INDEX
A-Birding on a Bronco (Bailey), 157
Abbe, Ernst, 160
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 23–24,61, 132, 139
advertising, birds in, 162
Agassiz, Louis, 188; and collecting guides, 33, 77; on geographical distribution and variation, 77–78, 79–81; and MCZ, 24
Agassiz Association, 14, 62, 165
Alexander, Annie M., 187
Allen, Arthur A., 178, 189, 196, 199
Allen, Glover M., 202–203, 269n.107
Allen, J. A., 50, 62, 142, 193; and AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature, 86–88; on AOU model law, 121–122, 124–125; and Audubon movement, 111, 120; background, 25; on Burroughs, John, 114; defends collecting, 114; as editor, 48, 53, 57, 66–67; and founding of AOU, 46, 51–52; on geographical variation, 80–83; and Shufeldt scandal, 66; on subspecies, 98–99; and trinomial nomenclature, 83–84, 93–94; on value of birds, 116; on wildlife decline, 108–110, 112–113
Almy, Charles, 66
amateurs, 146; and AOU, 54–57, 67–68; and AOU model law, 123–125, 182–184; Auk's dependence on, 67; divergence from expert ornithologists, 92, 100–101; and scientific nomenclature, 88–95, 96, 100; in ornithology, 8, 178, 208–211; and professionals, 8, 154; in science, 5, 6. See also American Ornithologists’ Union—membership: associate members; community; networks
Amazon River, 104
American Bird Banding Association, 171
American Bison, Living and Extinct (Allen), 108–109
American Chemical Society, 46
American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, 152
American Humane Association, 112
American Magazine of Natural Science, 16
American Museum of Natural History, 25, 104, 142, 147, 148, 149, 150, 178, 189; bird collection, 29, 61, 62, 191–193; habitat groups, 45; inspires budding ornithologists, 199; and professional collectors, 41, 115; as site of first AOU meeting, 46, 52
American Nature Study Society, 14
American Ornithologist, 228n.13
American Ornithologists’ Union (AOU): and amateurs, 54–57, 182–184, 209; criticism of, 47, 54–57, 69–73, 182–183, 200–201; develops national plan for ornithology, 210; and Division of Economic Ornithology, 59; endowment, 183, 184, 205; first meeting in West, 73; founding of, 4, 7, 46, 50–57; group photograph, 64; meeting sites, 234n.149; and nomenclatural reform, 76, 85–88; and professionalization of ornithology, 57–62, 67; proposal for field station, 268n.164; reform of, 8, 182–184, 198–205; and research standards, 88; rival organizations, 69; salaries of officers of, 203–204; seeks federal aid, 59–60; and Shufeldt scandal, 63–67; as a social organization, 63, 66–67
committees: Committee on Classification and Nomenclature of North American Birds, 53, 86–88 (see also AOU Code and Checklist); Committee on Migration of Birds, 57–61, 104, 143, 167; Committee on the Protection of North American Birds, 7, 106–107, 111–117, 118, 120, 121, 124–125, 128–134, 137–139, 141, 143–145, 146, 147–148, 150–153, 183 (see also AOU model law); council, 53, 56–57, 59, 60, 61–62, 66–67, 86, 88, 92, 134, 143, 144, 152–153, 203, 205; creation of, 53; nominating committee, 205; program committee, 203; research committee, 204–205
membership: active members, 47, 53, 70; associate members, 47, 56, 67–68, 70, 72, 73, 89, 201, 204, 206; certification function of, 5; educational background of, 185; elections in, 200–201, 202, 203; elective members, 70–71, 72, 73, 203–204; emeritus fellows, 203, 204; fellows, 70, 71–72, 200, 204, 267n.137; figures for, 68, 182; honorary members, 229n.46; policies for, 46–47, 52–53, 57, 67–73, 89, 94, 203, 204, 233n.141; women, 71, 195, 198, 265n.97, 266n.106
American Ornithology (Wilson), 23, 74–75
American Ornithology for the Home and School, 15, 158
American school of ornithology, 7, 76, 83, 90, 93
American Society of Mammalogists, 73, 148, 152
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 111
American Society of Zoologists, 46
American Splitters’ Union, 98
American Sportsman, 30, 223n.69, 228n.13
Angell, George T., 118
AOU. See American Ornithologists’ Union
AOU Code and Checklist, 76, 77, 86–88, 170; lack of stability in, 95–101; opposition to, from amateurs, 88–95; principles of, widely adopted, 95; subspecies in, 99–100
AOU model law, 116–117, 122, 125; and amateur collecting, 123–125; bonding requirement of, 142–143; campaign to secure passage of, 133; divides ornithological community, 124, 135; effects on collecting, 142; narrow interpretation of, encouraged, 137; opposition to, 121
Appel, Toby A., 233n.141
Arbor Day, 130
archaeology, 5
Argosy, 113
Arm and Hammer Baking Soda, 162
Association of American Ornithologists, 69
astronomy, 5
Atlantic Slope Naturalist, 15
Audubon, John James, 24, 79, 118, 173; biographical treatment of, 64; Birds of America, 74–75, 103, 113; inspires ornithologists, 46; as Romantic artist, 11
Audubon, Lucy, 118
Audubon, Maria R., 64
Audubon Magazine, 119, 126, 156, 157
Audubon movement, 69, 106–107, 117–120; and bird collecting, 178; and birdwatching, 155–156; and children, 130–131; and Christmas Bird Counts, 169; creation of National Association of Audubon Societies, 134; creation of state societies, 130; ecological perspectives in, 146–147, 151–152; educational emphasis of, 130–132; effects of, on AOU, 182–183; and natural history dealers, 139; radical wing of, 135–136, 141 (see also Emergency Conservation Committee); reasons for success of, 127–128; religious imagery in, 105–106, 142; revival of, 127; and tensions in ornithology, 128. See also American Ornithologists’ Union—committees: Committee on the Protection of North American Birds; Audubon Society; bird protection; National Association of Audubon Societies; National Audubon Society
