Part I Kick-off
1 The Tradition
1 Barbara Tuchman, Practicing History: Selected Essays, New York, Ballantine, 1991, p. 234.
2 Quoted in John Stow, Survey of London (1598), London, Everyman edition, 1970, p. 507.
3 John Robertson, Uppies and Doonies: The Story of the Kirkwall Ba’ Game, Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press, 1997, p. 129. Joseph Strutt, The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England (1801), London: Methuen edition, 1903, p. 93. London Gazette, 4–7 April 1719.
4 The Cumberland match is in Bell’s Life in London [hereafter Bell’s Life], 7 October 1849. Examples of four-a-side can be found in Bell’s Life, 8 February 1846, and one-a-side in 9 and 16 February 1845 and 10 January 1847.
5 For a description, see Edward Moor, Suffolk words and phrases; or, An attempt to collect the lingual localisms of that county, Woodbridge, London, R. Hunter, 1823, pp. 63–6. David Dymond, ‘A Lost Social Institution: The Camping Close’, Rural History, vol. 1, no. 2, October 1990, pp. 165–92.
6 Richard Carew, Survey of Cornwall (1710), London, Faulder edition, 1811, p. 197.
7 Hugh Hornby, Uppies and Downies: The Extraordinary Football Games of Britain, London, English Heritage, 2008, pp. 142–53.
8 John Goulstone, Football’s Secret History, London, Catford, 2001, pp. 29–30.
9 Goulstone, p. 39.
10 Goulstone, p. 27.
11 Hull & East Riding Athlete, 27 November 1889. Robert Malcolmson, Popular Recreations in English Society, 1700–1850, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1973, p. 85.
12 Stan Chadwick, Claret and Gold: History of Huddersfield Rugby League Club, Huddersfield, Venturer’s Press, 1946, p. 1.
13 Bell’s Life, 2 January 1842.
14 Goulstone, p. 32.
15 Yorkshire Post, 10 February 1896. A. E. Wright and T. E. Jones, British Calendar Customs, London, Folklore Society, 1936, p. 27.
16 Gareth Williams, ‘The dramatic turbulence of some irrecoverable football game’, in Grant Jarvie (ed.), Sport in the Making of Celtic Culture, Leicester, Leicester University Press, 1999, p. 58.
17 Montague Shearman, Athletics and Football, London, Longmans, 1887, p. 260.
2 A School Called Rugby
1 The Times, 9 October 1857.
2 Jennifer Macrory, Running with the Ball: Birth of Rugby Football, London, Collins, 1991, p. 14.
3 Bell’s Life, 21 December 1845.
4 Bell’s Life, 7 May 1843.
5 Derby and Chesterfield Reporter, 23 February 1832 and 7 February 1845.
6 Quoted in Lytton Strachey, Eminent Victorians, London, Folio Society edition, 1986, p. 171.
7 F. D. M., ‘Thoughts on ourselves, our position and our prospects’, The Rugby Miscellany, no. 7, February 1846, pp. 226–8.
8 Report of the Commissioners on the Revenues and Management of Certain Colleges and Schools, British Parliamentary Papers. Public Schools and Colleges, vol. XX, Education, General 9, 1864, p. 266.
9 Football Rules, Rugby, 1845, p. 13.
10 Sydney Selfe, Chapters from the History of Rugby School, Rugby, Lawrence, 1910, p. 139.
11 Anon., ‘Reminiscences’, The New Rugbeian, vol. 3, no. 2, November 1860, p. 80.
12 Selfe, Chapters…, p. 61.
13 Macrory, Running with the Ball, p. 93.
3 What Tom Brown Did Next
1 H. H. Almond ‘Athletics and Education’ Macmillan’s Magazine, 43, November 1880–April 1881, p. 283.
2 Yorkshire Post, 11 April 1864.
3 Hugh Cunningham, The Volunteer Force: A Social and Political History, 1859–1908, Brighton, Croom Helm, 1975.
4 On the earliest clubs see Adrian Harvey, ‘The Oldest Rugby Football Club in the World?’, Sport in History, vol. 26, no. 1, April 2006, pp. 150–52.
5 For Wellington and other schools adoption of Rugby School rules, see Rev. Frank Marshall and L. R. Tosswill (eds), Football: the Rugby Union Game, London, Cassell, 2nd edition, 1925, p. 33.
6 Rev. Frank Marshall (ed.), Football: The Rugby Union Game, London, Cassell, 1892, pp. 77–8. W. H. H. Hutchinson in Yorkshire Evening Post, 1 December 1900. Hull FC in Yorkshire Evening Post, 20 February 1904. Marshall and Tosswill (eds), Football: The Rugby Union Game, 2nd edition, p. 21.
7 For Rochdale see C. W. Alcock (ed.), Football Annual, London: Lilywhite, 1868. For Sale see M. Barak, A Century of Rugby at Sale, Sale, Sale FC, 1962. For Preston see A. Marsden, Preston Grasshoppers’ Centenary Brochure, Preston, The Club, 1969. For Bradford see Yorkshire Evening Post, 15 November, 1902. For St Peter’s see A. Raine, History of St Peter’s School, London, Bell, 1926, p. 134.
8 Yorkshire Evening Post, 9 February 1901.
9 The rules agreed at this meeting are published in Bell’s Life, 28 November 1863. For a comprehensive account and analysis of the voting patterns at the FA’s foundation meetings, see Adrian Harvey, Football: The First Hundred Years, Abingdon: Routledge, 2005, pp. 143–9.
10 Bell’s Life, 5 December 1863.
11 Bell’s Life, 2 January 1864.
12 Bell’s Life, 7 January 1871.
13 Graham Curry, ‘The Cambridge Connection’, The Sports Historian, 22 (2), 2002, pp. 46–73.
14 The Times, 23 November 1870.
15 Bell’s Life, 24 December 1870.
16 Rugby Football Union minutes, 26 January 1871. A report of the first meeting is in Bell’s Life, 28 January, 1871.
17 The first laws are reproduced in O. L. Owen, The History of the Rugby Football Union, London, 1955, pp. 59–72.
18 Alcock, Football Annual, 1875, pp. 48–9.
19 Macrory, Running with the Ball, pp. 103–5.
20 https://web.archive.org/web/20121103223545/http://www.richardlindon.com/4.html, accessed 25 November 2012.
1 The Yorkshireman, 3 February 1887.
2 The Times, 12 November 1880.
3 Alcock (ed.), Football Annual, 1880, pp. 73–5. Graham Williams, Glory Days: The History of English Rugby Union Cup Finals, Leeds, 1998.
4 Arthur Budd, ‘The Rugby Union Game’, in Alcock (ed.), Football Annual, 1880, p. 52.
5 Yorkshire Post, 5 October 1886.
6 Athletic News Football Annual, Manchester, Athletic News, 1893, p. 149.
7 The Yorkshireman, 18 September 1889.
8 Oldham Evening Chronicle, 13 October 1890.
9 For example, see the letter of S. A. Austin of Belgrave RFC, 26 August 1908, to the Midland Counties RFU (Leicestershire County Archives, DE3097/32).
