1. Times (London) said Elizabeth was “about twelve” (hereafter Times). She was in fact ten years old.
2. For an excellent discussion of this complex issue, see Quintard-Morénas, “Presumption of Innocence.”
3. Truche, “Rappport au président.”
4. Sagnes, Le midi rouge.
1. Rations were as follows:
1 ounce (28 grams) cheese (about enough to fill one sandwich)
2 ounces (56 grams) tea (roughly twenty teabags)
2 ounces (56 grams) jam spread
4 ounces (113 grams) bacon or ham
8 ounces (226 grams) sugar
1 shilling’s worth of meat (20 shillings = £1)
8 ounces (226 grams) fats, of which only 2 ounces (56 grams) could be butter
Later sweets and tinned goods could be had on a points system. Bread was not rationed until 1946.
2. Paris Match, 30 August–6 September 1952, reprinted a section of Jack’s dotingly affectionate diary.
3. The exchange rate was roughly 1,000 anciens francs (10 nouveaux francs) for £1, or $1.22. The allowance had been increased from £5 in sterling and £10 in foreign currency ($6.08 and $12.17, respectively).
4. Wages for lower-paid workers in mining or the railways were £5 per week. A salary of £1,000 a year would guarantee an affluent standard of living, even with extremely steep marginal rates of income tax. Sir Jack earned £4,000 ($4,866) a year.
5. The department was renamed the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence in April 1970.
6. The rates in 1952 were between 400 and 1,300 francs. Meals were within the same range. Although very cheap, the Drummonds’ currency allowance would have soon been depleted even at such low rates.
7. The official designation was “un grand gala taurin avec tournoi de toro ball.”
8. There is some doubt about the price of this ticket. Chenevier, De la combe aux fées, 15, claims that they cost 507 francs; but Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 163, puts the figure at 750 francs. Seats in the sun and the shade could explain the difference.
9. According to Valerie Marrian’s testimony on 12 December 1953. Digne Archives.
10. Maximilien Vox was the pseudonym of Samuel Monod. The meetings, known as Les Rencontres internationales de Lure, are still held every August. Monthly sessions are also held in Paris.
11. The name “Ganagobie” is of Celtic origin and means “hill of light.”
12. Marque’s testimony can be found at “Le témoignage du gendarme Marque” (The testimony of Officer Marque), 11 April 2003, https://www.samuelhuet.com/fr/affaire-dominici/53-lursfacts/410-temoignage-marque.html. It was not made until 19 March 1953. The later date may account for some minor discrepancies, such as the color of Jack Drummond’s jacket, which was dark blue rather than black.
13. The factory was founded during the First World War to produce chlorine. It was then run by various companies: Péchiney-Saint-Gobain, Rhône-Poulenc, Elf Atochem (1992), Atofina (2000), and Arkema in October (2004). After 1918 it produced a wide range of standard products. Saint-Auban was incorporated into the community of Château-Arnoux to become Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban in 1991.
14. Absolutely nothing is known about Saint Donat. He may well never have existed, but he is much revered in Provence.
15. The road is now the D4096. An autoroute, the A51, now runs parallel along the banks of the Durance.
16. The money was equivalent at that time to $336 and $303.
17. Fines were calculated at 1,000 francs (about €1.85 or $1.95) per minute of delay, a substantial sum in those days. Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 195. The small trains were “michelines,” equipped with pneumatic tires.
18. That they went to the farm to ask for water was asserted by Zézé Perrin, who had heard it from Gaston and Marie, and his mother, Germaine, had heard it from Yvette. Yvette had ordered Zézé not to say anything about it.
1. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, part 1. Also, the N96 route is now known as the D4096.
2. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1.
3. Gustave said the body was that of a female (une morte).
4. Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 245. Autheville wrote for communist dailies La Marseillaise and L’Allobroges.
5. Judt, Postwar, 33.
6. The Gras was an adaptation of the old breech-loading chassepot army rifle, adopted in 1874. It fired a single 11mm round. A powerful and accurate weapon, it was widely used by guerrilla fighters and was later adapted for use as a hunting rifle.