Audubon Society, first, 117–120, 125–126
Auk, 66–67, 87–88, 115, 144, 151, 176, 179, 206; and amateur ornithologists, 67, 94, 208, 209; audience, 57; change in editorship, 202; criticism of, 182–183, 199–200, 201, 230n.68; editorial board, 203; founding of, 53; size of, changes in, 182, 203, 260n.3; and trinomialism, 92–94
Austin, Oliver L., Jr., 174
authority: of experts, 19, 40; to issue collecting permits, 124, 142; nomenclatural, 76, 85, 87, 90, 93, 95; in ornithology 6, 40, 46, 47, 48–49, 52, 120, 155, 181; in science, 4
automobile, 161
Babcock, C. A., 130
Bailey, Florence M., 71, 266n.106; creates first modern field guide, 156–157; and nature study, 130–131; and Smith College Audubon Society, 118–119
Bailey, Harold H., 72
Bailey, Henry Balch, 69
Bailey, Liberty Hyde, 14
Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 24, 48, 86, 236n.14; and AOU, 52; collecting guides, 77–78; on geographical distribution and variation, 77–78, 81; History of North American Birds: Land Birds, 21; influence on ornithologists, 35, 57–58; issues collecting manual, 33; Pacific Railroad Survey Report, 75, 79, 81; and precision in specimen description, 79; recruits collectors, 20, 26; and U.S. National Museum, 26
Baker, John, 153
Baldwin, Roger, 150
Baldwin, S. Prentiss, 172, 152, 187
Baldwin Research Laboratory, 187
Ballard, Harlan, 14
Bangs, Outram, 28
Barbour, Thomas, 186
Baynes, Ernst Harold, 255n.49
Beal, F. E. L., 239n.82
bear, black, 109
Beecher, Henry Ward, 118
Behavior of the Snow Bunting in Spring (Tinbergen), 197
behavioral studies, 75, 145, 153, 179, 185, 187, 194, 195, 197, 199, 207
Bell, Jean, 223n.60
Bendire, Charles E„ 29, 41, 102, 139, 173–174, 175
Bent, Arthur Cleveland, 170, 174–175, 208
Bergmann, Carl, 237n.34
Berlin Zoological Museum, 190, 191
Bicknell, Mrs. F. T., photograph of, 168
bicycle, 161
biological provinces, 77. See also geographical distribution
biologists, 183
biology, 74, 154, 185–186, 187, 188, 189, 200
bird banding, 171–172, 193, 207, 208, 209, 196
bird clubs, 69, 163–164, 169, 171. See also Bronx County Bird Club
bird collecting: aesthetic dimensions of, 21, 102; and AOU model law, 116–117; benefits of, 39; criticism of, 113–114, 135–136, 141; dangers of, 40–42; defense of, 140, 142, 143, 145–146; discouraged, 137; to document bird distribution, 175, 177–178; equipment, 34, 36, 39; and exchanging specimens, 27–28, 39; and fraud, 39–40; guides to, 33–39, 157; illustration of, 22, 105; in pairs, 78; permits, 116–117, 121, 124, 128, 135, 136, 137, 142–143, 144, 145, 146, 151, 152, 178 (see also AOU model law); rare and endangered species, 7, 44, 36–37, 38, 102–106, 115, 124, 139, 146, 151–153, 252n.155; and research collections, 78–79; restrictions on, 36, 123–125, 128, 142, 144, 146, 151–153, 178 (see also AOU model law); scientific, 107; and scientific ornithology, 5, 121, 125; in a series, 27–30, 78–79, 83; shift away from, 206; specimen data, 34–35; specimen preservation techniques, 22–23, 34–35; study skins, 79; tension with bird protection, 106–107, 173; tension with birdwatching, 173; and women, 43–45. See also collecting; egg collecting
bird collections: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 23–24, 61; American Museum of Natural History, 29, 61–62; Bangs, Outram, 28; Bishop, Louis B., 28; Boardman, George A., 26–27; Boston Society of Natural History, 24, 33, 61; Boys, Captain, Indian collection, 23; Brewster, William, 28; Dwight, Jonathan, 28–29; Elliot, D. G., 62; Field Museum, 28; Fleming, James, 28; Gould, John, 23; Lafresnaye, Count de Falaise, 24; Lawrence, George N., 62; Massena, Prince d’Essling, 23; Mearns, Edgar A., 62; Museum of Comparative Zoology, 25, 28, 186; Peale’s Philadelphia Museum, 23; Peet, Max, 28; private, 24; Rothschild, Walter, 192; sale of, as source of income, 25, 221n.34; Smith, Herbert H., 62; Smithsonian Institution, 26, 78. See also egg collections
Bird Day, 130
bird feeders, 156
bird forms, number of North American, 96–97
bird identification, guides to, 8, 33–39, 156–159, 165, 225n.11. See also field identification
bird migration, study of, 57–61, 154, 169–172, 207, 231n.76
bird protection: and bird collecting, 106–107; divides ornithological community, 124–126; legislation, 110, 116–117, 132–133, 142, 170 (see also AOU model law); media coverage of, 120; opposition to, 120–125; rational for, 116; reasons for success of, movement, 127–128; and taxidermists, 123; and wildlife refuges, 133–134; women’s involvement in, 131; and young ornithologists, 137. See also American Ornithologists’ Union—committees: Committee on the Protection of North American Birds; Audubon movement
Bird Song (Greenewalt), 209
Bird Studies with a Camera (Chapman), 161
bird study, motivations for, 161. See also ornithology
Bird-Banding, 197
Birdcraft (Wright), 195
“Bird-Killing as a Method in Ornithology” (Robbins), 135–136
Bird-Life (Chapman), 158
Bird-Lore, 106, 132, 150, 177; and Christmas Bird Count, 167–169; mission of, 157
birds: in advertising, 162; aesthetic value of, 116, 130, 156, 161, 180; and agriculture, 59–60; anthropomorphic depictions of, 43, 118, 197, 211; as commodities, 172–173; economic value of, 116, 130, 122; emotional bond with, 156, 161, 180; and fashion, 113; in symbolism and folklore, 211