10 Yorkshire Post, 11 April 1891.
11 Ibid., 29 September 1897.
12 Leeds Mercury, 21 September 1893.
13 Yorkshire Post, 8 January 1894.
Part II Towards Five Nations
5 Scotland: ‘Rugby Football: The Real Game of the Two Countries’
1 Bell’s Life, 25 March 1871. Player details from Andy Mitchell, First Elevens: The Birth of International Football, Glasgow, CreateSpace, 2012.
2 Marshall (ed.), Football. The Rugby Union Game, p. 99.
3 Bell’s Life, 8 December 1870.
4 Mitchell, First Elevens, p. 156.
5 Bell’s Life, 1 April 1871.
6 Ibid., 1 April 1871.
7 Ibid., 25 March and 1 April 1871.
8 Marshall (ed.), Football. The Rugby Union Game, p. 140.
9 R. J. Phillips, The Story of Scottish Rugby, Edinburgh, Foulis, 1925, p. 89.
10 Marshall (ed.), Football. The Rugby Union Game, p. 202.
11 Phillips, The Story of Scottish Rugby, p. 94.
12 Tom Devine, The Scottish Nation, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1999, pp. 285–92.
13 Phillips, The Story of Scottish Rugby, p. 102.
14 Neil Tranter, ‘The First Football Club’, International Journal of the History of Sport, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 104–9.
15 The Edinburgh Academy FC Centenary History, Edinburgh, Pillans & Wilson, 1958, p. 10.
16 A. M. C. Thorburn, The History of Scottish Rugby, London, Johnson & Bacon, 1980, pp. 28–30.
17 Ibid., p. 14–16. Marshall (ed.), Football. The Rugby Union Game, p. 54.
18 Glasgow Herald, 25 December 1871.
19 Rugby Football Union minutes, 15 January 1872.
20 Marshall (ed.), Football. The Rugby Union Game, p. 148.
21 The Times, 3 March 1884. The RFU statement on the matter is printed in The Times, 16 April 1885.
22 The Times, 7 May 1888, 30 December 1889 and 29 April 1890.
23 E. H. D Sewell, ‘Rugby Football’, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 85, no. 8, 1909, p. 989.
6 Ireland: A National Identity
1 Elizabeth Miller and Dacre Stoker (eds), The Lost Journal of Bram Stoker, London: Robson Press, 2012, p. 152. I am grateful to Victoria Dawson for bringing this reference to my attention. Marshall (ed.), Football. The Rugby Union Game, p. 225. Details of Irish international doctors from Willow Murray, ‘Doctors who played for Ireland’, Touchlines, December 2006, p. 10.
2 Liam O’Callaghan, Rugby in Munster: A Social and Cultural History, Cork: Cork University Press, 2011.
3 Harvey, ‘The Oldest Rugby Football Club in the World?’ Sport in History, vol. 26, no. 1, April 2006, pp. 150–52.
4 Neal Garnham, The Origins and Development of Football in Ireland, Belfast, Ulster Historical Association, 1999, pp. 3–5.
5 Belfast News-Letter, 18 January 1869.
6 Glasgow Herald, 25 December 1871. Marshall (ed.), Football. The Rugby Union Game, p. 226.
7 Garnham, The Origins and Development of Football, p. 59.
8 Bell’s Life, 20 February 1875.
9 Marshall (ed.), Football. The Rugby Union Game, p. 229.
10 Ibid., p. 241.
11 O’Callaghan, Rugby in Munster, p. 43.
12 James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, London, Wordsworth, 1992, p. 4.
13 O’Callaghan, Rugby in Munster, p. 77.
14 Garnham, The Origins and Development of Football, p. 12.
15 Ibid., pp. 8–9.
16 Michael Cusack, ‘A Word About Irish Athletics’, Irishman, 11 October 1884.
17 O’Callaghan, Rugby in Munster, p. 16.
18 Ibid., pp. 145–6.
19 I am grateful to the esteemed rugby historian the late Piers Morgan for telling me this story.
20 Athletic News, 21 September 1914.
7 Wales: The Dragon’s Embrace
1 David Smith and Gareth Williams, Fields of Praise, Cardiff, University of Wales, 1980, p. 161.
2 Ibid., p. 124.
3 Gwyn Prescott, ‘This Rugby Spellbound People’: Rugby Football in Nineteenth-century Cardiff and South Wales, Cardiff, Welsh Academic Press, 2011, pp. 42–5.
4 Ibid., p. 69.
5 South Wales Daily News, 15 December 1879.
6 Prescott, ‘This Rugby Spellbound People’, p. 147.
7 Ibid., p. 46.
8 Gareth Williams, 1905 and All That, Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1991, p. 155.
9 Elias Jones, ‘The Palmy days of Welsh Rugby 1886–1895’, reprinted in Gareth Hughes, One Hundred Years of Scarlet, Llanelli, Llanelli RFC, 1983.
10 The Yorkshireman, 3 March 1887.
11 Yorkshire Post, 6 October 1893.
12 Ibid., 12 January, 7 February and 3 March 1898. The Times, 18 October 1897.
8 France: The Baron, The Red Virgin and Rugby’s Belle Époque
1 Jean-Pierre Bodis, ‘Le rugby en France jusqu’a` la seconde guerre mondiale. Aspects politiques et sociaux’, Revue de Pau et du Béarn, 17, 1990, p. 221.
2 Pierre de Coubertin, ‘Notes sur le foot-ball’, La Nature, 8 May 1897.
3 Ulrich Hesse-Lichtenberger, Tor! The Story of German Football, London: WSC, 2003, p. 19.
4 The New Rugbeian, November 1861, p. 313. Wakefield Express, 23 November 1872.
5 Richard Holt, Sport and Society in Modern France, London, Macmillan, 1981, p. 46.
6 Quoted in John A. Lucas, ‘Victorian Muscular Christianity, Prologue to the Olympic Games Philosophy’, Olympic Review, no. 99, January–February 1976, p. 50.
7 Thiery Terret, ’Learning to be a Man’, in John Nauright and Timothy Chandler (eds), Making the Rugby World, London, Cass, p. 75.
8 Sébastien Darbon, Une Brève Histoire du Rugby, Paris: L’Oeil Neuf, 2007, pp. 81–2.
9 Philip Dine, French Rugby Football: A Cultural History, Oxford, Berg, 2001, p. 45.
10 Stendhal, Love, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1975, p. 190
11 Northern Union General Council minutes, 12 November 1912.
12 http://rugby-pioneers.blogs.com/rugby/2007/06/percy_bush_from.html – accessed 18 January 2014.
13 http://rugby-pioneers.blogs.com/rugby/2010/09/a-welshman-in-bordeaux-and-some-legal-stuff.html. P. Lafond and J-P Bodis, Encyclopédie du Rugby Français, Paris: Dehedin, 1989. E. H. D. Sewell, ‘The State of the Game’, Fortnightly Review, vol. 89 (1911), pp. 933–48.
