Index
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Abbas I (shah of Iran)
ABC (American Broadcasting Corporation)
Abelshauser, Werner
Abu Taqiyya, Ismail
accounting: double entry bookkeeping, development and growing use of; extension of the giro system in Bruges; innovation by American railroad companies; scale and longevity of enterprises and record-keeping requirements
Acemoglu, Daron
Act of Supremacy of 1534 (England)
Adams, Steven
Adobe Systems Inc.
AEG (Allgemeine Elektrizitätsgesellschaft)
Aérospatiale
al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din
Africa, economic failure of
African Americans, as entrepreneurs
agrarian capitalism
Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century, The (Tawney)
Agriculture, U.S. Department of
Airbus
Air France
Air Liquide
Akerlof, George
Albert the Great
Alcatel
Alcoa (Aluminum Company of America)
Aldcroft, Derek H.
Aldi
Allen, Paul
Allied Suppliers
Almy, William
American Cynamid
American Land Company
American Marconi
American Research and Development (AR&D)
American Sheet and Tin Plate Company
American Society of Railroad Superintendents
American system of manufacturing
American Telephone & Telegraph. See AT&T Amgen
Ammisaduqa (king of Babylonia)
Ampex
Amsterdam, number of entrepreneurs in around 1620
Andreau, Jean
Anglo-Persian Oil Company
Anthony Hordern & Sons
anti-Semitism: in France; German economic decline and the policy of; German entrepreneurialism and
antitrust policy and enforcement
Antwerp, as commercial center in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
Apple Computer
Appleton, Nathan
Aquinas, Saint Thomas
Arcelor
Areva
Argand, Aimé
Aristotle
Arkwright, Richard
arms production in the antebellum U.S.
Arnold, Thurman
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
Asano
asceticism, worldly
Ashton, T. S.
Aspray, William
Assurances Générales de France
Astor, John Jacob
AT&T (American Telephone & Telegraph)
Axa
Baader
Babylonia. See Neo-Babylonian entrepreneurs
Bacon, Sir Francis
Badian, Ernst
Bagchi, Amiya
Bailyn, Bernard
Baker, Christopher John
Bakker, Gerben
Bank of England
Bank of Japan
Bank of North America
bankruptcy
banks and banking: American; in colonial India (see also India, colonial); French; in late imperial China; in Meiji Japan; money-changers as the origin of medieval; productive entrepreneurship and
Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas
Banque d'Indochine
Banque Nationale de Paris
Banque Suisse et Francaise
Barnard's Act of 1734 (England)
Barnum, P. T.
BASF
Bateman, Fred
Baumol, William J.; on failure to commercialize technology in ancient enterprise; international productivity comparisons by; on parasitical existence of entrepreneurs, possibility of; on payoffs to entrepreneurial activity, importance of; on productive and unproductive enterprise, contrast between; on rules, importance of; on underpayment of entrepreneurs, willingness to accept
Bayer
Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 (U.S.)
Bayly, Christopher A.
Beard, Charles
Bedford, John
Beecham
Bell Laboratories
Belshazzar (crown prince of the Neo-Babylonian Empire)
Benares Bank
Bendor, Jonathan
Bentley, Thomas
Berghoff, Hartmut
Berle, Adolf A.
Berliet
Bernardino of Siena
Bernouilli, Johann
Bessemer, Henry
Bessemer Association
Beukelszoon, Willem
BF Goodrich
Biddle, Nicholas
Bihar and Orissa Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee
Bill of Rights of 1689 (England)
bills of exchange
Birla, G. D.
Birunguccio, Vanoccio
Blackstone, William
Blanc, Honoré
Blaszcyck, Regina
Bleiberg, Edward
Bloch, Marc
Blomsaet, Barend
Bloom, John
Bodenhorn, Howard
Bodin, Jean
Bogaert, R.
Bombay Shroffs’ Association
Bond, William Cranch
Bon Marché
Boot, John Campbell
Borden, Gail
Borsig, August
Boston Associates
Boston Manufacturing Company
Boucicaut, Aristide
Boulton, Matthew
Boussois-Souchon-Neuvesel
Boyd & Co.
Braidley, Benjamin
Braithwaite, John
Bramah, Joseph
Brand, Stuart
Brassert Company
Braudel, Fernand
Briggs, Asa
Bright, John
Brimmer, Andrew F.
Britain: antientrepreneurialism in; entrepreneurial culture in; “gentlemanly capitalism” in; grocery market share; immigrant entrepreneurs in; the Industrial Revolution in (see Industrial Revolution); multinational corporations in, subsidiaries of; nationalization and the welfare state as the postwar environment for entrepreneurs; networks, entrepreneurial; retailers, ten largest in 1975; socio-economic class structure in, impact of rigidity in; technology transfer to Germany in the nineteenth century; twentieth-century economy and entrepreneurial activities (see British twentieth-century entrepreneurs); Victorian (see Victorian Britain); world trade in manufactures, decline in share of from 1900 to 2000. See also England, pre-Industrial Revolution
British Leyland
British twentieth-century entrepreneurs: activities of; activities ofs-1950s; activities of; activities of; culture of compared to that in competing nations; economic decline, supposed responsibility for; foreign direct investment by; largest firms in 1919; overseas investment, economic power and riches at the turn of the twentieth century based on; scholarly explanations for the supposed failure of; sectoral distribution of overseas companies
Broadberry, S.
Broadhead, Charles
Broughton, T.R.S.
Brown, Moses
Brown, Sir Henry Phelps
Brown, Smith
Brown & Sharpe
Bruges
Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
Brunel, Marc Isambard
Brush, Charles F.
Brush Electric Company
Brutus, Marcus Junius
BT
Bubble Act of 1720 (England)
Bücher, Karl
Burden, Henry
Burroughs Corporation
Burton, Montague
Bush, Vannevar
business organization, forms of: cartels; corporations; financial instruments in the Dutch Republic and; free-standing companies/firms; harr
nu contracts, partnerships organized under; holding companies; the joint-stock company; limited liability and the société en commandite; the limited-liability joint-stock company; limited partnerships; managing agencies; monopolies; multidimensional, or M-form, of corporations; multinational corporations; organizational structures, holding company vs. multidivisional; partnerships; the regulated company; the small business investment company (SBIC); the Unternehmergeschäft (entrepreneur business); zaibatsu (see also Japan)
Cabot, John
Cabot, Sebastian
Caesar, Julius (emperor of Rome)
Cain, Peter J.
Calcott, Wellins
calling, one's
Calvin, John
Calvinism and Calvinists. See also Dissenters Campbell-Kelly, Martin
Canon Corporation
capitalism: agrarian in England, Tawney's thesis on; cooperative vs. competitive; “gentlemanly”; modernization of French; personal; Protestantism and the emergence of. See also Industrial Revolution capitalization of consumer debt
Carnegie, Andrew
Carrefour
cartels/cartelization
Cartwright, Edmund
cash waqfs
Cassis, Youssef
Casson, Mark
Castells, Manuel
Castro, Fidel
Cather, Willa
Cato
Cavenham Foods
Celera Genomics
Central Banking Enquiry Committee
Champagne fairs
Chan, Wellington K. K.
