Eleanour Rohde, Rose Recipes from Olden Times (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2013).
Essential oils from spices, and pathogens: M. Tajkarimi et al., “Antimicrobial Herb and Spice Compounds in Food,” Food Control 21 (2010): 1199–1218.
The spice routes: Gary Paul Nabhan, Cumin, Camels, and Caravans: A Spice Odyssey (Oakland: University of California Press, 2014).
More than garnish: Cathy Barash, Edible Flowers: From Garden to Palate (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 1995).
Edible flowers: Rosalind Creasy, The Edible Flower Garden (Boston, MA: Periplus Editions, 1999).
In hot water: Kevin Gascoyne, Tea: History, Terroirs, Varieties (Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada: Firefly Books, 2011).
Honeys and beekeeping: Stephen Buchmann and Banning Repplier, Letters from the Hive: An Intimate History of Bees, Honey, and Humankind (New York: Bantam Books, 2005).
Also from the hive: Justin Schmidt and Stephen Buchmann, “Other Products of the Hive,” in The Hive and the Honey Bee, ed. Joe Graham (Hamilton, IL: Dadant & Sons, 1992), 927–88.
The sense of smell: Wolfgang Meyerhof and Sigrun Korsching, eds., Chemosensory Systems in Mammals, Fishes, and Insects (Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation) (Berlin: Springer, 2009).
Floral scents and bees: S. Dötterl and N. Vereecken, “The Chemical Ecology and Evolution of Bee-Flower Interactions: A Review and Perspectives,” Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 7 (2010): 668–97.
Flowers and their scents: Roy Genders, Scented Flora of the World (London: Robert Hale, 1994).
Desert trumpets: Robert Raguso et al., “Trumpet Flowers of the Sonoran Desert: Floral Biology of Peniocereus Cacti and Sacred Datura,” International Journal of Plant Sciences 164, no. 6 (2003): 877–92.
The ecology of floral scents: Robert Raguso, “Wake Up and Smell the Roses: The Ecology and Evolution of Floral Scent,” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 39 (2008): 549–69.
The making of perfumes: Cathy Newman, Perfume: The Art and Science of Scent (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1998).
Unguents, perfume, and eyeliner: Lise Manniche, Sacred Luxuries: Fragrance, Aromatherapy and Cosmetics in Ancient Egypt (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999).
Perfume and the science of smell: Luca Turin, The Secret of Scent: Adventures in Perfume and the Science of Smell (New York: Ecco, 2006).
Is this how the nose works?: Chandler Burr, The Emperor of Scent: A True Story of Perfume and Obsession (New York: Random House, 2004).
Perfumes of the world: Luca Turin and Tania Sanchez, Perfumes: The A–Z Guide (New York: Penguin Books, 2009).
Flower lore: Hilderic Friend, Flowers and Flower Lore, 6th ed. (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2010).
The language of flowers: Louise Cortambert, The Language of Flowers with Illustrative Poetry; to Which Are Now Added The Calendar of Flowers and the Dial of Flowers, 10th ed. (London: Saunders & Otley, 1846).
Flower masquerades: J. Grandville, The Flowers Personified: Being a Translation of Grandville’s Les Fleurs Animées, trans. N. Cleaveland (New York: R. Martin, 1849).
Floral meanings: Gretchen Scoble and Ann Field, The Meaning of Flowers: Myth, Language and Lore (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1998).
Language of the flowers: Marina Heilmeyer, The Language of Flowers: Symbols and Myths (Munich: Prestel, 2006).
Flower legends and lore: E. Buckner Hollingsworth, Flower Chronicles: The Legend and Lore of Fifteen Garden Favorites (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).
Ancient Olympic games and flowers: http://www.olympic.org/documents/reports/en/en_report_658.pdf.
Flowers in other cultures: Jack Goody, The Culture of Flowers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
List of US state flowers: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_flowers.
Bluebonnets not billboards: Lewis Gould, “First Lady as Catalyst: Lady Bird Johnson and Highway Beautification in the 1960s,” Environmental Review 10, no. 2 (1986): 76–92.
Flowers of the Bible: Amots Dafni and Salah Khatib, Plants, Demons and Miracles: Folklore of Plants of the Bible Lands (forthcoming).
Flowers of purgatory: Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy: Inferno; Purgatorio; Paradiso (New York: Everyman’s Library, 1995).
Ancient Chinese poems: Qu Yuan, The Songs of the South: An Anthology of Ancient Chinese Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets (New York: Penguin Classics, 2012).
Ancient Japanese poetry: Marc Keane, Songs in the Garden: Poetry and Gardens in Ancient Japan (Ithaca, NY: MPK Books, 2012).
Robert Herrick: Robert Herrick, A Selection from the Lyrical Poems of Robert Herrick (FQ Books, 2010).
William Wordsworth: William Wordsworth, William Wordsworth: The Major Works: Including the Prelude (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
Tennyson’s poems: Alfred Tennyson, The Major Works (Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics, 2009).
Flower fairies: Cicely Mary Barker, Flower Fairies: The Meaning of Flowers (London: Warne, 1996).
Sonnets and flowers: Jessica Kerr, Shakespeare’s Flowers (Chicago: Johnson Books, 1968).