14 Henri Garcia, La Fabuleuse Histoire du Rugby, Paris: Martinière, 2004, p. 24.
15 The Yorkshireman, 24 November 1894.
16 The Graphic, 1 December 1894. I am grateful to Dave Pendleton for bringing this to my attention.
17 The Press (Auckland), 15 February 1906.
18 Daily Telegraph, quoted in The Press, 15 February 1906.
Part III Making a Rugby World
9 New Zealand: All Blacks in the Land of the Long White Cloud
1 ‘Britain of the South’ was a common phrase of the 19th century, see, for example, the Sydney Telegraph, 14 June 1884.
2 Lyttleton Times, 20 December 1854.
3 The Press, 29 August 1863.
4 Rex Thomson, ‘Provincial Rugby in New Zealand: Otago’s Academic Pioneers’, Journal of Sport History, Fall 1996 (23:2), pp. 211–27.
5 Alan Turley, Rugby: The Pioneer Years, Auckland, HarperCollins, 2009, p. 105.
6 Sydney Telegraph, 14 June 1884.
7 New Zealand Herald, 7 May 1884.
8 Ibid., 5 June 1886.
9 Greg Ryan, Forerunners of the All Blacks, Christchurch, Canterbury University Press, 1993, p. 15.
10 Ryan, Forerunners, p. 17.
11 Greg Ryan, ‘The Paradox of Māori Rugby, in Greg Ryan (ed.), Tackling Rugby Myths, Dunedin, Otago University Press, 2005.
12 The Press (Auckland), 8 January 1889.
13 Otago Daily Times, 4 December 1888.
14 Ryan, Forerunners, p. 94.
15 Quoted in Ryan, Forerunners, p. 85.
16 Leeds Mercury, 18 February 1889.
17 Tom Ellison, The Art of Rugby Football, Wellington, Geddis & Blomfield, 1902, p. 68.
18 Quoted in Ryan, Forerunners, p. 94.
19 Greg Ryan, The Contest for Rugby Supremacy: Accounting for the 1905 All Blacks, Christchurch, Canterbury University Press, 2005, p. 33.
20 Quoted in Sean Fagan, Rugby Rebellion, Sydney, Hachette Livre, 2005, p. 29.
21 H. M. Moran, Viewless Winds. Being the Recollections and Digressions of an Australian Surgeon, London, Peter Davies, 1939, p. 46.
22 New Zealand Herald, 15 August 1904.
23 Ryan, Contest, pp. 57–9.
24 Details of the tour are from Ryan, Contest.
25 The Times, 20 November 1905.
10 South Africa: From Gog’s Game to Springboks
1 Details of the battle can be found in the Cape Times, 13 March 1900. Morkel biographical details are at The Missing Brothers of Sommie and Douglas Morkel at http://family.morkel.net/wp-content/uploads/Missing-Brothers-of-Sommie-and-Dougie-Morkel1.pdf, accessed 21 April 2014.
2 Floris J. G. van der Merwe, ‘Rugby in the Prisoner-of-War Camps During the Anglo-Boer War of 1899–1902’, Football Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 1998, pp. 76–83.
3 F. N. Piggott, The Springboks. History of the Tour, 1906-7, Cape Town, Dawson, 1907, p. 96.
4 Floris J. G. van der Merwe, ‘Gog’s Game: The Predecessor of Rugby Football at the Cape, and the implications thereof’, paper presented to the 35th Conference on Social Science in Sport, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 24–27 August 2006. For a description of Gog’s Game, see Ivor D. Difford, The History of South African Rugby Football 1875–1932, Wynberg, Speciality Press, 1933, p. 501.
5 Lloyd B. Hill, ‘Reflections on the 1862 Football Match in Port Elizabeth’, South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, vol. 33, no. 1, 2011, pp. 81–98.
6 Cape Argus, 8 September 1862, quoted in Jonty Winch, ‘Unlocking the Cape Code: Establishing British Football in South Africa’, Sport in History, vol. 30, no. 4, 2010, p. 503.
7 Jonty Winch, Sir William Milton: A Leading Figure in Public School Games, Colonial Politics and Imperial Expansion, 1877–1914, unpublished PhD, University of Stellenbosch, 2013.
8 Difford, History of South African Rugby Football, p. 457.
9 Ibid., p. 563.
10 Quoted in André Odendaal, ‘“The thing that is not round”: The untold history of black rugby in South Africa’, in Albert Grundlingh, André Odendaal and Burridge Spies (eds), Beyond the Tryline: Rugby and South African Society, Johannesburg, Ravan Press, 1995, p. 24.
11 Quoted in Winch, ‘Unlocking the Cape Code’, p. 517.
12 Details of the history of non-white rugby in this section are taken from Odendaal, ‘The thing that is not round’, passim.
13 Difford, History of South African Rugby Football, p. 470.
14 Albert Grundlingh, ‘Playing for Power? Rugby, Afrikaner Nationalism and Masculinity in South. Africa, C.1900–C.1970’, in Nauright and Chandler (eds), Making Men: Rugby and Masculine Identity, Abingdon, Routledge, 1996, p. 181.
15 The Times, 12 October 1926.
16 Marshall (ed.), Football: The Rugby Union Game, p. 112.
17 Ibid.
18 Burridge Spies, ‘The imperial heritage: Rugby and white English speaking South Africa’, in Grundlingh, Odendaal and Spies (eds), Beyond the Tryline, p. 72.
19 Van der Merwe, ‘Rugby in the Prisoner-of-War Camps’, p. 81.
20 Ibid., p. 80.
21 G. R. Hill quoted in Rugby Football: a weekly record of the game, 17 November 1923. p. 273.
22 Dean Allen, ‘“Captain Diplomacy”: Paul Roos and the Creation of South Africa’s Rugby Springboks’, Sport in History, 33:4, December 2013, pp. 568–94.
23 The Times, 25 September 1906.
24 Allen, ‘Captain Diplomacy’, p. 575.
25 Jonty Winch, ‘“There Were a Fine Manly Lot of Fellows”: Cricket, Rugby and Rhodesian Society during William Milton’s Administration, 1896–1914’, Sport in History, 28:4, December 2008, p. 596.
26 Guardian, 17 December 1906.
27 Piggott, The Springboks, p. 105.
11 Australia: Wallaroos and Kangaroos
1 Mollie Gillen, The Founders of Australia: A Biographical Dictionary of the First Fleet, 1989, p. 445. The precise figures have never been established.
2 Sean Fagan, The First Lions of Rugby, Melbourne, Slattery, 2013, p. 80.
3 Fagan, First Lions, p. 76.
4 Otago Witness, 31 August 1888.
5 Lionel Frost, Australian Cities in Comparative View, Victoria, Penguin, 1990, p. 4.
6 Tony Collins, ‘The Invention of Sporting Traditions: National Myths, Imperial Pasts and the Origins of Australian Rules Football’, in Stephen Wagg (ed.), Myths and Milestones in the History of Sport, London, Palgrave, 2011, pp. 8–31.
