1. C, W. Abeli, Savage Life in New Guinea (London, 1901), 138; James Adair, The History of the American Indians (London, 1775), 382 et seq; Η. H. Turney-High, Primitive War, Its Practice and Concepts (New York, 1971), 128.
2. Niese, ed., Josephus Flavins (Berlin, 1887), Book 2, chapter 19.
3. Dio Cassius, chapter 6g, 12-13.
4. Thucydides, III, 94-98, quoted in F. E. Adcock, The Greek and Macedonian Art of War (Berkeley, 1957), 17.
5. The main sources for the Battle of Teutoburg Forest are Tacitus's Annali, Dio Cassius, and Suetonius.
6. Caesar, De hello Gallico, Book VII. See also Camille Jullian, Vercingetorix (Paris, 1921), and T. Rice Holmes, Caesar's Conquest of Gaul (London, 1899).
7. Antonio Garcia y Bellido, "Bandas y Guerrillas en las luchas con Roma," Hispania,V, No. 21, 548.
8. The main sources are Appian, Diodorus, Dio Cassius. The best short summary is Hans Gundel's "Viriathus" in Pauly and Wissowa, Real Encyclopaedie d. klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, 1893-.
9. Appian, Roman History, I, trans. Horace White (London, 1958), 258.
10. Cambridge Ancient History, VIII, 316.
11. "Su coincidencia con los practicados por las guerrillas en nuestra Guerra de la Independencia es absoluta." Bellido, "Bandas . ..," 589.
12. The question whether Viriathus should be considered Portuguese or Celtibero remains in dispute.
13. Plutarch 12-13. See also the dissertation by Stahl, De Bello Sertoriano (Erlangen, 1907); Mommsen, Römische Geschichte, III, and Schulten, in Pauly and Wissowa, Real Encyclopaedie.
14. Mommsen,Römische Geschichte, III, 37.
15· See G. Köhler, Die Entwicklung des Kriegswesens und der Kriegsführung in der Ritterzeit (Breslau, 1886) II; Hans Delbrück, Geschichte der Kriegskunst, (Berlin, 1907) III; Emil Daniels, Geschichte des Kriegswesen (Leipzig, 1910).
16. Oeuvres de Froissart, VI, 32.
17. The main source for the Tuchins is M. Boudet, La Jacquerie des Tuchins 1363-84 (Paris, 1895).
18. H. W. V. Temperley, History of Serbia (London, 1919), 125
19. F. S. Stevenson, History of Montenegro (London, 1912), 123; G. Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution (London, 1861), I.
20. Lieutenant G. Arbuthnot, Herzegovina or Omer Pasha and the Christian Rebels (London, 1862), 152.
21. Ibid., 266.
22. The Present State of the Ottoman Empire (London, 1668),
23. G. Rosen, Die Balkan Haiducken (Leipzig, 1878), 26-27.
24. Finlay, History ..., 32.
25. General Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution, I,313.
26. J. B. Parsons, "Attitudes towards the late Ming Rebellions," in Oriens Extremus, VI (1959); Erich Hauer, "Li Tsu-cheng and Chang Hsien-chung," in Asia Minor, II (1925). For a short general description see Roland Mousnier, Fureurs Paysannes (Paris, 1967), 238-306.
27. Basing himself on Ewald (Abhandlung), Clausewitz refers to the many incidents in which American riflemen had abducted English generals (Vorlesungen über den kleinen Krieg, Schriften, I [Göttingen, 1966], 439). Frederick the Great, on the other hand, took a dim view of the importance of the lessons of the war in America. On one occasion he wrote: "The people who come back from America imagine they know all there is to know about war, and yet they have to start learning war all over again in Europe." (Quoted in Peter Paret, York and the Era of Prussian Reform 1807-1815 [Princeton, 1966],43).
28. Piers Mackesy, The War for America (London, 1964), 30,366.
29. The most recent biography of Marion is Hugh F. Rankin, The Swamp Fox (New York, 1973). Of the earlier works Κ. T. Headley, Washington and his Generals (New York, 1847), II, and W. Gilmore Simms, The Life of Francis Marion (New York, 1846) should also be mentioned.
30. Rankin, op. cit., 173. See also Mark Boatner, ed., Cassell's Biographical Dictionary of the American War of Independence, 1773-1783 (London, 1966).
31. A. K. Gregorie, Thomas Sumter (Columbia, 1931).
32. James Graham, The Life of General Daniel Morgan (New York, 1859).
33. Esmond Wright, Washington and the American Revolution (London, 1973), 135·
34. Jac Weiler, "Irregular but Effective: Partisan Weapons Tactics in the American Revolution: Southern Theatre," Military Affairs (Fall 1967), 120.
35. W. D. James, A Sketch of the Life of Brigadier General Francis Marion (Charleston, 1824), 59.
36. Weller, loc. cit., 126.
37. Ibid., 119.
38. Ch. I. Chassin, La Vendee Patriotique (Paris, 1892), II, 293.
39. This account is based mainly on the works of Ch. I. Chassin, Emile Gabory, Joseph Clemenceau and Savary. Of the recent literature A. Montagnon, Une guerre subversive (Paris, 1959), Charles Tilly, The Vendee (London, 1964), and Peter Paret, Internal War and Pacification: The Vendee 1789-1796 (Princeton, 1961) are the most important.
40. P. Paret, Internal War..., 34.
41. Quoted in Tilly, The Vendee, 333.
42. Chassin, La pacification del'ouest, II.
43. Gabory relates the story of the peasant Guitton who killed twenty-seven soldiers after having found his wife and children dead after a punitive raid (Napoleon et la Vendee [Paris, 1914], 12).
44. Chassin, La preparation, III, 441.
45. Chassin, La Vendee patriotique, 1,439·
46. Tilly, The Vendee, 334.
47. Chassin, La Pacification, 1,187.
48. Paret, Internal War ..., 33.
49. For a military analysis of the Vendean wars see A. Montagnon, Une guerre subversive.
50. Chassin, La Pacification, III, 219.
51. Some of their leaders, such as Bonchamp, had participated in the American War of Independence. But it would be wrong to attribute undue importance to this fact, just as it is no doubt accidental that some of the Vendeans (and their conquerors) subsequently saw service in Spain. It is possible to establish a genealogy of guerrilla warfare — from South Carolina to the Vendée, from there to Spain, from Spain to North Africa to the Fenians (John Devoy). But such exercises are of no great significance.
52. Raymond Carr, Spain 1809-1939 (Oxford, 1966), passim. 53· Quoted in Geoffrey de Grandmaison, L'Espagne et Napoleon (Paris, 1931), IV, 219.
54. The main sources used in this account are Gomez de Arteche y Moro, Guerra de la Independencia (Madrid, 1868-1903), 14 vols.; A. Grasset, La Guerre d'Espagne, 1807-1813 (Paris, Nancy, 1914); Toreno, Histoire du Souèvement de la Guerre et de la Révolution d'Espagne (Paris, 1836-38), 5 vols.; Oman, A History of the Peninsular War (Oxford, 1902-22), 6 vols.; Geoffrey de Grand-maison, Espagne et Napoleon (Paris, 1931), 3 vols.; Diccionario Bibliográfico de la Guerra de la Independencia Española (Madrid, 1944-52), 3 vols. Most recently: Juan Priego López, Guerra de la Independencia (Madrid, 1973), 3 vols.
55. The main sources for Mina are A Short Extract from the Life of General Mina published by himself (London, 1825); Memorias del General Don Francisco Espoz y Mina (New Edition) (Madrid, 1962), I; I. M. Iribarren, Espoz y Mina el guerrillero (Madrid, 1965); Hermilio de Oloriz, Navarra en la Guerra de la Independencia. Biografia del guerrillero Don Francisco Espoz y Mina (Pamplona, 1955).
56. Oman, loc. cit., III, 489.
57. Mina, Memorias, 86-87.
58. A Short Extract, 31.
59. Archives de la Guerre, 20 April 1813. Quoted in Grandmaison, III, 246.
60. There is a great deal of literature, much of it apocryphal, on the Empecinado, some of it also in English, e.g., "Passages in the Career of the Empecinado" in Peninsular Scenes and Sketches by the author of "Student of Salamanca * [Frederick Hardman] (Edinburgh, 1846), 1-97. The following account is based mainly on French sources and on The Military Exploits etc. etc. of Don Juan Marin Diaz the Empecinado who First Commenced and then Organized the System of Guerrilla Warfare in Spain (London, 1823).
61. The Military Exploits, 153.
62. See documents quoted in Grandmaison, III.
63. The Military Exploits, 60.
64. The Military Exploits, 14.
65. C. F. Henningsen, The Most Striking Events of a Twelve Months Campaign with Zumalacarregui (London, 1836), 1,177.
66. On Somaten and Miqueletes, see Arteche, VII, 56; and Boucheman, "Apergu sur l'organisation d'Armee espagnole et des corps de partisans de 1808-1814," Le SpectateurMilitaire, XXII (1859).
67. About the subsequent fate of the guerrilla leaders see Diccionario Bibli-ogräfico; Ε. Guillon, Les Guerres d'Espagne sous Napoleon (Paris, 1902), and Grandmaison.
68. Mina, Memorias, 112.
69. Toreno, III, 340.
70. Mina, Memorias, 169.
71. Jac Weiler, "Wellington's Use of the Guerrillas," Royal United Services Institute Magazine (May 1963), 155.
72. Grandmaison, 219.
73. Toreno, III, 30.
74.Aus dem Leben des Generals der Infanterie z.D. Dr. Heinrich von Brandt, (Berlin, 1870), 76, 212; Soldats suisses au service etranger (Geneva, 1909), II, 35; Artèche, VII, 64; Grandmaison, 246.
75. R. Wohlfeil, Spanien und die deutsche Erhebung (1965), 180 et seq., 230 et seq.
76. The following account is based chiefly on the three main works on the Tyrolean rising: Josef Hirn, Tirols Erhebung im Jahre 180g (Innsbruck, 1909); Hans von Voltelini, Forschungen und Beiträge zur Geschichte des Tiroler Aufstandes in Jahre 1809 (Gotha, 1909); Karl Paulin, Das Leben des Andreas Hofer (Innsbruck, 1959). A full bibliography is in Hans Iiochenegg, Beihefte zu Tiroler Heimat (Innsbruck, 1960).
77. Hans Kramer, Andreas Η of er (Vienna, 1970), 40.
78. Tirol und die Tiroler im Jahre 1809 (1810), 32.
79. F. Schulze, ed., Die Franzosenzeit in deutschen Landen (Leipzig, 1909), I, 244; Helden der Ostmark (Vienna, 1937), 135.
80. Kramer, 47.
81. The most important source is Denis Davydov, Voennie Zapiski (Moscow, 1940). There is much interesting material in Russkaya Starina, e.g., Löwenstern's Zapiski, serialized in 1900-1901. One of the earliest major analyses oi the war of 1812-13 is Mikhailovski-Danilevski, Opisanie otechestvennoi voini υ i8i2 godu (St. Petersburg, 1839), 3 vols, and the same author's Imperator Alexander I i evo spodvizhniki v 1812, 1813, 1814 i 1815 godakh (St. Petersburg, 1849). Among Soviet accounts E. Tarle's Napoleon's Invasion of Russia (London, 1942) and V. A. Garin, Izgnanie Napolona iz Moskvi (Moscow, 1938) should be mentioned.
82. Davydov, op. cit., 209.
83. Ibid., 22.
84. Ibid., 158. See also Mémoires du Général Löwenstern (Paris, 1903), I,296.
85. Mikhailovski-Danilevski, Opisanie, III, 132.
86. D. Cherviakov, "Partisanskie Otryadi ν otechestvennoi voine 1812," Voenno-Istoricheski Zhurnal, 6-7 (1941), 54.
87. Davydov, 177.
88. Sovremennik 3, 1836. Pushkin wrote to him: "Your essay did not escape the red ink. Military censors wanted to show that they can read."
89. Davydov, 424.
90. Quoted in Tarle, 250.
91. Garin, 93.
92. Mikhailovski-Danilevski, Opisanie, III, 102.
1. On Tupac Amaru, L. E. Fish, The Last Inca Revolt (Norman, 1966); Daniel Valcaral, La Rebelión de Tupac Amaru (Mexico, 1947); idem, Rebeliones indigenas (Lima, 1946); German Arciniegas, Los Comuneros (Bogotá, 1959); Bo-leslao Lewin, La Rebelión de Tupac Amaru (Buenos Aires, 1963).
2. Fish,Last Inca Revolt, 214.
3. On Pumacahua, I. C. Bouroncle, Pumacahua. La Revolución de Cuzco de 1814 (Cuzco, 1956); Juan José Vega, La Emancipación frente el indio peruano (Lima, 1958).
4. Pedro M. Arcaya, Insurección de los negros de la serrania de Coro (Caracas, 1949), 31-32·
5. C. L. R. James, The Black Jacobins (New York, 1963), 54,116-117. For the military aspects of the campaign see A. Metra, Histoire de l'expedition des Frangais à Saint Domingue (Paris, 1825), and Lemmonier-Delafosse, Seconde campagne de Saint Domingue (Le Havre, 1846).
6. Oswaldo Diaz Diaz, Los Almeydas (Bogota, 1962); Raul Rivera Serna, Los Guerrilleros del centre en la emancipacion peruana (Lima, 1958).
7· Memoirs of General Miller, quoted in John Lynch, The Spanish American Revolutions (London, 1973), 181.
