Index

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accessibility, 78, 79

ACME (Automaticity in Cognition, Motivation, and Evaluation) lab, 13–14

addictions:

approach-avoidance and, 136–38

see also drinking; smoking

advertising, 205–6, 208, 219, 263, 284

alcohol, 283–84

food, 206, 220

subliminal, 220

affective (evaluative) system, 127–28, 130–34

African-Americans, 82, 83, 88–93

see also racial biases

“aha!” moments, 239, 243, 245

alcohol, 136–38, 205–6, 215, 216, 256, 274, 283–84

Al Qaeda, 187

Ambady, Nalini, 83–85, 88, 90, 92, 136, 170–71

American culture:

Puritan legacy in, 75–82

racial biases in, 88–93

religion in, 77

amnesia, 125–26, 129, 130

anchoring, 120

Anderson, Richard, 221

Andrews, Reginald, 152–54, 156, 157

anger, 100, 101

anthropology, 33

apes, 45–46

Apocalypse (Paul), 54, 66

approach-avoidance and “stay or go” reactions, 127–30, 133, 134, 143, 146, 151, 167, 176, 239

behavioral changes and, 136–38

Aragon, Oriana, 173, 191–92

Archimedes, 243, 245, 248

arousal studies, 97–101, 103

Asch, Solomon, 63–64

Asian-Americans, 81–86, 204

attention, 110–11, 221

attitude objects, 127, 136

attitudes, 130–34

automatic, 69, 130–34, 144

automated processes, 30

automatic attitudes, 69, 130–34, 144

availability heuristic, 109

bacteria, 40–42

Bargh, John:

alligator dream of, 31–33, 56, 129, 130, 134, 238, 243, 244, 249, 279, 281

daughter Danielle, 31, 58, 59, 141–42, 148, 171–72, 273–74, 279–80

as DJ, 1, 10, 96, 288, 289

as psychology experiment participant, 14, 212–13

wife Monica, 138, 172

Barker, Roger, 202, 268, 275

baseball, 147–50, 163–66, 168

basketball, 227, 246–48

Batson, Daniel, 229–30

Baumeister, Roy, 254

beauty premium, 49, 50

behavioral contagion, 181–82, 190–96, 208, 263, 285

broken-windows theory, 197–99

reading material and, 201–2

social media and, 199–201

social setting and, 202–3, 208, 275

behavioral economics, 115

behaviorism, 7, 29, 33–34, 239, 264–66, 286

Belmont Park, 246

benzene, 243–44

betrayal, 53–55, 62, 66, 172–73, 192

bias, 100

in-group/out-group (“us” vs. “them”), 67–71, 146–51, 167–68, 279, 286

racial, see racial biases

Big Chill, The, 217

Binet, Alfred, 245

bin Laden, Osama, 187

Bird, Larry, 246, 247

birthdays, 140, 147

Blake, William, 277

Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking (Gladwell), 9, 154, 166–67