7 Asa Briggs, Victorian Cities, London, Odhams, 1963, pp. 218–19.
8 Thomas Hickie, They Ran with the Ball: How Rugby Football Began in Australia, Melbourne, Longman, 1993, p. 2.
9 Ibid., p. 111.
10 For the details of Queensland rugby’s early history, see http://jottingsonrugby.wordpress.com/rugby-in-australia/rugby-in-queensland/
11 Maxwell L. Howell and Reet A. Howell, ‘The First Intercolonial Rugby Tour in 1882’, Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, vol. 11, issue 4, pp. 126–38, and P. Horton, ‘A History of Rugby Union Football in Queensland, 1882–1891’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Queensland, 1989.
12 Sean Fagan, ‘Rugby’s Whistler’s Call the Tune’, http://www.theroar.com.au/2013/02/22/rugbys-whistlers-call-tune/
13 Yorkshire Post, 14 January 1888.
14 Letter of Arthur Shrewsbury to Alfred Shaw, 18 January 1888. I am grateful to Peter Wynne-Thomas at Nottinghamshire CCC archive, Trent Bridge, and Trevor Delaney for making available copies of Shrewsbury’s correspondence.
15 See Tony Collins, Rugby’s Great Split, London, Cass, 1998, pp. 57–8.
16 Fagan, First Lions, p. 214.
17 Ibid., p. 225
18 Fagan, Rugby Rebellion, p. 126.
19 Australian Star, 8 October 1907.
20 Fagan, Rugby Rebellion, pp. 112–15.
21 Ibid., p. 197.
12 From Rugby to Gridiron: The United States and Canada
1 Mark Ryan, For the Glory. Two Olympics. Two Wars. Two Heroes, London, JR Books, 2009, p. 199.
2 Gary Magee and Andrew Thompson, Empire and Globalisation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 69.
3 New York World, 17 November 1872.
4 New York Times, 5 June 1857.
5 Parke H. Davis, Football. The American Intercollegiate Game, New York: Charles Scribner, 1911, p. 24.
6 Walter Camp, ‘The Game and Laws of American Football’, Outing, October 1886, p. 72.
7 Proceedings of the Convention of the Intercollegiate Football Association (IFA), 23 November 1876, reprinted in Davis, Football, pp. 461–7.
8 Boston Daily Globe, 25 November 1877.
9 Proceedings of the Convention of the IFA, 12 October 1880, reprinted in Davis, Football, p. 468.
10 A. G. Guillemard, ‘Foundation and progress of the Rugby Football Union’, in Marshall (ed.), Football. The Rugby Union Game, p. 71. Anon, ‘Football as played at Rugby in the sixties’, Rugby Football, 3 November 1923.
11 New York Times, 2 December 1893.
12 Ibid., 9 April 1882.
13 John Watterson, ‘The Gridiron Crisis of 1905: Was It Really a Crisis?’ Journal of Sport History, vol. 27, no. 2, Summer 2000, p. 294.
14 John J. Miller, The Big Scrum: How Teddy Roosevelt Saved Football, New York, HarperCollins, 2011.
15 Roberta Park, ‘From Football to Rugby – and Back, 1906–1919: The University of California-Stanford University Response to the Football Crisis of 1905’, Journal of Sport History, vol. 11, no. 3, Winter 1984, p. 20.
16 Joseph R Hickey (ed.), Spalding’s Official Rugby Football Guide 1910, American Sports Publishing Co., NY, 1910, pp. 31–5. Greg Ryan, ‘Brawn against Brains: Australia, New Zealand and the American Football Crisis, 1906-13’, Sporting Traditions, vol. 20, no. 2, May 2004, pp. 19–38. New York Times, 15 April 1906.
17 G. P. Taylor, ‘New Zealand, the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the 1908 Visit of the American Fleet’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, vol. 15, no. 1, 1969, pp. 55–76.
18 Sunday Call, 14 August 1910.
19 Park, ‘From Football to Rugby’, p. 33.
20 Walter Camp, ‘Rugby Football in America’, Outing, March 1911, p. 710.
21 Park, ‘From Football to Rugby’, p. 74
22 I am grateful to Doug Sturrock for allowing me to see an early draft of his excellent research on the history of Canadian rugby.
23 Michel Vigneault, La Naissance d’un sport organiséau Canada: Le hockey à Montreal,1875–1917, unpublished PhD thesis, Université Laval, Québec, 2001.
24 Toronto Daily Globe, 12 November 1875.
25 Doug Sturrock, Rugby in British Columbia: An Abbreviated History, http://www.bcrugby.com/history/history/, accessed 27 August 2013.
26 The Times, 1 December 1902.
27 San Francisco Call, 3 January 1912.
28 Max Howell, Born to Lead: Wallaby Test Captains, Celebrity Books, Auckland, NZ, 2005, p. 52.
Part IV Golden Years Amidst the Gathering Storm
13 Harold Wagstaff and the Phantoms of Baskerville
1 Sydney Morning Herald, 4 July 1914.
2 Clifford and Wagstaff quotes in Sports Post (Leeds), 4 May 1935.
3 Sydney Morning Herald, 6 July 1914.
4 Handwritten MSS note on the 1914 match, in the Douglas Clark Collection at the Imperial War Museum, London.
5 Sports Post (Leeds), 4 May 1935.
6 Athletic News, 16 September 1906.
7 The Yorkshireman, 23 August 1893.
8 Rugby Football Union AGM minutes, 28 May 1909.
9 A. J. P. Taylor, Essays in English History, London, Penguin, 1976, p. 309.
10 Daily Graphic, 18 April 1910.
11 Fagan, Rugby Rebellion, pp. 99–101.
12 Yorkshire Post, 10 April and 12 September 1907.
13 Ibid., 5 September 1907.
14 Athletic News, 7 October 1907.
15 Yorkshire Post, 2 October 1907.
16 Bill Greenwood, Class Conflict and Clash of the Codes: the Introduction of Rugby League to New Zealand 1908 to 1920, PhD, Massey University (2008), p.123.
17 G. T. Vincent and T. Harfield, ‘Repression and Reform: Responses Within New Zealand Rugby to the Arrival of the “Northern Game, 1907–8”’, New Zealand Journal of History vol. 31, no. 2 (1997), p. 238.
18 John Haynes, From All Blacks to All Golds, Christchurch, Ryan and Haynes, 1996, pp. 149–51.
19 Hamish Stuart in the Otago Witness, 3 January, 1909, quoted in Greg Ryan, ‘A Lack of Esprit du Corps: The 1908 Wallaby Tour of Britain’, Sporting Traditions, vol. 17, no. 1, November 2000, p. 45.