7. Domènech, Lurs, 82.
8. This is somewhat curious, as the socialists, or French Section of the Workers’ International (Section Française de l’Internationale Ouvrière), had been formally allied with the communists since the liberation. The alliance later fell apart due to the pressures of the Cold War.
9. Ernest Hemingway paints a singularly unflattering portrait of Marty in For Whom the Bell Tolls, where he appears as the character André Massart. He was a ruthless man obsessed with rooting out “fascist-trotskyite spies” and establishing rigorous communist orthodoxy, but he hardly deserves his nickname of “the butcher of Albacete.”
10. Quoted by Warwick Charlton in Picture Post, October 1952.
11. Quotes from Burrin, France under the Germans, 351.
12. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, part 1, procès-verbal (PV) 13 May 1953.
13. It is characteristic of the amazingly shoddy police work in the case that neither the bus driver nor the passengers were ever questioned. Roure also must have crossed paths with Ricard on the main road, but again neither was asked this obvious question.
14. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, part 1, PV 15 August 1952.
15. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, part 1. The conversation between Yvette and Gaston was witnessed by Roure, who had just at that moment returned to the Grand’ Terre. It is not clear whether he went out of curiosity or to fetch Clovis, who should have been working at the Lurs station. Roure stated that Gaston had shown surprise when told of the murders, but it cannot be established whether this was indeed the case or whether, if true, the surprise was genuine. Gaston later testified that Gustave had told him about the crime but then retracted his statement.
16. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, part 1.
17. Paris Match, 16–23 August 1952.
18. According to article 14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the police judiciaire (judicial police) are “charged with confirming infractions of criminal law, to collect proof thereof and to discover the perpetrators.”
19. Sébeille, L’affaire Dominici, 31.
20. Laborde, Un matin d’été à Lurs, 99.
21. Sébeille, L’affaire Dominici, 290.
1. Sébeille claimed that the wound was on the left hand, but he is clearly in error.
2. “Infortunés Drummond: Rapports d’autopsie” (Unfortunate Drummond :Autopsy reports), 20 August 2010, https://www.samuelhuet.com/fr/affaire-dominici/54-lursdocs/361-autopsies-drummond.html.
3. See Deniau and Sultan, Dominici.
4. This is suggested by Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 359, having consulted a traumatologist.
5. National Archives, Kew, MEPO 2/9393.
6. The Sten was a primitive 9mm automatic developed in 1941 and was supplied to the Maquis in large numbers. The name comes from the initials of its inventors, Reginald V. Shepperd and Harold J. Turpin, plus the first two letters of Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield.
7. L’Humanité, 30 August 1952.
8. Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 325, claims that this is nonsense since Elizabeth had been sleeping in the Hillman and would not have gone anywhere near the mulberry tree as she tried to escape. The map of the crime scene in plate 35 of his book, however, clearly shows that she would indeed have passed directly by the tree.
9. Combat, 6 August 1952.
10. Yet in a statement made to the gendarmes on 8 August, Olivier said that Gustave “had made a sign for me to stop.” Perhaps Olivier was already stopping when Gustave made the sign. There is also confusion about where exactly he came to a halt.
11. Sébeille, L’affaire Dominici, 86.
12. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, part 1.
13. Gaston had said, “Vaï te coutcha!”
14. L’Humanité, 8 August 1952.
15. Domènech’s book on the case, Lurs: Toute l’affaire Dominici, is one of the best contemporaneous accounts and contains some interesting photographs taken by the author.
16. Combat, 19 August 1952.
17. L’Humanité, 12 August 1952.
18. As mentioned elsewhere, Drummond was granted permission to go behind enemy lines and help provide food for the starving Dutch.
19. L’Humanité, 19 August 1952.
20. National Archives, Kew, FO 369/4924, Reilly to Patrick Dean at the FO, 22 December 1953. Also in FO 369/5032.
21. The full extent of Sir Jack’s involvement in “secret” work is described in chapter 6, in the section on his career.
22. Paris Match, 23–30 August 1952.
23. Sébeille, L’affaire Dominici, 89.
24. L’Humanité, 28 August 1952. The paper referred to this new witness as “M. Panconi” and said he was “an electrician from Nice.”