Birds of America (Audubon), 46, 74–75, 103, 113
Birds of the Cambridge Region (Brewster), 176–177
Birds of Middle and North America (Ridgway), 74, 199
Birds of the New York City Region (Griscom), 178
Birds of Oklahoma (Nice and Nice), 196
Birds through an Opera Glass (Bailey), 156–157
birds of prey, 208. See also eagle; hawk
Birds in Village and Field (Bailey), 157
birdwatching, 3, 7–8, 68, 153; census studies, 170–171; changes in values promoting, 161; competition in, 166, 180–181; equipment for, 156–161; growth of interest in, 154–165; guide to, 194; and life-history studies, 172–175; and listing, 166–167, 180, 194, 256n.64; and Mayr, Ernst, 193–195; migration studies, 169–170; motivations for, 180; networks, 165–169, 208; origin and use of term, 253n.3; and sight records, 175–180; and tensions with collecting, 173; and tensions within ornithology, 180
Birtwell, Francis J., 42
Bishop, Louis B., 28
bison, 38, 102, 107–109, 121, 136
blackbird, red-winged, 80, 82, 189
Blasius, J. H., 236n.25
Boardman, George A., 26–27, 31
bobcat, 148
Bonaparte, Charles Lucien, 23, 79
Bond, Frank, 134
Boston Society of Natural History, 24, 61
boundaries: in ornithology, 47, 54, 73, 89, 107, 135, 137; in science, 4, 46, 89. See also community
Boys, Captain, 23
Brant, Irving, 150
Breeding Bird Census, 171, 194
Brewer, Thomas Mayo, 24, 49–50, 173
Brewster, William, 53, 61, 125, 137–138, 174, 184; and AOU, 46, 50–52, 53, 65, 86, 129; background, 28; and bird collecting, 39, 42, 124; on bird destruction, 111–112; Birds of the Cambridge Region, 176–177; and Brewster’s warbler, 177; and Chamberlain, Montague, 56; on collectors and taxidermists, 121; on instability of nomenclature, 96, 97–98; interest in hunting, 33; and Massachusetts Audubon Society, 127; and Nuttall Ornithological Club, 47–48, 50–51; photograph of, 26, 105, 115; on sight records, 176–177
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 75, 86, 90
British Ornithologists’ Union, 53
Broley, Charles, 208
Bronx County Bird Club, 179, 193–195, 209
Brooks, Allan, 168
Bryant, Henry, 24
Bryant, Henry Child, 150–151, 153
Bryant, William Cullen, 11
buffalo, 38, 102, 107–109, 121, 136
Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, 48, 51, 53, 84, 176, 206
Bureau of the Biological Survey, 138, 143, 147, 201; bird banding program, 171–172, 208; bird census program, 170–171; and bird protection movement, 128; criticized, 150; founding of, 59–61; migration studies, 169–172, 196; predator-control program, 148, 151; staff of, dominates AOU, 201
Burkhardt, Richard W., Jr., 196
Burns, Frank L., 174
Burroughs, John, 56, 113–114, 118–119
Butts, Wilber, 266n.104
cabinet of curiosities, 9
Cahoon, John C., 42
Cairns, John S., 41
California Academy of Sciences, 100
Canada, ornithological research in, 215n.22
caribou, 109
Carpenter, Frederic H., 123
Cassinia, 201
Castle, W. W., 122
census studies, 166–169, 170–171, 180–181, 257n.86
certification: in ornithology, 47, 73, 190, 207; in science, 5
Chamberlain, Montague, 172; on accessible scientific writing, 89; on amateurs in AOU, 56–57; and Auk, 53, 57; criticizes American school of ornithology, 90; offers to buy O and O, 56; on opposition to AOU, 55–56; on trinomial nomenclature, 92–93
Chapin, James, 148, 191, 269n.170
Chapman, Frank M., 37, 144, 162, 184, 189, 191, 193; and American Museum of Natural History, 62, 104; background, 103–104; and bird protection movement, 106, 130; Bird-Lore, 132, 150; and Christmas Bird Count, 167–169; collecting experiences, 44–45; and cooperative bird study, 174; on Crisis in Conservation, 150; on emotional impact of birds, 161; as field guide author, 157–158, 165; interest in hunting, 33; and Pelican Island, 133; photograph of, 105; and popular interest in birds, 207; on pressure to collect specimens, 173; on reform of AOU, 70; on sight records, 177–178; on social structure of ornithology, 5; on stability of common names, 96; Warblers of North America, 174; and wildlife photography, 161
Check-list of the Birds of the World (Peters), 186
Check List of North American Birds (Coues), 35–36, 85
Childs, John Lewis, 29–30, 71–72
Christmas Bird Count, 167–169, 193, 195, 208, 209
Church and Co., 162
Cincinnati Natural History Society, 120
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 142
collecting: aesthetic dimensions of, 17; benefits of, 3, 12–13; conflicts over, 18–19; guides to, 14, 20, 25, 26; as leisure activity, 12; motivations for, 9, 21; natural history, 9–18; networks, 7, 21, 24–27; of rare and endangered species, 38; specimen catalogs, 18; stamp, 12. See also bird collecting; egg collecting; natural history
collectors: challenge authority of scientists, 40; directories of, 13, 206–207, 226n.132; provide specimens for scientists, 154, 155. See also bird collecting; egg collecting; natural history
Collectors’ Monthly, 15
Color Key to North American Birds (Chapman), 158, 159
Colorado Ornithological Association, 234n.146
coloration of animals, debate over, 4
community, 42, 74; bird collecting, 28, 40, 43, 89, 135, 140; natural history, 10, 17–19, 24, 25; ornithological, 21, 24, 28, 45, 67, 92,101, 106, 165, 173; ornithological, growth of, 200, 206–207; ornithological, tensions within, 6–8, 47, 51, 54, 57, 73, 76, 94, 97, 99, 122, 128, 180; scientific, 5, 6, 215n.21; sport hunting, 30–32, 33, 110. See also boundaries; networks
competitive exclusion, 187
competition in birdwatching, 166–167, 180–181