8. Robert L. Gilmore, Caudillism and Militarism in Venezuela, 1810-1910 (Athens, [Ohio], 1964), 71; V&ez,Autobiografía (New York, 1946), 1,7,
9. Gilmore, Caudillism and Militarism, 83.
10. Jasper Ridley, Garibaldi (London, 1974), 185.
11. The standard works in English are Hugh M. Hamill Jr., The Hidalgo Revolt (Gainesville, 1966), and Wilbert H. Timmons, Morelos of Mexico (El Paso, 1963). An important early work is F. Robinson's Mexico and her Military Chieftains, first published in 1847, reprinted in 1970.
12. J. A, Dabbs, The French Army in Mexico (The Hague, 1963), 70
13. Julio C. Guerrero, La Guerra de guerrillas (La Paz, 1940), 89.
14. Hugh Thomas, Cuba (London, 1971), 254. See also Ramiro Guerra, Guerra de los diez años (Havana, 1960), and Antonio Pirala, Anales de la guerra de Cuba (Madrid, 1896).
15. The chief sources are Wyler's autobiographical account, Mi mando en Cuba (Madrid, 1910) 6 vols. See also Hugh Thomas, Cuba, and M. F. Almagro, Historia político de la España contemporanea (Madrid, 1959), II.
16. "A nossa Vendeia" is the title of two articles by Euclides da Cunha in Ο estado de São Paulo, March 17 and July 17, 1897, reprinted in Canudos e ineditos (São Paulo), 1967. Da Cunha's classic Os sertões, published in English under the title Rebellion in the Backlands (Chicago, 1944), is devoted to the campaigns against Canudos.
17. While da Cunha's epic presents a magnificent literary account, its historical accuracy has been disputed. The literature on Canudos is considerable; for a modern biography of Consilheiro see Abelardo Montenegro, Antonio Consel-heiro (Fortaleza, 1954); for the general historical background, Jose Maria Bello, A History of Modern Brazil 1889-1964 (Stanford, 1966); for a modern interpretation, Ralph della Cave, "Brazilian Messianism and National Institutions: A Reappraisal of Canudos and Joaseiro," Hispanic American Historical Review (August 1968); for the military aspects of the campaigns, U. Peregrino, Os sertões como historia militar (Rio de Janeiro, 1956).
18. Da Cunha, Rebellion, 149.
19. Ibid., 194.
20. Ibid., 475.
21. Edgar Holt, The Carlist Wars in Spain (London, 1967), is a recent historical study. Antonio Pirala, Historia de la guerra civil (Madrid, 1868), 6 vols., is the most detailed account. See also A. Risco, Zumalacarreguy en campañà (Madrid, 1935); T. Wisdom, Estudio histórico militar de Zumalacarreguy y Ca brera (Madrid, 1890); and most recently Roman Oyarzuni: Vida de Ramon Cabrera (Barcelona, 1961).
22. Holt, Carlist Wars, 117.
23. Franz von Erlach, Die Freiheitskriege kleiner Völker gegen grosse Heere (Bern, 1867), 323.
24. George Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution (London, 1861), I, 189. See also T. Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution (Edinburgh, 1832), 2 vols. C. W. Cranley, The Question of Greek Independence (Cambridge, 1930); C. M. Woodhouse, The Philhellenes (London, 1968), and his earlier The Greek War of Independence (London, 1952). For a modern Greek view of the war of independence, see G. K. Asporas, Politika historia tes neoteras Hellados (Athens, 1930).
25. Finlay, Greek Revolution, 194-195.
26. W. F. Reddaway et. al., Cambridge History of Poland (London, 1941), II, 161. The standard (Polish) biography of Kosciusko is by T. Korzon (Cracow, 1906).
27. Friedrich von Smitt, Geschichte des polnischen Aufstandes (Berlin, 1839), II, 159·
28. William Ansell Day, The Russian Government in Poland (London, 1867), 131.
29· Smitt, Polnischen AufStandes, 383·
30. Ludwik Mieroslawski, Kritische Darstellung des Feldzuges vom Jahre 1831 und hieraus abgeleitete Regeln für Νational-Kriege (Berlin, 1847), I, 302. See also the Mieroslawski biography (in Polish) by Μ. Zychowski (Warsaw, 1963).
31. Pisacane, quoted by J, Ridley, Garibaldi, 253.
32. G. M, Trevelyan, Garibaldi's Defence of Rome (London, 1933), 89. See also the Autobiography of Giuseppi Garibaldi (London, 1889), 3 vols.
33. Trevelyan, Garibaldi and the Thousand (London, 1933), 218.
34. Ridley, Garibaldi, 605.
35. H. d'Ideville, Memoirs of Marshall Bugeaud (London, 1884), I, 211. Of the many Bugeaud biographies, Lucas-Dubreton (1931), E. de Lamaze (1943), Μ. Andrieux (1951), and L. Morard (1947) should be mentioned.
36. Geo. Wingrove Cooke, Conquest and Colonisation in North Africa (London, 1860), 211-212. For a general account see also J. Pichon, Abd el-Kader (Paris, 1899), and A. Bellemore, Abd el-Kader, sa vie politique et militaire (Paris, 1863).
37. Count P. Castellan, Military Life in Algeria (London, 1853), I,204.
38. d'Ideville, Marshall Bugeaud, I,299.
39. Ibid., 252.
40. The literature on the Caucasian campaigns is immense. The most detailed Russian account is General Potto's Kavkazkaya voina (St. Petersburg, 1887-1897), 4 vols.; the standard English history is John F. Baddeley, The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus (London, 1908). Modern descriptions are Lesley Blanch, The Sabres of Paradise (London, 1960), and Paul Chavchavadze, The Mountains of Allah (London, 1953). An interesting account from a Turkish point of view is Μ. M. Zihni's Seyh Samil (Ankara, 1958).
41. Baddeley, Conquest of the Caucasus, 146.
42. Friedrich Wagner, Schamil als Feldherr, Sultan und Prophet (Leipzig, 1854), 95·
43. W. E. D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields (London, 1953), 51.
44. Compare Ν. I. Pokrovsky, "Miuridism u vlasti," in Istorik-Marksist, 2 (1934), with the debate in Voprosy istorii, II, 1947. The extensive literature on the subject is analyzed in Paul B. Henze, "The Shamil Problem" in W. Z, Laqueur, ed., The Middle East in Transition (London, 1958), 415-443. For a post-Stalinist appraisal of Shamil see N. A. Smirnov, Miuridism na Kavkaze (Moscow, 1963)·
45. Baddeley, Conquest of the Caucasus, 393.
46. J. A. MacGahin, Campaigning on the Oxus and the Fall of Khiva (London, 1874), 378·
47. Byron Farwell, Queen Victoria's Little Wars (London, 1973), 169. Another recent account is Donald Featherstone, Colonial Small Wars (Newton Abbot, 1973)·
48. A recent Indian analysis is Dharm Pal, Tantia Topi (New Delhi, 1957). The most detailed account is Kaye and Malleson, History of the Indian Mutiny (London, 1888-89), 6 vols.
49. Edgar Holt, The Strangest War (London, 1962), 150. The most detailed account is James Cowan, The New Zealand Wars (Wellington, 1922), 2 vols. For a recent account, Keith Sindar, The Origins of the Maori Wars (Wellington, 1957).
50. Frederick W. Turner III, Geronimo: His Own Story (London, 1974), introduction, 23; according to the same source, Che Guevara found considerable inspiration in reading about Geronimo.
51. C. L. Alderman, Osseola and the Seminole Wars (New York, 1973), 72.
52. John B. Trussell, "Seminoles in the Everglades," Army (December 1961).
53. V. C. Jones, Gray Ghosts and Rebel Raiders (New York, 1956), introduction.
54. Carl W. Breiham, Quantrill and his Civil War Guerrillas (Denver, 1959), 42.
55. C. F, Holland, Morgan and his Raiders (New York, 1942); Jones, Gray Ghosts; L. L. Butler, John Morgan and his Men (New York, 1960); James Williamson, Mosby's Rangers (New York, 1909); J. Scott, Partisan Life with Col. J. S. Mosby (New York, 1867); A. R. Johnson, The Partisan Rangers (New York, 1904).
56. Williamson, Mosby's Rangers, 23.
57. Stanley F, Horn, The Army of Tennessee (Indianapolis, 1941), 195.
58. Mark M. Boatner, Cassel's Biographical Dictionary of the American Civil War (London, 1973), 568.
59. Holland,Morgan, 170,350.
60. Wyeth, Forrest, 635.
61. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records (Washington, 1864-1927), series I, vol. 39,121.
62. Quoted in Carl E. Grant, "Partisan Warfare, Model 1861-5," Military Review, (Nov. 1958), 45.
63. Lieber's comments were published under the title Guerrilla Parties Considered with Reference to the Laws and Usages of War (New York, 1862).
64.La Guerre de 1870: la defense nationale en Provence; mesures générales d'organisation (Paris, 1911), 553. See also Freycinet, La Guerre en Provence (Paris, 1871).
65. Ibid., 557.
66. Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War (London, 1961), 254. The most detailed histories of the war are Pierre Lehautcourt, La Défense nationale (Paris, 1893-1898), 8 vols.; and Histoire de la guerre de 1870-71 (Paris, 1901-1908), 7 vols. The multivolume official German and French accounts provide comparatively little material about partisan warfare.
67. H. Genevois, Les Coups de main pendant la guerre (Paris, 1896), 111.
68. See for instance, Fritz Hönig, Der Volkskrieg an der Loire (Berlin, 1893-1897), 6 vols., passim, and A. Ehrhardt, Kleinkrieg (Potsdam, 1935), 49.
69. Georg Cardinal von Widdern, Der Krieg an den rückwärtigen Verbindungen (Berlin, 1893-1899), pt. II, 14.
70. Ibid., pt. III, 35.
71. Howard, Franco-Prussian War, 252-253.
72. Christian Rudolf de Wet, Three Years War (London, 1902), 78.
73. The main sources are the (semiofficial) history by General Frederic Maurice and Captain Μ. H. Grant in 4 vols. (London, 1906-1910), and the Times History of the War in South Africa, 1899-1902 in six vols. (London, 1900-1909). In addition there are countless eyewitness reports, autobiographical and biographical accounts.
74. History of the War in South Africa, IV, 265.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid., 397.
77. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Great BoerWar (London, 1903),404.
78. The raid is described in the most vivid eyewitness account of the whole war in Denys Reitz's Commando (London, 1942), 199 et seq.
79. De Wet, Three Years War, 305.
80. Ibid., 321 et seq.
81. Reitz, Commando, 310.
82. J. C. Smuts,Jan Christian Smuts (London, 1952), 83.
83. De Wet, Three Years War, 279-282.
84. Ibid., 93.
85. Richard L. Maullin, The Fall of Dumar Aljure, a Colombian Guerrilla and Bandit (Santa Monica, 1968).
86. Constancio Bernaldo de Quiros, El Bandolerismo en Espa na y en Mexico (Mexico, 1959), 296 et seq.; F. Lopez Leiva, El Bandolerismo en Cuba (Havana, 1930), 28 et seq. On the general phenomenon of banditry see E. Hobsbawm, Bandits (London, 1969), and with reference to Brazil, Maria Isaura Pereira de Queiroz, Os congaceiros (Paris, 1968).
87. Martin Luis Guzman, Memoirs of Pancho Villa (Austin, 1956), 7.
88. Jen Yu-wen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement (New Haven, 1973), 67-68.
89. In 1951 this was watered down to "a very large proportion."
90. Quoted in Stuart R. Schram, The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung (London, 1963), 176,196.
91. Mark Seldon, "The Guerrilla Movement in North West China," China Quarterly, 28(1965), 70.
92. C. MacFarlane, Lives and Exploits of Bandits and Robbers (London, 1837), 36-37·
93. Ibid., 49.
94. David Hilton, Brigandage in South Italy (London, 1864), I,48.
95. About Gasparone (or Gasbaroni) who fought the Austrians and the local rulers in the 1820s see Le Brigandage dans I'états ponteficaux. Memoirs de Gasbar-oni: celèebre chef de bände de la province de Frosinone, redigé par Pierre Masi (Paris, 1867).
96. Hilton, Brigandage, 50.
97. Ibid., 60.
98. Ibid., 67. This is based on Sacchinelli's biography of Cardinal Ruffo; he had been Ruffo's secretary.
99. Jen Yu-wen, Taiping Revolutionary Movement, 210.
100. See Bloch's lecture "The Transvaal War" in London, reported in the Journal of the Royal Service Institution (1901), 1341. ιοί. Deutsche Revue (July 1901).
1. The only work which gives a short historical survey of partisan and guerrilla doctrine in the eighteenth and nineteenth century is Werner Hahlweg, Guerilla. Krieg ohne Fronten (Stuttgart, 1968). F. Tudman, Rat protiv rat (Zagreb, 1957) shows familiarity with the literature but does not discuss it in detail.
2. Jomini, Précis de l'art de la guerre (Paris, 1838), 1,72-75.
3. For instance the Marquis de Santa Cruz de Marzenado, Réflexions militaires et politiques (Paris, 1735), II, 233 et seq., and before him the works of Bernardin de Mendoza and of Melzo.
4. An English translation by Robert Scott was published in London in 1816.
5. De la Croix's treatise was among the very first of its kind but even previously Folard's unpublished De la guerre des partisans and Basta's Governo della cavalleria leggiera had been written.
6. De la Croix, Tratté de la petite guerre (Paris, 1752); see M. Jähns, Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften (München, 1891), III, 2710.