25. Sébeille, L’affaire Dominici, 91.
1. National Archives, Kew, MEPO 2/9393.
2. Paris Match, 4–11 October 1952. Hopefully the well was disused, but the record contains no such indication, simply mentioning “the well at the farm.”
3. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 5, 28.4.1956. It was a .30 carbine (7.62 x 33 mm), the standard ammunition for the M1.
4. Ce Soir, 4 September 1952.
5. L’Humanité, 5 September 1952.
6. Combat, 6 September 1952.
7. Laborde, Dominici Affair, 117.
8. Pollak was a fervent opponent of the death penalty, but five of his clients were executed, including the last person in France to receive the death penalty, Hamida Djandoubi, who was executed on 10 September 1977. He also defended the notorious Marseille Unione Corse family Guérini, who organized the so-called French Connection that supplied the heroin trade to New York. See Pollak, La parole est à la défense.
9. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 2. The name in the archives is incorrectly spelled. Stansfield was an outstanding operative and was awarded the Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire and the Military Cross for his services in the Aveyron.
10. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 7.
11. L’Humanité, 6 September 1952.
12. Under a paragraph in the penal code introduced by the Vichy government on 28 November 1943 and signed into law by de Gaulle on 25 June 1945.
13. As in a number of instances, there is some confusion in the record regarding the spelling of this family’s name. It sometimes appears as “Barthe,” but “Barth” is the most common.
14. One set was taken by the gendarmes; the other, by the technical and scientific police.
15. Times, 21 November 1952.
16. The mythical “second Hillman,” seen by the Lurs postman and by two road menders on the main road near Ganagobie, was almost certainly that of the Drummonds. The second car, which a gendarme saw in Digne on the evening of 4 August, might well have been British but not a Hillman.
17. National Archives, Kew, MEPO 2/9393.
18. Daily Express, 18 October 1952.
19. L’Humanité, 28 August 1952.
20. National Archives, Kew, mepo 2/9393.
21. Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 304.
22. Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 121.
23. See, for example, Ce Soir, 4 September 1952.
24. Speaking in dialect, Paul Maillet had said, “Mai mount érès?” Gustave replied, “A qui devans.” Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 464–65.
25. In December 1953 Maillet admitted that before Yvette returned, he had asked where Gustave was. Gustave replied that he was “in front.”
26. He was minister of justice from 20 January 1952 to 18 June 1954 in the governments of Edgar Faure, Antoine Pinay, René Meyer, and Joseph Laniel.
27. Sébeille, L’affaire Dominici, 160.
28. Roure was accompanied by Clovis and Boyer.
29. Le Parisien Libéré, 13 November 1953.
30. Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, [page?].
31. Gaston spoke in dialect: “Ai paù de dégun! Es ioù qu’aï fa péta leis Inglés!” There is some debate about the precise meaning of these words. Guerrier (L’affaire Dominici, 495) suggests that there is an ambiguity in the expression “fa péta,” in that it could imply that he had someone else to do the deed. That this is far-fetched can be seen by the repetition of the phrase in the next paragraph, “I killed all three of them.”
32. The Gras was the French Army’s standard single-round 11mm rifle, which was introduced in 1874. It was a modified version of the famous Chassepot, using metal rather than paper cartridges. It was replaced by the Lebel in 1886.
33. “Leis aï fa péta toutéi très.” Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 496.
1. Laborde, Dominici Affair, 235.
2. There seems to be some confusion about when mention is first made in official papers of the carbine being kept on the shelf in the shed. See Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 491.
3. Combat, 2 September 1952.
4. See, for example, Times, 14 November 1953.
5. Le Parisien Libéré, 20 November 1953.
6. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, part 1.
7. By the time of the Dominici trial, Sabatier had been promoted to staff sergeant (chef de brigade).
8. Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 504, makes much of the fact that Gaston spoke of “the rifle” in one version of this exchange with Guérino and said “my rifle” in another. Also, he spoke of a “rifle” and not a “carbine.” The second distinction is hardly relevant, because whoever used the weapon did not realize that it was an automatic.
9. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, part 1.
10. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1.
11. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1.
12. It will be remembered that the magazine held fifteen rounds.
13. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1.
14. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1.
15. Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 522.