Chanceller, Richard
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr.: British decline, explanation of; cartelization in Germany, results of; family firms, focus on; government, downplaying the role of; large firms, challenge to thesis regarding; large firms in the U.S.; multidivisional form, discussion of; organizational innovation, entrepreneurs and; personal capitalism; on railroads; on success of consolidations
Chapman, Stanley
Charlemagne
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
Charles II (king of England)
Chee Hsin Cement Company
Chettiar, Sir Annamalai
Cheves, Langdon
Chiang Kai-shek
Chicago, University of
Chicago Climate Exchange
China: brokers as innovators in late imperial; bureaucratic domination, impediments for entrepreneurs from; business enterprises in: total number, new, and failed during the late twentieth century; characteristics of the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship in; commodity markets, development of and the monetization of the economy; comparison of GDP per capita and population between Western Europe and; cultural and historical contexts of the entrepreneur in; economic growth and reduction of poverty in; economic performance and entrepreneurs in; the economy in late imperial; entrepreneurial activities in post-Mao; entrepreneurial activities in pre-Mao, historical review of; the firm in; foreign trade, puzzle of lack of pursuit of; institutions supportive of Entrepreneurship in late imperial; merchant groups in; party officials as patrons in the People's Republic; political disorder as impediment to entrepreneurship; resistance to innovation, evidence regarding; “Self-Strengthening Movement” of the later nineteenth century; Shanxi merchants; social status of the entrepreneur; technological advances in late imperial, reasons for absence of; Western contact, innovation following
China International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC)
China Match Company
China Merchants’ Steam Navigation Company
chivalry
Christianity: business activity in the Middle Ages and; confession and guilt as distinguishing Catholics and Protestants; rise of Islam, reaction to; secularization and entrepreneurial activity; trade during the Dark Ages to meet ecclesiastical demand; transition from the ancient to the medieval worlds through
Church of England, Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion
Churchill, Winston
Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Cie Générale d'Electricité
Cisco Systems, Inc.
CITIC. See China International Trust and Investment Corporation CITIC-Pacific
cities. See urbanization Citroen
Clark, Edward
Clark, Truman
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 (U.S.)
Clean Air Act of 1990 (U.S.)
Clegg, Samuel
Clement VII
Clinton, DeWitt
Clore, Charles
coal, technological innovation and the increasing use of
Cobden, Richard
Cochrane, Archibald, Earl of Dundonald
Cohen, Jack
collective entrepreneurship
Collier, Joseph
Colt, Samuel
Columbia University
commercial revolution: in Bruges; Church pronouncements and; enterprise during the middle ages and; super-companies, business practices of; super-companies, organization of
Companies Act of 1948 (Britain)
competitive takeovers
Comptoir d'Escompte de Paris
Compton, Karl
Constitutional Progressive Party
Constitution of the Empire of Japan
Constitution of the U.S.
consumer movement
contracts, in the Dutch Republic
Convention of Kanagawa
convertible husbandry
Conwell, Reverend Russell
Cook, Lisa
Cooke, Jay
Cooper, Grace
Cooper, Peter
Corley, Tony
Cornell, Ezra
Corning Glass Works
Corning Incorporated
Corn Laws, repeal of
Corporation Act of 1661 (England)
Cort, Henry
Cortada, James W.
cotton gin
Cowles, Alfred
Cowles, Eugene
Cox, James
Crafts, Nicholas F. R.
Crassus, Marcus Licinius
Crawshay, William
Cray, Seymour
CRC
credit: in colonial India, caste and (see also India, colonial); consumer purchases on; temples in the Near East as institutions of. See also debt; finance
Crédit Industriel et Commercial
Crédit Lyonnais
Crédit Mobilier
Creusot-Loire
Crompton, Samuel
Cromwell, Oliver
Cromwell, Richard
Crouzet, François
culture: of British entrepreneurs; caste, finance, and industrial development in India (see also India, colonial); definition of; entrepreneurship and; of German innovation. See also religion
Cyrus the Great (king of Persia)
Dai-ichi Kokuritu Ginko (Daiichi National Bank)
DaimlerChrysler
Dam, Kenneth
Danone group
Dan Takuma
Dante Alighieri
Darby, Abraham
Darius I (king of Persia)
D'Arms, John
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
Dasheng Mills
Data General
Daunton, Martin J.
Davar, C. N.
Davenant, Charles
Davis, Ari
Davis, Lance
Davis, Ralph
Deane, Phyllis
Debenham's
Debré, Michel
debt: to be avoided, historic belief regarding; consumer, expansion of in the U.S.; conversion of the national in England; expansion of private and the supply of credit in the U.S.; permanent national, establishment of England's; relationships of in antiquity. See also credit; finance
DEC. See Digital Equipment Corporation
Deere, John
Defense, U.S. Department of
Defoe, Daniel
de Forest, Lee
de Gaulle, Charles
Delaware, incorporation law in
Dell, Michael
Deng Xiaoping
Dennison, Aaron
Dennison, Edmund
Deutsch, Karl W.
Deutsch, Oscar
Deutsche Bank
De Witt, Simeon
Dick, David
Dickens, Charles
de Dietrich, Philippe-Frédéric
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
Diocletian (emperor of Rome)
Diodorus Siculus
Dissenters: disproportionate role in the Industrial Revolution and development of capitalism; origin in events of the late seventeenth century; proportion of the population. See also Calvinism and Calvinists
Dissenting Academies
Dixons
Dollfus, Jean
Dollfus-Ausset, Daniel
Dollfus-Mieg, Daniel
Dollond, John
Donkin, Bryan
Doriot, George
Douglas, Stephen
Drage's
Drew, Daniel
Drexel Burnham Lambert
Dreyfus Affair
van Driel, Govert
Dudley, Dud
Duisberg, Carl
Dunning, John
Dupin, Charles
DuPont (E.I. du Pont de Numours and Company)
Dutch Republic: entrepreneurs in, innovations by and institutional framework for; entrepreneurs in, number and activities of; the Golden Age of, entrepreneurs in; historical events leading to; number of entrepreneurs in Amsterdam around 1620, estimate of; property and contract law, financial instruments used by entrepreneurs and; risk, efforts to minimize; supremacy in the Baltic trades; term annuities and obligations recorded by economic sector; wealthy entrepreneurs, absence of at the beginning of the Golden Age
Dyson, James
early entrepreneurial activity; aristocratic attitude toward commercial enterprise; Assyrian and Babylonian merchants; from commercial entrepreneurship to oligarchy; commercial abuses as part of; concentration of economic surplus at the top: the chief's household or the temple; debt, protection of citizens from; decline of Rome into the Dark Ages; documentation of; enterprise today and, contrasts between; entrepreneurs, predators, and financiers engaging in; financing of; the genesis of enterprise, myths regarding; palaces/temples, trade system built around; from productive to corrosive enterprise: explaining the descent to the Dark Age; public context of; reciprocal gift exchange and the consumption of surpluses; social status of merchants and entrepreneurs. See also Greece, ancient; Mesopotamia; Neo-Babylonian entrepreneurs; Rome, ancient East India Company
Eastland Company
Eastman Kodak
eBay
Eccles, Marriner
Eckert, J. Presper
Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation
economic theory of entrepreneurship, absence of
Edict of Nantes (France)
Edison, Thomas
education: colleges and universities in the U.S.; of Dissenters in England, superiority of; in Germany; land-grant colleges in the U.S., establishment of; population with a tertiary, by selected age groups in selected countries; reform of Japanese by the Meiji government
Edward I (king of England)
Edward VI (king of England)
Egypt
Eiffel, Gustave
Eisenhower, Dwight
Electronic Data Systems (EDS)
Elf
Elizabeth I (queen of England)
Ely, Richard T.