20 McMahon in The Referee, 31 March 1909.
21 The Times, 27 October 1908.
22 Yorkshire Post, 5 February 1909.
23 Fagan, Rugby Rebellion, p. 312.
24 Undated press clipping (c.July 1914) in J. C. Davis collection, box 51, item 4, Mitchell Library, Sydney.
25 Rugby League News (Sydney), 7 June 1941.
14 British Rugby Before 1914: Stoop to Conquer
1 Quoted in Huw Richards, The Red and The White, Aurum Press, London, 2009, p. 48.
2 See Ryan, Contest, 2005.
3 Yorkshire Post, 20 February 1909. Marriott letter reprinted in Yorkshire Post, 19 January 1909, RFU and IB decisions in Yorkshire Post, 1 and 20 February 1909.
4 Huw Richards, A Game for Hooligans, Edinburgh, Mainstream, 2006, p. 95.
5 The Guardian, 17 December 1906.
6 For Stoop’s life see Ian Cooper, Immortal Harlequin, Tempus, Stroud, 2004.
7 Daily Mail, 20 September 1910, quoted in James Martens, ‘They Stooped to Conquer: Rugby Union Football 1895–1914’, Journal of Sport History, vol. 20, no. 1, Spring 1993, p. 36.
8 H. B. T. Wakelam, The Game Goes On, London, Arthur Barker, 1936, p. 57.
9 James Corsan, For Poulton and England, Matador, London, 2009, p. 125.
15 A Greater Game? Rugby and the First World War
1 I am grateful to George Franki for providing background information on Darb Hickey.
2 Thomas Hughes, Tom Brown’s Schooldays, Oxford: Oxford University Press edition, 1989, p. 104.
3 The Times, 4 March 1919.
4 Marriott’s circular is in the Yorkshire Rugby Football Union Commemoration Book, Leeds, YRU, 1919, p. 266.
5 Smith and Williams, Fields of Praise, p. 201.
6 Letter of 28 August 1914, in E. B. Poulton, The Life of Ronald Poulton, London, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1919, p. 308.
7 Harper, letter of 7 September 1914. A. M. C. Thorburn, The Scottish Rugby Union, Official History, Edinburgh, Scottish Rugby Union and Collins Publishers, 1985, p. 117.
8 NUGC minutes, 8 September 1914.
9 Athletic News, 13 April 1915.
10 Manly District Rugby Union Football Club, 10th Annual Report and Balance Sheet for Season, 1915. NSWRU Annual Report, 1915.
11 Ian Collis and Alan Whittaker, 100 Years of Rugby League, Sydney, New Holland, 2007, p. 52.
12 See, for example, Sydney Morning Herald, 23 August 1915.
13 The Referee, 7 September 1910, quoted in Fagan, Rugby Rebellion, p. 322.
14 Athletic News, 11 January and 1 February 1915.
15 Yorkshire Post, 10 February 1917. The Times, 12 and 15 February 1917.
16 Arnaud Waquet and Joris Vincent, ‘Wartime Rugby and Football: Sports Elites, French Military Teams and International Meets During the First World War’, International Journal of the History of Sport, vol. 28, no. 3–4, 2011, pp. 379–81.
17 The Times, 5 October 1916.
18 Athletic News, 18 January and 18 October 1915. Edmund McCabe, ‘Rugby and the Great War’, Stand To!, 52, 1998, pp. 41–4. Lyn Macdonald, Somme, London, Michael Joseph, 1983, p. 319. Poulton, Life of Ronald Poulton, p. 311. Robert Graves, Goodbye to All That, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1960, p. 149.
19 Quoted in Dine, French Rugby Football, p. 53.
20 Rodney Noonan, ‘Offside: Rugby League, the Great War and Australian Patriotism’, International Journal of the History of Sport, vol. 26, no. 15, pp. 2209–10
21 Douglas Clark, MS diary, Imperial War Museum, 90/21/1.
22 Paul Jones, War Letters of a Public School Boy, London, Cassell and Company, 1918, p. 157.
23 Letter of Jellicoe reprinted in E. H. D. Sewell, The Log of a Sportsman, London, Fisher Unwin, 1923, p. 164.
24 Quoted in Athletic News, 18 January 1915.
25 The Times, 21 April 1919.
26 Athletic News, 21 December 1914.
27 Anne Pallant, A Sporting Century, Plymouth, 1997, p. 144.
28 Ruth Elwyn Harris, Billie: the Nevill Letters 1914-1916, London, Macrae, 1991, p. 7.
29 Jones, War Letters, p. 198.
30 Tony Collins, ‘English Rugby Union and the First World War’, The Historical Journal, vol. 45, no. 4, 2002, pp. 809. Athletic News, 10 and 17 March 1919.
31 Eastern Suburbs District Football Club, 16th Annual Report and Balance Sheet, 1919. Jean-Pierre Bodis, ‘Le rugby en France jusqu’a la seconde guerre mondiale: aspects politiques et sociaux’, Revue de Pau et du Bearn, no. 17, 1990, pp. 217–44.
32 The Times, 26 February 1919.
33 Athletic News, 10 and 17 March 1919. Simon Inglis, League Football and the Men Who Made It, London, Collins Willow, 1988, p. 100.
34 Yorkshire Rugby Football Union Commemoration Book, p. 272.
35 See Athletic News, 8 May 1916.
Part V Challenge and Change in the Interwar Years
16 All Blacks versus Springboks: Battle for the World
1 Daily Mail, 21 December 1918. The Times, 21 January 1919.
2 G. H. Goddard, Soldiers and Sportsmen, London, A. I. F. Sports Control Board, 1919, p. 22.
3 The Times, 22 March 1919.
4 Paul Dobson, Rugby’s Greatest Rivalry: South Africa vs New Zealand, 1921–1995, Cape Town, Human & Rousseau, 1996, p. 13.
5 Feilding Star (New Zealand), 10 September 1919.
6 Natal Witness, 27 August, 1919, quoted in F. G. van der Merwe, ‘Race and South African Rugby: a Review of the 1919 All Black Tour’, South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, vol. 32, no. 2, 2010, pp. 161–9.
7 SARB minutes in Van der Merwe, Race and South African Rugby.
8 New Zealand Herald, 18 March 1919.
9 Evening Post, 30 August 1921.
10 Quoted in Ryan (ed.), Tackling Rugby Myths, p. 106.
11 Difford, History of South African Rugby Football, pp. 543–63, 637–42.
12 New Zealand Truth, 19 July 1928.
13 George Nepia, I, George Nepia, London, LLP, 2002, p. 112.
14 New Zealand Herald, 8 July 1921.
15 Wakelam, The Game Goes On, 2nd edition, 1954, p. 203.
16 Evening Post, 24 September 1937.
17 Ibid., 27 September 1937.
17 Rugby de muerte, à treize and à la Vichy
1 Quoted in Richard Escot and Jacques Riviere, Un Siècle de Rugby, Paris, Calmann-Levy, 1997, p. 58.
2 Dine, French Rugby Football, p. 61
3 Rugby Football, 17 October 1923. La Dépêche du Midi, 6 May 1925.
4 Mike Rylance, The Forbidden Game, Brighouse, League Publications, 1999, p. 14.
5 International Board statement, 13 February 1931.
6 Rugger, 26 September 1931.
7 Details from Rylance, The Forbidden Game, chapters 1–3.
8 Dine, French Rugby Football, p. 90.
9 Quoted in La France, 22 August 1940, quoted in Rylance, The Forbidden Game, p. 128.
10 The report was published in Voivenel’s Mon Beau Rugby, 1942. See Rylance, The Forbidden Game, pp. 132–3.
11 Rylance, The Forbidden Game, p. 150.
18 Britain’s Rush to Rugby
1 Peter MacIntyre in Sydney Grammar School magazine The Torch-Bearer, vol. 29, no. 1, May 1924, p. 37.
2 The Times, 26 February 1919.
3 Figures from RFU Handbooks for 1919–20 and 1929–30.
4 W. W. Wakefield and Howard Marshall, Rugger, London, Longman, 1927, p. 106.
5 Ibid., p. 105.
6 International Board minutes, 19 March 1921.
7 Liam O’Callaghan, ‘Rugby Football and Identity Politics in Free State Ireland’, Éire-Ireland, vol. 48, no. 1 & 2, 2013, pp. 158–60.