7. Grandmaison, La petite guerre (Paris, 1756), 15.
8. The Count de Saxe, Reveries or Memoirs upon the Art of War (London, 1757), 173·
9. Grandmaison, op. cit., 149,174.
10. De Jeney, Le Partisan ou l'art de faire la petite guerre (The Hague, 1749), 6.
11. The literature is discussed in Jahns, op. cit., 2712-2717.
12. Baron de Wüst, L'Art militaire du partisan (The Hague, 1768), 98-99.
13. The following quotations are from the German translation of Emmerich's book, Der Partheygänger im Kriege (Dresden, 1791).
14. Emmerich, op. cit., 5-6.
15. Ibid., 106-110.
16. Ibid., 55.
17. Ibid., 107.
18. Ibid., 111.
19. J. von Ewald, Abhandlung von dem Dienst der leichten Truppen (Schleswig, 1796), and see also his subsequent Belehrungen in three volumes.
20. Von Ewald, Abhandlung, op. cit., IX.
21. Ibid., 274-275.
22. Ibid., 280.
23. His study is quoted here on the basis of the 1829 edition which was incorporated into a larger book, Die Lehre vom Kriege.
24. Valentini, op. cit., 5-6.
25. Napoleon on the Cossacks, Bulletin, 21 December 1806; on the German Free Corps see letter to the Empress, 16 May 1813; on the Vendee see Mémoires; about Spain see Bulletin, 15 November 1808 and Mémorial.
26. Guibet, Essai général de. tactique, first published in 1772, in Oeuvres militaires du comte Guibet (Paris, 1803), I, passim.
27. Bülow, Neue Taktik der Neuern wie sie seyn sollte (Leipzig, 1805), II, 24.
28. Bülow, Militärische und vermischte Schriften (Leipzig, 1853), 52 et seq.
29. Jomini, Précis de l'art de la guerre (Paris, 1838), I,72.
30. J. B. Schels, Leichte Truppen; kleiner Krieg (Vienna, 1813-1814) and Felipe de San Juan, Instrucción de guerrilla (Santiago, 1823).
31. See for instance Μ. Tevis, La Petite Guerre (Paris, 1855).
32. Carl von Clausewitz, Schriften—Aufsätze — Studien — Briefe, ed. W. Hahl-weg (Göttingen, 1966), 226-539.
33. Ibid., 240.
34. Ibid., 381.
35. Ibid., 309.
36. Ibid., 436.
37. Ibid., 413-414.
38. Preussische Gesetzsammlung, no. 184 (1813), 79.
39. Carl von Decker, Der kleine Krieg im Geiste der neueren Kriegsführung (1822) — I have quoted from the French edition De la petite guerre . (Paris, 1845) — and Karol Bogumil Stolzman, Partyzantka czyli wojna dla ludow pow-stajacach najwlasciwcza (Paris and Leipzig, 1844).
40. Le Mière de Corvey, Des partisans et des corps irréguliers (Paris, 1823).
41. Ibid., X.
42. Ibid., 105.
43. Ibid., 145.
44. Decker, op. cit., 318,325.
45. Carl von Decker, Algerien und die dortige Kriegsführung (1844).
46. Ibid., II, 155.
47. Stolzman, op. cit., 192 et seq.
48. Ibid., 38 et seq.
49. General Chrzanowski, Über den Parteigänger-Krieg (Berlin, 1846), 4, 5,19; the original Polish version of this book was not accessible.
50. J. M. Rudolph, Über den Parteigängerkrieg (Ziirich, 1847), 12.
51. Gingens-La Sarraz, Les Partisans et la defense de la Suisse (Lausanne, 1861), 130.
52. Translated under the title Total Resistance (Boulder, Col., 1965).
53. Commandante J. I. Chacon, Guerras irreguläres (Madrid, 1883), 2 vols., Matija Ban, Pravila ο cetnikoj vojni (Belgrade, 1848).
54. W. Rüstow, Die Lehre vom kleinen Krieg (Zürich, 1864), 12-17.
55. Ibid., 320,340.
56. The Brussels Declaration (1874) was a compromise between countries with great armies, such as Russia, urging that armed bands should not have the rights of belligerents and Spain, Belgium, Holland and Switzerland insisting that no limitation be placed on the right of inhabitants in occupied territory to defend their country. (L. Nurick and R. W. Barret, "Legality of Guerrilla Forces under the Laws of War," American Journal of International Law [1946], 565.)
57· Albrecht von Boguslawski, Der kleine Krieg und seine Bedeutung für die Gegenwart (Berlin, 1881), 23. Boguslawski was also the author of a history of the war in the Vendée.
58. Published in several installments in the Journal des Sciences Militaires (September-December 1880).
59. Devaureix, op. cit., 450-451. But on other occasions Napoleon said that Soult was one of his most gifted generals.
60. V, Charenton, Las Corps fra ncs dans la guerre moderne (Paris, 1900), 172.
61. T. Miller Maguire, Guerrilla or Partisan Warfare (London, 1904). Maguire (1849-1920) was a barrister and a successful army "coach" lecturing and writing about strategy and great campaigns. Among his students were Allenby, Gough, Wilson and other military leaders of the First World War. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Historical Society in 1866. Maguire had previously published a series of articles in eleven installments in the United Service Magazine between May 1901 and March 1902. He had first written about the subject in 1896 but "was only turned into the utmost contempt by experts and politicians for my pains. General Lloyd did the same in Woolwich, only to be laughed at." (November 1901), 172.
62. Ibid.
63. R. F. Johnson, Night Attacks (London, 1886), and G. B. Malleson, Ambushes and Surprises (London, 1885).
64. Major L. J. Shadwell, North West Frontier Warfare (Calcutta, 1902), 2-5; Brigadier General C. C. Egerton, Hill Warfare (Allahabad, 1899), 16; see also Lieutenant Colonel A. R. Martin, Mountain and Savage Warfare (Allahabad, 1898), passim.
65. Callwell, Small Wars (London, 1899), 8, 104, Callwell was an artillery officer who had been seconded to serve in intelligence. He saw action in Afghanistan and South Africa and resigned from the army when passed over for promotion in 1909. He had published sketches from army life which had apparently offended his superior. He was recalled to duty in 1914, became chief of operations in the war office, was promoted to major-general and knighted. Callwell died in 1928.
66. Ibid., 108, and Maguire, op. cit., 106.
67. Maguire, op. cit., 59.
68. Ibid., 61.
69. The following quotations are from the first edition of Callwell's book, published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London in 1896, 107 et seq.
70. Ibid., 115.
71. Ibid., 108-109.
72. Τ. Η. C. Frankland, "Notes on Guerilla [sic] Warfare," The United Service Magazine, New Series, vol. 33,183.
73. A. T. Barteniev, Voenno-Istoricheski Sbornik (St. Petersburg, 1912), 137.
74. Voennaia Entsiklopedia (Petrograd, 1914), 303.
75. Colonel Vuich, Malaia Voina (St. Petersburg, 1850), viii, 239.
76. F. Gershelman, Partisanskaia Voina (St. Petersburg, 1885), 11.
77. Ibid., 17.
78. Ibid., 241.
79. "Ostpreussen und der Tartaren Ritt," Allgemeine Militair Zeitung, no. 92 (1883).
80. Partisanskie Deistvia (St. Petersburg, 1894).
81. C. Hron, Der Parteigänger-Krieg (Vienna, 1885).
82. Wlodimir Stanislaus Ritter von Wilczynski, Theorie des grossen Krieges (Vienna, 1869), 121. On occasion Wilczynski waxed lyrical about partisan warfare: "A war of this kind is the flower, it is the poetry of strategy ... it is everything which fantasy can imagine and for this reason it is quite impossible to put down firm rules for it." (Page 4.)
83. Hrori, op. cit., 6.
84. Ibid., 54.
85. Ibid.
86. A. Ehrhardt, Kleinkrieg (Potsdam, 1935), 73-75, and Major General Kerchnawe in Militär-Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen (January-April 1929).
87. The French and Italian literature on Buonarroti is surveyed in Samuel Bernstein, Buonarroti (Paris, 1949), and Elizabeth Eisenstein, The First Professional Revolutionist (Cambridge, Mass., 1959).
88. Delia guerra nazionale d'insurrezione per bände applicata all'ltalia. Trattato dedicato ai buoni ltaliani da un amico del paese (Italia. 1830), 2 vols. The book is now exceedingly rare; two copies have been located in Bologna and Milan. See Piero Pieri, "Carlo Bianco Conte di Saint Jorioz e il suo Trattato . . .," in Bolletino Storico Bibliografico Subalpino (Torino, 1957-1958), 2 parts. On Carlo Bianco and Buonarroti see Alessandro Galante Garrone, Filipo Buonarroti e i rivoluzionari dell'ottocento (Einaudi, 1951), 333-342.
89. Bianco, op. cit., II, 14.
90. Manuale pratico del Rivoluzionario Italiano desunto dal trattato sulle guerra d'insurrezione per bände (Italia, 1833).
91. Anonimo, "Delia guerra di parteggiani," La Minerva napolitana (February 1821); quoted in Egidio Liberti, ed., Techniche della guerra partigiana nel Ri-sorgimento (Florence, 1972), 64-65.
92. "Ristrettissimi mezzi grandiosi risultamenti," E. Liberti, Techniche . . ., 166-168.
93. G. Pepe, Memoria su i mezzi che menano all' Italiana indipendenza (Paris, 1833), also L'ltalia Militare (Paris, 1836). A summary is contained in E. Liberti, 171-181.
94. Studii sulla guerra d'indipendenza scritti da un uffiziale italiano (Torino, 1847); this is a shorter and modified version of the 1817 manuscript.
95. Enrico Gentilini, Guerra degli stracorridori ο guerra guerriata (Capolago, 1848); reprinted in Liberti, 581 et seq. and (in part) in Gian Mario Bravo, Les Socialistes avant Marx (Paris, 1970), III; "Stracorridori" is an archaic military term relating to cavalry scouts. On Gentilini, Luigi Bulferetti, Socialismo ri-sorgimentale (Turin, 1949), 176-194.
96. Guiseppe Budini, Alcune idee sull'Italia (London, 1843); E. Liberti, 181-188.
97. Michele N. Allemandi, "Del sistema militare svizzero applicabile al popolo italianoItalia del Popolo (1850).
98. Giuseppe La Masa, Della guerra insurrezionale in Italia ... (Turin, 1856).
99. Carlo Pisacane, Saggi storici-politici-militari sull'Italia (Milan, 1858-1860), IV, 143; among the writers of the 1860s G. B. Zafferoni, L'Insurrezione armata (Milan, 1868), should be singled out.
100. Czy Polacy moga sie wybic na niepodleglosc?
101. I. Bern, Ο powstaniu narodowym w Polsce (Paris, 1846-1848), republished in Warsaw in 1956; Η. M. Kamienski, Wojna Ludowa (Paris, 1866), part III; see also his Ο prawda zywotnich ... (Brussels, 1844), 283.
102. Bystrzonowski's book Siec strategiczna . . . appeared in French translation in Paris in 1842 (Notice sur le reseau strategique de la Pologne, . .). Like Pisa-cane, Bystrzonowski had participated in the war against Abd el-Kader in Algeria and he refers to the experience gained there.
103. A. Jelowicki, Ο powstaniu i wojnie partyzanskiej (Paris, 1835).
104. W. Nieszokoc, Ο systemie wojny partyzanskiej wzniesionym wsrod emigracji (Paris, 1838), 3-30.
105. "Konspiratomania wloska, szczepiona na swawoli szlacheckiej polskiej," Demokrata Polski (February 8, 1845). Mieroslawski's views are discussed in detail in Marian Zychowski's massive biography, Ludwick Mieroslawski 1814-1878 (Warsaw, 1963), 183 et seq. Further bibliographical details on the Polish partisan debate are found in L. Przemski, "Zagadnenie wojny partyzanskiej w przededniu Wiosny Ludow," Wiosna Ludow (Warsaw, 1948), part I, 349-417.
106. Guida pratica del perfetto partigiano. The treatise was republished after the liberation of Rome in 1944: Liberti, 168-171.
107. Emilio Lussu, Théorie de I'insurrection (Paris, 1971), 26-27; "Instructions pour une prise des armes," Militant Rouge (December 1926-1928), and in Archiv für die Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung (1930).
108. Samuel Bernstein, Auguste Blanqui and the Art of Insurrection (London, 1971). 198.
109. Maurice Dommanget, Auguste Blanqui, Des origines à la Revolution de 1848 (Paris, 1967), 185 et seq.
110. Quoted from Auguste Blanqui, Politische Texte (Frankfurt, 1968), 157-163.
111. A vivid description of barricade fighting was given in Victor Hugo's Les Miserables, bearing out Blanqui's criticism.
112. Bakunin frequently referred to robbers as the most revolutionary element in society. See for instance his letter to Nechaev on 2 June 1870, published by M. Confino, Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique IV (1966), 652.
113. "Rules for the Conduct of Guerrilla Bands" in Mazzini, Life and Writings (London, 1864), 1,369.
114. Ibid., 372.
115. Ibid., 378. Istruzione per le bände nazionali, was published in Lausanne in 1853; but Mazzini's first writings on the subject date back to the early 1830s: "L'Istruzione generale per gli affratellati nella Giovine Italia" (1831); "Delia guerra insurrezionale" published in 1832 in the fifth number of Giovine Italia; several introductions to new editions of his work first published in 1832; and lastly Istruzione del condottiere delle bände nazionali (1853).
116. Marx-Engels, Werke (Berlin [East], 1960), VIII, 95.
117. From the Abbe de Pradt's Memoires historiques sur la revolution d'Espagne (1816).
118. First published in the New York Tribune (30 October 1845); quoted from Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Revolution in Spain (New York, 1939), 55.