Employment Acts of the 1980s (Britain)
enclosures
energy, technological innovation and the crisis in
Tudor-Stuart England
Engels, Friedrich
Engerman, Stanley
England: of the Industrial Revolution ( see Industrial Revolution); of post-Industrial Revolution (see Britain; Victorian Britain)
England, pre-Industrial Revolution: agrarian capitalism in; the “early industrial revolution” thesis and the Tudor-Stuart energy crisis; the Financial Revolution; the gentry as agrarian capitalists; the gentry's role in industrial development; Great Debasement of 1542–52; land held by various social groups in percentages for 1436; London (see London); London Stock Exchange, creation of; overseas exploration and trade; the Price Revolution; prices for fuels, fifteenth to eighteenth centuries; religion and the development of capitalism in; rule of law in, evolution of; second half of the seventeenth century, events of; South Sea Bubble of 1720–21
entrepreneur(s): African American; characteristic qualities of; concepts of; definition of; the earliest from the Near East to the fall of Rome (see early entrepreneurial activity); etymology of the word; institutional rules directing toward productive enterprise, overriding significance of; networks of (see networks); procurement; university; urbanization and (see also urbanization); women as
entrepreneurship: collective; cultural factors and (see also culture); definition of; entrepreneurial lordship as a form of; financial system, significance of; history as a tool for under-standing; hypotheses regarding; innovation as twentieth-century version of (see also innovation(s)); job transfer/outsourcing as central aspect of contemporary; and morality in Victorian Britain; productive and economic growth, relationship of; productive throughout history; productive and unproductive, distinction between; rate of return on; redistributive and productive, distinction between; replicative and productive, distinction between; Schumpeter's conception of (see Schumpeter, Joseph)
Entreprise Miniere et Chimique
Environmental Protection Agency, U.S.
Ericsson, John
Erie Canal
Erie Railroad
Erker, Paul
Essilor
Eto Shinpei
Euro-Creativity-Index
Europe: comparison of GDP per capita and population of China and Western; medieval (see Middle Ages). See also names of individual countries
European Community for Steel and Coal
European Economic Union, cartels and
Evans, Oliver
Ewart, Peter
Fairbairn, John
Fairchild Camera
Fairchild Semiconductor
Fang Ling
Faroqhi, Suraiya
Federal Reserve System
Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 (U.S.)
feudalism: economic order of; entrepreneurial lordship and the lord-peasant relationship. See also Middle Ages Field, Alexander J.
Fillmore, Millard
finance: in ancient Greece; the Bourse of Bruges at the center of medieval; credit markets in eighteenth-century Britain; Dutch Republic, instruments used in; of early entrepreneurial activity; innovations of medieval entrepreneurs; institutions of in the U.S.. See also credit; debt
financial instruments: capitalization of consumer debt; hedge funds; sale and leaseback finance; waqfs in the Middle East
Financial Revolution (England)
Fine Fare
Finley, Moses
First Bank of the United States
First Opium War (1839–42)
Fishlow, Albert
Fitch, John
Fitzgerald, F. Scott
Flatley, A. J.
Flinn, Michael
Florida, Richard
Fogel, Robert
Food and Drug Administration, U.S.
Ford, Henry
Ford Motor Company
foreign direct investment: British; German
Foreign Direct Investment Program (U.S.)
Forman, Joshua
Fougerolle and Eiffel
Fourdrinier, Henry
Fourdrinier, Sealy
Fowler, Sir John
Fox, Martha Lane
Fox, Robert Were
Framatome (Areva)
France: anticapitalism of the right and left in; banking sector; creation of companies by type of firm, annual mean of; dirigisme, the golden age of (1940–83); entrepreneurs and the two economic traditions of; family and firm, relationship of; first industrialization (1815–70); impediments to entrepreneurship; large companies in; liberalism, back to (1983-present); McDonalds, campaigns against; modernization of capitalism; “national champions,” creation of; regional characteristics favorable to entrepreneurship; regional variations in business development; religion and economic activity; second industrialization (1870–1940); state-led restructuring, economic success of
Francis of Assisi, Saint
Frank, Tenney
Franklin, Benjamin
free-standing companies/firms
free trade, entrepreneurship in Britain and
Freitas, Kripa
Fuji
Fujitsu
Fukuzawa Yukichi
Fulton, Robert
Furukawa
Gagalbhai, Mafatlal
Galambos, Louis
Gale, Leonard
Gallatin, Albert
Gamble, Josiah
Garbett, Samuel
Gates, Bill
Gates, Paul
Geddes, James
de Geer, Louis
GE (General Electric)
Gelderblom, Oscar
Genencor
Genentech
General Electric. See GE General Motors Corporation
General Postal Union
Genovese, Eugene
Geological Survey, U.S.
German Customs Union
German entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship: anti-Semitism and; culture of; democracy and; in early industrialization; expansion of the German economy and innovation; in the German innovation system; heavy and mechanical industries, innovation in; history of; innovativeness, buying; internationalization of; middle range technologies, innovation in; national norms for mechanical and electrical production, establishment of; nonmonetary rewards for; reconstruction and innovation; science-based industries, innovation in; small-scale enterprise; state servants in public enterprise as; the Unternehmergeschäft (entrepreneur business); violence and stagnation of innovation
Germany: balance of trade in R&D-intensive goods, comparison with selected countries; cartels and the rationalization of industry; economic productivity in; employment in services and industry compared to the U.S.; geography, borders, and natural resources; human capital formation in; institutional framework for economic activity in; Nazism, impact of; the overindustrialized economy Gibbons v. Ogden
Gibbs, James
Gies, Joseph
Gilbert, Charles
Gillet
Gimillu (Babylonian temple official)
Girard, Stephen
giro system
Giscard d'Estaing, Valéry
Gladstone, William
Glassford, John
Glaxo
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor
globalization: angry reactions to, reasons for; British entrepreneurs and; global trade, long history of; maritime exploration, colonization, and trade as beginning of; the third industrial revolution and
Godley, Andrew
Goldin, Claudia
Goldman Sachs
Goldsmith, James
Gome Electric Appliance Enterprise Group
Goodrich, Carter
Goodyear, Charles
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
Gordon, John Steele
Goschen, George
Gould, John D.