8 Ibid., p. 163.
9 Christopher Brooke, A History of the University of Cambridge, vol. 4, 1870–1990, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 517.
10 Gareth Williams, ‘From Grand Slam to Great Slump: Economy, Society and Rugby Football in Wales during the Depression’, Welsh Historical Review, vol. 11, 1983, pp. 339–57.
19 Leagues Apart: 1919–39
1 Ian Heads, The Kangaroos, Sydney, Lester Townsend, 1990, p. 67.
2 Richard Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1957, p. 78.
3 Max and Reet Howell, The Greatest Game Under the Sun, Brisbane, QRL, 1989, p. 47.
4 E. G. Shaw and A. C. Wallace, Report of the tour of the NSWRU representative team The Waratahs 1927–28, 27 March 1928, p. 18 (Australian Rugby Union archives, Sydney).
5 ‘Editorial’, Rugby News, 12 May 1928, p. 4.
6 Australian Rugby League Board of Control minutes, 21 July 1950.
7 John Coffey and Bernie Wood, Auckland: 100 Years of Rugby League, Auckland, Huia, 2009, p. 60.
20 Rugby in the Second World War
1 Dine, French Rugby Football, p.109.
2 RFU Finance and Emergency Committee minutes, 11 December 1933. RFU Committee minutes, 20 December 1935. S. F. Coopper to J. V. Waite of the USA Rugby Union, 26 February 1936.
3 The Times, 10 July 1929.
4 IRB minutes, 17 March 1933.
5 Sport-Libre’s underground journal can be found at http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb328719335/date.
6 For rugby and the Resistance see Rylance, The Forbidden Game, pp. 153–4, and, more generally, Jean-Louis Gay-Lescot, Sport et Éducation sous Vichy, 1940–1944, Lyon, Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1992.
7 Albert Grundlingh, ‘Playing for Power’, in Grundlingh, Odendaal and Spies (eds), Beyond the Tryline, pp. 120–21.
8 Daily Mail, 15 November 1939.
9 Gus Risman, Rugby Renegade, London, Stanley Paul, 1958, p. 35.
10 Howard Marshall, Oxford v Cambridge, London, Clarke & Cochran, 1951, pp. 246–56. Old Alleynian RFC 1898–1948, London, Clowes, 1948, p. 94. Dave Hammond, The Club: Life and Times of Blackheath F.C., London, MacAitch, 1999, p. 126.
11 Tony Collins, Rugby League in Twentieth Century Britain, Abingdon, Routledge, 2006, p. 82.
12 Collis and Whittaker, 100 Years of Rugby League, pp. 156 and 172.
13 See, for example, Paul Donoghue, Rommel versus Rugby, Petone, Apex Print, 1961.
14 Graham Jooste, Rugby Stories from the Platteland, Johannesburg, South Publishers, 2005, pp. 122–3.
15 Brendan Gallagher, ‘Geffin takes name mystery to the grave’, Daily Telegraph, 21 October 2004.
Part VI Rugby’s New Horizons
21 European Rugby and the Rise of Italy
1 The Times, 10 September 1957.
2 Daily Mail, 8 January 1956.
3 Harding to Ward, 30 January 1956, TNA FO 371/122750.
4 I. Denicky to W. Fallowfield, 8 December 1954. RFL Archives, University of Huddersfield.
5 Open Rugby, November 1989, pp. 42–3.
6 ‘Confidential Report from British Legation in Bucharest’, 17 May 1956, TNA FO 371/122750.
7 Thoughts on Sport, Moscow, Ogenek, 1930, p. 72, in James Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980, p. 104.
8 Victor E. Louis and Jennifer M. Louis, Sport in the Soviet Union, Oxford, Pergamon, 1980, chapter 2.
9 Western Mail, 28 December 1963. ‘Ilyushin first Russian in IRB Hall of Fame’, http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2065514.html, accessed 27 July 2014.
10 http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/home/news/newsid=2013819.html, accessed 24 June 2014.
11 Louis and Louis, Sport in the Soviet Union, pp. 39–40.
12 Gherardo Bonin, ‘Rugby: The game for “Real Italian men”’, in T. J. L. Chandler and John Nauright (eds), Making the Rugby World. Race, Gender, Commerce, London, Cass, 1999, pp. 88–104.
13 J-P. Bodis, Histoire Mondiale du Rugby, Toulouse, Editions Privat, 1987, pp. 395–6.
14 Rugby World & Post, September 1993.
22 Argentina and South America: Rugby on a Soccer Continent
1 Tony Mason, Passion of the People, London, Verso, 1995, pp. 3–7.
2 David Barnes, The Accies, Edinburgh, Birlinn, 2008, p. 117.
3 UAR Annual Report 1965 (http://uar.com.ar/pdf/memorias/1965.pdf), p. 6.
4 David Barnes and Peter Burns, Behind the Thistle, Edinburgh, Birlinn, 2010, p. 51.
23 Empire of the Scrum: Japan, Asia and Africa
1 J. G. Farrell, The Singapore Grip, London, Fontana, 1978, p. 328.
2 RFU committee minutes, 22 January 1878.
3 Richards, A Game for Hooligans, p. 59.
4 E. W. Foenander (ed.), A Guide to Ceylonese Football, Colombo, privately published, 1911, pp. 3–6.
5 Ng Peng Kong, Rugby: A Malaysian Chapter, Kuala Lumpur, privately published, 2003, pp. 60–2.
6 Ibid., pp. 41–2.
7 Simon Drakeford, It’s A Rough Game But Good Sport, Hong Kong, Earneshaw Books, 2014.
8 Leigh Jones and Nicky Lewis, ‘Emergence, Cessation and Resurgence during the Evolution of Rugby Union in Hong Kong’, International Journal of the History of Sport, vol. 29, no. 9, 2012, pp. 1344–62.
9 RFU minutes, 6 June 1952.
10 Hong Kong Rugby Football Union launches Hall of Fame, http://www.hkrugby.com/eng/news/4152.php, dated 16 May 2014 23:04:00.