bonding, 51, 54–55

mimicry and, 50, 173, 185, 186, 190, 283

in ritualized behavior, 186, 189

Boothby, Erica, 285

Bork, Robert, 112

Boston Marathon, 227–28

Boston Red Sox, 147–48

Bowlby, John, 63, 64, 66–68

Brady, Tom, 162

brain, 11

amygdala in, 37

betrayal and, 172–73, 192

corpus callosum in, 2

decision making and, 160

energy consumption of, 249

evolution of, 8, 33, 34

fear and, 37

in finger-movement experiment, 173, 191–92

imaging studies of, 13, 49–50, 65, 172, 179, 180, 206, 269–70

implementation intentions and, 269–70

insula in, 65–66, 172

lingering activity in, 119–20

memories and, 8, 125

mimicry and, 173, 185, 191–92

mirror neuron system in, 191–92

parietal cortex in, 180

physical attractiveness and, 49–50, 146, 176, 216

prefrontal cortex in, 180

present and, 8

reward center of, 216

and sensory signals during sleep, 255

smoking and, 206

of split-brain patients, 2–3, 17

“stay or go” reaction and, 127

of stroke patients, 179, 180

visual streams of information and, 184–85

warmth and coldness and, 54, 65–66, 172

Brandeis University, 145

Braveheart, 168

breast self-examinations, 270–71

breathing, 29

bridge, scary, 99, 101

broken-windows theory, 197–99

Bruner, Jerome, 219

Bryant, Jennings, 97–100

Bush, George H. W., 230

Bush, George W., 188

Buss, David, 29

Cacioppo, John, 176

California Chrome, 113

Campbell, Donald, 31

candle problem, 241–42

Cantor, Joanne, 97–100

Cardiff, Jack, 97

Carnegie Mellon University, 160, 215, 243

Carpenter, Malinda, 46–47

car racing, 138

carryover effects, 79, 95–121, 273–74, 284

Carvallo, Maurice, 139

Case of the Velvet Claws, The (Gardner), 254

Catch-22 (Heller), 237

cell phones, and driving, 256–58

Chaiken, Shelly, 132–34, 144, 158

chameleon effect, 182–85, 189, 190, 193, 208, 283

see also behavioral contagion; mimicry

Champ, The, 116–17

change, 111–13

Chaplin, Charlie, 221–22, 226

Chartrand, Tanya, 183, 189

cheating, 227–28

Chen, Mark, 135–36, 167, 168

Chen, Serena, 234

childhood experiences, as hidden past, 47, 51, 55, 56, 58–60, 63, 67, 68, 72, 100

children:

cooperation in, 46–47

culture absorbed by, 72, 73–76, 82, 90, 93–94

fears in, 23

talking to themselves, 259

unconscious in, 30, 32

see also parents

chimpanzees, 46

chores, 110

Chowder Pot, 147–49

Christakis, Nicholas, 200

CIA, 187

Civil War, 40–41

Claparède, Édouard, 125–26, 129, 130

Clapton, Eric, 245–46

Clark, Margaret, 65, 172, 234, 285

climate change, 104–5, 121, 212

Clinton, Hillary, 40, 271

Clore, Gerald, 102

cobras, in India, 212, 213

Coburn, Steve, 113, 288

Cocktail Party Effect, 4–5

cognitive psychology, 7, 29–30, 33–34, 78, 264, 266

Cohen, Dov, 75

coldness, see warmth and coldness

college-class evaluations, 158, 170–71

Columbia University, 241–42

commons dilemma, 211–12

communal orientation, 234–35

competence, judging, 143–45, 168, 176

conscious mind, 3–18, 59, 261, 262

as epiphenomenon, 265

interaction between unconscious and, 34, 258, 260, 280–81

of others, lack of access to, 285–87

psychology’s exclusion of, 265–66, 286

rationalizations generated by, 3, 129, 216–17, 267

unconscious mental processes as following, 30–32

unconscious mental processes as preceding, 32–34, 56

see also specific aspects

conservatives, 35–39, 41, 170

contagious behaviors, see behavioral contagion

cooperation, 23, 44–47, 51, 67, 185, 189, 191

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 261, 262

Copper Age, 21–23

Cornell University, 111, 201–2, 285

corruption, 230

Cosmides, Leda, 142, 143

creativity, 245, 259, 263

see also problem solving

Creswell, David, 160, 243

crime, 109, 111–12, 197–99

criminal justice, see law enforcement and criminal justice

Cronkite, Walter, 218

cultural psychology, 78

culture, 73–94, 100, 168

American, see American culture

children’s absorption of, 72, 73–76, 82, 90, 93–94

as hidden past, 72, 75–76

priming and, 78, 94

stereotypes in, 69, 83–94, 144

culture shock, 275–76

Cunningham, Wil, 151

Cyberball, 105–7

Dante Alighieri, 52–55, 62, 64, 66, 172, 186

Darley, John, 229–30

Darwin, Charles, 6, 23, 33, 34, 40, 44, 47, 261, 282

emotional expression studied by, 28, 43–45, 142, 143, 169, 182, 193

data, decisions involving, 163–65

Dawkins, Richard, 31, 48, 55

Delon, Alain, 97

depression, 107–8, 117

Descartes, René, 11, 12, 17

Descent of Man, The (Darwin), 44

developmental psychology, 30

Diallo, Amadou, 167

dieting, 201–2, 204, 205, 219, 220, 268, 273, 278

diet pills, 10, 217

Dijksterhuis, Ap, 159–60, 242

Dion, Celine, 118

disease, 40–44, 51, 194

disgust, 36, 40, 41, 43, 116

Divine Comedy, The (Dante), 52–55, 62

downtime, 238, 244, 250–51, 259

SETI and, 249–50

downward social comparisons, 267

dreams, 33, 222, 251–53

alligator, of author, 31–33, 56, 129, 130, 134, 238, 243, 244, 249, 279, 281

of Kekulé, 243–45

problem solving and, 243–45, 251–53, 259

Dresnok, James, 73–75

sons of, 73–75, 94

drinking, 136–38, 205–6, 256, 274, 283–84

driving, 29, 30

accident rates, 257

anger and, 101

cell phones and apps as distraction during, 256–58

Mexico City’s road rationing and, 211–13

speed of, 120–21

drug addiction, 136–38

Duchenne, Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand, 44

Duckworth, Angela, 276–77

Duncker, Karl, 241, 243–45

Dunham, Yarrow, 69–71

Dunning, David, 285

Dylan, Bob, 245–46

economics, behavioral, 115

economics games, 66, 172, 173

Edison, Thomas, 245

egotism, implicit, 139

Eibach, Richard, 111–12

Einstein, Albert, 1, 8, 121, 243, 282

Eisenberger, Naomi, 106

Ekman, Paul, 29, 44–45, 143, 189

electromagnetic wavelengths, 5–6

Ellison, Ralph, 237

Emlen, Stephen, 61

emotions, 43–44, 101–2, 113, 121, 288

carryover effect of, 113–14, 273–74

as contagious, 181–82

facial expressions and, 44–45, 142–43

hoarding and, 114–15

long-term memories and, 113

physical component to, 99–100

sadness, 116–18

survival and, 43–45, 51

temperature and, see warmth and coldness

weather and, 101–4

endowment effect, 115–17

environment, 180–82, 262, 266, 268, 282–83

habits and, 278

self-control and, 277–78

unconscious monitoring of, 255, 258

epigenetics, 60

“Eureka!” moments, 239, 243, 245

evaluation, potency, and activity, as dimensions of semantic meaning, 127–28

evaluative (affective) system, 127–28, 130–34

evolution, 9, 17, 32, 33, 55, 60, 66, 142, 173, 261

of brain, 8, 33, 34

of cooperation, 46

as hidden past, 23, 39, 42–43, 47, 51, 55, 56, 58, 60, 63, 67, 68, 100

mimicry and, 184, 192

natural selection in, 6, 17, 55, 60, 282

tribes and, 67, 68, 146–47

unconscious judgments and, 161, 165

evolutionary psychology, 29, 30, 33

excitation transfer, 97–99

exercise, 259, 268, 274, 276, 284

effects on conscious thought, 97–100

Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, The (Darwin), 28, 43–44

Facebook, 173, 175, 200, 201, 284

faces and facial expressions, 141–47, 284

appraisals based on, 136, 141–45, 168–70

Bitchy Resting Face, 169

Darwin’s study of, 28, 43–45, 142, 143, 169, 182, 193

emotions communicated by, 44–45, 142–43