Complete Manual for Young Sportsmen (Forester), 30
Comstock, Anna Botsford, 14
Comstock, John H., 189
Condor, 69, 71, 97, 186, 197, 198; amateur contributions to, 209
Connecticut Audubon Society, 132
“Conserve the Collector” (Grinnell), 145
Cooke, May Thatcher, 171, 266n.106
Cooper Ornithological Club, 69–70, 186
cooperation, in scientific research, 6. See also networks
Cornell, 178, 188–189, 196, 199
Coues, Elliott, 43, 48, 53, 61; and AOU bird protection committee, 129; and AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature, 86–87; background, 35; Check List of North American Birds, 85; on collecting, 17, 27, 140; and employment in ornithology, 62; and English sparrows, 49; Field Ornithology, 36, 37; and founding of AOU, 46, 51–52; influence on ornithologists, 37; Key to North American Birds, 35, 37, 83, 156, 166; and Ridgway, Robert, 38, 51, 84; and Shufeldt scandal, 63, 65–66; and trinomial nomenclature, 83, 85
Cowbirds (Friedmann), 199
Craig, Wallace, 197
crane: sandhill, 110; whooping, 110, 149
credentials, 185
Crisis in Conservation (Miller, Van Name, and Quinn), 148–150
Crispin, William B., 41
crow, 149
culture of collecting, 9–10. See also bird collecting; collecting; networks
curlew, Eskimo, 149
Custer, George Armstrong, 117
Daggett, Frank S., 70
Darwin, Charles, 27, 77, 78, 81, 83, 191, 237n.36
Darwinian revolution, 110
Davison, F. Trubee, 192
Dawson, William Leon, 96, 166–167, 168, 180
DDT, 208
dealers, natural history. See natural history: dealers
deer, Virginia, 109
Delaware Valley Ornithological Club, 69, 132, 147
Delineator, 113
“Directions for Collecting Birds” (Ridgway), 38
Directory of Ornithologists, 206–207
discipline formation: in ornithology, 4, 7, 46, 53, 73, 89, 155, 175, 207; in science, 75, 89, 185, 213n.4
District of Columbia Audubon Society, 141
diversity of scientific communities, 6
Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy, 59–61, 116, 143. See also Bureau of the Biological Survey
Division of Entomology, 60
Division of the Biological Survey, 61. See also Bureau of the Biological Survey
Dixon, Fred J., 104
Dugmore, A. Radclyffe, 161
Dunlap, Thomas, 147
Dutcher, Basil, 129
Dutcher, William, 67–68; and AOU bird protection committee, 127, 128, 131, 133, 134, 144; background, 129; on collecting, 136, 140–141; and federal wildlife refuges, 133–134; hires wardens, 133; and National Association of Audubon Societies, 134; photograph of, 129; and state Audubon societies, 130
Dwight, Jonathan, 28–29, 154–155, 193
Dwight Baking Soda, 162
eagle, 147; bald, 147, 149, 151, 208
Eastern Bird Banding Association, 171
Eastlake, Charles, 12
ecology, 146–150, 151–152, 153, 179, 185, 187, 189
economic ornithology, 59, 116, 207
Egerton, Harold, 209
egg collecting, 43–44; compared to stamp collecting, 138; dangers of, 41–42; debates surrounding, 139–142; discouraged, 137, 138–139; fraud, 40; guides to, 38–39; illustration of, 22; and life-history data, 173–175; preservation techniques, 22; rare and endangered species, 142, 152; repudiated by scientific ornithologists, 107; restrictions on, 128. See also bird collecting
egg collections: Barnes, Richard M., 30; Bell, Jean, 223n.60; Bendire, Charles E., 29; Childs, John Lewis, 29–30, 71–72; Field Museum, 30; Morse, George W., photograph of, 140; Norris, J. Parker, Jr. and Sr., 29; Smithsonian Institution, 29
egret, 114
Eliot, Charles, 186
elk, 109
Emergency Conservation Committee, 150, 152–153
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 11
Emlen, John, 189
employment opportunities in science, 5. See also professionalization
endangered species. See bird collecting: rare and endangered species; extinction
Enlightenment, Romantic reaction to, 11
entomology, 5
Essay on Classification (Agassiz), 77
ethology, 195, 197. See also behavioral studies
evolution, 94
Evolution, 198
experimentation, biological, 185, 207
explorers as conservationists, 107
Extermination of the Bison (Hornaday), 136
extinction, 38, 146–147, 149–150, 151, 152; discovery of, 107–111, 117. See also bird collecting: rare and endangered species
Faber, Frederik, 237n.34
Field and Stream, 30
Field Guide to the Birds (Peterson), 179
field guides, 8, 33–39, 225n.11; development of, 156–159; sales figures for, 165
field identification, 145, 156–159, 175–180, 193, 207. See also field guides; sight records
Field Ornithology (Coues), 36, 37
Finley, William, 161
Fisher, A. K., 58, 60, 142, 143, 147
Fisher, Walter K., 142
Flagg, Wilson, 227n.155
flamingo, 149
Fleming, James, 28
Floyd, William H., 33
Forest and Stream, 30, 31, 54, 112, 170, 223n.70; Grinnell purchases, 117; publishes early notices of bird decline, 122
Forester, Frank, 30
Forty Years Notes of a Field Ornithologist (Krider), 33
Frank B. Webster’s Naturalists’ Supply Depot, 139
Fresh Pond, 39
Friedmann, Herbert, 189; as AOU president, 204–205; background, 199; criticism of AOU, 182–183, 199–200; and Nice, Margaret M., 201; and reform of AOU, 203
Fulton Market, 31
Gage, Simon H., 189
game management, 207
game markets, 31
Garrett, H., 139
geographical distribution, 60, 75, 77–78, 166, 170–171, 187. See also migration studies
geographical variation, 76, 79–85, 87, 93, 100. See also nomenclature: trinomial; subspecies
German Ornithological Society, 193
Gloger, Constantin, 81
Gloger-Middendorff school, 237n.39
godwit, Hudsonian, 149
Goodale and Frazer, 18
Goss, N. S., 59
Gould, John, 23