11 Keiko Ikeda, ‘Ryōsai-kembo, Liberal Education and Maternal Feminism under Fascism: Women and Sport in Modern Japan’, International Journal of the History of Sport, vol. 27, no. 3, 2010, pp. 537–52.
12 Mike Galbraith, ‘1866 and all that: the untold early history of rugby in Japan’, Japan Times, 15 March 2014.
13 Rugby News (Sydney), 12 September 1936.
14 Ibid., 3 September 1927.
15 Bodis, Histoire Mondiale, p. 389.
16 Shiggy Kono to Max Mannix 2.8.94, David Hinchliffe archive, RFL Archives, University of Huddersfield.
17 R. Light, H. Hirai and H. Ebishima, ‘Professionalism and tensions in Japanese rugby’, in G. Ryan (ed.), The Changing Face of Rugby: The Union Game and Professionalism since 1995, Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Press, 2008.
18 Bodis, Histoire Mondiale, pp. 200.
19 Evelyne Combeau-Mari, ‘Vitality of Associations and the Expansion of Sport: Sporting Associations, an Opportunity for Freedom for the Malagasy (1920–1939)’, International Journal of the History of Sport, vol. 28, no. 12, 2011, pp. 1605–24.
20 Evelyne Combeau-Mari, ‘Rugby on the High Plateaus: A Physical Culture of Combat and Emancipation’, International Journal of the History of Sport, vol. 28, no. 12, 2011, pp. 1703–15.
21 Quoted in Combeau-Mari, ‘Rugby on the High Plateaus’, p. 1712.
22 Jonty Winch, ‘There Were a Fine Manly Lot of Fellows’, pp. 583–604.
23 ‘Tsimba brothers enter IRB Hall of Fame’, http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2063965.xhtml#tsimba+brothers+enter+irb+hall+fame, 25 October 2012.
24 M. Campbell and E. J. Cohen, Rugby Football in East Africa 1909–1959, Nairobi, King and Charles, 1960.
25 Gishinga Njoroge, ‘Renaissance of Kenyan Rugby’, The Nairobian, 2 November 2013.
24 Big Hits from the South Pacific: Fiji, Tonga and Samoa
1 Sydney Morning Herald, 12 August 1952.
2 Suva Times, 24 July 1886.
3 Robert F. Dewey, ‘Embracing Rugby and Negotiating Inequalities in the Pacific Islands’, in J. S. Te Rito and S. M. Healy (eds), Conference Proceedings of Te Tatau Pounamu: The Greenstone Door Traditional Knowledge and Gateways to Balanced Relationships, Auckland, Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga, 2008, p. 158.
4 Dewey, ‘Embracing Rugby’, pp. 158–65.
25 The USA and Canada: Rugby’s North American Dream
1 New York Times, 29 March 1936.
2 Ibid., 23 May 1934. I am grateful to Scott Cantrell for his insights on American rugby in the 1930s.
3 International Rugby Football Board minutes, 29 July 1931.
4 RFL Council minutes, 24 June 1939.
5 See Gavin Willacy, No Helmets Required, Durrington, Pitch Publishing, 2013.
6 T. J. L. Chandler, ‘Recognition Through Resistance: Rugby in the USA’, in T. J. L. Chandler and John Nauright, Making the Rugby World: Race, Gender, Commerce, London, Cass, 1999, p. 52.
7 Sports Illustrated, 17 March 1980.
8 Ibid., 21 December 1959.
9 Undated letter from John MacCarthy of Halifax Nova Scotia in RFL Archives, University of Huddersfield.
10 RFL Council minutes, 2 February 1955.
11 Rachel Cooke, ‘The Groundbreakers’, the Observer, 4 May 2003.
12 Quoted in Simon Borchardt, ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’, keo.co.za, 27 May 2008, http://keo.co.za/2008/05/27/dont-ask-dont-tell/ accessed 14.00, 10 March 2014.
26 Women Will Hold Up Half the Game
1 The Yorkshireman, 18 December 1889. Rugger, 6 February 1932.
2 Rugger, 15 January 1947.
3 See newspaper reports at http://www.donmouth.co.uk/womens_football/1881.html
4 Extract from the memoirs of Emily Galwey, Museum of World Rugby exhibition, Twickenham, September 2010.
5 Arron Jones, ‘A Short History of Women’s Rugby’, Touchlines, October 2003. Collins, Rugby League in Twentieth Century Britain, pp. 154–6.
6 Quoted in John Coffey, Canterbury 13, Christchurch, self-published, 1987, pp. 53–4.
7 July 1921, quoted in Barbara Cox, ‘The Rise and Fall of “The Girl Footballer” in New Zealand during 1921’, in International Journal of the History of Sport, vol. 29, no. 3, March 2012, p. 449.
8 Courier-Mail (Brisbane), 20 September 1954.
9 Victoria Dawson, ‘Workington’s Wonder Women’, Forty-20, September 2013, pp. 38–9.
10 Megan Taylor Shockley, ‘Southern Women in the Scrums’, Journal of Sport History, vol. 33, no. 2, 2006, pp. 127–55.
11 ‘Girls Just Want to Have Fun’, Rugby News, June 1990.
Part VII Tradition and Transformation
27 Springboks, All Blacks and the Politics of Rugby
1 A. H. Carman, A. C. Swan and R. Masters (eds), The Rugby Almanack of New Zealand 1950, Wellington, Sporting Publications, 1950, p. 30.
2 Trevor Richards, Dancing On Our Bones, Wellington, Bridget Williams, 1999, p. 18.
3 M. N. Pearson, ‘Heads in the Sand: the 1956 Springbok Tour to New Zealand in Perspective’, in R. Cashman and M. McKernan (eds), Sport in History, Brisbane, University of Queensland Press, 1979, pp. 272–92.
4 Barry Donovan, ‘Turning silver to gold’, New Zealand Herald, 23 October 2011.
5 Winston McCarthy, Haka: The All Blacks Story, London, Pelham, 1968, p. 257.
6 ‘Rugby: Maori told to throw match against Boks’, New Zealand Herald, 13 April 2010.
7 Richards, Dancing On Our Bones, p. 20
8 Quoted in Bodis, Histoire Mondiale, p. 358.
9 IRB minutes, 17/18 March 1961.
28 Gentlemen and Players: Wales and England 1945–95
1 Phil Bennett, The Autobiography, London, Willow, 2003, p. 275.
2 Quoted in Martin Johnes, ‘A Prince, a King and a Referendum: Rugby, Politics and Nationhood in Wales, 1969–1979’, Journal of British Studies, vol. 47, no. 1, 2008, p. 144.