infants’ preferences in, 68, 69, 71, 176

personality judged from, 141–42

photographs of, 145, 168–70, 176–77

racial bias and, 70–71, 136–37, 151, 167, 168

and sentencing of defendants, 145–46, 168–69

resting bitch face, 142

trustworthiness and competence judged from, 136, 143–45, 168, 176

see also physical attractiveness

fairness, 161–63, 284

Faithfull, Marianne, 97, 98

family, 47, 50–51, 54–56

staying close to, 51, 54, 67–68, 139

Faraday, Michael, 243

fast-food restaurants, 96, 275

Faulkner, William, 19

Fazio, Russell, 130–33

fears, 23, 37, 156

social change and, 35–39

see also safety and survival

Fehr, Ernst, 203

Feller, Bob, 163

fertility, 50, 192

financial decisions, 163, 165

first impressions, 5, 142, 143, 284

Fitzgerald, Louise, 231–33

Fitzsimons, Gráinne, 223, 224

Florida State University, 50

flu, and attitudes toward immigration, 42

food, 284

advertisements for, 206, 220

dieting and, 201–2, 204, 205, 219, 220, 268, 273, 278

hunger and, 218–20

in priming experiments, 204–5, 219

football, 162

Fowler, James, 200

Frank, Mark, 188–89

Franklin, Benjamin, 266–68

Frederick, Shane, 157

Frederickson, Barbara, 86–87

free association test, 78

free will, 3, 7, 15, 262–63, 266, 278

see also self-control

Freire, Monte, 147–50

Freud, Sigmund, 6–7, 11–13, 17, 125, 160, 261–62, 268, 289

friendships, 47, 51, 55, 58, 59

goals and, 10, 166, 223–25

mimicry and, 173, 192

Friesen, Wallace V., 45

Frith, Chris, 180, 216

Fujita, Kentaro, 278

Full Monty, The, 193

functional fixedness, 239

future, 1, 8, 10, 16–17, 209–78, 288

see also specific aspects

Gabriel, Shira, 217–18

Galileo Galilei, 261

Galla, Brian, 276–77

Galloway’s Book on Running (Galloway), 275

Gardner, Erle Stanley, 254

gating features, 175

Gazzaniga, Michael, 2–3, 17, 180

Gedye, David, 249–50

genes, 60, 184

reproduction and, 47–48, 192

geniuses, 245–46, 248

in sports, 246–49

Germany, 199, 281

germs, 40–44, 51, 116, 194

Ghost in the Machine, The (Koestler), 7

Gilens, Martin, 91–93

Gilovich, Thomas, 111–12

Girl on a Motorcycle, 97–98, 101, 103

Giuliani, Rudy, 197–99, 208

Gladwell, Malcolm, 9, 154, 166–67

global warming, 104–5, 121, 212

goals, 8, 213–26, 235–36, 238, 260, 263, 267, 281, 283

attention and, 221

cheating and, 227–28

dreams and, 251

early start on, 249

friendships and, 10, 166, 223–25

gut decisions and, 166

habits and, 268

implementation intentions and, 268–75

information related to, 219–21

liking or disliking people based on, 225–26

memories and, 221

mind wandering and, 250

mothers and, 224

past and, 221–23

power and, 230–36

priming and, 220

and unconscious monitoring of environment, 255, 258

unresolved, 251–54

values overridden by, 229–30, 235

God, 11, 76, 77, 261, 264

Goldsmith, Jeffrey, 222

golfers, 15–16

Gollwitzer, Peter, 228, 268–69, 271–72, 281

Goodale, Melvyn, 184–85

“good” or “bad” evaluations, 127–33

in arm movement experiments, 134–38

goals and, 223

Good Samaritan study, 229–30

Gordon, Rebecca, 187–88

graffiti, 197–98

Gray, Jeremy, 65, 172

“Gregory” experiment, 26–28

grocery stores, 117–18, 204, 218, 219

Grumpy Cat, 142, 145

guilt, 161–63, 168–69

gut decisions, 152–77

based on faces or photographs alone, 168–70

in complex decisions, 165–66

conscious reflection as supplement to, 157–61

goals and needs and, 166

and meeting people online, 173–76

about people different from ourselves, 167–68

people’s actions and, 172–73

physical attraction in, 175–76

quiz for measuring tendency to make, 157

risk and reward in, 157

rules for, 154–77

thin slices in, 170–71

habits, 268, 275–76

environment and, 278

good, formation of, 274–76, 278, 284

see also self-control

Ham, Jaap, 161, 162

Harlow, Harry, 61–62, 64, 66, 67, 107

Harris, Jennifer, 205, 207

Hartley, L. P., 112

Harvard University, 83, 86

Hawking, Stephen, 104

heat-lamp treatment, 107–8

Heller, Joseph, 237

helpfulness, 193–94, 229–30

Hidden Persuaders, The (Packard), 220

Higgins, E. Tory, 241, 243

Hill, Anita, 231

hiring, 48–50, 161, 162, 215–16, 225–26

Hirshleifer, David, 103–4

Hitler, Adolf, 41

hoarding, 114–15

Home Alone, 141, 169

Homer, 245

honesty, 26–28

horror movies, 99

horse and carriage accident, 162

household chores, 110

hubris, 262, 266

humility, 280

hundred-dollar-bill prank, 194

hunger, 218–20

identity(ies), 82–94

math and, 83–88, 204

situated, 203–4

IIE (Improving Interpersonal Evaluations), 189–90

IJzerman, Hans, 65, 66, 106

imagination, 155

imitation, see mimicry

immigration, 41–42

implementation intentions, 268–75, 284

Implicit Association Test (IAT), 69–71, 90, 136, 137, 151

India, cobras in, 212, 213

indigo buntings, 60–61

infants:

faces and, 68, 69, 71, 176

languages and, 68

mimicry in, 184, 185

infection and disease, 40–44, 51, 194

Inferno (Dante), 53–54, 66

in-group/out-group bias (“us” vs. “them”), 67–71, 146–51, 167–68, 279, 286

“insight” problems, 242, 243

insomnia, 252–53

intentions:

implementation, 268–75, 284

our own versus others’, 285, 286

Internet, 173–76, 208

social media, 173–76, 199–201, 284

Interpretation of Dreams, The (Freud), 125, 160

interrogations, 186–90

introspection, 7, 265

intuition, see gut decisions

invisibility cloak illusion, 285–86

Invisible Man (Ellison), 237

Iran-Contra arms scandal, 230

Jacoby, Larry, 109

jam, 158, 160

James, William, 6–7, 30, 101, 180–81, 245

Janet, Pierre, 11–12, 245

Jobs, Steve, 245

Johnson, Jimmie, 138

Johnson, Marcia, 126, 129, 130

Johnston, Lucy, 193–94

Jones, John, 139

Jordan, Michael, 246–49, 259

judgments, 159, 286

from appearances, 141–45

Jung, Carl, 11

justice judgments, 145–46, 161–63

Kahneman, Daniel, 109, 115, 120, 154, 159

Kang, Yoona, 65, 172

Kasnoff, Craig, 249–50

Kawakami, Kerry, 136–37

Kekulé, August, 243–45, 248

Kelly, David, 68, 69

Kenrick, Douglas, 29

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 282, 283

Kissinger, Henry, 233

Klinger, Eric, 250, 251

Koch, Ed, 24

Koestler, Arthur, 7

Korsakoff’s syndrome, 125–26, 129, 130

Langer, Ellen, 24–26

language, 68

Lashley, Karl, 239

law enforcement and criminal justice:

interrogations, 186–90

racism and, 145–46, 167, 169, 272

sentencing, 145–46, 168–69

“leaky pen” experiment, 193–94

learning, statistical, 164–65

Led Zeppelin, 1, 4, 10, 13, 18, 117, 140, 288–89

Lee, Harper, 237

Lee-Chai, Annette, 228, 234

leisure time activities, 217–18

Lerner, Jennifer, 115–17

Lewis, Michael, 163

Lhermitte, François, 178–82, 184, 185, 192, 193, 196, 198, 203, 208, 266

Libby, Lisa, 111–12

liberals, 35–39, 41, 92, 94, 170

likes and dislikes, 127, 129–31, 133, 135, 138

Lincoln, Abraham, 231, 235, 282, 283

Lippmann, Walter, 91

Loewenstein, George, 215

Longway, Robert T., 61

Lord of the Rings, The, 215

Machado, Alicia, 40

Macrae, Neil, 193–94

Maeterlinck, Maurice, 209

Maier, Norman, 239–45

Mailer, Norman, 237–39, 244, 245, 248, 249, 252, 255, 259

Mankos, Rose Mary, 153–54, 156–57

Marcus Aurelius, 123

marriage, 140, 190–91

Masicampo, E. J., 254

Mason, Perry, 254

math, 83–88, 204

mating, see reproduction

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 46

Mayor, John, 148

Mayr, Ernst, 31

McGill University, 3, 277

McHale, Kevin, 246

McKenna, Katelyn, 174–75

meaning, 127–28

medication regimens, 270

Meditations (Marcus Aurelius), 123

Meltzoff, Andrew, 184

memories, 8, 113, 221

amnesia patients and, 125–26, 129, 130

availability of, 108–10

Mental Health America, 108

mental illness, 11, 13

mere exposure effect, 129–30

Metcalfe, Janet, 242, 243

Mexico City, 211–13

Milgram, Stanley, re-creation of study of, 100, 101

Miller, George, 9

Milner, David, 184–85

mimicry, 182–86, 208, 283

bonding and, 50, 173, 185, 186, 190, 283

brain and, 173, 185, 191–92

criminal interrogation and, 188–90

in finger-movement experiment, 173, 191–92

friendship and, 173, 192

in infants, 184, 185

in romantic relationships, 190–92

in salespeople and waitresses, 190, 272–73

mind gap, 287

mind’s eye, 119

mind wandering, 250–52, 254

misattribution effects, 100

Mitchell, Beverly, 114, 115, 118, 119

Modern Times, 221–22

Moneyball (Lewis), 163

moods, 101–2, 121, 273

weather and, 101–4

moral beliefs, and goals, 229–30, 235

moral disgust, 43

Morewedge, Carey, 154

Morsella, Ezequiel, 253

mothers, goals regarding, 224

motivations, see goals

murder, 34–35, 139

of Ötzti, 21–23, 29, 34–35, 48, 138–39, 143

music, 2, 288

DJing, 1, 10–11, 96, 288, 289

in stores, 117–18

Mutis, Álvaro, 102

Myers, Frederic, 245, 248

Naked and the Dead, The (Mailer), 237

names, 138–41, 147

natural selection, 6, 17, 55, 60, 282

Nature, 104

nature and nurture, 56, 60, 61

news, 91–93

newsgroups, 174–75

new things, preference for, 129

New York City, 23–25, 28, 31, 196–99, 259

crime in, 197–99, 208

New York City Marathon, 227, 275

New York University (NYU), 4, 13, 23–25, 132, 135, 183, 194, 222, 228, 232, 234, 240, 269