119. Engels, Der bisherige Verlauf des Krieges gegen die Mauren (January i860), and Marx-Engels, Werke, XIII, 548 et seq.
120. Marx-Engels, Werke, XVII, 131,169,187.
121. Ibid., VI, 387.
122. Engels, "Die Aussichten des Krieges," Pall Mall Gazette (8 December 1870), and Werke, XVII, 197.
123. "Kriegsfüihrung im Gebirge einst und jetzt," in Marx-Engels, Werke, XII, 115.
124. Engels, "Persien-China," first published in the New York Daily Tribune (5 June 1857) and Marx-Engels, Werke, XII, 214.
125. Marx-Engels, Werke, XVII, 177.
126. Engels, "Introduction" (1895) to Karl Marx, Class Struggle in France (New York, 1964), 21-25.
127. "Es lebe der Tyrannenmord," Freiheit (London, 19 March 1881). The newspaper later appeared in New York.
128. New York, 1884, p. 1. The German title of the opus was Revolutionäre Kriegswissenschaft. Ein Handbuch zur Anleitung betreffend Gebrauch und Herstellung von Nitro-Glyzerin, Dynamit, Schiessbaumwolle, Knallquecksilber, Bomben, Brandsätzen, Giften usw. The Anarchist Cookbook published in New York in 1971 was modeled after Most's Revolutionary Warfare and acknowledges its intellectual debt.
129. General de Brack, Advanced Posts of Light Cavalry (London, 1850).
130. Henry Lachouque, Napoleon's Battles (London, 1966), 454.
131. "Précis des guerres de Jules Cesar," Memoires de Napoléon, IV, 18.
1. Gouverneur Η. Schnee, Deutsch-Ostafrika im Weltkriege (Leipzig, 1919), 171.
2. General von Lettow-Vorbeck, Ηeia Safari (Leipzig, 1920), 88.
3. Operations in Waziristan 1919/1920, Catalogue C.W.4 (Calcutta, 1921), 139.
4. Charles Horden, Military Operations. East Africa (London, 1941), 514 (History of the Great War based on official documents, HMSO).
5. The first and most reliable was Meine Erinnerungen aus Ostafrika (Leipzig, 1920); the most successful written for the benefit of the young generation was Heia Safari (Leipzig, 1920) and many subsequent editions; the most recent was Mein Leben (Bibrach, 1957).
6. Horden, Military Operations; only the first volume leading up to September 1916 has appeared.
7. Brian Gardner, German East (London, 1963); Leonard Mosley, Duel for Kilimanjaro (London, 1963); J. H. Sibley, Tanganyikan Guerrilla (London, 1971).
8. Τ. E. Lawrence, Revolt in the Desert (London, 1927), 95.
9. G. Macmunn and C. Falls, Military Operations. Egypt and Palestine (London, 1928), 1,237-240,
10. Lawrence, Revolt, 44.
11. Ibid., 202,264,314.
12. Schnee, Deutsch-Ostafrika, 29.
13. Lettow-Vorbeck, Mein Leben, 85.
14. Lettow-Vorbeck, Meine Erinnerungen, 17.
15. R. Meinertzhagen, Army Diary (London, 1960), 96.
16. Ibid., 205.
17. Lettow-Vorbeck, Meine Erinnerungen, 17.
18. Lettow-Vorbeck, Heia Safari, 132.
19. Partisanskoe dvizhenie v Zapadnoi Sibiri, 22, quoted in A. M. Spirin, Klassi i partii υ grazhdanskoi voini υ Rossii (Moscow, 1968).
20. G. Stewart, The White Armies of Russia (New York, 1933), 141.
21. R. Luckett, The White Generals (London, 1971), 212.
22. On partisan activities in the Civil War, Istoria grazhdanskoi voini (Moscow, igsg), IV. In addition there are monographs on local guerrilla activities in Omsk (Μ. V. Naumov, 1960), Irkutsk ( A. G. Solodyankin, 1960), and the Soviet Far East (S.S. Kaplin, 1960).
23. W. H. Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution (New York, 1965), II, 215-217.
24. M. Kubanin, Makhnovshchina (Leningrad, n.d.), passim; for an excellent appraisal of the Makhno movement in English see David Footman, Civil War in Russia (London, 1961), 245-305.
25. Luckett, The White Generals, 278.
26. Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution, 236.
27. Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution, 437-440. The story of the Antonov movement has been told in a novel by Nikolai Virta (Odinochestvo) and a collection of essays (Antonovshchina) by S. Evgenov and O. Litovski.
28. F. Novitski quoted in R. Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union (Cambridge, Mass., 1964), 179. See also J. Castagné, Les Basmatchis (Paris, 1925), and S. Ginsburg, "Basmachestvo ν Fergane/'Nocy Vostok (1925), 10-11.
29. Malaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya (Moscow, 1958), 1,825.
30. "Borba s kontrrevoliutsionnim vosstaniam," Voina i revoliutsiya, 7-9 (1926).
31. Ibid., 9 (ig26). For another interesting Soviet treatment of counterinsurgency see S. Dubrovski, "Grigorovshchina," Voina i revoliutsiya, 4 and 5 (1928).
32. Hagen Schulze, Freikorps und Republik 1918-1920 (Boppard, 1969), 39. The main studies on the Freikorps are Ε. von Schmidt-Pauli, Geschichte der Freikorps (Stuttgart, 1936); F. W. von Oertzen, Die deutschen Freikorps (Munich, ig38); and R. G. L. Waite, Vanguard of Nazism (Cambridge, Mass., 1952).
33· Von Oertzen, Die deutschen Freikorps, 21; Schulze, Freikorps und Republik, 41. There is a very detailed description of military operations in Darstellungen aus den Nachkriegskämpfen deutscher Truppen und Freikorps, edited by the Forschungsanstalt für Kriegs- und Heeresgeschichte (Berlin, 1936-1940), 8 vols. It has however little to say about the spirit of the Freikorps.
34. Ernst Sontag, Korfanty (Kitzingen, 1954); S. Sopicki, Wojciech Korfanty (Katowice, 1935).
35. H. von Riekhoff, German-Polish Relations 1918-33 (Baltimore, 1971), 47.
36. Schulze, Freikorps und Republik, 44.
37. F. Sieburg, Es werde Deutschland (Frankfort, 1933), 20.
38. On the Freikorps spirit see Schulze, Freikorps und Republik, 54-66; E. von Salomon, Die Geächteten (Berlin, 1930), and his Freikorpskämpfer (Berlin, 1938); Arnolt Bronnen, Rossbach (Berlin, 1930). For the resentment against sections of the old conservative officers corps see Heimsoth, Freikorps greift an (Berlin, 1930), 80-81.
39. Encyclopaedia Britannica (1957), X, 950.
40. Lenin, Selected Works (New York, 1967), I, 581; the article first appeared in Proletary (29 August 1906).
41. Lenin, Collected Works (New York, 1962), XI, 213; the article was first published in Proletary (30 September 1906).
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Lenin, Werke, XI, 159.
45. Lenin, Collected Works, XXII, 311.
46. See for instance V. I. Lenin ο voine, armii i voennoi nauke (Moscow, 1965).
47. John Erickson, "Lenin as Civil War Leader," in Lenin, the Man, the Theorist, the Leader, L. Schapiro and P. Reddaway, eds. (London, 1967), 174.
48. Lenin, Werke, XXIX, 545. See also Werke, 247,281, 514.
49. Lenin, Ausgewählte Werke, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1946-1947), II, 595.
50. Recent anthologies on Leninism and guerrilla warfare usually cover ground that has only tenuous guerrilla connection; one would look in vain in them for what Lenin really said and wrote about partisanshchina. See for instance W. J. Pomeroy, ed., Guerrilla Warfare and Marxism (New York, 1968).
51. Military Writings by Leon Trotsky (New York, 1971), 25, 54. Trotsky's denunciations of guerrillaism caused some headaches to his latter-day disciples, who argued that he was merely opposed to post-revolutionary guerrilla war, not to guerrilla war per se. Before 1917 he had been neither for nor against it; the question was then scarcely of consequence to him. Like Lenin, he had found nothing wrong with the Latvian insurrection of 1905, but he could not envisage guerrilla war playing an important role in revolutionary strategy in the industrially developed countries. He was not concerned with the rest of die world because he did not expect socialist revolutions in the colonies.
52. From a speech in April 1922, quoted in Military Writings by Leon Trotsky, 81.
53. Quoted in E. Wollenberg, The Red Army (London, 1938), 38.
54. Joseph Stalin, Marxism and the National and Colonial Question (London, n.d.), 154. Much importance is attached to this quotation by C. A. Dixon and O. Heilbrunn in Communist Guerrilla Warfare (London, 1954), 24.
55. Alexander Orlov, Handbook of Intelligence and Guerrilla Warfare (Ann Arbor, 1963), passim.
56. A. Neuberg, Armed Insurrection (London, 1970); the original German edition, Der Bewaffnete Aufstand, appeared in 1928. "A. Neuberg" was a collective pseudonym for O. Piatnitsky and other Soviet and foreign Communist leaders including Marshal Tukhachevski and Togliatti.
57. Neuberg, Armed Insurrection, 259.
58. For instance, A. Kolan, "Partisanskaya voina ν okkupirovannikh rayonnakh Kitaya," Kommunisticheskii Internatsional, 6 (1940), 60 et seq.
59-James Connolly, "Street Fighting—Summary," published first in Workers Republic (24 July 1915). Quoted from Connolly's Selected Writings (London, 1973), 230.
60. Major Henri le Carron, Twenty-five years in the Secret Service (London, 1892).
61. John Devoy, Recollections of an Irish Rebel (New York, 1929), 65.
62. Among the recent accounts of the Easter Rising are Desmond Ryan, The Rising (Dublin, 1957); James Gleeson, Bloody Sunday (London, 1962); Max Caulfield, The Easter Rebellion (London, 1964).
63. Tom Barry, Guerrilla Days in Ireland (Dublin, 1949), 7-11.
64. On Collins, see Piaras Beaslai, Michael Collins and the Making of a New Ireland (London, 1926), and Margery Forester, Michael Collins. The Lost Leader (London, 1971).
65. Barry, Guerrilla Days, 26.
66. T. P. Coogan, The IRA (London, 1970), 47.
67. Ibid., 274.
68. J. Swire, Bulgarian Conspiracy (London, 1939), 103. See also J. Perrigault, Bandits d'Orient (Paris, 1931); Stoyan Christowe, Heroes and Assassins (London, 1935); A. Doolard, Quatre mois chez les comitadjis (Paris, 1932).
69. F. Tudman, Rat protiv rat (Zagreb, 1957), 109
70. L. Zarine quoted in Albert Londres, Terror in the Balkans (London, 1935), 171.
71. David S. Woolman, Rebels in the Rif (London, 1959), 80; Augusto Vivero, El derrumbamiento (Madrid, 1922), 161; and for a general account of the war, Carlos Hernandez de Huerrera and Tomas Garcia Figueras, Accion de Espafia en Marruecos (Madrid, 1929), I.
72. Stanley G. Payne, Politics and the Military in Modern Spain (Stanford, 1967), l68.
73. Woolman, Rebels in the Rif, 155.
74. Major General C. W. Gwynn, Imperial Policing (London, 1936), 300.
75. There is no satisfactory detailed account of the rebellion of 1936-1939. John Marlowe, Rebellion in Palestine (London, 1946) is a brief and reliable survey; Sefer Toldot Hahagana (Jerusalem, 1964), II, pt. 2, is a survey with the emphasis on Jewish defense rather than Arab attack.
76. Marlowe, Rebellion in Palestine, 158.
77. Sefer Toldot Hahagana, 766.
78. Marlowe, Rebellion in Palestine, 190.
79. Sefer Toldot Hahagana, 765.
80. On the "Plan of Ayala," John Womack, Zapata and the Mexican Revolution (London, 1972), 175 et seqon Pancho Villa, Guzman, Pancho Villa, and Celia Herera, Francisco Villa (Mexico, 1964). For the general background, Robert E. Quirk, The Mexican Revolution 1914/5 (Bloomington, 1960); Alfonso Taracena, La tragedia Zapatista (Mexico, 1931), and Venustiano Carranza (Mexico, 1963); F. Tannenbaum, Peace by Revolution (New York, 1933); Jose T. Melendez, ed., Historia de la revolución Mexicana (Mexico, 1936), 2 vols.
81. On the military aspects of the Zapatista operations see Juan Barragan Rodriguez, Historia del ejército y de la revolución constitucionalista (Mexico, 1946), and Jesus Silva Herzog, Breve historia de la revolucion Mexicana (Mexico, 1960), 2 vols.
82. On Prestes's attitude to guerrillaism see R. II. Chilcote, The Brazilian Communist Party (New York, 1974), 88-89.
83. For an excellent summary of the Prestes campaign see F. R. Allemann, Macht und Ohnmacht der Guerilla (Munich, 1974), 25-45; more detailed descriptions are Helio Silva, 1926; A grande marcha (Rio de Janeiro, 1971); N. Werneck Sodre, Historia militar do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro, 1967); and L. M, Lima, A Coluna Prestes: marchas e cornbates (São Paulo, 1945).
84. The only detailed account is Neil Macauley, The Sandino Affair (Chicago, 1967); on his anti-Americanism, ibid., 207. For a military assessment R. W. Peard, "The Tactics of Bush Warfare," Infantry Journal (September-October 1931)·
85. Ε. Lister, "Lessons from the Spanish Guerrilla War 1939-51," World Marxist Review (February 1965). Guillen's criticism appears in his Historia de la revolución española (Buenos Aires, 1962).