16. Gaston had spoken in dialect: “Lei aï fa péta toutéi très. Sè nin faù faïre péta encore, lou farai péta.” Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1. Notice the slight difference in the wording (aï fa péta) from his account of the incident as mentioned in chapter 4, note 31.
17. “Je vous remercie, monsieur Gustave.” Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1.
18. “Au moment des faits.” Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1.
19. Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 533.
20. Times (London), 17 November 1953.
21. Le Figaro, 17 November 1953.
22. Daily Express, 17 November 1953.
23. The work of Jean Meckert, Jean Laborde, and Jean-Charles Deniau and Madeleine Sultan are in broad agreement. Domènech supports the official version.
24. In dialect: “Aguès pas paou, ti piqueraï pas.” Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici. 540.
25. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1.
26. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1.
27. William Reymond, Dominici non coupable, 89, claims that it was “the family”; Domènech, Lurs, 209, says it was Marie Dominici; and for Pollak, La parole est à la défense, 237, it was Gustave.
28. Le Figaro, 17 November 1953.
29. Le Figaro, 11–12 September 1953 and 17 November 1953.
30. Le Figaro, 16 September 1953.
31. Le Parisien Libéré, 14 November 1953.
32. Le Parisien Libéré, 16 and 17 November 1953.
33. News Chronicle, 18 November 1953.
1. Details on Drummond’s life can be found in National Archives, Kew, MAF 256 and 256/4; and in his obituary by F. G. Young, “Jack Cecil Drummond, 1891–1952,” Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 9, no. 1 (November 1954): 98–129. See also Fergusson, The Vitamin Murders.
2. In 1929, together with Christiaan Eijkman, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for work establishing the association between beriberi and the consumption of decorticated rice.
3. See Drummond’s article in the Biochemical Journal 14 (1920): 660.
4. Boyd Orr, Food, Health and Income.
5. Friend, The Schoolboy.
6. Drummond and Wilbraham, The Englishman’s Food.
7. Dorothy Hollingsworth tried to bring the book up to date in 1957, but her changes were minor and do not meet present-day concerns about dairy products, which Drummond championed. See the edition published by Pimlico in 1994.
8. Ministry of Food, Food and Its Protection.
9. Kingsley Wood had served as minister of food in Baldwin’s third term.
10. In 1942 the Ministry of Food demanded 12.4 million tons but only received 11.4 million tons. There were no unmanageable shortages. Taylor, English History, 1914–1945, 546. The prewar importation of foodstuffs averaged 22 million tons per annum, according to the ministry.
11. Roughly seven U.S. cents.
12. Sir Wilson Jameson was the chief medical officer at the Ministry of Health and the architect of the National Health Service. Sir John Boyd Orr was a feisty champion of nutrition and a brilliant scientist who was awarded the 1949 Nobel Peace Prize for his work in the field. See Lasker Foundation, “Group Awards: 1947—The British Ministries of Food and Health,” http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/historical-awards/.I.
13. Malta was the most heavily bombed area in the entire war.
14. Council of British Societies for Relief Abroad, Nutrition and Relief Work.
15. Chapman, Jesse Boot, 201.
16. Boots Annual Report, 1949–1950, Boots UK Limited Archives. Schering, founded in 1841, was taken over by Bayer in 2006.
17. National Archives, Kew, MAF 256/4. Evans was a professor of physiology at University College, London, and he worked at the Chemical Defence Experimental Station at Porton Down, Wiltshire. He was a specialist in gas contamination, and Drummond consulted him when writing his paper on decontamination.
18. National Archives, Kew, MEPO 2/9393
19. On 30 December 1952.
20. CID to Sûreté, 26 January 1953, MEPO 2/9393.
21. As noted previously, the department was renamed the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence in April 1970.
22. “La famille de Gaston et Marie Dominici,” Affaire Dominici—Triple crime de Lurs (forum), 13 October 2008, http://www.affairedominicitriplecrimedelurs.com/t54-La-famille-de-Gaston-et-Marie-Dominici.htm.
23. For further reference, it is also known as Livre des secrets sur les vertus des herbes, des pierres et de certains animaux. Better known as Albertus Magnus (1206–80), Albert le Grand was a distinguished scholar and scientist who did much to promote Aristotle and Avicenna and thus was a great influence on Saint Thomas Aquinas. He dabbled in alchemy, magic, and the occult, for which he was roundly denounced. He was canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1931.
1. Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 573.
2. Meckert, La tragédie de Lurs, 231; and Laborde, Dominici Affair, 282.
3. “Aï pou de dégun. Naï fa péta très . . . naï fara uncap éta sin fau.” Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 549.
4. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, Minutes, PV, 5 December 1953.
5. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, PV, 7 December 1953.
6. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, PV, 7 December 1953.
7. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, PV, 17 December 1953.
8. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, PV, 18 December 1953.
9. Figaro, 21 November 1953.
10. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, PV, 28 December 1952.
11. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, PV, 30 December 1953. The year before Roure had put the time at about 7:45 a.m.
12. Marshal François-Achille Bazaine had fought with great distinction in the Crimea, at Solferino, and in Mexico. He was the commander of the French forces trapped with 170,000 men in Metz during the Franco-Prussian War. There he made the famous remark, “We are in a chamber pot, and they’ll shit on us!” He capitulated on 27 October 1870. Widely seen as a traitor, he was condemned to death by a court martial, but the sentence was commuted. In 1888 he died in obscurity in Madrid.
13. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, PV, 4 February 1954.
14. Pollak, La parole est à la défense, 275.
15. Gustave said this was on 13 November, but this is clearly a mistake.
16. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, PV, 23 February 1954.Archives.
17. Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, PV, 23 February 1954.
18. Laborde, Dominici Affair, 253.
19. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, PV, 20 March 1954.
20. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, PV, 24 February 1954.
21. Clotilde would have been ten years old at the time.
22. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, PV, 24 February 1954.
23. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, PV, 8 March 1954.
24. No such statement by Gaston can be found in the written record.
25. Laborde, Dominici Affair, 269.
1. As noted in chapter 6, a santon is a small nativity figurine and popular in Provence. A traditional Provençal crèche has fifty-five individual figures representing various characters from Provençal village life. The Images d’Épinal were prints of military subjects, storybook characters, and other folk themes, and they were hugely popular throughout the nineteenth century. They were usually backed by wood or metal.
2. Giono, Notes sur l’affaire Dominici, 86.
3. National Archives, Kew, FO 369/5032.
4. Unless otherwise noted, for all quoted passages from the trial, see the transcript in Enquêtes criminelles diverse, Art. 2–3: Affaire Dominici (suite), 1952–56, Archives Nationales, Paris.
5. Pollak mistakenly dated this as 17 December 1953.
6. In a French court the jury is the judge, whereas the judge acts as a president. As is shown in the case of Gaston Dominici’s trial, the president acts not as an impartial judge but very much as a prosecutor.
7. Scize, Au grand jour des assisses, 305. A similar verb—maronner—is standard French, meaning “groan.” The verb is formed from the slang noun marron.
8. For example, see Jean Thiery-Doyen in Voilà: Europe Magazine, 5 December 1954.
9. See Birdwhistell, Kinesis and Context.
10. Barthes, “Dominici,” in Mythologies, 43–46. The original article is reprinted with comments in La Vie Judiciaire, 17–23 December 1990, 7–8. He cites the example of Gaston being asked, “Êtes-vous allé au pont?” (Did you go to the bridge?) He replied: “Allée? Il n’y pas d’allée; je le sais, j’y suis été.” (A path? There is no path; I know, I’ve been there!) Allé means “gone”, allée is “path.” Dominici also used suis été rather than ai été for “been.” Mythologies was first published in Paris in 1957.
11. National Archives, Kew, MEPO 2/9394 report of 20 July 1955.
12. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 8.
13. Vincent, L’affaire Dominici, 236.
14. Scize, Au grand jour des assisses, 307.
15. Sébeille said Gaston used the term pêché d’amour.
1. Unless otherwise noted, for quoted passages from the trial, see the transcript in Enquêtes criminelles diverse, Art. 2–3: Affaire Dominici (suite), 1952–56, Archives Nationales, Paris.
2. “Ah! Cette petite!”
3. “Quelle garce!” The term means “what a bitch” or “what a slut.”
4. Clovis had used the term “occupation” instead of “incarcération” when referring to Gustave’s jail term.
5. “N’aï péta très! N’en pourrié faïre péta un aoutré!”