graduate training: in American universities, 185; in biology, 185–190; in ornithology, 5–6, 47, 73, 179, 184–190, 205, 207, 260n.20; in science, 5
Gray, John Edward, 12
grebe, Holboell, 141
Grinnell, George B., 52; and AOU bird protection committee, 112; and Audubon Magazine, 119–120; background, 117; and first Audubon society, 117–120, 126
Grinnell, Joseph, 198, 205; and AOU membership survey, 182–183; background, 186–187; and bird conservation, 150, 151; caricature of, 98, 188; and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 187; promotes reform of AOU, 200; on scientific collecting, 145–146; tracks number of North American bird forms, 96–97
Griscom, Ludlow, 178–179, 189, 193, 195
grosbeak, red-breasted, 162
Guide to Bird Watching (Hickey), 194
Hall, Minna B., 127
Hallock, Charles, 31
Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America (Chapman), 157–158
Handbook of Birds of the Western United States (Bailey), 157
Handbook of Nature Study (Comstock), 14
Hardy, Fannie, 118
Harper's Bazar, 113
Harrison, Nell, 43
Hatch, William H., 60
hawk, 143, 147–148; duck, 41, 194; zonetailed, 41
Hayden, Ferdinand, 58
Hayden Survey, 59
Hemenway, Harriet Lawrence, 127
Herbert, Richard, 194
Herrick, Francis H., 161, 187, 197
Hicks, Lawrence E., 204
Hints on Household Taste (Eastlake), 12
“Hints to Audubon Workers” (Bailey), 156
Hints to Young Birds Students (Stone), 138–139
Hints to Young Sportsmen (Lewis), 30
histology, 186
History of North American Birds: Land Birds (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway), 21
Hoosier Naturalist, 16
Hornaday, William T., 38, 102, 136, 239n.82
How to Tell the Birds from the Flowers (Wood), 163
Hudson River School, 11
Hull, Walter B., 94
humanitarians, 106, 110–111, 112, 188
Hummingbirds (Greenewalt), 209
humor, 69, 90–91, 97–98, 163, 188, 202
hunting. See market hunting; sport hunting
Huxley, Julian, 154
ibis, 114
Ibis, 53
illustrations, 43-44, 74–75, 94, 173, 174; in held guides, 156–158, 253n.16; photographs, 160–161, 187, 189; tables, 79, 80, 81–83
Illustrations of the Nests and Eggs of Ohio Birds (Jones and Jones), 43–44
Indian River, 133
Ingersoll, Ernest, 69
Inland Bird Banding Association, 171
International Code of Nomenclature, 76, 95
International Congress of Zoology: Fifth, 76, 95; Fourth, 95
International Ornithological Conference: Eighth, 197; First, 59
International Physiological Conference, 196
Iowa Ornithological Association, 234n.146
Jencks, Fred T, 56
Jesup, Morris K., 62
Job, Herbert K., 161
Jones, Genevieve Estelle, 43–44
Jones, Howard, 44
Jones, Lynds, 44, 166–167, 174
Jordan, David Starr, 87–88, 189
Journal für Ornithologie, 183, 196, 197, 198, 200, 201
Junior Audubon Societies, 131
Junior Audubon Society of Sutton, West, Virginia, picture of, 131
Kellogg, Peter Paul, 189
Kendeigh, S. C., 268n.165
Key to North American Birds (Coues), 35, 37, 83, 156, 166
Keyser, Leander, 135
King, Clarence, 20
kite, swallow-tailed, 177
Kofoid, Charles A., 186
Kuerzi, Richard, 194
laboratories, biological, 185–186, 188
Lacey Act, 133
Lafresnaye, Count de Falaise, 24
Langille, James H., 255n.53
Langley, S. P., 65
Lattin, Frank H, 17, 38–39, 91, 139
law of priority, 86, 95, 96, 240n.110
Lawrence, George N., 24, 48, 62
Lawrence Scientific School, 24, 48
League of American Sportsmen, 133
Lechevalier, Alfred, 114
LeConte, Joseph, 236n.14
legitimation, 94
leisure, appreciation of, 11, 12
Lewis, Elisha J., 30
Lewis, Graceanna, 43
Life Histories of North American Birds (Bendire), 139, 173–174, 175
Life Histories of North American Birds (Bent), 170, 174–175, 208
life history studies, 70, 74–75, 153, 154, 166, 172–175, 189, 193, 197
Lincoln, Frederick C., 172, 179, 269n.14
Linnaean Society of New York, 171, 193–194, 195
listing, 166–167, 180, 194, 256n.64
Loomis, Leverett Μ., 100
Lorenz, Konrad, 197
Lorquin, Ernest F., 230n.70
Los Angeles Audubon Society, 168
Lowun, Alfhild Dagny, 65
Lucas, Frederic A., 122
Ludlow, William, 117
lynx, 109
McAtee, W. L., 68, 180, 201–202
McCormick, L. Μ., 122
Maclure, William, 23
Maienschein, Jane, 185
Maine Ornithological Society, 234n.146
“Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida” (Allen), 81–83
Manual of North American Birds (Ridgway), 37–38, 156
Manual of the Ornithology of the U.S. and Canada (Nuttall), 48
Mark, E. L., 186
market hunting, 107, 108, 110, 112–113. See also millinery trade
Marsh, O. C., 117
Massachusetts Audubon Society, 127
Massena, Prince d’Essling, 23
Matuszewski, John, 194
Maxwell, Martha, 43
Mayfield, Harold, 8
Maynard, C. J., 48, 54, 56, 228n.13; and MCZ, 221n.36; Naturalist’s Guide, 33–35; and opposition to AOU, 55–56
Mayr, Ernst, 184, 190–195, 209, 211; on amateur ornithologists, 6, 210; on American ornithological societies, 69; and birdwatching, 193–195; elected to AOU fellowship, 204; and evolutionary synthesis, 207; and Linnaean Society of New York, 193–194, 198; and Nice, Margaret M., 196–198, 201; and reform of AOU, 8, 199, 203–204
Medico-Legal Society of New York, 65
Mendelsohn, Everett, 4
Meriden (N.H.) Bird Club, 255n.49
Merriam, C. Hart, 54, 71, 86, 104, 129, 143, 144; on amateurs in the AOU, 56–57; and AOU bird migration committee, 53, 58–61; background, 57–58; on bird protection, 112; calls for paid bird curators, 61–62; founder of Linnaean Society of New York, 69; heads Division of Economic Ornithology, 60–61; learns taxidermy, 32; on metric system, 88; on nomenclatural chaos, 85; and Shufeldt scandal, 66
Merriam, Florence. See Bailey, Florence M.