86. Barton Whaley, Guerrillas in the Spanish Civil War (Detroit, 1969), 30. For the general background Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War (London, 1961), and Pierre Broué and Émile Témime, La révolution et la guerre d'Espagne (Paris, 1961).
87. Whaley, Guerrillas, 67 et seq.
88. Payne, Politics and the Military, 391.
89. Ehrhardt, Kleinkrieg, 3rd ed. (Berlin, 1944), III; the first edition appeared in 1935·
90. Ibid., 102.
91. Lieutenant Colonel C. E. Vickery, "Small Wars," Army Quarterly (July 1923), 307·
92. Army Quarterly (January 1927), 349. The same point was made at the time by an American officer; "We must never overlook the fact that behind and over us is that force known as Public Opinion in the United States. ... In small wars we are at peace no matter how thickly the bullets are flying." Major Η. H. Utley, "An Introduction to the Tactics and Technique of Small Wars," Marine Corps Gazette (May 1931), 51. 93· Ibid., 353·
94. Κ. F. Nowak, ed., Die Aufzeichnungen des Generalmajors Max Hoffmann (Berlin, 1928), II, 328,373-377·
1. Orlovskaya ohlast υ godi velikoi otechestvennoi voini (Orel, 1960), quoted in John A. Armstrong, ed., Soviet Partisans in World War II (Madison, 1964), 37. A recent Soviet source gives the total number of partisans active in the Orel region as 16,300. V. N. Andrianov, Voina ν tylu vraga (Moscow, 1974), I,113.
2. European Resistance Movements 1939-1945 (Oxford, 1960), 376.
3. The use of the term partisan was banned by Himmler in August 1942 "for psychological reasons."
4. Horst Rohde, Das deutsche Wehrmachttransportwesen im zweiten Weltkrieg (Stuttgart, 1971), 331.
5. J. Marianovitch and Pero Morache, Nash oslobodilchki rat i narodna revolucia 1941-45 (Belgrade, 1958), 311; Walter Hubatsch, ed., Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht (Frankfurt, 1963), III, pt. 2,1618.
6. Tito, Vojna dela (Belgrade, 11 .iL), I,128.
7. According to V. Strugar the partisans diverted up to 55 enemy divisions (V. Strugar, Der jugoslawische Volksbefreiungskrieg 1941 bis 1945 [East Berlin, n.d.], 300); according to German dates, the total strength of Axis forces dispatched in 1942 against Tito and Mikhailovich was one German division, nine battalions of the Landwehr, seven Italian divisions and some 44,000 Croat soldiers — altogether about 120,000 men (Kriegstagebuch, II, pt. 1, 138). This figure is identical with Tito's own estimate for 1943: 120,000 Axis soldiers faced 20,000 of his own men.
8. The high incidence of party officials in the partisan command is noted in the official Soviet history of the war, Geschichte des grossen Vaterländischen Krieges der Sowjet Union (East Berlin, 1963), II, 148; according to this source up to fifty percent of the members of the major partisan units were party members; according to other sources it was only fifteen to thirty percent. The higher figure probably refers to the early stage of the partisan movement, the lower to August 1943.
9. L. Ν. Bichkov, Partisanskoe Dvizhenie (Moscow, 1965), 419.
10. According to Soviet sources the number of Soviet partisans was 90,000 by the end of 1941; their number fell sharply with the beginning of winter, but rose again in April-May 1942. See Andrianov, Voina ti tylu vraga.
11. Erich Hesse, Der sowjetrussische Partisanenkrieg 1941-1944 (Göttingen, 1969), 134.
12. Ibid., 206. Hitler wrote in a circular letter in October 1942 that successes were achieved "only where the struggle against banditry has been carried out with utter disregard and brutality." Hubatsch, Kriegstagebuch, 237.
13. Gerald L. Weinberg in Armstrong's Soviet Partisans, 513; Hesse, Partisanenkrieg, 227.
14. Hesse,Partisanenkrieg, 229.
15. But even the largest Soviet partisan units were smaller than the guerrilla armies of the civil war. Mamontov's (counterrevolutionary) partisan army in the Altai had a strength of 30,000. There was, of course, not that much difference in equipment at the time between "regulars" and "partisans."
16. Andrianov, "Reidi partisan," in Voenno — Istoricheski Zhurnal 3 (1973).
17. Hesse, Partisanenkrieg, 248.
18. Vsenarodnoe Partisanskie dvizhenie υ Byelorussia (Minsk, 1967), 1,146.
19. Among the best-known and most interesting accounts of partisan life are the following: A. Fyodorov, Podpolnyi ohkom deistvuyet (Moscow, ig47); P. Ignatov, Zapiski partisana (Moscow, 1944); S. Kovpak, Ot Putivlya do Karpat (Moscow, 1945); G. Linkov, Voina ν tylu vraga (Moscow, 1951); D. N. Medvedev, Silnye dukhom (Moscow, 1951); P. Vershigora, Lyudi s chistoi sovestyu (Moscow, igsi); and the collective volume Sovetskye Partisany (Moscow, 1960). Some of these books were translated into foreign languages; Medvedev's account was reissued in 1975 in an edition of 150,000.
20. Weinberg in Armstrong's Soviet Partisans, 361-388.
21. The Bryansk partisans had a tank battalion (Andrianov, Voina υ tylu vraga, 110).
22.1. Vinogradov, Doroga cherez front (Leningrad, 1964), 7.
23. E. Klink, Das Gesetz des Handelns: die Operation Zitadelle 1943 (Stuttgart, 1966), 130.
24. Bradley F. Smith and A. F. Peterson, Heinrich Himmler: Geheimreden 1933 bis 1945 (Berlin, 1974), 163.
25. Hesse, Partisanenkrieg, 247.
26. Armstrong, quoted in Soviet Partisans, 38.
27. Ibid., 39. Kenneth Macksey has noted the inability of the partisans to hamper the Germans when they were winning. "Subtract what few partisans there were in operation before Stalingrad and little difference would have been made to the outcome. The Germans would have penetrated as fast and as far as they did regardless of the partisans." K. Macksey, The Partisans of Europe in the Second World War (New York, 1975), 255.
28. For a general survey of the state of Soviet partisan studies, Yu. P. Petrov, "Sostoianie i zadachi razrabotki istorii partisanskoi dvizheniya," Voprosy Istorii (1971), 5,30 et seq.
29. F. W. Deakin, The Embattled Mountain (London, 1971), 100.
30. Smith and Peterson, Himmler Geheimreden, 242.
31. Ζbornik dokumentata i podataka ο Narodnooslobiladskom ratu jugoslavenskih naroda (Belgrade, 1950-1960), consists of 130 volumes. It is subdivided into several series; part 2 includes the documents of the general staff, the others contain the documents on a geographical basis, e.g., pt. I, Serbia, pt. 3, Montenegro, etc. There is a full bibliography, prepared by B. Dajovic and M. Radevic (Belgrade, 1969). See also Strugar, "Apergu bibliographique," Revue d'histoire de la deuxieme guerre mondiale (July 1972), 53-62.
32. Zbornik, section 6, III, 142; most of the "excesses" in Montenegro took place in July 1941.
33· Ph. Auty, Tito (London, 1970), 177; V. Dedijer, Tito speaks (London, 1953), is the semiofficial biography.
34. Zbornik, series 2, V, 187.
35. Tito, Vojna Dela, I,129.
36. Hubatsch, Kriegstagebuch, pt. 1,139.
37. Ibid., III, part 2,1253.
38. The Yugoslav Communists had themselves been in touch with the Germans. In March 1943 Velebit and Djilas, two of their highest-ranking commanders, traveled to Zagreb and, according to German documents discovered after the war, promised they would stop fighting the Germans if these would leave them alone in their bases in the Sanjak. "The partisan saw no reason for fighting our army — they added that they fought against German troops only in self-defence — but wished solely to fight the Chetniks." (Quoted in W. Roberts, Tito, Mihailovic and the Allies [Rutgers University Press, 1973], 108.) Kasche, the German minister in Zagreb, in his dispatches to Rerlin advocated a German accommodation with Tito's partisans; militarily it would be useful if the partisans were given a free hand against the Chetniks. These negotiations were cut short by Hitler who said, "One does not negotiate with rebels, rebels must be shot."
39. Auty, Tito, 208.
40. There are no comprehensive statistics; seventy-five percent of the soldiers of one Slovene division were peasants; in other parts of Yugoslavia the peasants' share was perhaps even larger (K. Dineic, "La guerre de liberation nationale en Yougoslavie," Revue d'histoire de la deuxieme guerre mondiale [April 1960], 41).
41. W. Venohr, Aufstand für die Tschechoslowakei (Hamburg, 1969), 154.
42. V. Prevan, Slovenske ndrodne povstanie (Bratislava, 1965). See also Gustav Husák, Svedectvo ο slovenskom národnom povstaní (Prague, 1954).
43. T, Bor Komorowski, The Secret Army (London, 1951), and S. Korbonski, Fighting Warsaw (London, 1956), are the main accounts as seen from the Home Army. J. Kirchmayer, Powstanie warszawskie (Warsaw, 1959), gives the Communist version; H. v. Krannhals, Der Warschauer Aufstand 1944 (Frankfurt, 1962), is the most detailed German monograph.
44. Krannhals, Warschauer Aufstand, 104.
45. The term "intellectuals" means no more in this context than the fact that they had received an education of sorts. This gave them a decisive advantage over their foes; Abas Kupi, for instance, was illiterate.
46. Julian Amery, Sons of the Eagle (London, 1948), 53. For an official history of the partisan movement see L. Kasneci, Trempee dans le feu de la lutte (Tirana, 1966). See also U.S. Army Intelligence Division: Resistance Factors and Special Forces Areas, Project No. A-229, Albania (Washington, 1957).
47. Hubatsch, Kriegstagebuch, III,pt. 2,152.
48. A. Kedros, La résistance grecque (Paris, 1966), 237 et seq.; D. George Kousoulas, Revolution and Defeat (London, 1965), 160-169. See also Komninos Pyromaglou, I ethniki antistasis (Athens, 1975), and Heinz Richter, Griechen-land zwischen Revolution und Konterrevolution (1934-1946) (Frankfurt, 1973).
49. Woodhouse, in European Resistance Movements, I,382.
50. Ν. I. Klonis, Guerrilla Warfare (New York, 1972), 115.
51. Pyromaglou, in European Resistance Movements (Oxford, 1964), II, 317-318.
52. Zachariades, quoted in Kousoulas, Revolution and Defeat, 206.
53. Macksey,The Partisans of Europe, 191.
54. Henri Noguères, Histoire de la résistance en France (Paris, 1972), III, 162.
55. B. Ehrlich, The French Resistance (London, 1966), 165.
56. From the immense literature on the French resistance and the Maquis, the following special issues of the Revue d'histoire de la deuxième guerre mondiale should be singled out: 1,30,35,47,55,61,85 and 99.
57· The standard works on the Italian resistance after 1943 are those by Valiani (1947), Cadorna (1948), Salvadori (1955), Catalano (1956), Battaglia (1964), Bocca (1966), and the official Communist histories by Secchia-Frascati (1965) and Longo (1965).
58. G. A. Shepperd, The Italian Campaign, 1943-45 (London, 1968), 302; A. Kesselring, Soldat bis zum letzten Tage (Bonn, 1953), 324,330.
59. R. Battaglia, Storia della resistenza Italiana (Turin, 1964), 662.
60. On the major partisan republics see Hubertus Bergwitz, Die Partisanen Republik Ossola (Hanover, 1972); Anne Bravo, La republica partigiana dell'alto Monferrato (Torino, 1965), passim; G. Bocca, Storia dell'Italia partigiana (Bari, 1966), 458-503. For Longo's views on partisan tactics see his Sulla via dell'insurrezione 1943-45 (Rome, 1954), 477-479.
61. Bocca, Italia partigiana, 569.
62. Guido Quazza, La resistenza italiana (Turin, 1966), 114; Bocca, Italia partigiana, 607.
63. Heinz Kuhnrich, Der Partisanenkrieg in Europa 1939-1945 ([East] Berlin, 1968), 536-537·
64. Ibid.
65. The most authoritative Soviet work, Istoria velikoi otechestvennoi voini, III, 446, mentions a total of 120,000 Soviet partisans for 1943, which is lower than the German estimate. See Armstrong, III, 35-36.
66. Marcelle Adler-Bresse, "Témoignages allemandes sur la guerre des partisans," Revue d'histoire de la deuxieme guerre mondiale (January 1964), 54.
67. F. O. Miksche, Secret Forces (London, 1950).
68. Lothar Rendulic, "Der Partisanenkrieg," Bilanz des zweiten Weltkriegs (Oldenburg, 1953), andValdis Redelis, Partisanenkrieg (Heidelberg, 1958).
69. Henri Michel, The Shadow War (London, 1972), 290.
70. S. Hawes and R. White, Resistance in Europe, 1939-1945 (London, 1975), 203.
1. Interview in Communist International (February 1938), 177.
2. When General Challe, one of the leaders of the right-wing conspiracy in Algiers, was put on trial he told the judges at great length about the wisdom of Mao. Peter Paret, French Revolutionary Warfare from Indochina to Algeria (New York, 1964), 112.
