acknowledgments

We are grateful to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) for making it possible for us to study facial expression and body movement during the last eighteen years. Paul Ekman was able to start our research when he was awarded a predoctoral research fellowship from NIMH from 1955 to 1957. During military service from 1958 to 1960 Ekman and Friesen became research associates, a relationship which was later formalized when Friesen joined the project in 1965. A postdoctoral research fellowship from NIMH made it possible for Ekman to pursue the research from 1960 to 1963. Later, when the pressure of teaching seemed likely to curtail research, a Career Development Award from NIMH to Ekman allowed the team to continue the research from 1966 to 1972. During all these years, at each critical juncture, the late Bert Boothe, director of the Research Fellowship Branch, provided invaluable help, interest, and advice. The Clinical Research Branch of NIMH provided continuous support for our research on facial expression and body movement from 1963 until now (MH 11976-09). Its support allowed us to study mental patients and also has made it possible for us to work together since 1965.

We are also grateful to the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the Department of Defense for supporting our studies from 1966 to 1970. Lee Hough, former director of ARPA, convinced us of the importance of studying facial expression and gesture in different cultures. He helped us overcome our reluctance to try to resolve the argument over the possible universality of facial expression and gesture. When we launched our research in a remote area of New Guinea, Rowena Swanson, the monitor of the grant, found ways to solve the administrative and bureaucratic obstacles.

We are grateful to Silvan S. Tomkins for his contagious excitement about facial expression of emotion. He encouraged us to learn how to read faces and to teach others to do so. For the past ten years, Patsy Garlan has been an invaluable help as we have approached that point in each experiment where the results of our work are conveyed to others. She has always had a keen understanding of our research, has worked to make our writing lucid, and has critically examined our ideas and searched for ambiguities and contradictions. We are also grateful to our friends, colleagues, and employees who have been enthusiastic about our studies of the face and our attempts to teach others what we have learned. Randall Harrison, John Bear, Allen Dittmann, and Stuart Miller gave many helpful suggestions about how to present this material in an understandable way. Harriett Lukes not only typed the manuscript, but was an enthusiastic first reader. Nina Honbo helped invaluably in keeping us organized and encouraging the completion of the materials. We cannot thank by name the many people who have worked on the research reported in this book; we are grateful for their fine work and for their extra efforts which gave us the time to write this book.

Our special thanks go to our friends, students, and colleagues who let us show their faces in this book. We hope that you, our readers, get to know them well.