Gracchus, Gaius
Grantiz, Elizabeth
Gray, Elisha
Gray, Thomas
Gray and Barton
Great Exhibition of 1851 (London)
Great Universal Stores
Greece, ancient: aristocratic disdain for enterprise in; commercial enterprise, foreigners and slaves playing the leading role in; the debt problem in; documentation of economic activity in; finance in; fiscal burdens of the wealthy in; ideological split regarding the economic organization of; slaves in
Green, George
Greene, Catherine
Greenspan, Alan
Greenwood, Jeremy
Greif, Avner
Gresham's Law
Gribeauval, Jean-Baptiste de
Grosley, Pierre Jean
Grove, Andy
Guicciardini, Lodovico
guilds: Dutch; feudal craft; of indigenous Indian bankers; of northern feudal merchants
Guiso, Luigi
Gui Youguang
Guo Luo
Gutman, Herbert
Habakkuk, H. J.
Haber, Fritz
Hadley, John
Hall, John
Hall, Samuel
Hambrecht and Quist
Hamilton, Alexander
Hamilton, Barton H.
Hamilton, Earl
Hammurabi's laws
Harvard University
Hatch Act of 1887 (U.S.)
Hatcher, John-66
Hauksbee, Francis
Havas
Hayek, Friedrich
Healey, Denis
Heath, Edward
hedge funds
Heichelheim, Fritz
Henry II (king of England)
Henry III (king of England)
Henry IV (king of France)
Henry VIII (king of England)
Hepburn Act of 1906 (U.S.)
Herdeck, Margaret
Herodian
Herodotus
Heron of Alexandria
Herrigel, Gary
Heston, Alan
Hewlett, William
Hewlett-Packard Company
Hilferding, Rudolf
Hindustan Motors
Hintz, Eric S.
Hirst, William
history: illuminating entrepreneurship through; institutions promoting productive entrepreneurism as accidents of; productive entrepreneurship throughout
Hitler, Adolf
Hitotsubashi University
Hoadley, Silas
Hobsbawm, Eric
Hoechst
Holding Company Liquidation Commission (HCLC)
Holley, Alexander Lyman
Holtzapffel, John Jacob
Homestead Act of 1862 (U.S.)
Honda Motors
Honeyman, Katrina
Hoover, Herbert
Hopkins, Anthony G.
Hopkins, Sheila
Horatio Alger myth
Horrocks, John
Hounshell, David A.
housing, entrepreneurial opportunities in
Howe, Elias
Huang Guangyu
Hudson, George
Hudson, Michael
Hudson's Bay Company
Hughes, Jonathan
Huguenots
Hu Jingtao
human capital: educating slaves as an example of; in Germany; importance of in the late twentieth century; in Meiji Japan, goal of developing
Human Genome Project
Humphreys, S. C.
hundi system
Hunter, Louis
Hurst, James Willard
Hurt, R. Douglas
Hussey, Obed
IBM (International Business Machines)
ICI
Ickes, Harold
Iddin-Marduk
Illinois Central Railroad
immigrants, as entrepreneurs in Britain
Imperial Bank (India)
Imperial Bank of China
Imperial Universities, the
Import Duties Act of 1932 (Britain)
income inequality, in the U.S.
India: the caste system; economic growth and reduction of poverty in; economic policies in post-1947; industrial organization and financial markets, relationship of; slow economic growth in
India, colonial: bank and bazaar rates, annually from 1922 to 1939; caste and credit markets in; efficiency of financial markets in; entrepreneurship, caste restrictions on; financial markets of; indigenous banks and bankers in; institutional environment and economic development; managing agency as a hybrid firm, development of; population in 1931; seasonal pattern of bazaar rates, regressions for 1922–39; slow economic growth, informal finance, and the Hindu caste system, relationship of; and the U.S., comparison of the integration of financial capital markets in
Indian Act of 1932
Indian Contract Act of 1872
Industrial Revolution: certain existence of; culture of the gentleman-entrepreneur, function of; the Dissenters, role of (see Dissenters); entrepreneurial failure and success in; entrepreneurship and, relationship between; institutional incentives for the economic elite; institutions and entrepreneurship in; Nef's thesis of an early; the Price Revolution in England and; rate of return on entrepreneurial activity, risk/ uncertainty and the; social, political, and economic change associated with. See also capitalism inflation: impact on factor costs of production, entrepreneurial activity and; the Price Revolution (see Price Revolution)
Infomatics
inheritance: the Islamic system of; Neo-Babylonian practice regarding
Innocent IV
innovation(s): buying of; in the Dutch Golden Age; the entrepreneur's contribution to; in finance (see finance; financial instruments); German system of; Islam's impact on attitudes toward; self-service; technological (see technology); as twentieth-century version of entrepreneur-ship; U.S. system of. See also entrepreneurship
innovative replication
Inoue Kaoru
institutions: in Babylonia; in Britain; in late imperial China; entrepreneurial activity shaped by; financial, in the U.S.; in Germany; historical accident and the rise of; in India, colonial; in Japan during the Meiji Restoration; legal, in the U.S.; in the Middle East; payoff structure, putting inventions to use and; productive entrepreneurship encouraged through; significance of
Insull, Samuel
insurance, maritime
Intel Corporation
intellectual property rights. See patents and patent law
International Scholars Conference on Ancient Near Eastern Economies
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 (U.S.)
inventions: attribute impeding statistical analysis of; dissemination of information in the U.S. regarding; entrepreneurial innovation and, distinction between; the entrepreneur's contribution to the economic impact of; poor performance in putting to use; protection of interests in (see patents and patent law) Islam: attitudes toward innovation, the doctrine of bid'a and; cash waqfs, conservative reaction to; clerical impediments to innovation; contract law, development of; economic decline and, reasons for and reaction to; emergence and spread of, entrepreneurial acts supporting and supported by; entrepreneurship and, varying interpretations of; inheritance and contract law, business practices beyond personal exchange and; reforms and institutional change vs. Islamism, the future of entrepreneurialism and; self-image of timeless perfection, innovation and the. See also Middle East
Isocrates
Italy, overtaking of Britain in GDP in 1990
Itti-Marduk-bal
tu
Itti-Šamaš-baltu
Ivan IV (czar of Russia)
Iwasaki Hisaya
Iwasaki Yanosuke
Iwasaki Yataro
Jackson, Andrew
Jackson, Patrick Tracy
Jaguar
Jain, L. C.