3. Mark Seiden, The Yenan Way in Revolutionäry China (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), 277.
4. A. M. FUnniantsev, I.stoki i evolutsia idei Mao Tse-tunga (Moscow, 1972), 22-33.
5. Jean Chesneaux, Peasant Revolts in China (London, 1973), 78-81.
6. SelectedWorks of Mao Tse-tung (Peking, n.d.), I,23.
7. Jerome Ch'en, Mao and the Chinese Revolution (London, 1965), 112; Maurice Meissner, Li Ta-chao and the Origins of Chinese Marxism (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), 81.
8. Selected Military Writings of Mao Tse-tung (Peking, 1968), 72, "A single spark can start a prairie fire."
9. S, B, Griffith, The Chinese People's Liberation Army (London, 1968), 29.
10. Robert Rothschild, La chute de Chiang Kai-chek (Paris, 1972), 308.
11. Mao's report at the Sixth National Congress of the CCP, quoted in Brandt, Schwartz and Fairbank, A Documentary History of Chinese Communism (Cambridge, Mass., 1952), 162.
12. Ch'en, op, cit., 151; John E. Rue, Mao Tse-tung in Opposition (Stanford, 1966), 82 et seq.
13. J. Ch'en, "The Resolution of the Tsunyi Conference (January 1935)," China Quarterly (October 1969), 26.
14· Ch'en, Mao, loc, cit,, 155-156,
15. The most detailed account of these events is in Dick Wilson, The Long March (London, 1971); see also Veliki pokhod (Moscow, 1959), and Anthony Garavente, "The Long March," China Quarterly (April 1965), 85 et seq.
16. John Μ. Nolan, "The Long March: Fact and Fancy," Military Affairs (Summer 1966), 81.
17. Detailed comprehensive studies of Communist guerrilla warfare during the Yenan period do not exist. The general literature is listed in the books by Ch'en, Griffith, Seiden and Johnson, mentioned above. Of the eyewitness accounts Edgar Snow's is the most interesting inasmuch as the general background is concerned, whereas E. F. Carlson, Twin Stars of China (New York, 1940), is the most illuminating on military affairs. A great many theoretical analyses of Mao's strategy were published in later years. Among the more interesting are Katzenbach and Hanrahan, "The Revolutionary Strategy of Mao Tse-tung," Political Science Quarterly (September 1955); Chalmers A. Johnson, "Civilian Loyalties and Guerrilla Conflict," World Politics (1964), 287 et seq; Howard L. Boorman and Scott A. Boorman, "Chinese Communist Insurgent Warfare 1935-1949Political Science Quarterly (June 1966).
18. Edgar Snow, Red Star over China (New York, 1961), 254.
19. Mark Seiden, The Yenan Way in Revolutionary China (Cambridge, 1971), 66.
20. Lyman P. Van Slyke, Enemies and Friends (Stanford, 1967), 95.
21. Stuart Schräm, ed., Mao Tse-tung Basic Tactics (London, 1967): this is a series of lectures which has not been included in Mao's Selected Works. It was virtually forgotten, to be rediscovered around 1970 and published — but only outside China.
22. "On Basic Lessons of Conventional War and the Conditions for Developing Guerrilla Warfare in Northern China," in Thomas W. Robinson, A Politico-Military Biography of Lin Piao (Santa Monica, 1971), part 1,113 et seq.
23. Selected Military Writings, loc. cit., 138.
24. Ibid., 139.
25. Ibid., 141.
26. "Problems of Strategy in Guerrilla War against Japan" (May 1938), in Selected Military Writings, 157-165.
27. Ibid., 168.
28. Ibid., 181.
29. "On Protracted War," in Selected Military Writings, op, cit., et seq.
30. Basic Tactics, 55 et seq.
31. Robinson, loc. cit., 124.
32. Report given at the Seventh Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (April 1945) republished in The Battle Front of the Liberated Areas (Peking, 1962).
33. Chong-Sik Lee, Counterinsurgency in Manchuria. The Japanese Experience 1931-1950 (Santa Monica, 1967), VII.
34. Griffith, op. cit., 74.
35. Jerome Ch'en, op. cit., 239-240.
36. Roy Hofheinz, Jr., in A. Doak Barnett, Chinese Communist Politics in Action (Seattle, 1967), 67.
37. Chalmers A. Johnson, Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power. The Emergence of Revolutionary China 1937-1945 (Stanford, 1962),passim.
38. J. L. S. Girling, People's War (London, 1969), 79.
39. This passage from Mao's "On New Democracy" was deleted from subsequent editions. Stuart J. Schram, Introduction to Basic Tactics, op, cit., 2g.
40. "On the New Stage," in Schram, The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung (New York, 1963), 113-114.
41. Vo Nguyen Giap, People's War, People's Army (New York, 1962), 174.
42. Col. Roberts E. Biggs, "Red Parallel: The Tactics of Ho and Mao," U.S. Combat Forces Journal (January 1955).
43· Douglas Pike, Vietcong (Cambridge, 1966), 8.
44. Bernard B. Fall, Viet-Nam Witness 1953-1966 (New York, 1968), 229; John T. McAlister, Jr., The Beginnings of Revolution (London, 1969), 206.
45. Joseph Buttinger, Vietman: A Dragon Embattled (New York, 1967), II, 760.
46. Jean Lacouture, Ho Chi Minh (New York, 1968), 14.
47. Bernard Fall, Street without Joy (Harrisburg, 1961), 24. For the general background of the history of the Communist and nationalist movement in Vietnam during this period, see Buttinger, op. cit.; Paul Mus, Viet-Nam, Sociologie d'une guerre (Paris, 1950); Philippe Devillers, Histoire de Viet-Nam de 1940 à 1952 (Paris, 1952); and Β. B. Fall,Le Viet-Minh (Paris, 1960).
48. Buttinger, II, 739; for firsthand accounts of Vietminh guerrilla warfare see the books by Bernard Fall and Wilfred G. Burchett.
49. Buttinger, II, 741.
50. Bernard B, Fall, Truong Chih (New York, 1963).
51. Ibid., 74.
52. Douglas Pike, War, Peace and the Viet Cong (Cambridge, Mass., 1969), 142 et seq.
53. Giap, People's War, People's Army, 48.
54. "The Big Victory, the Great Task," in Patrick J. McGarvey, Visions of Victory. Selected Vietnamese Communist Writings 1964-68 (Stanford, 1969), 40.
55. Giap, op. cit., 108.
56. Ibid., 109.
57. McGarvey, op. cit., 41.
58. Robert J. O'Neill, General Giap (Sidney, ig6g),203.
59. McGarvey, op. cit., 15,45.
60. George A. Carver, "The Faceless Viet Cong," Foreign Affairs (April, 1966), 360.
61. Carver, loc. cit.
62. J. J. Zasloff, Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954-60: The Role of the Southern Vietminh Cadres, RAND Memorandum RM-5163/2/ARPA (Santa Monica, 1967), 27.
63. Bernard B. Fall,lMst Reflections on a War (New York, 1967), 219,220.
64. Wesley R. Fishel, ed., Anatomy of a Conflict (Ithaca, 1968), 425.
65. For a study of Viet Cong political motivation see J. J. Zasloff's RAND Memo. RM 4703/2 2-ISA ARPA (August:1966).
66. John Gerassi, Towards Revolution (London, 1971), 1,107.
67. Associated Press (11 May 1975).
68. Douglas Pike, "How Strong is the NLF?" in Fishel, loc. cit., 412.
69. Duncanson, in Fishel, op. cit., 428.
70. Denis Warner, The Last Confucian (London, 3964), 32; Ton Tat Thien, "Vietnam, A Case of Social Alienation," International Affairs (July 1967).
71. Buttinger, op. cit., 984; Vietnam: W. Burchett, Inside Story of the Guerrilla War (New York, 1965), 84-89.
72. Pike, loc. cit., 418.
73. David Halberstam, The Making of a Quagmire (New York, 1965), 167.
74. Quoted in W. R. Fishel, 500-503.
1. Yehuda Bauer, From Diplomacy to Resistance (Philadelphia, 1970), 319.
2. There are many personal accounts of the anti-British struggle in Palestine between 1944 and 1948 but there is no comprehensive historical study. The paramilitary organizations involved have all published their official histories. Sefer toldot ha-Hagana (Tel Aviv, 1963), II, books 1 and 2; David Niv, Ma'arakhot ha-lrgun ha-Zvai ha-Leumi (Tel Aviv, 1965-1973), III, IV; Kovetz Lehi (Tel Aviv, 1959); Sefer ha-Palmach (Tel Aviv, 1953). See also Natan Yalin Mor, Lohame Herut Israel (Tel Aviv, 1974).
3. M. Begin, The Revolt (London, n.d, [1951?]), 317.
4. Kousoulas, Revolution and Defeat, 236.
5. J, C. Murray, "The Anti-Bandit War" in Greene, The Guerrilla, 98.
6. Edgar O'Ballance, The Greek Civil War 1944-1949 (London, 1966), 181. For a sympathetic though not uncritical account, Dominique Eudis, The Kapetanios (London, 1972).
7. The fullest account of the Indonesian struggle for independence is George McT. Kahin, Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia (Ithaca, 1952). Among more recent works with a bearing on the period are J. M. van den Kroef, The Communist Party of Indonesia (Vancouver, 1965); B. Dahm, Sukarno and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence (Ithaca, 1969); idem, History of Indonesia in the Twentieth Century (London, 1971).
8. Arnold C. Brackman, Indonesian Communism (New York, 1963), 107.
9. J. H. Brimmell, Communism in South East Asia (London, 1959), 255-262; Ruth McVey, The Calcutta Conference and the South East Asian Uprising (Ithaca, 1958), passim.
10. Lucian W. Pye, Guerrilla Communism in Malaya (Princeton, 1956), was an early account of the fighting in Malaya. Others were Gene Hanrahan, The Communist Struggle in Malaya (New York, 1954), and V. Purceli, Malaya Communist or Free? (London, 1954). The fullest survey is Anthony Short, The Communist Insurrection in Malaya 1948-1960 (London, 1975); the author was asked by the Malayan government to write the official history of the "emergency" and had access to almost all relevant sources. In the end the Malayan government refused however to give the book its blessing. Other important works are Robert Thompson, Defeating Communist Insurgency (London, 1966); Richard Clutterbuck, The Long Long War (London, 1967); idem, Riot and Revolution in Singapore and Malaya (London, 1973).
11. Short,Insurrection in Malaya, 3get seq.
12. Ibid., 51.
13. Clutterbuck, Riot and Revolution, 271.
14. Sir Robert Thompson notes that the initial strength of the guerrillas in Malaya and Vietnam was about equal — 4,000 to 5,000 (Defeating Communist Insurgency, 47). But unlike the Vietcong, the guerrillas in Malaya had great difficulty in recruiting new cadres because they had no "popular," only a jungle base.
15. Short, Insurrection in Malaya, 319.
16. Clutterbuck, Riot and Revolution, 211.
17. Ibid., 272.
18. W. J. Pomeroy, ed., Guerrilla Warfare and Marxism (New York, 1968), 34-35.
19. Aguinaldo came from a well-to-do landowning family of mixed Chinese and Taganlog stock. He had been municipal captain of his home town and had a reputation as a proficient street fighter. On the struggle between the American army and Aguinaldo's forces, see J. A. Leroy, The Americans in the Philippines (New York, 1914), 2 vols.; Τ. M. Kalaw, The Philippine Revolution (Manila, 1925); W. Sexton, Soldiers in the Sun (Harrisburg, 1939); G. F. Zaide, The Philippine Revolution (Manila, 1954), and Leon Wolff, Little Brown Brother (London, 1961). The most recent study is Major Robert T. Yap-Diangco, The Filipino Guerrilla Tradition (Manila, 1971).
20. U. S. Baclagon, The Huk Campaign in the Philippines (Manila, 1960), 1.
21. Luis Taruc, He Who Rides the Tiger (London, 1967), 24.
22. Β. T. Bashore in Osanka, 196.
23. B. Dasgupta, "Naxalite Armed Struggles and the Annihilation Campaign in Rural Areas," Economic and Political Weekly, nos. 4-6 (Bombay, 1973).
24. Intercontinental Press (2 June 1975), 741.
25· De Gaulle in conversation with Pierre Laffont, J. R. Tournoux, La tragedie du Genirai (Paris, 1967), 597.
26. The most detailed account of the Algerian war so far is Yves Courriere, La guerre d'Algerie: I, Les fib de la Toussaint (Paris, 1968); II, Le temps des leopards (Paris, 1969); III,L'heure des colonels (Paris, 1970).
27. William B. Quandt, Revolution and Political Leadership. Algeria 1954-1968 (Cambridge, Mass., 1969), 91.
28. Edward Behr, The Algerian Problem (London, 1961), 60; Michael K. Clark, Algeria in Turmoil (New York, 195g), 58.
29. Quoted in C. and F. Jeanson, L'Algerie hors la loi (Paris, 1955), 298.
30. This applies, for instance, to G. Chaliand and A. Humbaraci; Quandt, Revolution and Political Leadership, 220.
31. Quoted in J. S. Ambler, The French Army in Politics (Columbus, 1966), 331.
32. Title of a book on Algeria by Mohammed Bessaoud (Paris, 1963).
33. Case studies in Insurgency and Revolutionary warfare: Algeria 1954-62, Special Operations Research Office (Washington, 1963), 19-29.
34. Dickey Chappelle, "How Castro won," reprinted in Osanka, 325.
35. Thomas, "The Origins of the Cuban Revolution," The World Today (October 1963), 490 et seq.; Theodore Draper, Castroism, Theory and Practice (New York, 1965), 103 et seq.