meteorology, 5
Methods in the Art of Taxidermy (Davie), 34
metric system, 88
Michigan Ornithological Club, 234n.146
migration studies, 57–61, 154, 166, 169–172, 207; in Europe, 59, 231n.76
Migratory Bird Act, 170
migratory flyways, 257n.103
Miller, Alden H., 187, 200, 268n.165
Miller, Howard, 5
Miller, Olive Thorne, 71
Miller, W. DeWitt, 148–149, 150
Miller, Warner, 60
millinery trade, 32,41, 111, 112–113, 114, 116, 117, 122, 123, 127; opposition to bird protection, 120; and scientific collecting, 135
Minot, Henry D., 50, 52, 55–56
Mitman, Gregg, 196
moose, 109
morphology, 63, 75, 77, 81, 89, 207
Morse, George W., 140
Mortensen, Christian, 171
mountain lion, 148
Murphy, Robert C., 191, 192, 200
Museum of Comparative Zoology, 23, 62, 108, 178, 202; bird collection, 25, 28, 186; founding and early years, 24–27; natural history focus of, 185–186
Museum of Natural History (at Michigan), 188
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 145, 187, 198
museums: development of research collections, 78–79; habitat exhibits, 23, 45. See also Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; American Museum of Natural History; Boston Society of Natural History; Museum of Comparative Zoology; U.S. National Museum
National Association of Audubon Societies, 128, 134, 143, 149, 150, 152–153, 157, 169. See also National Audubon Society
National Audubon Society, 134, 171, 194. See also National Association of Audubon Societies
national parks, 11, 111, 117, 149
National Research Council, 199, 268n.164
National Science Foundation, 210
nationalism, 76, 87. See also American school of ornithology
natural history: aesthetic dimensions of, 17, 21, 102; collecting, 3, 12–13, 21; conflicts in, 17–19; dealers, 10, 15, 16, 17, 21, 38, 42, 48, 56, 107, 137, 139, 158; descriptive tradition in, 185; employment prospects in, 3; exchanging specimens, 27–28; guides to collecting, 14, 20; periodicals devoted to, 10, 14–17; public interest in, 3, 7; societies devoted to, 13–14; specimen catalogs, 18; standards in, 187. See also bird collecting; collecting; egg collecting
Natural History of Birds (Lewis), 43
Natural Science Bulletin, 17
naturalists: as conservationists, 107; directories of, 13, 206–207, 226n.132
Naturalists’ Agency, 35
Naturalists’ Leisure Hour and Monthly Bulletin, 16
nature: appreciation of, 11, 111; desire for contact with, 12; as a resource, 11, 17, 21, 27, 172–173; as a wasteland, 11
nature fakers debate, 4
Nature Study Review, 14
nature writing, 12
Naumberg, Elsie, 266n.106
Nebraska Ornithologists’ Union, 234n.146
neo-Lamarckians, 237n.36
Nests and Eggs of North American Birds (Davie), 38
networks: Agassiz’s reliance on, 25, 77; Baird’s reliance on, 26, 77–78; bird banding, 171–172, 208; birdwatching, 154, 165–169, 180, 208; census monitoring, 170–171; collecting, 7, 21, 24–27, 187; correspondence, 10; life history data gathering, 172–175; migration monitoring, 58–59, 169–170, 231n.76; in ornithology, 8, 67, 181; in science, 6, 215n.21
New England Bird Banding Association, 171
New Haven Bird Club, 171
New Jersey Audubon Society, 148
New York Forest, Fish, and Game Commission, 142
New York Times, 149
New York Zoological Park, 199
New York Zoological Society, 136
New Yorker, 163
Newkirk, Garrett, 141
Nice, Leonard Blaine, 195
Nice, Margaret Morse, 195–198, 227n.156, 268n.165; and the AOU, 201, 204; rejected as editor of Auk, 269n.170
niche, 187
nomenclature: binomial, 84, 95; botanical and zoological, relationship between, 95; codes of, 75, 240n.106; color, 88; common names, 89, 92, 94, 96, 239n.82; and evolution, 94; and founding of AOU, 51; International Code of Nomenclature, 76, 95; law of priority, 86, 95, 96, 240n.110; lumping, 96–100; nomina conservanda, 240n.110; ornithologists criticized for preoccupation with, 114, 140; proliferation of scientific names, 76; reform of, 7, 76, 85–86; scientific, criticism of, 19, 54, 76; splitting, 96–100, 114; stability, lack of, 76, 95–101; Strickland Code, 75, 86, 90, 93; test of intergradation, 83, 87; trinomial, 7, 76, 83–85, 87, 93–94, 95, 237n.39; trinomial, opposition to, 92–93, 88–95, 96–100. See also American school of ornithology; AOU Code and Checklist; subspecies
Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists (Ridgway), 88
Nomenclature of North American Birds (Ridgway), 85
Norris, J. Parker, Jr., 29, 139–140
Norris, J. Parker, Sr., 29, 39
North American Oology (Brewer), 173
Northeastern Bird Banding Association, 171
Northrup, W. DeForrest, 124
Nuttall Ornithological Club, 47–50, 53, 54, 206, 223n.69
Oberholser, Harry C., 98
Oberlin, 166
observation of birds. See birdwatching
Oologists’ Advertiser, 15
Oologists ’ Handbook (Lattin), 38–39
oology, 218n.35. See also egg collecting; egg collections
Origin of Species (Darwin), 27, 77, 78, 81, 83
ornithological societies, 69, 234n.146; AOU cooperation with, 205; and bird clubs, 163–164. See also American Ornithologists’ Union; bird clubs; Cooper Ornithological Club; Linnaean Society of New York; Nuttall Ornithological Club; Wilson Ornithological Club
Ornithologist and Oologist, 17, 54–56, 91, 170, 176; on AOU, 69, 89; on bird protection, 122–125; illustration of cover of, 55; on nomenclatural chaos, 85