James, William
James II (king of England)
Jamestown
Japan: economic development, the zaibatsu, and entrepreneurship in; institutional changes of the Meiji Restoration; map of; the Meiji Restoration; organizational innovation at Mitsubishi; organizational innovation at Mitsui; organizational innovation and the zaibatsu; salaried managers promoted at Mitsubishi; salaried managers promoted at Mitsui; the zaibatsu, role and importance of; zaibatsu of the Meiji era
Jefferson, Thomas
Jenner, Edward
Jeremy, David
Jerome, Chauncey
Jervis, John
Jewett, Frank
Jews: capital formation in the twelfth century, involvement in; among French entrepreneurs; as immigrant entrepreneurs in Britain
Jiang Zeming
Jobs, Steven
John (king of England)
John, Richard
Johnson, Allan Chester
Johnson, Samuel
Johnson, Simon
joint-stock banks
joint-stock companies
Jones, A.H.M.
Jones, Davidn.3
Jones, Geoffrey
Journal of the Society of Glass Technology
Jovanovic, Boyan
JP Morgan
J. Sears & Co.
junk bonds
Jursa, Michael
Justice, U.S. Department of
just price
Kaiser, Henry
Kaiser Aluminum
Kalms, Stanley
Kamien, Morton I.
Kanigel, Robert
Kṣir
Kasturbai, Lalbhai
Kauffman Foundation, Marion Ewing
Kawasaki
Kay, John
KDKA radio station
Keio University
Keir, James
Kemp, John
Kendall, Amos
Kendrick, John
Kennedy, John F.
Kenrick, Archibald
Keynes, John Maynard
Khan, B. Zorina
Khanna, Tarun
Kindleberger, Charles P.
Kin Tye Lung Company
Kirzner, Israel M.
Klein, Benjamin
Klepper, Steven
Knight, Frank H.
knights
Knodell, Jane
Kobe Shipyard
Koechlin, Daniel
Koechlin, Maurice
Koechlin, Nicolas
Koenig, Friedrich
Kohler Company
Kolberg, Kravits, Roberts
Kolenda, Pauline
Kortum, Samuel
Kreuger, Ivar
Krishnamachari, T. T.
Kroos, Herman
Krupp
Krupp, Alfred
Krupp, Friedrich Alfred
Kuran, Timur
Kyodo Unyu Kaisha ( Joint Shipping Company)
Lafitte, Jacques
Lafitte, Jean
Lafitte, Pierre
Laing, Samuel
Laird, Pamela Walker
laissez-faire, entrepreneurship in Britain and
Lakwete, Angela
Lamb, Helen B.
Lamberg-Karlovsky, Carl
Lamoreaux, Naomi
Landes, David S.: British enterprise, observations on; connections in banking and trade, importance of; entrepreneurs, description of; entrepreneurs in the public sector; opportunities for change remain; religion and culture as determinants of entrepreneurial activity; Rothschilds, study of; watch production by the Waltham Company; Weber-Tawney thesis, support for
Land Ordinances of 1785 and 1787 (U.S.)
Lane, John
Langford, Paul
Larsen, Mogens Trolle
Latin America, economic and political conditions in
Latrobe, Benjamin
Lazonick, William
Leclerc
Lee, Roswell
Leemans, W. F.
Leeuwen, Marco H. D. van
Leibenstein, Harvey
Lemaire, Isaac
Lenovo and Haier
Lerner, Josh
Lesger, Clé M.
Leslie, Stuart W.
Levant Company
leveraged buyouts
Lévy-Leboyer, Maurice
Liggett, Louis
Li Hongzhang
Lincoln, Abraham
Lincoln Laboratories
Li Peng
Littman, Joseph
Liu Hongsheng
Liverani, Mario
Livermore, Shaw
Livingston, Robert
Livy (Titus Livius)
Lochner v. New York
Locke, John
Locke, Joseph
Lockheed Corporation
Lockwood, T. D.
Loewe, Ludwig
London, rapid growth in the population of
London Stock Exchange
Longsdon, Alfred
Lonrho
L'Oréal
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Louis XIV (king of France)
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte. See also Napoleon III (emperor of France)
Louis IX (king of France)
Lowell, Francis Cabot
Lubar, Steven
Lumiere, Auguste
Lumiere, Louis
Lumiere North America
Lunar Society of Birmingham
Luther, Martin
Lu Xiangshan
LVMH
Lyons, Bernard
Lyons, Joe
Machlup, Fritz
MacLeish, Archibald
MacMullen, Ramsay
Maddison, Angus
Madison, James
Madras Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee
Mahindra, J. C.
Mahindra, K. C.
Mak, James
Malthus, Thomas R.
Mandaville, Jon E.
Manhattan Project
Mann-Elkins Act of 1910 (U.S.)
Manning, J. G.
Mansfield, Edwin F.
Markovits, Claude
Marks, Simon
Marriott, Oliver
Marshal, William
Marshall, Alfred
Marshall, John
Martin, David
Martin Burn
Marx, Karl
Mary II (queen of England)
Mason, Josiah
Mason, Philip
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. See MIT
Massé, Pierre
Mass Mutual Financial Group
Masuda Takashi
Matsukata Masayoshi
Mauchly, John
Maudslay, Henry
Mawdudi, Sayyid Abul-Ala
Ma Yingbiao
McCallum, Daniel C.
McClelland, Peter
McCloskey, Deirdre N.
McCloskey, Donald N.
McCormick, Cyrus Hall
McCormick, Michael
McCullough, Peter
McDonalds
MCI, Inc.
Means, Gardiner C.
Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (U.S.)
meatpacking industry
Medicis, the
medieval guilds
Meiji Restoration
Menes, Rebecca
Menger, Carl
Meng Luoquan
Mercers Company of London
Merchant Enterprise in Britain (Chapman)
merchants: entrepreneurs, as early word for; guilds of northern feudal; special circle in Hell for. See also entrepreneur(s)
Merchants Adventurers Company
Merck
mergers/consolidations
Mérimée, Prosper
Merlin, John-Joseph
Mesopotamia: entrepreneurs of the Neo-Babylonian period (see Neo-Babylonian entrepreneurs); religious values of and the commercial takeoff; temples as first “households” to be economically managed to produce a commercial surplus. See also Near East
Messageries Impériales
Methodists
Mexican Eagle
Meyer, Eduard
Meynaud, Jean
Michie, Ranald
Microsoft Corporation
Middle Ages: Bruges and entrepreneurial innovations in the north; chivalry and the knight's relationship to money; definition of; entrepreneurial activity in; the feudal economy of; medieval guilds; societal constraints on business activity; the super-companies of southern businessmen; transition from the ancient world to
Middle East: clerical impediments to innovation; commercial expansion and trade under Islamic law; the corporation as organizational option, Islamic law as obstacle to introducing; enterprises in premodern, scale and longevity of; innovation, impact of Islam on attitudes toward; innovative entrepreneurship in the modern, lessons for; institutional disadvantage of entrepreneurs compared to Western early modern contemporaries; institutional stag-nation and entrepreneurial decline; Islam and entrepreneurship in; onset of entrepreneurial ineffectiveness in the early modern era; resistance to innovation, evidence regarding; the state's impact on entrepreneurial capabilities
Miike Mines
military-industrial complex, the
Milken, Michael
Mill, John Stuart
Miller, Arthur Selwyn
Miller, Phineas
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing (3M)
Minomura Rizaemon
Mint Act of 1792 (U.S.)