36. Malcolm Deas, "Guerrillas in Latin America: a Perspective," The World Today (February 1968), 74.
37. Thomas, Cuba, 791.
38. Che Guevara, Episodes of the Revolutionary War (Havana, 1967), 13 et seq. 3g. Draper, Castroism, 25.
40. For a discussion of the splits in the Palestinian resistance, the ideologies of the various groups and a bibliography see below, chapter 8.
41. Precise data have not been published, but occasional figures convey a glimpse of the magnitude of the sums involved. Thus according to a PLO spokesman, the arrears of the Arab states alone amounted to sixty million dollars in late March 1974. ("Voice of Palestine," Cairo Radio, 2 June 1974.)
42. For the general background of Kurdish-Arab relations see C. J. Edmond, Turks and Arabs (London, 1957); for descriptions of the Kurdish war, D. Adamson, The Kurdish War (London, 1964), and E. O'Ballance, The Kurdish Revolt 1961-1970 (London, 1973); Rene Maunes, Le Kurdistan ou la mort (Paris, 1967); D. A. Schmidt, Journey among Brave Men (Boston, 1964).
43. J. Bowyer Bell, "Endemic Insurgency and International Order: The Eritrean Experience," Orbis (Summer 1974), 427-450. Originally there were both Muslims and Christians among the ELF cadres, but they split in 1971 along tribal and religious lines. Both the Saudis and Ghadafi resented the presence of Christians in the ELF but there seems to have been friction from the very beginning; it was difficult to get Christian and Muslim cadres even to eat together. Which did not stop the ELF's proclaiming itself a Marxist movement.
44. Documents of the National Struggle in Oman and the Arabian Gulf (London, ig74), 16; R. Fiennes, Where Soldiers Fear to Tread (London, 1975), is a firsthand account of the Oman war.
45. Ali Akbar Safayi Farahani, What a Revolutionary Must Know (London, 1973), 67. A former schoolteacher, Farahani fought with the Palestinians 1967-1969 and later participated in the Siahkal guerrilla movement in northern Iran. He was killed in 1970.
46. See Organisations et combats du peuple de l'Iran (n.p. [Paris?], n.d. [1974?]), passim.
47. P. Vielle and Abol Hassan Banisadr, Petrole et violence (Paris, 1974), 107 et seq.
48. On De« Gene and the various commando groups which evolved from it see J. M. Landau, Radical Politics in Modern Turkey (Leiden, ig74), 41-44· 4g, Charles Foley, ed., The Memoirs of General Grivas (London, 1964), 135,
50. There is no detailed history of Grivas's campaign. The fullest account is still his own autobiography. See also Charles Foley, Island in Revolt (London, 1964); idem, Legacy of Strife (London, 1964); Robert Stephens, Cyprus. A Place of Arms (London, 1966).
51. For the background of the Mau Mau disorders see L. S. B. Leakey, Defeating Mau Mau (London, 1954), and F. D. Corfield, Historical Survey of the Origins and Growth of Mau Mau (London, 1960); C. G. Rösberg and J. Noltingham, The Myth of Mau Mau (London, 1966). For military aspects of the revolt, F. Kitson, Gangs and Countergangs (London, 1960), and Ian Henderson and Philip Goodhart, The Hunt for Kimathi (London, 1958). For a Mau Mau point of view, W. Itote, Mau Mau General (Nairobi, 1967); Donald L. Barnett and Karari Njama, Mau Mau from Within (London, 1966). See also Life Histories from the Revolution, Mau Mau 1-3 (Richmond, Canada, 1974); these were written apparently by Barnett. (The problems with "autobiographies" of Asian or African guerrillas ghosted by Western well-wishers are manifold. To mention but one example; in the year 1953, Born of the People, an autobiography of Luis Taruc, was published in New York. When Taruc later surrendered and left the Communist party, he revealed that the book had been written "with the help of a friend" and edited by Jose Lavé, general secretary of the Communist party; various chapters on theoretical subjects were inserted without his knowledge. Pomeroy, on the other hand, claimed that "this book was actually written by W. J. Pomeroy compiled from interviews with numerous Huk leaders.")
52. Guy Arnold, Kenyatta and the Politics of Kenya (London, 1974), 110.
53. D. L. Wheeler and R. Pélissier, Angola (London, 1971), 178-179.
54. Richard Gibson, African Liberation Movements (London, 1972), 281.
55. The main sources for the war in Guiné-Bissau are B. Davidson, The Liberation of Guiné (Harmondsworth, 1969), and Gerard Chaliand, Lutte armeé en Afrique (Paris, 1967); Lars Rudebeck, Guinea-Bissau: A Study of Political Mobilization (New York, 1975), as well as Cabral's essays, Unité et lutte (Paris, 1975), all from a PAIGC point of view. The struggle in Angola and Mozambique is surveyed in R. H. Chilcote, Portuguese Africa (New York, 1967), and John A. Marcum, The Angolan Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1969). See also E. Mondlane, The Struggle for Mozambique (Harmondsworth, 1969).
56. Gibson, African Liberation Movements, 261.
57. K. W. Grundy, Guerrilla Struggle in Africa (New York, 1971), chapter 19.
58. "The campaign mounted by the enemy in claiming that the MPLA is a Communist organization can only be seen as propaganda intended to fool our people." A. Neto, Messages to Companions in the Struggle (Richmond, Canada, 1972), 27.
59. See chapter 8 below.
60. The best general account of the rise and fall of the Latin American guerrilla movements is Allemann, Macht und Ohnmacht der Guerilla. Also of interest are the earlier books by Richard Gott, Rural Guerrilla in Latin America (London, 1973), and Luis Mercier Vega, Technique du contre état (Paris, 1968). James Kohl and John Litt, Urban Guerrilla Warfare in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1974), is a collection of texts with introductory comments. The most important work in Spanish is V. Bambirra, ed., Dies años de insurrección en America Latina (Santiago, 1.971). For Venezuela see Luigi Valsalice, Guer-riglia e politica: L'esemplo de Venezuela 1962-1969 (Florence, 1973)· The most up-to-date bibliography is Bibliografia guerra revolucionaria y subversión en el continente (Washington, 1973), published by the Library of the Inter-American Defense College.
61. Deas, "Guerrillas in Latin America," 74.
62. Anti-Mau Mau countergangs had first been used in Kenya and spread much confusion among the guerrillas. In Latin America right-wing terrorist groups emerged in many countries, frequently with the approval of the government or the army. This applies to the Argentine National Orgainzation Movement (ΜΑΝΟ), the Guatemalan NOA and ΜΑΝΟ, the Brazilian Escudrão da Morte. The Spanish anti-Basque Guerrilleros de Christo Rey should also be mentioned in this context. For the urban guerrillas these were of course merely hired agents, just as in the eyes of the extreme right the Communists and Castroists were simply "bandits." Internal war is not the ideal period for detached political and social analysis.
63. For a comprehensive list, Political Kidnappings 1968-1973, Staff Study by the House of Representatives Committee on International Security (Washington, 1973)· See also Brian M. Jenkins and Janera Johnson, International Terrorism. A Chronology 1968-1974 (Santa Monica, 1975).
64. Ulster, by the Sunday Times Insight Team (London, 1972), 194 et seq. See also Martin Dillon and Denis Lehane, Political Murder in Northern Ireland (London, 1973).
65. See chapter 8 below.
66. D. V. Segré and J. H. Adler, "The Ecology of Terrorism," Survival (July-August 1973), 180.
67. Β. M. Jenkins, High Technology Terrorism and Surrogate War. The Impact of New Technology on Low-Level Violence (Santa Monica, 1975), passim. For observations on the international character of terrorism J. Bowyer Bell, Transnational Terrorism (Washington, 1975).
1. Boris Goldenberg, Kommunismus in Lateinamerika (Stuttgart, 1971), 361.
2. The basic texts of Latin American guerrilla writing are available in English, French and German. Among the more important general studies are the following: Vania Bambirra, ed., Diez Años de Insurrectión (Santiago, 1971), 2 vols.; Richard Gott, Guerrilla Movements in Latin America (London, 1970); Luis Mercier Vega, Guerrillas in Latin America (London, 1969). Hugh Thomas, Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom (London, 1971) and Theodore Draper, Castroism, Theory and Practice (London, 1965) are essential for the understanding of the Castro ideology. Some of the best studies on the subject are in German; this refers in particular to Boris Goldenberg, Kommunismus in Lateinamerika (Stuttgart, 1971) and Fritz René Allemann, Macht und Ohnmacht der Guerilla (München, 1974). The following are also of interest: Günter Masehke, Kritik des Guerillero (Frankfurt, 1973); Wolfgang Berner, Der Evangelist des Castroismus-Guevarismus (Köln, 1969); Richard E. Kiessler, Guerilla und Revolution (Bonn, 1975); Robert F. Lamberg, Die castristische Guerilla in Lateiname rika (Hanover, 1971). Of great help to students of the subject are the following bibliographies: Ronald H. Chilcote, Revolution and Structural Change in Latin America: a Bibliography on Ideology, Development and the Radical Left (1930-1965) (Stanford, 1970), 2 vols.; Anon., Bibliografia: Guerra Revolucionaria y Subversión en el Continente (Washington, 1973).
3. Interview with Andrew St. George, 4 February 1958; Ronald E. Bonachee and Nelson P. Valdes, Revolutionary Struggle, 1947-1958; Volume I of the Selected Works of Fidel Castro (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 369.
4. The second Declaration of Havana, 4 February 1962 in M. Kenner and J. Petras, Fidel Castro Speaks (London, 1972), 164.
5. Ché Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare (London, 1969); the article was originally published in Cuba Socialista (September 1963), 1-17.
6. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, 14.
7. Debray, Revolution in the Revolution (New York, 1967), 104-106.
8. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, 19.
9. Regis Debray, Strategy for Revolution (London, 1973), 46-47.
10. Speech at the University of Havana, 13 March 1967, in Kenner and Petras, op. cit., 119.
11. OLAS: Première Conférence de l'organisation latino-americaine de solidarité (Paris, 1967), 72.
12. Debray, Revolution, 26.
13. Alberto Bayo, 150 Questions to a Guerrilla (Boulder, 1963).
14. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare — a Method; in Malin, op. cit., 276.
15. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, 121.
16. The romantic ("Byronic") inspiration of guerrilla leaders was noted first by Davydov and later by Maguire, the London lawyer who, around the turn of the century, was one of the first to present a systematic guerrilla doctrine.
17. "Frente a todos" Bohemia (8 January 1956), in Bonachee and Valdes, 1,299.
18. T. Draper, Castroism: Theory and Practice (London, 1965).
19. Ibid., 55.
20. Bohemia (28 July 1957).
21. Liborio Justo, Bolivia, la revolucion derrotada (Cochabamba, 1967), 261. Quoted in Goldenberg, op. cit.
22. Leo Huberman and Paul Sweezy, eds., Regis Dehray and the Latin American Revolution (New York, 1969).
23. Douglas Bravo, "Cuba: Rectificación tactica ο estrategia," French translation in Temps Modernes (July 1971).
24. Regis Debray, Les Epreuves de Feu. La Critique des Armes (Paris, 1974), II, 121-122.
25. Ibid., 123.
26. Interview with the Mexican newspaper Sucesos, in Vega, op. cit., 242-246.
27. Gott, op. cit., 262-265; Norman Gall, Teodoro Petkoff: The crisis of the professional revolutionary, part I, "Years of Insurrection." Field Staff Reports 1972, No. 1, 16 et seq; Robert J. Alexander, The Communist Party of Venezuela (Stanford, 1969), passim.
28. Hector Bejar, Peru 1965: Notes on a Guerrilla Experience (New York, 1970), 124.
29. Hugo Blanco, El Camino de Nuestra Revolución (Lima, 1964), passim; Robert J. Alexander, Trotskyism in Latin America (Stanford, 1973), 174-175.
30. For a representative selection of his writings see John Gerassi, ed., Camilo Torres, Revolutionary Priest (London, 1973). There is a recent biography: W. J. Broderick, Camilo Torres (New York, 1975).
31. Anon., La Guerrilla por dentro (Bogotá, 1971), passim; the author of this book was the former guerrilla leader Jaime Arenas. Conrad Dentrez, Les mouvements révolutionnaires en Amerique Latine (Brussels, 1972); Allemann, loc. cit., 272-274.
32. G. Lora, Neubewertung der Guerilla (Berlin, 1973), 142.
33. Alexander Craig, "Urban Guerrilla in Latin America," Survey (Summer 1971), 124.
34. The writings of Carlos Marighela have been widely translated; the books and articles of Abraham Guillen are not readily available even in Spanish. A comprehensive bibliography has been supplied by Russell, Miller and Hildner; "The Urban Guerrilla in Latin America," Latin American Research Revieiv (Spring 1974). Among the few general studies on the subject, the following ought to be mentioned: Robert Moss, Urban Guerrillas (London, 1972); James Kohl and John Litt, Urban Guerrilla Warfare in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1974). Ernesto Mayans, ed., Tupamaros: antologia documental (Cuernavaca, 1971) is an excellent collection of the main documents on the urban guerrilla in Uruguay.
35. A. Guillen, Estrategia de la guerrilla urbana (Montevideo, 1966), 63; quoted in Donald C. Hodges, ed., Philosophy of the Urban Guerrilla (New York, 1973), 236.