ornithologists: and bird protection, 106, 228 (see also American Ornithologists’ Union—committees: Committee on the Protection of North American Birds; bird protection); directories of, 226n.132; and extinction, 149–150; and social responsibility, 106; threats to authority of, 181; training of, 145–146 (see also graduate training: in ornithology). See also American Ornithologists’ Union; bird collecting; egg collecting; ornithology
ornithology: avian inventories in, 74–75, 79, 154, 172; in Canada, 215n.22; changes in, 74–75, 145–146, 153, 179, 206–208; conflict in, 135; dependence on amateurs in, 5–6, 182–184, 208–211 (see also amateurs); development of research collections, 78–79; diffusion of European work to America, 197; as discipline in Europe, 75 (see also discipline formation: in ornithology); diversification of research in, 189–190, 207; economic, 116, 207, 59; employment opportunities in, 3, 190, 173, 176, 190, 207 (see also professionalization: in ornithology); Europeans describe North American birds, 83; motivations for doing, 161, 211; professionalization in (see professionalization: in ornithology); research standards in, 79, 81–83, 88, 182–183, 184, 187, 190; scientific vs. popular, 74–75, 99–101; and sport hunting, 30–33 (see also sport hunting); tabular presentation of research data in, 79, 81–83; and taxidermy, 31–33 (see also taxidermy); taxonomic focus of, 47, 74, 186 (see also nomenclature; systematics); threats to science of, 146; training in, 166, 200 (see also graduate training); women in, 43, 48, 71, 157 (see also women). See also American Ornithologists’ Union; American school of ornithology; bird collecting; bird-watching; behavioral studies; life history studies; migration studies
Osprey, 140
Owl, 16
Pacific Railroad Survey Report, 75, 79, 81
Pallas, Peter Simon, 237n.34
Palmer, T. S., 68, 180–181, 200, 203; caricature of, 202; criticism of, 201–202; and Lacey Act, 133; lobbies for AOU model law, 133;
panther, 109
parakeet, Carolina, 102–106, 110, 149; Audubon’s depiction of, 103
Peale, Charles Willson, 23
Peale’s Philadelphia Museum, 23
Peet, Max, 28
Pennsylvania Audubon Society, 132
periodicals, growth in, 10–11. See also natural history: periodicals devoted to
personal equation, 176
pesticides, 208
Peterson, Roger Tory, 159, 165, 179
Pettingill, Olin S., Jr., 189
photography, 160–161, 187, 189, 209
physicians, as ornithologists, 24, 28, 29, 44, 58, 120, 143, 191
pigeon, passenger, 102, 107–108, 110, 121, 149
plover, golden, 149; upland, 149; Wilson’s, 129
pochard, red-crested, 190
Pond, J. Warren, 142
Population Study of the Song Sparrow (Nice), 198
practice, ornithological. See bird banding; bird collecting; birdwatching; collecting; egg collecting; ornithology
Preble, Edward A., 201
predators, 147, 148, 151. See also eagle; hawk
Prince, Charles H., 15
printing technologies, 10
“Problems in Field Identification” (Griscom), 178
profession: definition of, in science, 4–5, 6, 154; in ornithology, 7; relationship with amateurs, 8 (see also amateurs)
professional-amateur public system, 5, 6
professionalization, 184, 214n.10; credentials, 185; in ornithology, 4, 5, 6, 8, 46, 53, 57–62, 73, 92, 100–101, 175–176, 190, 207–208, 209, 210; resistance to, 6; in science, 4, 5, 213n.4
psychology, 204
Purdie, Henry A., 48
Putnam, Frederic Ward, 13
quail, bobwhite, 195
Quinn, Davis, 148
Ralph, William L., 174
Random Notes on Natural History, 16
records of occurrence, 177
“Red-winged Blackbird” (Allen), 189
Reed, Charles K., 158
Reed, Chester A., 158, 165, 194
Règles internationales de la Nomenclature zoologique, 95
Reiger, John, 110
Richmond, Charles, 199
Ridgway, Robert, 53, 90, 184, 199; advice to young ornithologists, 3; background, 20–21; Birds of Middle and North America, 74; on color nomenclature, 88; and Coues, Elliott, 38, 51, 84; “Directions for Collecting Birds,” 38; History of North American Birds: Land Birds, 21; Manual of North American Birds, 37–38, 156; on nomenclature, 84–86
Riker, Clarence B., 104
Riley, C. V., 60
Riley, Joseph H., 199
Ritter, William E., 186
Rockefeller Foundation, 199
Rodgers, Daniel, 12
Romanticism, 11, 17–18, 111, 155–156
Roosevelt, Theodore, 9, 31, 50, 133–134
sandpiper, buff-breasted, 149
Sanford, Leonard C., 28, 191–192
Saunders, Howard, 61
Science, 112
scientific societies, 10, 13–14; membership policies of, 46, 67. See also ornithological societies
Sclater, Philip L., 23, 61, 236n.14
Scott, W. E. D., 32, 48, 114–115, 230n.70
Scripps Institution of Biological Research, 186
seal, 38
Seebohm, Henry, 93
Sennett, George B., 52, 112, 125
Seton, Ernest T., 158, 239n.82
Sherman, Althea, 196, 266n.106
Sherwood, George H., 150
Shields, G. O., 133
shrike, Northern, 91
Shufeldt, Florence Audubon, 63–65
sight records, 8, 175–180, 181, 193; concern about, 154–155; criticized, 145
Singer Manufacturing Co., 162
Smith, Herbert H., 62
Smith College Audubon Society, 118, 156
Smithsonian Institution, 26, 84, 136, 138, 173–175, 200; photograph of bird collection, 78; and Shufeldt, Robert, 63, 65. See also U.S. National Museum
Society of American Taxidermists, 121