New York Yankees, 147–48

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 175, 261, 264

Night of the Living Dead, 95–97

9/11 attacks, 187–88

Nobel Prize, 115, 245

Nordgren, Loran, 159–60

North Korea, 73–75

Northwestern University, 224

Norton, Michael, 154

novels, 201–2

numbers, 120–21

Obama, Barack, 35–36, 271

obesity, 204, 205, 219

Olivola, Christopher, 169–70

On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 6, 44

Orbell, Susan, 270

Osgood, Charles E., 127–28, 133, 134

Ötzti, 21–23, 29, 34–35, 48, 54, 67, 128, 138–39, 143, 168

Over, Harriet, 46–47

overconfidence, 156

Packard, Vance, 220

Pac-Man, 222–23

Page, Jimmy, 140, 278

Papies, Esther, 204–5

parents, 54–59, 61–63

attachment to, 57–59, 66–68

imitation of, 56–57

power and, 234

trust in, 55, 57–58, 66

Parish, Robert, 246

past, 1, 8–10, 16, 19–121, 262, 266, 288

carryover effects of, 79, 95–121, 273–74, 284

see also specific aspects

Pasteur, Louis, 41

Patrick, Danica, 138

Paul, St.,54, 64, 66

Pelham, Brett, 139

Penfield, Wilder, 3

perception-action link, 182

perceptual readiness, 219

Pessiglione, Mathias, 216

pets, 218

Phelps, Elizabeth, 113

Philosophy of the Unconscious (von Hartmann), 6

phones, and driving, 256–58

physical attractiveness, 143, 146, 175, 176, 284

brain and, 49–50, 146, 176, 216

emphasized for girls, 86–88

in hiring and career advancement, 48–50, 215–16, 226

rationalizations and, 216, 217

in romantic relationships, 175–76

Pichert, J. W., 221

Pineda, Michael, 173

Plutarch, 243

Poehlman, Andy, 77–78

poetic justice, 53, 54, 66

Pogge, Thomas, 233–34

Pokémon Go, 257

politeness, 194–95, 197, 208

political attitudes, 286

conservative, 35–39, 41, 170

liberal, 35–39, 41, 92, 94, 170

safety and, 35–39, 41

political candidates, 143–45, 168, 169

Political Guessing Game, 170

posters, 158, 160, 282

potency, 127–28

poverty, 91–92

power, 230–36

prejudices, 69

present, 1, 8–10, 16, 59, 123–208, 262, 266, 288

carryover of recent past into, 79, 95–121, 273–74, 284

see also specific aspects

presidential elections:

of 2016, 39–40, 231

voter turnout in, 271

primates, 45–46, 62

priming, 78, 79, 106, 180, 282–83

affective, 132–33

anchoring, 120

in cultural beliefs, 78, 94

food and, 204–5, 219

in free-association test, 78

in friend-doll experiment, 46–47

goals and, 220

helpfulness and, 194

identity and, 82–88, 203–4

power and, 234–35

problem solving and, 240–42

Protestant and Puritan ethics and, 79–82

rudeness and, 195–96

in unrelated experiments technique, 78–80

Princeton University, 143, 144, 229, 285

problem solving, 238–45, 249, 258–59, 263

dreams and, 243–45, 251–53, 259

functional fixedness in, 239

Pronin, Emily, 285

Protestants, 76–82, 91–92

Proxmire, William, 250

psychology, 2, 7, 12, 26, 264–65

cognitive, 7, 25, 29–30, 33–34, 78, 264, 266

consciousness excluded from, 265–66, 286

cultural, 78

developmental, 30

evolutionary, 29, 30, 33

experiments in, 14–15, 24–25

social, 25, 30, 67, 78

S-R, 265

psychopathologies, 11–12

psychotherapy, 108

public service announcements, 206–8

Puritans, 75–82

push/pull experiments, 134–38

“Pygmalion in the Classroom,” 85–86

racial biases, 284

approach-avoidance response used to change, 136–37

cultural transmission through media, 88–93, 168

gut reactions and, 167–68

implementation intentions and, 271–72

Implicit Association Test and, 69–71, 90, 136, 151

law enforcement and, 145–46, 167, 169, 272

and out-group becoming main group, 151

power and, 234–35

in reactions to faces, 70–71, 136–37, 151, 167, 168

rationalizations, 3, 129, 216–17, 267, 276

reading, 201–2, 250, 254

Reagan, Ronald, 153

Reddit, 156

religion, 6, 11, 94, 186

Protestants and, 76–82

in United States, 77

reproduction, 9, 23, 47–51, 60, 215–16, 218

fertility and, 50, 192

genes and, 47–48, 192

physical attractiveness and, 48–50

see also sex

restaurants, 96, 275

restrictions, 211–12

rewards, 212–13, 216

ritualized behavior, 186, 189

Road Runner cartoons, 13–14

Robbers Cave State Park, 149–50

role models, 282–83

romantic relationships, 55, 58, 59, 226

gating features and, 175

Internet and, 175–76

mimicry in, 190–92

physical attraction in, 175–76

university and business policies on, 233–34

Romero, George, 95

Roosevelt, Franklin, 35–36

rope experiment, 239–42

Rosenthal, Robert, 85–86, 170–71

Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity, 205

rudeness, 194–97, 208, 225–26

Ruiz, Rosie, 227–28

running, 275

Ruth, Babe, 147

sadness, 116–18

safety and survival, 9, 23, 34, 43, 51, 60, 63, 67, 218

disease and, 40–44, 51

emotions and, 43–45, 51

genes and, 47

political attitudes and, 35–39, 41

Salpêtrière Hospital, 178, 245

Sappho, 245

Schnair, David, 152–53

Schnall, Simone, 43

Schneirla, T. C., 128, 133, 239

school:

Pygmalion studies and, 85–86

stereotypes and, 84–88

Schooler, Jonathan, 157–58

Schwarz, Norbert, 102

Science, 198

Scientific American, 114, 170

sea creature–naming experiment, 254

Seinfeld, Jerry, 149, 166

self-betterment, 280

self-control, 260, 261–78

environment and, 277–78

questionnaire study on, 276–77

unconscious, 264, 267–68, 276–77

self-doubt, 280

Selfish Gene, The (Dawkins), 48

Semantic differential ratings, 127–28

Semin, Gun, 65

senses, 8, 155, 180

sleep and, 255

SETI, 249–50

sex, 49, 101

Girl on a Motorcycle and, 97–98, 101, 103

horror movies and, 99

Puritan ethic and, 76, 81–82

rickety bridge and, 99, 101

see also reproduction; romantic relationships

sexual harassment, 231–34

sharing, 44–46, 66–67

Sheehan, George, 275

Sheeran, Pascal, 270

Sherif, Carolyn, 149–50

Sherif, Muzafer, 149–50

Shih, Margaret, 83–86, 88

ship captains, 15, 263

shopping, 115–19, 218–19

salespeople and, 190, 272–73

Shumway, Tyler, 103–4

similarities to oneself, 138–41

see also mimicry

Simpson, Jeff, 57–58, 62, 66

Simpsons, The, 282

Skinner, B. F., 29, 83, 261, 262, 265, 266, 268, 289

sleep, 252, 258, 259

insomnia, 252–53

sensory signals and, 255

see also dreams

Slepian, Michael, 136

smoking, 165, 166, 206–8, 215, 274, 278

Snyder, Peter J., 44

social change, 35–39, 41

social comparisons, 267

social identity, 82–94

socializing, 217–18

social media, 173–76, 199–201, 284

social psychology, 25, 30, 67, 78

social rejection and inclusion, 105–7, 192

social settings, and behavior, 202–3, 208, 275

Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 82–85

Solarz, Andrew, 134–35

solitary activities, 217–18

Sommers, Sam, 145–46

soul, 11

Speed, 99

Sperling, George, 119–20

Spinoza, Baruch, 214

split-brain patients, 2–3, 17

Spooky Art, The (Mailer), 237, 245

sports:

baseball, 147–50, 163–66, 168

basketball, 227, 246–48

deception in, 227–28

football, 162

golf, 15–16

state-naming experiment, 253–54

statistical learning, 164–65

“stay or go,” see approach-avoidance and “stay or go” reactions

Steele, Claude, 83

stereotypes, 69, 83–94, 144

stimulus-response theory, 265

stock market, 103–4

strangers, 68

Strange Test, 57–58, 62

strawberry jam, 158, 160

stroke patients, 178–82, 184, 185, 193, 196, 203, 208

Stroop, John Ridley, 255–56

subway jumpers, 152–54, 156

summation of stimuli, 101

superpowers, 12, 37–39

survival, see safety and survival

Swiss bankers, 203–4

Tajfel, Henri, 69

Talking Heads, 252, 288

talking to oneself, 259, 260

tanning salons, 10, 217

television, 94, 208, 218

advertising on, 205–6, 283–84

racial bias and, 88–93, 168

temperature, see warmth and coldness

temptations, 273, 276, 277

terrorists, 187, 188

tests, time limits on, 228

Tetris, 222

Thinking, Fast and Slow (Kahneman), 154

thin slices, 170–71

Thomas, Clarence, 231

thought segments, 250

time, 8–10, 288

see also future; past; present

Time, 84

Todorov, Alexander, 143–45, 169–70

To Kill a Mockingbird (Lee), 237

Tomasello, Michael, 45–47

Tooby, John, 142, 143

torture, 187–88

Trainspotting, 116

tribes, 67, 68, 146–47

Trump, Donald, 39–40, 231

trust, 47, 51, 55–56, 59, 67, 68, 167, 189, 191, 284

betrayal of, 53–55, 62, 66, 172–73, 192

cooperation and, 47

judging trustworthiness, 136, 143–45, 168, 172–73, 176

in parents, 55, 57–58, 66

warmth and, 62, 63

Tversky, Amos, 109, 159

Uhlmann, Eric, 77–78

unconscious mind, 3–18, 180–81

conscious mental processes as following, 32–34, 56

conscious mental processes as preceding, 30–32

conscious mind’s rationalizations of behaviors generated by, 3, 129, 216–17, 267

Freud’s view of, 6–7, 11–13, 17, 125, 261–62

interaction between conscious and, 34, 258, 260, 280–81

learning to be aware of and use, 15–16, 263, 283

refusing to believe in influence of, 15, 263

see also specific aspects

Unconscious Thought Theory (UTT), 159–62, 165, 238, 242–43

United States, see American culture

University College London, 180, 216

University of Amsterdam, 137–38

University of Buffalo, 217–18

University of California, 36, 249

University of Chicago, 239–40

University of Florida, 195–96

University of Illinois, 1, 4

University of Michigan, 4, 86, 191, 239

University of Minnesota, 57

University of Pennsylvania, 276

University of Virginia, 43

“us” vs. “them” (in-group/out-group bias), 67–71, 146–51, 167–68, 279, 286

Vallacher, Robin, 206–7

values, 77, 229–30, 235, 238

Van Bavel, Jay, 150–51

van den Bos, Kees, 161, 162

viruses, 40–42

visual buffer, 119–20

visual information streams, 184–85

von Hartmann, Eduard, 6

Vygotsky, Lev, 259

Wallace, Kelly, 283–84

warmth and coldness, 65–66

body temperature, 106–7

in Bowlby’s studies, 63

brain and, 54, 65–66, 172

in Dante’s Hell, 53–54

depression and, 107–8

in Harlow’s monkey studies, 62, 64, 66, 67, 107

in metaphors, 54

physical, as substitute for social, 107–8, 121

sharing and, 66–67

social feelings affected by holding something hot or cold, 63–65

social rejection or inclusion and, 105–7

trust and, 62, 63

Washington Post, 118

Watson, John B., 7, 264–66, 286

weak vs. strong ratings, 127–28

weather, 101–5, 121

Weber, Elke, 104, 105

Wegner, Dan, 206–7, 214

“What’s My Image?,” 169–70

Wiers, Reinout, 137–38

Williams, Kip, 105

Williams, Lawrence, 63–65

willpower, 263, 264, 268, 276–77

Wilson, Timothy, 157–58

Wired, 222

Wolf, Susan, 34

Wood, Wendy, 278

women and girls, 279

math and, 83–88, 204

physical attractiveness emphasized for, 86–88

work, 94

Protestant Ethic and, 76, 79–82, 91–92

World Values Survey, 77

World War I, 186

WPGU, 1, 10

Xu, Alison Jing, 218–19

Yale University, 42, 64, 65, 69, 141, 234

ACME lab at, 13–14

Yanomami people, 35

Yarbrough, John D., 189–90

yes-or-no decisions, 127, 130, 176

Zajonc, Robert, 2, 129–30, 133, 138, 191

Zebrowitz, Leslie, 145

Zillmann, Dolf, 97–100, 103

Zubaydah, Abu, 187–88