6. Scapel was a former bâtonnier and a member of the conseil d’ordre of the Marseilles barristers. Bâtonnier is an office that does not exist in British or American law. The title is attached to the president of lawyers attached to a particular court; in other words, the person serves as the leader of the bar. On Scapel’s arrival in Digne, he had said, “I hope to remain a silent witness throughout the trial.” Combat, 24 November 1954.
7. Quoted in Dumarcet, L’affaire Dominici, 73.
8. France Soir, 26 November 1954, wrongly described Roger Perrin as Gaston’s brother-in-law.
9. Le Figaro, 28 November 1954.
10. Unlike court procedures in the United States, in French law the civil suit is heard at the same time.
11. News Chronicle, 18 November 1954.
12. National Archives, Kew, FO 369/5032. The original letter was written in December 1953. The letter was translated into French and given to Delorme by Geoffrey Meade, the British consul general in Marseille.
13. Giono, Notes sur l’affaire Dominici, saw Yvette as a product of the new world of consumerism, a paysanne travestie (a tarted-up peasant).
14. France-Soir, 19 December 1954.
15. Le Dauphiné Libéré, 30 November 1954.
16. This was subsequently changed to a jury of nine jurors and a panel of three judges: the president and two associate judges. On appeal there is a jury of twelve jurors and three judges. Terrorism and major drug trafficking cases are tried in a special court with seven active justices in the first hearing and nine on appeal. There are no jurors. The system remains inquisitorial rather than confrontational.
17. Daily Express, 29 November 1954.
18. News Chronicle, 23 November 1954.
19. Times, 5 February 1955.
20. See the useful summary of press reactions in France and Britain in a dispatch from Gladwyn Jebb in Paris to Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, dated 20 December 1954, in National Archives, Kew, FO 369/5032.
21. Le Figaro, 8 February 1955.
1. This translation does not convey all the grammatical and syntactical faults of the original. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1.
2. Manchester Guardian, 29 November 1954.
3. Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 612.
4. Chevenier inquiry papers in Enquêtes criminelles diverse, Art. 2–3: Affaire Dominici (suite), 1952–56, Archives Nationales, Paris.
5. For an apricot crop in 1952, $300 seems a great deal of money.
6. His full name was Jean-Michel Guérin du Boscq de Beaumont. He came from a distinguished Norman family, had joined de Gaulle in London during the war, was sent to New York as consul for Free France, and subsequently had a distinguished career, holding several cabinet positions. As foreign minister he helped pave the way for French acceptance of German rearmament, and as minister of justice he played a major role in Pierre Mendès-France’s campaign against excessive alcohol consumption, summed up in the slogan “Never more than one liter of wine per day!”
7. A street and a metro station are named after Marx Dormoy in the eighteenth arrondissement. The assassins were former “cagoulardes,” or members of La Cagoule, a right-wing extremist group active in the 1930s.
8. Constellation, March 1955, 36–40.
9. Known in French as non-lieu.
10. France Soir, 17 December 1954.
11. France Soir, 18 December 1954.
12. Chevenier inquiry papers in Enquêtes criminelles diverse, Art. 2–3: Affaire Dominici (suite), 1952–56, Archives Nationales, Paris.
13. Chevenier inquiry papers in Enquêtes criminelles diverse, Art. 2–3: Affaire Dominici (suite), 1952–56, Archives Nationales, Paris.
14. Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 682.
15. Chevenier inquiry papers in Enquêtes criminelles diverse, Art. 2–3: Affaire Dominici (suite), 1952–56, Archives Nationales, Paris.
16. Maurice Patin would have a very distinguished career. He went on to become president of the court of appeal and head of the committee of public safety in Algeria. In 1959 President de Gaulle nominated him to serve on the Constitutional Council.
17. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 4.
18. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 4.
19. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 4.
20. Times, 18 February 1955.
21. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 8.