3 Daily Telegraph, 18 February 1980.
4 The Times, 16 March 1957.
5 All quotes and figures are from Tony Collins, A Social History of English Rugby Union, London, Rouledge, 2009, p. 103.
6 RFU Executive minutes, 5 May 1968, 17 January, 14 May and 6 June 1969.
7 Quoted in Christopher Booker, The Neophiliacs, London, Fontana, 1970, p. 28.
8 International Board minutes, 19 March 1965 and 13/14 March 1969.
9 The Times, 1 November 1975.
10 Derek Wyatt, Rugby Disunion, London, Gollancz, 1995, p. 19. RFU Forward Planning sub-committee, 3 May 1979.
11 Tony and Mitchell Williams, The Official Rugby Union Club Directory 1990–91, London: Burlington, 1990, p. 6.
29 Bravehearts, Tigers and Lions: Scotland and Ireland in the Post-war Years
1 Barnes and Burns, Behind the Thistle, p. 5.
2 Frank Keating, ‘How Ravenhill rebels made an issue out of an anthem’, the Guardian, 27 February 2007.
3 Frank Keating, ‘Be Your Own Men’, The Spectator, 20 March 1993.
4 John Reason and Carwyn James, The World of Rugby, London, BBC, 1979, p. 224.
30 The France That Wins
1 ‘Arbitration on the conflict between the FFR and the FFJXIII’, Gaston Roux, General Director of Sports, 10 July 1947, document in RFL Archives, University of Huddersfield.
2 Barnes and Burns, Behind the Thistle, p. 4.
3 Confidential letter to FFR from IRB 20 March 1951, RFU Archives, Twickenham.
4 Robert Fassolette, ‘Rugby League Football in France 1934–54’ Sport in History, vol. 27, no. 3, 2007, p. 391.
5 Bernard Pratviel, Immortel Pipette, Portet, Imprint Publishing, 2004, p. 94.
6 Valérie Bonnet, ‘Le stéréotype dans la presse sportive: vision de l’identité à travers l’altérité’, Signes, Discours et Sociétés [en ligne], 4. Visions du monde et spécificité des discours, 11 janvier 2010, at http://www.revue-signes.info/document.php?id=1417. ISSN 1308-8378. Accessed 14 March 2014.
7 Collectif Midi Olympique, Cent ans de XV de France, Toulouse, Midi Olympique, 2005, p. 86.
8 Quoted in Lindsay Sarah Krasnoff, ‘The Evolution of French Sports Policy’, in Richard Holt, Alan Tomlinson and Christopher Young (eds), Sport and the Transformation of Modern Europe, Abingdon: Routledge, 2011, p. 70.
9 Denis Lalanne, The Great Fight of the French Fifteen, Wellington, Reed, 1960, p. 200 [capitals in original].
10 Daily Telegraph, 6 April 1959.
11 Rugby World, September 1965.
12 Richards, A Game for Hooligans, p. 197.
31 Rugby League: A People’s Game in a Television Age
1 Huddersfield RUFC membership application form, c. 1972, at TNA AT 25/234. IRB minutes, 14 March 1958.
2 RFL Council minutes, 10 October 1945.
3 Ibid., 18 November 1954.
4 Thomas Keneally, ‘The Other Code’, Esquire, November 1991.
5 The Independent, 16 October 1996.
32 Rugby’s Road to 1995
1 Peter Oborne, Basil D’Oliveira: Cricket and Controversy, London, Little, Brown, 2004.
2 The Guardian, 31 October 1969.
3 Ibid., 17, 19 and 25 November 1969 and 15 November 1999 for Frank Keating’s recollections.
4 Chris Laidlaw, Mud in Your Eye, London, Pelham, 1973, p. 1.
5 Tom Hickie, A Sense of Union, Sydney, 1998, chapters 12 and 13.
6 Quoted in Richards, Dancing On Our Bones, p. 36.
7 See IB minutes, 21 March 1959, 15 March 1963 and 6 January 1964.
8 IRB minutes, 15 March 1963.
9 The Sportsman, March 1966, quoted in A. Grundlingh, ‘Playing for Power’, in Grundlingh, Odendaal and Spies (eds), Beyond the Tryline, p. 116.
10 Hendrik Snyders, ‘Preventing Huddersfield: The Rise and Decline of Rugby League in South Africa’, International Journal of the History of Sport, vol. 28, no. 1, January 2011, pp. 9–31. Craven quote from The Times, 23 December 1985.
11 IRB minutes, 15 March 1963, 6 January 1964, 13/14 March 1969 and 19/20 March 1970.
12 IRB minutes, 11/12 March 1976.
13 The Times, 17 and 18 January 1978. IB minutes 21/22 March 1979.
14 Welsh Rugby Union, ‘Report of Inquiry into the Involvement of Welsh Players in the Centenary Celebrations of the South African Rugby Board: Conclusions and Recommendations’, August 1989, Cardiff, 1991, pp. 3–5. David Hinchliffe archives, University of Huddersfield.
15 RFU annual general meeting, 8 July 1994.
16 K. Pelmear (ed.), Rugby Football: An Anthology, London, Allen & Unwin, 1958, p. 260.
17 The Times, 28 May 1983, and Sydney Morning Herald, 16 October 2003.
18 Bernard Lapasset, F. C. H. McLeod, Rob Fisher and Vernon Pugh, ‘Report of the IRB Amateurism Working Party’, February 1995, pp. 3-4.
19 Stuart Barnes, The Year of Living Dangerously, London, Richard Cohen, 1995, p. 153.
20 Peter Fitzsimons, The Rugby War, Sydney, HarperCollins, 1996, p. 312.
21 Ibid., The Rugby War, pp. 15–20. Daily Telegraph, 24 June 1995.
Part VIII Into the 21st Century
33 Shrinking World, Global Oval
1 Ieuan Evans and Peter Jackson, Bread of Heaven, Edinburgh, Mainstream, 1995, p. 202
2 Quoted in Sydney Morning Herald, 22 October 2002.
3 Ian Clayton, Ian Daley and Brian Lewis (eds), Merging on the Ridiculous, Pontefract, YAC, 1995, p. 14.
4 Australian Financial Review, 5 August 2005.
5 The Guardian, 7 May 2001.
6 The Times, 7 January 2009.
7 O’Callaghan, Rugby in Munster, pp. 212–18.
8 Mark Evans, ‘Is French Club Rugby a Bubble Waiting to Burst?’, Running Rugby, September 2011.
9 Bruce Crumley, ‘Gloom over French Soccer Contrasts With Rugby’s Rise’, Time, 16 May 2010.
10 ‘Too Many Foreign Players in the Top 14? ‘Bullsh*t’ says Boudjellal’, Irish Independent, 30 June 2014.
11 Yoko Kanemasu and Gyozo Molnar, ’Life after Rugby: Issues of Being an “Ex” in Fiji Rugby’, International Journal of the History of Sport, vol. 31, no. 11, 2013, p. 1390.
Conclusion The Soul of the Game
1 ‘Rogge voices Olympic rugby doubts’, 30 October 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/7061471.stm – accessed 11:18, 21 July 2014.
2 RFU laws committee minutes, 5 July 1972.
3 The Independent, 17 April 1992.
4 IRB, Changes in the Playing of International Rugby Over a Twenty Year Period, September, 2005, p. 6.
5 Ibid., p. 4.