Flower art of ancient Egypt: W. Stevenson Smith, The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999).
Western art: Bruce Cole: Art of the Western World: From Ancient Greece to Post Modernism (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991).
Flower power: Andrew Moore and Christopher Garibaldi, eds., Flower Power: The Meaning of Flowers in Art (New York: Philip Wilson Publishers, 2003).
Dutch still-life paintings: Tanya Paul and James Clifton, Elegance and Refinement: The Still-Life Paintings of Willem van Aelst (New York: Skira Rizzoli, 2012).
Sensual blooms: Barbara Lynes, Georgia O’Keeffe Museum Collection (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2007).
Psychedelic flowers: Andy Warhol, The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (From A to B and Back Again) (Fort Washington, PA: Harvest, 1977).
Panchromatic flowers: Ansel Adams and Andrea Stillman, eds., Ansel Adams: 400 Photographs (Stockton, CA: Ansel Adams, 2007).
Flower arrangement: F. Rockwell and Esther Grayson, The Complete Book of Flower Arrangement: For Home Decoration and Show Competition (New York: American Garden Guild and Doubleday, 1947).
Japanese ikebana: Sato Shozo, The Art of Arranging Flowers: A Complete Guide to Japanese Ikebana (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1965).
Woven into rugs and tapestries: Louise Mackie, “Covered with Flowers: Medieval Floor Coverings Excavated at Fustat in 1980,” in Oriental Carpet and Textile Studies, ed. R. Pinner and W. Denny (International Conference on Oriental Carpets, 1993), 23–35.
Magnificent glass impostors: Richard Schultes et al., The Glass Flowers at Harvard (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).
Gregor Mendel: Elof Carlson, Mendel’s Legacy: The Origin of Classical Genetics (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004).
Casting their pollen into the wind: Karl Niklas, “The Aerodynamics of Wind Pollination,” Botanical Review 51, no. 3 (1985): 328–86.
Flowers in the wind tunnel: Karl Niklas and Stephen Buchmann, “Aerodynamics of Wind Pollination in Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider,” American Journal of Botany 72 no. 4 (1985): 530–39.
Form and function: Karl Niklas, Plant Biomechanics: An Engineering Approach to Plant Form and Function (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
Trumpet flowers and their moths: Robert Raguso, Cynthia Henzel, Stephen Buchmann, and Gary Nabhan, “Trumpet Flowers of the Sonoran Desert: Floral Biology of Peniocereus Cacti and Sacred Datura,” International Journal of Plant Sciences 164, no. 6 (2003): 877–92.
Signposts for bees: Eugene Jones and Stephen Buchmann, “Ultraviolet Floral Patterns as Functional Orientation Cues in Hymenopterous Pollination Systems,” Animal Behaviour 22, no. 2 (1974): 481–85.
Communicating in the UV spectrum: Robert Silberglied, “Communication in the Ultraviolet,” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 10 (1979): 373–98.
How pollinators recognize their flowers: Lars Chittka and Nigel Raine, “Recognition of Flowers by Pollinators,” Current Opinion in Plant Biology 9, no. 4 (2006): 428–35.
Artificial flowers and learning in bumble bees: Anne Leonard, Anna Dornhaus, and Daniel Papaj,” “Flowers Help Bees Cope with Uncertainty: Signal Detection and the Function of Floral Complexity,” Journal of Experimental Biology 214 (2011): 113–21.
Bees discriminate odors: Wulfila Gronenberg et al., “Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) Learn to Discriminate the Smell of Organic Compounds from Their Respective Deuterated Isotopomers,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281, no. 1778 (2014), doi:10.1098/repr.2013.3089.
Humans need nature: Edward O. Wilson, Biophilia: The Human Bond with Other Species (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986).
Tea and stress levels: Yi-Ching Yang et al., “The Protective Effect of Habitual Tea Consumption on Hypertension,” JAMA Internal Medicine 164, no. 14 (2004): 1534–40.
Honey for dressing wounds: Peter Molan, “The Evidence Supporting the Use of Honey as a Wound Dressing,” International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds 5, no. 1 (2006): 40–54.
Efficacy of honey-coated bandages: Betina Lund-Nielsen et al., “The Effect of Honey-Coated Bandages Compared with Silver-Coated Bandages on Treatment of Malignant Wounds: A Randomized Study,” Wound Repair and Regeneration 19, no. 6 (2011): 664–70.
Recovery from surgery: Roger Ulrich, “View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery,” Science 224, no. 4647 (1984): 420–21.
Fear is in the air?: Denise Chen and Jeannette Haviland-Jones, “Human Olfactory Communication of Emotion,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 91 (2000): 771–81.
Indoor air; wild or scrubbed: Jeannette Haviland-Jones et al., “The Emotional Air in Your Space: Scrubbed, Wild or Cultivated?,” Emotion, Space and Society 6 (2013): 91–99.
The Duchenne smile: Leanne Williams et al., “In Search of the ‘Duchenne Smile’: Evidence from Eye Movements,” Journal of Psychophysiology 15, no. 2 (2001): 122–27.
Flowers make us smile: Jeannette Haviland-Jones et al., “An Environmental Approach to Positive Emotion: Flowers,” Evolutionary Psychology 3, no. 1–4 (2005): 104–32.