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Electric
Mitsubishi Engine Works
Mitsubishi Exchange Office
Mitsubishi Internal-Combustion Engine Manufacturing
Mitsubishi Ironworks
Mitsubishi Merchant Ship School
Mitsubishi School of Commerce
Mitsubishi Sha
Mitsubishi Shokai
Mitsui
Mitsui Bank
Mitsui Bussan
Mitsui Omotokata
Mitsui Takatoshi
Mittal, Lakshmi Niwas
Mitterand, François
Mobius, Markus
Mokyr, Joel
money: the feudal knight's relationship to; origin of the word
money-changers/moneylenders
money supply, medieval entrepreneurs and the
Monroe, James
Moody, Paul
Moore, Gordon
Morgan, J. Pierpont
Morgan, Junius Spencer
Morikawa, Hidemasa
Morrill Act of 1862 (U.S.)
Morris, Ian
Morris, Morris
Morris, Robert
Morse, Samuel
Moulinex
Mowery, David C.
Muhammad
multinational corporations, British subsidiaries of American
Mulvany, William Thomas
Munro, John
Murdoch, William
Murphy, Kevin
Murray, James M.
Musgrave, Peter J.
Muslims. See Islam mutual funds
Nabonidus (king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire)
Nabopolassar (king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire)
Nagasaki Shipyard
Nakamigawa Hikojiro
Napoleon III (emperor of France). See also Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
Narasidas, Motiram
Nariaka, Ikeda
National Banking Acts (U.S.)
National Biscuit
National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
National Defense Education Act of 1958 (U.S.)
national innovation systems approach
National Institutes of Health
National Recovery Act of 1933 (U.S.)
National Research Council
National Science Foundation
Neal, Larry
Near East: Assyrian trade, organization of; commercial practices present in the Bronze Age; the debt problem of classical antiquity, avoidance of; enterprise and economic exchange, beginnings of. See also Mesopotamia
Nebuchadnezzar (king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire)
Nef, John
Nehru, Jawaharlal
Neo-Babylonian entrepreneurs: activities of; economic predispositions of the urban propertied: entrepreneurs distinguished from rentiers; Egibi family, lineage of; entrepreneurial efficiency, case study of; geography and natural resources of southern Mesopotamia; large institutions of Babylonia; lessons for contemporary entrepreneurship from; marriage of; the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the initial decades of Persian rule, political history and archives of; obstacles to enterprise; outsourcing of royal and temple functions; partnerships and venture capital, organization of; slaves used as; social status of
Neo-Confucianism
networks: caste/kinship in India and financial; Chinese entrepreneurs and social; entrepreneurial in Britain; research in the U.S.; trust and informal
Newbold, Charles
New East India Company
New Jersey, incorporation law in
New York Stock Exchange
Next
Nicholas, Tom
Nippon Yusen Corporation
Nissan
Nitchitsu
Nobel laureates in physics and chemistry, cumulated number in selected countries
Noble, David
Nonconformists. See Dissenters
Noordegraaf, Leo
Nordhaus, William D.
North, Douglass
North, Simeon
Northern Telecom
North River Steam Boat
Northumberland, John Dudley 1st Duke of
Novak, William
Noyce, Robert
NTP, Inc.
Nye, John
OECD. See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Oeppen, James E.
Ogden, William
Oguri Tadamasa
Okuma Shigenobu
Okura
Oldewelt, W.F.H.
Oldham, John
Oldknow, Samuel
Olds Motor Works
Olivi, Peter John
Olmstead, Alan
Olson, Mancur
Ono Gumi
open software movement
Orange
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), higher education among member countries
O'Sullivan, Mary
Otto-Group
O2
Outram, Benjamin
outsourcing
Owen, Robert
Pacific Mail Steamship
Packard, David
Palepu, Krishna
Panic of 1873
Paribas
Patent Office, U.S.
patents and patent law: absence of in antiquity; in Germany; granted in the U.S.; innovative entrepreneurship promoted through; system of introduced in late-sixteenth-century Holland; in the U.S.; violation of, impact on entrepreneurship of
Payne, Peter
Peabody, George
Peabody & Co.
Peacock, David
Pearson, Robin
Pearson, Weetman
Pearson Group
Péchiney
Peel, Robert
Peiser, F. E.
Pelham, Sir Henry
Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation (P&O)
Pennsylvania, University of
Penrose, Edith T.
Peoples Express
Pereire, Emile
Pereire, Isaac
Périer, Casimir
Perkin, Harold J.
Perkin Elmer Corporation
Perot, H. Ross
Perry, Matthew C.
personal capitalism
Peruzzi Company
petit bourgeoisie
Petronius
Peugeot
Pfizer
Philco
Philip II (king of Spain)
Phillip Augustus (king of France)
Pioneer Hybrid
Pioneer Investment Management, Inc.
Piramal, Gita
Pirenne, Henri
Pixar
plow, the
Plutarch
Polanyi, Karl
Polaroid
Pole, William de la
Pollard, Sidney
Pollock, Sir Frederick
Pomfret, John
Pompidou, Georges
Pomponious, T.
population: absolute and urban during the long twelfth century, growth of; of China, growth in; of colonial India in 1931; of England and Wales during the nineteenth century, growth in; of London, growth in; of sixteenth-, seventeenth-, and eighteenth-century England, growth of; of the United Kingdom
Populists, the
Portugal, shipbuilding innovation and commercial expansion of
Posner, Eric
Post Office Act of 1792 (U.S.)
Postumius, M.
Pouyer-Quertier, Auguste-Thomas
poverty
Pratt & Whitney
prebendary system
predestination
Premier Automobiles
Price, Henry
Price Revolution: Gould on; Hamilton-Keynes thesis on; inflation during, interest rates and; Spanish American treasure and the inflation of; Tawney on
Primack, Martin
prime contractors
Princeton University
principal-agent relationships, trust and confidence as necessary in
privateers
privatization: in Britain; in France
procurement entrepreneurs Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, The (Weber)
Protestantism: the emergence of capitalism and; “work ethic” of. See also Calvinism and Calvinists; Dissenters
PSA group
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 (U.S.)
Qutb, Sayyid
Radcliffe, William
Radio Corporation of America. See RCA railroads: as big business in the U.S.; British promotion and building of; French construction of; Ger-man nineteenth-century industrialization and; nationalization of German; in the U.S., as big business; in the U.S., building of; in the U.S., scandals associated with
Ramsden, Jesse
Rankin, Sir George
Rathenau, Emil
rationality, entrepreneurial activity and
Ray, Rajat Kanta
Raytheon
RCA (Radio Corporation of America)
reapers
Reich, Leonard
Reichsbahn
Reichspost (Imperial Post)
religion: business activity in the Middle Ages and; economic role of the temples in the ancient Near East; the emergence of capitalism and; entrepreneurship and; in France, economic activity and; Islam and entrepreneurial activity (see Islam)
Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (Tawney)
Remington Rand
Renault
Renault, Fernand
Renault, Marcel
Renger, Johannes
Rennie, John
rent-seeking: in ancient Rome; economically predatory gain seeking in classical Greece and Rome; institutions favorable to productive entrepreneurship as antidote for; from Rome down through medieval European times; unproductive entrepreneur-ship as; in the U.S.