36. A. Guillen, El pueblo en armas: estrategia revolucionaria (unpublished, 1972), quoted in Hodges, 257-258.
37. Hodges, loc. cit., 241.
38. Hodges, loc. cit., 263-277.
39. Carlos Marighela, For the Liberation of Brazil (London, 1971), 178-182.
40. Ibid., 47.
41. R. Moss, op. cit., 395.
42. Joao Quartin, Dictatorship and Armed Struggle in Brazil (New York, 1971), 194-195·
43. Minimanual, in Marighela, op. cit., 81.
44. More books and articles have been written about the Tupamaros than about any other Latin American guerrilla movement. The most important are, in addition to Mayans's collection of documents mentioned above: A. Mercader and Jorge de Vega, Tupamaros: estrategia y acción (Montevideo, 1969); Alain Labrousse, The Tupamaros (London, 1973); Maria Esther Gilio, The Tupamaros (London, 1972).
45. Originally published in the Chilean journal Punto Final and frequently reprinted. Quoted here from Kohl and Litt, op. cit., 227-236.
46. Interview with "Urbano," Kohl and Litt, op. cit., 268.
47. Debray, Les Epreuves de Feu, loc. cit., 277. This is a variation on one of Debray's favorite theses, first pronounced in the 1960s about the revolu-tionarization by the revolutionaries of the counterrevolution,
48. Freedom Struggle, "By the Provisional IRA" (n,p., 1973), n.
49. Patxi Isaba, Euzkadi Socialiste (Paris, 1971), 98. See also Ortzi, Historia de Euskadi (Paris, 1975).
50. Pierre Vallières, Nègres blancs d'Amerique (Montreal, 1969).
51. A. Schubert, ed., "Das Konzept Stadtguerrilla," Stadtguerrilla (Berlin, 1971), 111. See also Holger, der Kampf geht weiter, Dokumente und Beitraege zum Konzept Stadtguerrilla (Gaiganz, 1975).
52. Kollektiv RAF, Uber den bewaffneten Kampf in Westeuropa (Berlin, 1971), 47.
53. Schubert, op. cit., 137.
54. H. J. Müller-Borchert, Guerilla im Industriestaat (Hamburg, 1973), 108.
55. Erklärungen von Horst Mahler (Rote Hilfe, Berlin, 1974), 8.
56. Jerry Rubin, Do it. Scenario of the Revolution (New York, 1970), 125.
57. "Communiqué No. 1" in Harold Jacobs, ed., Weatherman (Berkeley, 1970), 125·
58. Scanlans (January, 1971), 15; The Berkeley Barb (15 February 1974).
59. "Communiqué No. 4" in Jacobs, op. cit., 518.
60. Scanlans, loc. cit., 14.
61. Philip S. Foner, ed., The Black Panther Speaks (New York, 1970), 107, 122.
62. Eldridge Cleaver, On the Ideology of the Black Panther Party (n.p., n.d.), 11.
63. Break de Chains (New York, 1973), 14.
64. Break de Chains, op. cit., 11-12.
65. Frantz Fanon, Pour la révolution Africaine (Paris, 1969), 186.
66. F. Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (London, 1967), 64.
67. Irene L. Gendzier, Frantz Fanon (New York, 1973), 203.
68. Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, log.
69. Jack Woddis, New Theories of Revolution (London, 1972), 174.
70. Nguyen Nghe, "Fanon et les problèmes de l'indépendence," La Pensée (February 1963).
71. Ronald H. Chilcote, "The Political Thought of Amilcar Cabral," Journal of Modern African Studies, 3 (1968), 386.
72. Amilcar Cabral, Revolution in Guinea (London, 1969), 51.
73. Speech in Havana, January 1966, reprinted in L'Arme de la Théorie, I (Paris, 1975) and in Portuguese Colonies: Victory or Death (Havana, 1971), 133.
74. Gerard Chaliand, Armed Struggle in Africa (New York, 1969), 114.
75. A. Cabral, Unité et lutte, II, La pratique révolutionnaire (Paris, 1975), 195 et seq.
76. Havana speech, loc. cit.: see also Amilcar Cabral, Die Revolution der Verdammten (Berlin, 1974), 88.
77. Amar Ouzegane, Le meilleur combat (Paris, 1962), 300.
78. El Moudjahid (15 November 1957), quoted in André Mandouze, ed., La révolution algérienne paries textes (Paris, 1961), 132.
79. This refers, for instance, to Mustafa Talas, Harb al isabat (Damascus, n.d.), which was published in several editions. Talas later became the chief of staff of the Syrian army. His book was dedicated to Guevara.
80. Y. Harkabi, Fedayeen Action and Arab Strategy (London, 1968), 14.
81. Harkabi, op. cit., 18.
82. Hisham Sharabi, Palestine Guerrillas (Washington, 1970), 32.
83. Min muntalaqat al amal al fidai (Amman, 1967), 67.
84. Walid Kazziha, Revolutionary Transformation in the Arab World (London, 1975). 54·
85. The basic ideological texts of the various groups are readily available in many editions; they were systematically reproduced in the Journal of Palestine Studies, Beirut. A convenient collection is Bichara et Nairn Khader, ed., Textes de la révolution palestinienne (Paris, 1975). Among the more important descriptive accounts are Gerard Challiant, La résistance palestinienne (Paris, 1970); John K. Cooley, Green March, Black September (London, 1973); Ehud Yaari, Strike Terror (New York, 1970); Edgar O'Ballance, Arab Guerrilla Power (1967-1972) (London, 1973). The central theoretical issues are discussed in books by Naji Alush, Elias Murgus and Anis Qasim (in Arabic) and Y. Harkabi (in Hebrew).
86. Rolf Tophoven, Fedayin, Guerrilla ohne Grenzen (Bonn, 1973), 109. Fatah alone received 80-85 million in 1973; the Libyan government gave 30 million.
87. Peter Paret and John W. Shy, "Guerrilla Warfare and U.S. Military Policy," in Τ. N. Greene, The Guerrilla and How to Fight Him (New York, 1962), 37.
88. Kwame Nkrumah, Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare (London, 1968).
89. Abdul Haris Nasution, Fundamentals of Guerrilla Warfare (London, 1965), 55, 73·
90. Ibid., 17.
91. General Grivas, Guerrilla Warfare and Eoka's Struggle (London, 1964), 73.
92. Ibid., 74.
93. World Marxist Review (May 1964).
94. William J. Pomeroy, op. cit., 34.
95. Lin Piao, "Long live the Victory of People's War," People's Daily (August 1966); Peking Review (3 September 1966).
96. Peter van Ness, Revolution and Chinese Foreign Policy (Berkeley, 1971), 7.
97. The Polemic on the General Line of the International Communist Movement (Peking, 1965), 15.
98. Roger Trinquier, Modern Warfare (London, 1964), 6.
99. Otto Heilbrunn, Partisan, Warfare (London, 1962), 40.
100. Kenneth W. Grundy, Guerrilla Struggle in Africa (New York, 1971), 42.
101. R. Trinquier, La guerre moderne (Paris, 1959); G. Bonnet, Les guerres insurrectionelles et révolutionnaires (Paris, 1958), as well as the books and articles by Chassin, Souyris, Nemo, Lacheroy, Rocquigny, Hogard and others.
102. Peter Paret, French Revolutionary Warfare from Indochina to Algeria (New York, 1964), 7.
103. Captain Souyris in Revue militaire d'information (October, 1958), 38.
104. For a discussion of the revolutionary war doctrine, J. S. Ambler, The French Army in Politics (Columbus, 1966), 308-336.
105. Ximenes (pseud.) in Revue militaire d'information (August-September 1958), 27-40.
1ο6. Ε. Behr, The Algerian Problem (London, 1961), 140; Ambler, op. cit., 324.
107. David S. Sullivan and Martin J. Sattler, eds., Revolutionary War and Western Response (New York, 1971), 7 et seq.
108. Ε. L. Katzenbach, Jr, "Time, Space and Will: The Politico-Military View of Mao Tse-tung," in Τ. N. Greene, ed., loc. cit., 19; Virgil Ney, "Guerrilla Warfare and Modern Strategy," in F. M. Osanka, ed., Modern Guerrilla Warfare (Glencoe, 1962), 38.
109. G. Lichtheim, Imperialism (New York, 1971), 164.
110. Dept. of the Army. Operations against Irregular Forces, Field Manual 31-15 (1961), 5.
111. Julian Paget, Counter-Insurgency Campaigning (London, 1967), 23.
112. John J. McCuen, The Art of Counter Revolutionary War (London, 1966), passim.
113. Frank Kitson, Low Intensity Operations (London, 1971), 32.
114. J. Baechler, in Sullivan and Sattler, eds, op. cit., 79.
115. Robert Thompson, Revolutionary War in World Strategy, 1945-1969 (London, 1970), 11.
116. J. L. S. Girling, People's War (London, 196g).
117. David Galula, Counterinsurgency Practice (New York, 1964), passim.
118. Eqbal Ahmad, loc. cit., 4.
119. Ibid., 15.
120. Richard Clutterbuck, Protest and the Urban Guerrilla (London, 1973), 13 et seq.
1. For instance Otto Heilbrunn, Partisan Warfare (London, 1962), 40, and many other authors.
2. E. J. Hobsbawm, Revoltionaries (London, 1973), 165.
3. G. Fairbam, Revolutionary Guerrilla Warfare (London, 1974), 16.
4. M. Elliot-Bateman rightly notes that "people's war" is not a new form of war but that it was forgotten or repressed. On the other hand it is far-fetched, to put it mildly, to consider Lawrence's exploits in Arabia a case of "people's war" as he does. See "The Form of People's War" Army Quarterly (April 1970), 38.
5. Juana Azurduy de Padilla, one of the chief guerrilla leaders in the Andes, was made Teniente Coronel in 1816 (Joaquin Gautier's biography [La Paz, 1973], 199.) In the La Plata wars of the early nineteenth century the guerrilla portion of the campaign (guerra de recursos) was almost entirely entrusted to the women of Paraguay by Brigadier General Eliza Lynch and Lieutenant-Colonel Margaret Ferreira. See also Julio Diaz Arguedas, Guerrilleros y Heroinas de la Independencia (La Paz, 1974), 13-15.
6. The term "internal war" in fact antedates "guerrilla"; it was used in the eighteenth century, but it appears here in its specific modern sense. "People's war," needless to say, is not a new expression either but, following Mao, it has acquired a different specific meaning. The use of "partisan" as a military term can be traced back in English to the early eighteenth century, and in French and Italian to the late sixteenth.
7. The following is a fairly representative but by no means exhaustive sample for the discussion of guerrilla theories: Henry Bienen, Violence and Social Change (Chicago, 1968), 40-65; Lucien Pye and others in Harry Eckstein, ed., Internal War (New York, 1964); Harry Eckstein, "On the Etiology of Internal Wars," History and Theory 2 (1965), 133-163; Chalmers Johnson, "Civilian Loyalties and Guerrilla Conflicts," World Politics (July 1963); Samuel P. Huntington, "Guerrilla Warfare in Theory and Practice" in Osanka, op. cit; J. K. Zawodny, Russell Rhyne, Klaus Knorr and other contributors to the special issue of The Annals (May 1962); Franklin A, Lindsay, "Unconventional Warfare," American Scholar (Summer 1962); D. F. Robinson, "Irregular Warfare," Army Quarterly and Defence Journal (July 1974); B. Singh and Ko Wang Mei, Theory and Practice of Modern Guerrilla Warfare (New York, 1971); M. Elliot-Bateman, "The Form of People's War," Army Quarterly (April 1970); P. Kecskemeti, Insurgency as a Strategic Problem (Santa Monica, 1967); Charles Wolf, Jr., Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: New Myths and Old Realities (Santa Monica, 1965); Eqbal Ahmad, E. R. Wolf and M. Gelden in N. Miller and R. Aya, eds., National Liberation, Revolution in the Third World (New York, 1971); Roger Darling, "Analyzing Insurgency," Military Review (February 1974); Nathan Leites and Charles Wolf, Rebellion and Authority—An Analytical Essay on Insurgent Conflicts (Chicago, 1970).
8. Kecskemeti, op, cit., 15.
9. Pye in Eckstein, ed., op. cit., 162.
10. Eckstein in History and Theory, op. cit., 153.
11. Revue Militaire Génerale (January 1957).
12. L. Oppenheim, International Law (London, 1940), Section 254.
13. Jürg H. Schmid. Die völkerrechtliche Stellung der Partisanen im Kriege (Zürich, 1956); Carl Schmitt, Theorie des Partisanen (Berlin, 1963); Alfred Bopp, Moderner Krieg und Kriegsgefangenenrecht (Würzburg, 1970); Charles Zorgbibe, La Guerre Civile (Paris, 1975); J. Siotis, Le droit de la guerre et les confiits armés d'un caractère non international (Geneva, 1958); M. Venthey, La guérrilla: le problème du traitement des prisonniers in Annales d'Etudes Internationales (Geneva, 1972); F. Kaishoven, "The Position of Guerrilla Fighters under the Law of War," International Society for Military Law (Leyden, 1969); J. R. Rosenau, ed., International Aspects of Civil Strife (Princeton, 1964); R. Pinto, "Les règies du droit international concernant la guerre civile," Revue des Cours de l'Academie de Droit International (1965), vol. 114.
14. Bienen, loc. cit., 105.
15. Darling, op. cit.
16. Huntington in Osanka, op. cit., XVI.
17. Β. M. Jenkins, High Technology Terrorism and Surrogate War: The Impact of Surrogate War on Low-Level Violence (Santa Monica, 1975).
18. This is, in any case, part of a wider problem, that of individuals blackmailing society. A terrorist "movement" will not be needed to engage in nuclear extortion; a small group of madmen or criminals, or perhaps a single individual will be equally effective, perhaps even more so, because the smaller the group the more difficult to identify and combat it.
19. Luis Padiila in World Marxist Review (April 1975) and T. Timofeev in Kommunist (April 1975).