Society for the Study of Evolution, 198
Southwick and Jencks, 16
sparrow: dusky seaside, 44; English, 48–50, 53, 61, 90; field, 44; song, 196, 197, 198
species. See geographical variation; nomenclature; subspecies; variation in species
sport hunters: as conservationists, 106, 110; 133; as members of collecting networks, 21; and ornithology, 5, 30–33
sport hunting: and Audubon movement, 133; origins of, 30; and ornithology, 30–33
Sportsman's Companion, 30
Spy Glass, 16
spyglass, 159
St. Nicholas Magazine, 14
Stebbins, Robert A., 5
Stone, Witmer, 189, 200, 208; on AOU, 72, 73; on AOU bird protection committee, 144–145; attacked for excessive collecting, 139; and Auk, 183–184, 201, 202; background, 132; discourages collecting, 137, 138; on taxidermists, 136; on trends in American ornithology, 206–207
Stresemann, Er win, 183, 190, 191, 197, 200
Strickland Code, 75, 86, 90, 93
Studies in the Life History of the Song Sparrow (Nice), 197–198
subspecies, 7, >87, 88, 93–94, 95, 96, 97, 175, 237n.39; creation of new, 206; criticism of concept, 207; development of concept, 76–85; field identification of, 145; as nascent species, 83; proliferation of, 98–100; test of intergradation for, 83, 87. See also geographical variation; nomenclature
Sutton, George S., 189
swallow, tree, 194
swift, chimney, 196
Swiss Cross, 14
Systema Naturae (Linnaeus), 86, 95
systematics, 47, 199, 204, 206, 207, 235n.1; as core activity in ornithology, 53, 74, 75, 154, 189–190. See also AOU Code and Checklist; nomenclature; subspecies
tables, use of to present data, 79, 80, 81–83. See also illustrations
tanager, 159; scarlet, 155, 163
Taverner, P. A., 268n.165
taxidermists, 17, 48, 31–33, 58, 116, 159; and bird protection, 121–122, 123, 136–137; and collecting networks, 21; contributions to ornithology by, 5; invited to join AOU, 56; and museum collecting, 139. See also Joseph H. Batty; John G. Bell; W. W. Castle, Oliver Davie; William T. Hornaday; John Krider; C. J. Maynard; John Wallace; Frank Blake Webster; Frederic S. Webster; Chris Wood
taxidermy: lessons in, 9; manuals of, 38; and ornithology, 21, 31–33; preservation techniques, 22–23, 34–35
Taxidermy and Zoological Collecting (Hornaday), 38
taxonomy. See AOU Code and Checklist; nomenclature; subspecies; systematics
Taylor, Henry Reed, 3
territory theory, 197
Thayer, Abbott, 133
Thayer, John, 28
Thoreau, Henry David, 11, 118, 159
Tinbergen, Niko, 197
Torrey, Bradford, 56
Townsend, John Kirk, 24
trade cards, birds depicted on, 162
Transactions of the Linnaean Society of New York, 198
Trefethen, James B., 110
turkey, 110
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 59–61
U.S. Exploring Expedition, 26
U.S. Fish Commission, 171
U.S. Geographical Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, 20
U.S. Geological Survey, 35
U.S. National Museum, 26, 122, 138, 182, 199. See also Smithsonian Institution
U.S. National Zoo, 136
U.S. Northern Boundary Survey, 35
University of California, Berkeley, 186–187
University of Michigan, 187, 188
Van Name, Willard G., 148, 149, 150
Van Tyne, Josselyn, 188, 194, 205
variation in species, 27, 28, 78, 81–83, 87, 93–94. See also geographical variation
Verrill, A. H., 226n.137
Verrill, Addison E., 25
Vogue, 113
vulture, turkey, 177
Wake-Robin (Burroughs), 113
Walcott, Charles D., 174
Wallace, Alfred R., 236n.14
warbler, 174; Bachman’s, 37, 115; Brewster’s, 177; Kentucky, 139; Swainson’s, 124; wormeating, 139; yellow, 98
Warbler, 71
Warblers of North America (Chapman), 174
Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, 17, 38, 121, 136, 139, 229n.39
waterfowl, decline of, 252n.139
Webb, Walter, E, 139
Webster, Frank Blake, 17, 122, 139
Weeks-McLean Act, 170
Welker, Robert H., 107
Western Bird Banding Association, 171
Western Reserve, 187
Wetmore, Alexander, 148, 152, 199; photograph of, 138
Wheeler, William Morton, 199
Whitney, Henry Payne, 191
Whitney Hall of Oceanic Birds, 192
Whitney South Sea Expedition, 191, 192
Whitney Wing of the American Museum of Natural History, 192
Whittier, John G., 118
Wilder, Burt G., 188
wildlife conservation, 110; ecological perspectives in, 146–147. See also Audubon movement; bird protection
wildlife photography, 160–161, 187, 189, 209
wildlife refuges, federal, 133–134
Willard, S. L., 207
willet, 194
Wilson Bulletin, 69, 166–167, 179, 207, 209
Wilson, Alexander, 79, 108, 173; American Ornithology, 23, 74–75
Wilson, Thomas B., 23
Wilson Ornithological Club, 69, 165–167, 174, 198, 204
wolverine, 109
women: in AOU, 71, 195, 198, 265n.97, 266n.106; and Audubon movement, 131; as birdwatchers, 157; in botany, 227n.152; difficulties in the field, 227nn.155 and 156; as field guide authors, 157; in Nuttall Ornithological Club, 48; obstacles to collecting birds for, 43; in ornithology, 43–45, 71, 157
Wood, Chris, 32
Wood, Robert W, 163
Wood, William A., 27
woodpecker, ivory-billed, 115, 149
work ethic, 12
workweek, changes in, 218n.29
Worthen, Charles K., 226n.134
wren, house, 196
Wright, Mabel Osgood, 71, 132, 157, 195, 266n.106
Xantus, John, 222n.40
Yellowstone National Park, 117
Young Ornithologists’ Association, 165
Zeiss Works, 160