22. National Archives Kew, FO 369/4924.
23. National Archives Kew, FO 369/4924.
24. Guerrier, L’affaire Dominici, 611.
25. Times, 21 June 1965.
26. Deniau and Sultan, Dominici, 275.
27. National Archives, Kew, FO 369/4924.
1. Times, 9 March 1955.
2. Chenevier, De la combe, 181.
3. See, for example, Populaire Dimanche, 3 July 1955.
4. Laborde, Dominici Affair, 341.
5. For information about bâtonnier, see chapter 9, note 6.
6. Floriot, When Justice Falters, 98–117.
7. Times, 20 July 1955.
8. See Détective, 15 August 1955.
9. Sube meant that her life had been a terrible ordeal.
10. Times, 26 July 1955.
11. Times, 20 October 1955. The ban was subsequently lifted, and the short film is now on DVD.
12. Enquêtes criminelles diverse, Art. 2–3: Affaire Dominici (suite), 1952–56, Archives Nationales, Paris.
13. Times, 11 August 1955.
14. Chenevier, De la combe, 203–4.
15. The abbey closed in 1992. The remaining monks then moved to Ganagobie.
16. Enquêtes criminelles diverse, Art. 2–3: Affaire Dominici (suite), 1952–56, Archives Nationales, Paris.
17. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, part 1.
18. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 1, part 1.
19. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 3.
20. Vincent Carrias, “Pourquoi je le crois coupable,” http://vincent.carrias.pagesperso-orange.fr/dominici.htm.
21. “Qu’il a pas lieu à suivre en l’état.” Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 3?
22. Archives Départmentales Digne, 1182 W 4.
23. Times, 5 August 1954.
24. As part of a television series titled Cinq colonnes à la une.
25. This was not a pardon, simply a remise de réclusion (released from prison).
26. See the protests in Dauphiné Libéré, 26 August 1960.
27. Times, 15 November 1957.
28. Times, 28 July 1960.
29. Daily Telegraph, 29 November 1954.
1. Reymond, Dominici non coupable, 7.
2. Fourastié, Les Trente Glorieuses. The expression was a modification of les trois glorieux, or the three days in July 1830 that brought down Charles X, who was replaced by Louis-Philippe, le roi bourgeois (the bourgeois monarch).
3. Zeldin, “Destruction of the Peasants.”
4. Ehrmann, “French Peasant and Communism.”
5. Blum was the socialist leader of the Popular Front government.
6. Le Roy Ladurie, a tall, stolid, royalist Norman and inheritor of a vast estate, was the father of the historian Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie.
7. Paxton, French Peasant Fascism.
8. Duby and Wallon, Histoire de la France rurale, 4:449.
9. This was six years before rationing was finally ended in Britain.
10. The CAP consumes about half the European Union’s budget at a cost of about €50 billion (about $53 billion).
11. Le Monde, 29 July 1965. Thanks to the European Economic Community, between 1959 and 1975 French agricultural production rose by 61.3 percent in volume and by 228 percent in value.
12. Quesnay wrote, “La terre est l’unique source des richesses,” and spoke of the peasantry as the sole classe productive (productive class).
13. Bernot and Blanchard, Nouville; Friedmann, Villes et compagnes; and Wylie, Village in the Vaucluse.
14. Mendras, La fin des Paysans.
15. Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou; Duby and Wallon, Histoire de la France rurale; and Foucault, Moi, Pierre Rivière.
16. The French concept of paysan is far less archaic and pejorative than the English word “peasant” and is still in common everyday usage to describe both farmers and laborers. A “peasant” is a hayseed; a paysan is a highly respected and hardworking member of the community.
17. Bové managed to get 1.32 percent of the popular vote in the 2007 presidential election with 483,008 votes. He is now a member of the European Parliament.
18. There is some doubt as to what he meant by franc z’loyal. Did he mean “frank,” or did he mean français (French)?
19. Ministry of the Economy, Annuaire statistique de France, 159.
20. Ehrmann, “French Peasant and Communism,” 34. A 1972 survey showed that 41 percent of workers and only 19 percent of peasants could identify Jean-Paul Sartre. This was considered a shocking example of the latter’s cultural backwardness.
21. See, for example, the article by Faure, “Ouvriers et paysans.”
22. Farquhar, Beaux’ Strategem, act 4, scene 1.
23. Innocenzi, L’enigme de Pélissanne.
24. Alfred Lord Tennyson, “Tithonus,” Poetry Foundation, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poems/detail/45389?.