Research in Motion
Reynolds Metals Company
Rhode, Paul
Rhone-Poulenc
Richard I (king of England)
Richardson, David
Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal and Duc de
“Rise of the Gentry, The” (Tawney)
risk management, tools developed during the feudal commercial revolution for
robber barons
Roberts, Ed
Roberts, Richard
Robinson, James
Rockefeller, John D.
Rodrik, Dani
Roebuck, John
Roessingh, H. K.
Rolls Royce
Rolnick, Arthur
Rome, ancient: commercial abuses in; commercial activity, attitude and activity of the well-to-do regarding; the debt problem in; documentation of economic activity in; economic decline of; finance in; fiscal burdens of the wealthy in; foreigners and slaves in commercial enterprise; overspending by leading families in; private profiteering at public expense in; rent-seeking in; slaves in; steam engine, invention and lack of use of
Rong, Larry
Rong Desheng
Rong Yiren
Rong Zongjing
Ronson, Gerald
Roosevelt, Franklin
Root, Elisha
Rose, Jack
Rose, Mary B.
Rosenberg, Nathann.8
Rostovtzeff, Mikhail
Rothschild, James de
Rousseau, Peter
Rowland, Tiny
Roy, Tirthankar
Royal African Company
Royal Dutch-Shell
Royal Society
Rubinstein, William D.
Rudner, David West
Ruifuxiang family firm
Russell, Lord John
Russia (Muscovy) Company
Sacilor
al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir
Sainsbury, Alan
Sainsbury, John
Sainsbury's
Saint-Gobain
Saint Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de
sale and leaseback finance
Sandor, Richard
Sanyo Railways
Sapienza, Paola
Sargon of Akkad
Sarnoff, David
Say, J. B.
SBICs (small business investment companies)
Scalbert, Auguste
Scammon, J. Young
SCAP. See Supreme Commander of the Allied
Powers Schlesinger, Walter
Schlumberger, Nicolas
Schneider
Schneider, Eugene
Schofield brothers
Schumpeter, Joseph: on British entrepreneurism; creative destruction as economic progress; “entrepreneur,” adoption of the word by; entrepreneurial actions create new opportunities for others; entrepreneurship, conception of; innovation as the act of large companies; innovation as the essential entrepreneurial act; motives of the entrepreneur; R&D divisions of large firms, impact on entrepreneurs of; upsetting of equilibrium by entrepreneurs
Scientific American
Scientific Data Systems (SDS)
Scottish Presbyterian schools and universities
Scranton, Phil
SEB
Second Bank of the United States
Seguin, Marc
self-service
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus
Senshu-sha
Sequoia Partners
serfs
Severus, Septimius (emperor of Rome)
al-Shafi'i, Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn
Shanxi merchants
Shapin, Steven
Sheng Xuanhuai
Shenxin Cotton Mills
Shenxin group
Shen Yao
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 (U.S.)
Shibusawa Eiichi
shipping: English textile exports, sixteenth-century boom and crisis in; the joint-stock overseas trading company; technological innovation in shipbuilding and
Shleifer, Andrei
Shoda Heigoro
Short, Sidney
Short Electric Railway Company
Siemens
Siemens, Werner
Signetics
Silver, Morris
Sincere Company
Singer
Singer, Isaac
Singh, Narayan
Skunkworks, the
Slater, Samuel
slavery: entrepreneurs, slaves as; prestige for owners as the reason for; trade during the Middle Ages between Anglo-Saxon and Arab markets
Sloan, Alfred
Small Business Act of 1958 (U.S.)
Small Talk
Smeaton, John
Smiles, Samuel
Smith, Adam: country gentlemen, ambition of merchants to become; entrepreneurial behavior, overestimation of one's abilities and; instinct to “truck and barter” described by; Laws of Settlement and guilds, economic harm caused by; motivations of the richn.30; principles of free trade (but not laissez-faire)
Smith, Bruce
Smith, Sir Thomas
Smith, Walter Bedell
SmithKlineBeecham
Smith-Lever Act of 1914 (U.S.)
social capital
social Darwinism
Société Générale
Société industrielle de Mulhouse
Sokoloff, Kenneth
Soly, Hugo
Sony Corporation
Söring
South Sea Bubble of 1720–21
South Sea Company
Southwest Airlines
Sozzini, Lelio
Sperry Rand
Spitzer, Eliot
Spufford, Peter
Sputnik
Srinivas, M. N.
Srinivasan, T. N.
stagflation
Standard Oil Company
Stanford University
Stanley, William
Steinmetz, Charles
Stephan, Heinrich von
Stephenson, George
Stephenson, Robert
Stephenson, William Lawrence
Strutt, Jedediah
Sturchio, Jeffrey
Sturgeon, Timothy J.
Sturgeon, William
Sublime Club of Beefsteaks
Suez
Sumitomo
super-companies, feudal
Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SACP)
Surana, Rai
Swamy, Subramanian
Swift, Gustavus
Swistak, Piotr
Switzer, Mary
Switzerland
Sylla, Richard
Szeidl, Adam
Taine, Hippolyte
Taiping Rebellion
Talabot, Paulin
Taney, Roger
Tanner, David
Tarbell, Ida
tariffs, German use of
Tata, J. N.
Tata Iron and Steel Company
Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste
Tawney, Richard H.: “agrarian capitalism” and the “rise of the gentry”; Price Revolution and inflation, poor understanding of; usury opposed by Puritan clergy; Weber-Tawney thesis on Protestantism and the emergence of capitalism
tax farming
Taylor, George Rogers
Taylor, Zachary
technology: “Big Science,” government funding of; in China: reasons for absence of advances in late imperial; in China: wide-ranging improvements from the tenth to the fourteenth centuries; corporate in-house R&D; dissemination of information in the U.S. regarding; inferiority of twentieth-century Britain in sectors that required advanced; information, computers and; innovations in the Dutch Republic, incremental nature of; innovations in fuel, the rise of coal and; innovations of Victorian Britain; railroad, sharing of; shipbuilding, innovations in; unemployment of the Depression and, beliefs regarding
technology transfers: from Britain to Germany in the nineteenth century; of railroads from Britain to the U.S. in the nineteenth century; to the U.S., the Yankee merchant as conduit for
Teece, David J.
temples, as economic and credit institutions in the Near East
Tendulkar, Suresh D.
