INDEX

Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.

albatrosses, 139–141

anxiety, 175–176, 195, 264–268

apes, see bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans

asexual versus sexual reproduction, 94–95

baboons: grief, 169–170; social associations, 178–180; social structure, 204–205

bedbugs, 133–134

beetles, 105

birds: calls and songs, 292–295; pair bonding, 118–119; social rank, 119; see also black swans, blue jays, cliff swallows, crows, ducks, finches, hummingbirds, magpies

black swans, 142

blue jays: cognitive abilities, 314–315; death response, 187–188

body language, 274–277; symbolic gestures in primates, 302–310; see also communication

bonobos: Kanzi, 306–307; sex, 100–101; symbolic gestures, 303–304

brain/body relationship, 1

Burghardt, Gordon, 20

Byrne, Richard, 308–310

capuchins: decision making, 238–240; fairness study, 51

cats: agility; 34–35; mourning, 162–163; play, 27–28

cheetahs, 278–279

Cheney, Dorothy, 300–301

chimpanzees: cooperation and reciprocity, 62–63; fairness study, 49–53; gestures and calls, 302–304; grief, 161–162, 170–171; inbreeding avoidance, 37–39; prosocial behavior, 55–56; PTSD, 267–286; Washoe, 307–310

cliff swallows: nest building, 226; social dynamics, 124–131

communication, 272–310; referential, 297–302; vocal-auditory, 291–296; see also signaling theory

cooperation, 8, 54–55, 64; see also reciprocity

corvids, see blue jays, crows, magpies

crows, 188

Diana monkeys, 279–280

dogs: anxiety, 265–266; apologizing, 58–59; body language, 275–276; completing tasks, 54; domestication, 288–291; fear of the unknown, 251; grief, 181–182, 190–193; phobias, 258–259; play, 18–20, 24–25; social rank, 219–220

dolphins: homosexuality, 136–137; grief, 163–164

ducks: play, 28–29; grief, 189

elephants: anxiety and PTSD, 266–267; grief, 166–168, 181–183; interspecies grief, 191–192

envy, see greed

European hare, 11–13

European wrasse, 98–99

extra-pair copulations, 124–129

extra-pair paternity, 126

facial expression, 280–291; see also communication

fear, 246–270; genetically programmed, 262; self-inflicted, 268–270; startle, 247–250; sustained, 250–256; see also phobias

finches, 7

fish: resource acquisition, 233. See also European wrasse, sunfish

funerals, 181–186

gazelles, 278–279

geese, 190

genetic diversity, 95–97

giraffes, 135–136

gluttony, 240–245

gorillas: dominance, 303, 305–306; facial expressions, 285–286; grief, 168–169; holding vigil, 185–186; interspecies grief, 193–194; jealous rage, 202; Koko, 193–194, 305–306; social rank, 205–207; vocal calls, 301–302

greed, 225–245; and acquisition of resources, 228–233; evolution of as a behavioral program, 236–240; other types, 233–236

grief, 161–196; origin and purpose of, 174–181; recognizing, 172–174

handicapping, 57–61

Hobaiter, Catherine, 308–310

hominins, 9–10, 13–14, 35, 212; see also Neanderthals

homosexuality, 132–149; benefits of, 145

hummingbirds, 230–232

hyenas, 93

incest, 37–38, 149–158

infidelity, 124–131

jealousy, 197–222; origin of, 212; sexual and romantic, 200–217; social, 218

Kanzi the bonobo, 306–307

Koko the gorilla, 193–194, 305–306

language, see communication

magpies, 189

mandrills, 304–305

marmosets, 301

masturbation, 110–115

mate guarding, 200–207

MHC proteins, 155–158

mice: facial expressions, 282–283; morality, 73; play, 35

monkeynomics, 238

monkeys, see baboons, capuchins, Diana monkeys, mandrills, marmosets, rhesus macaques, titi monkeys, vervet monkeys

monogamy, 131; economic, 119–120

Neanderthals: death rituals, 184; and modern humans, 273–274; timeline, 14

orangutans, 285

oxytocin, 120–123

prairie dogs, 297–298

pair bonding, 118–124; same-sex, 139–145

penguins, 141–142

phobias, 256–261; see also fear

play: for building social bonds and trust, 36–39; for developing certain cognitive and creative skills, 43–46; among dogs, 19; for establishing social ranking, 23–24; to help establish motor coordination, 32–26; for learning social rules, 24–27; for managing stress, 39–43; as practice, 27–32; principal features of, 20; reasons for, 18–20; seven modalities of, 44–45

praying mantis, 106

primates. See baboons, bonobos, capuchins, chimpanzees, Diana monkeys, gorillas, hominins, mandrills, marmosets, orangutans, rhesus macaques, titi monkeys, vervet monkeys

prosocial behavior, 55–56

pygmy chimpanzee, see bonobos

rams, 137–139

rats: play, 38, 42–43; fear of, 252–253; metacognition, 315

rattlesnake, 278

reciprocity, 61–64; interspecies, 63–64. See also cooperation

red-winged blackbirds, 232–233

resources, acquisition of, 228–233

rhesus macaques: grief, 170, 183–184; PET scans, 210–211; risk tolerance and wealth, 235–236; facial expressions, 285; memory tests, 315–316

scientific skepticism, 65–67

selection, 5, 8, 12–13, 288

sex: as a commodity, 108; to create and strengthen bonds, 118–158; many uses of, 92–117; for pleasure, 101–104; outside of procreation, 100–101; same-sex, 105; as a transaction, 107–110; versus gender, 97; as a weapon, 104–107

sexual versus asexual reproduction, 94–95

Seyfarth, Robert, 300–301

shrimp, 203

signaling theory 278–280; see also communication

snakes: female mimicry, 104–105; fear of, 262–264; see also rattlesnake

social rank, 23–24; in birds, 119; in dogs, 219–220; in gorillas, 205–207; restructured by grief, 177–179

spiders, fear of, 262–264

squirrels, 112–113

stress: from grief, 172; hormones, 179–180, 268–270; management, 39–43; PTSD, 266–268

sunfish, 99

tigers, 201–202

titi monkey: social structure, 203–204; jealousy program, 211

vervet monkeys: play, 29–31; alarm calls, 298–300

voles, 122–123

Washoe the chimpanzee, 307–310

Watson, John, 252–253

Western scrub jays, see blue jays

whales, 295–296

wolverines, 233–235

wolves: body language, 275–276; bonds, 164–166; as companion animals, 288–290; play, 25