Terry, Eli
Tesco
Test Act of 1673 (England)
Texas Instruments
Textile Machinery Corporation
textiles: Chinese during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, technological advances in; cotton, American-produced; English productivity to the Industrial Revolution in; feudal manufacture of, economic organization and; as a Mesopotamian export; new furnace technology, lack of benefit from; woolens, English exports of
Thatcher, Margaret
Thimonnier, Barthelemy
Thomas, David
Thomas, Robert Paul
Thomas, Seth
Thomas, William
Thompson, Holland
Thomson, Elihu
Thomson, J. Edgar
Thomson-Houston Electric Company
3M (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing)
Thurn and Taxis, Princely Mail of
Thyssen, August
Timberg, Thomas A.
Todd, Emmanuel
Tokugawa Yoshitsune
Tokyo Marine Insurance
Tokyo Technical School/Tokyo Institute of Technology
Toleration Act of 1689 (England)
Tomioka Silk Manufacturer
Total
Townsend, Second Viscount Charles “Turnip Townsend”
Toynbee, Arnold
Toyokawa Ryohei
Trader Joe's
trade unions, in Victorian Britain
Tredegar Iron Works
Trevithick, Richard
Trip, Elias
Tripathi, Dwijendra
Trotter, Nathan
Troughton, Edward
trust, significance of in eighteenth-century Britain
Tweenhuysen, Lambert van
Uitgeest, Cornelis Cornelisz. van
Union des Assurances de Paris
Unitarians
United Drapery Stores
United Fruit Company
United States: antitrust policy and enforcement; corporate structure and governance in; employment in services and industry com-pared to Germany; financial institutions in; formal banking system and incorporation of firms, relationship of; income inequality in; industrial research/R&D; multinational corporations, British subsidiaries of American; patents and patent law in; post-Civil War (see United States, 1865–1920); pre-Civil War (see United States, antebellum); twentieth century following the Great War (see United States, 1920–2000)
United States, antebellum; agricultural implements manufactured in; the “American system” of production developed in; clocks and watches manufactured in; colonial India and, comparison of the integration of financial markets in; cotton textiles manufactured in; the entrepreneurs of; industry in the South; institutional framework: finance; institutional framework: law; manufactured goods and the beginnings of industrialization; “mechanicians” and mass production in; sewing machines manufactured in; small arms production in; transportation and communication as entrepreneurial infrastructure; unproductive and unsuccessful entrepreneurs in
United States,1865–1920; big business, the rise of; the entrepreneur's social status; financial institutions; government promotional activities; government regulation of the economy; incentives to innovate: corporate governance; incentives to innovate: effect of discrimination; innovation vs. replication; seasonality of money demand in; technological information, dissemination of
United States, 1920–2000; the computer industry and information technology (IT); the consumer movement and changing scale for entrepreneurs; corporate research laboratories; the Depression; economic self-regulation, search for (1920–41); entrepreneurial fraud in; eras of Entrepreneurship in; era of the third industrial revolution (1975–2000); era of war and the innovation system (1941–74); financial entrepreneurship; financial institutions in; firms, dislocation of and innovation by; government, the military, and “Big Science”; innovation as entrepreneurship in; innovation system, opening up the; innovation system, patents/antitrust reinforcing a closed; prosperity and social status in; radio, opportunities for entrepreneurs in; venture capital, institutionalizing
university entrepreneurs
urbanization: in Holland of the mid-seventeenth century; London, rapid growth in the population of; the medieval city, growth and economic activity of
Urdank, Albion
Usinor
Usselincx, Willem
Usselman, Steven
U.S. Steel
usury: bills of exchange and; church teaching on, the entrepreneurial climate of the Middle Ages and; England's Financial Revolution and. See also banks and banking; credit
Vail, Theodore N.
Vanderbilt, Cornelius
Van Os, Dirck
Van Winkle, Edward
Varian
Varian brothers
Vaughan, Roland
Veblen, Thorstein
Veenhof, Klass R.
Venter, Craig
venture capital
Veolia
Vereinige Oost-Indisch Compagnie (VOC; United East India Co.)
Vereinigte Stahlwerke (Vst-United Steelworks)
Verizon
Verres, Gaius
Verri, Alessandro
Victorian Britain: background for entrepreneurial activity in; case study of entrepreneurs’ role in promoting large projects: the railway sys-tem; the concept of the entrepreneur in; cultural explanations of entrepreneurial decline; decline of entrepreneurship in, varying views of; economic data, basic; entrepreneur, conception of for present study; entrepreneurship in; entrepreneurship and the culture of improvement in; infrastructure projects as focus of successful entrepreneurship in; institutional reform in; mining as a project-based industry; number of local and personal acts of Parliament, by type of project; population of the United Kingdom; a project-based view of the economy in; promotion of large projects requiring statutory authorization; role of free trade and laissez-faire in encouraging entrepreneur-ship; the trade union movement in
Vinci
Vishny, Robert
Vivendi
Vodafone
Volkswagen
von Gerstner, Franz Anton Ritter
Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway v. Illinois
Walbank, F. W.
Walchand managing agency
Walker, Juliet E. K.
Walker, Thomas
Wallace, Anthony F. C.
Wallis, John Joseph
Wal-Mart
Waltham Company
Waltham System
Walton, Gary
Wang Yangming
Wang Zhen
waqfs
Warburg, Simon
Wardley, Peter
Washington, George
Watkin, Sir Edward
Watson, James L.
Watt, James
Weber, Max
Weber, Warren
Weber-Tawney thesis
Wedgwood, Josiah
Weingast, Barry
Weiss, Thomas
Wellcome
Wesley, Charles
Wesley, John
Western Electric
Western Union
West-Indische Compagnie (WIC)
Westinghouse, George
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Weston, Garfield
Weston, William
Wheeler and Wilson
White, Canvass
Whitehurst, John
Whitney, Eli
Whitney, Eli, Jr.
Wichmann (archbishop of Magdeburg)
Wiener, Martin
Wikipedia
Wilhelm II (kaiser of Germany)
Wilkins, Mira
Willcox and Gibbs
William III (king of England)
Wilson, Charles
Wing On Company
Wing On Department Store
Winsor, Frederic
Wolcott, Oliver
Wolcott, Susan
Wolfson, Isaac
women: as entrepreneurs in the U.S.; participation in the labor force in antebellum America
Wood, Jethro
Woodbury, Robert S.
Woodman, Harold
Woolworth, Frank
Woolworths
work ethic
worldly asceticism
Worthington, William
Wozniak, Steve
Wright, Benjamin
Wright, Robert
Wrigley, E. Anthony
Wunsch, Cornelia
Xerox Corporation
Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center)
Xerxes I (king of Persia)
Yasuda
Yates, JoAnne
Ye (Party secretary of Lin Village)
“Ye, Big Bluffer” (deputy chief of Nanjing)
Yen Xinhou
Yergin, Daniel
Yoffee, Norman
Yoshida Toyo
Young, Owen D.
zaibatsu. See also Japan
Zhang Jian
Zhou Xuexi
Zhu Xi
Zingales, Luigi
Zola, Emile
Zunz, Olivier