Chapter 11

1 Hart, Fortieth Illinois Infantry, 88.

2 OR 10, pt. 1, 159.

3 Ibid., 160.

4 McElroy, Undying Procession, 38.

5 Throne, Cyrus Boyd Diary, 24, 29.

6 Ibid., 29. The assistant regimental surgeon later remarked that Lieutenant Colonel Dewey was on the sick.

7 Day, “The Fifteenth Iowa at Shiloh,” 182.

8 Ibid.

9 Belknap, 15th Regiment Iowa, 15; Day, “The Fifteenth Iowa at Shiloh,” 182, 183. Later in the war Reid supported the recruiting of Negro troops. When some of his soldiers protested, he explained, “Remember that every colored soldier who stops a rebel bullet saves a white man’s life.” Belknap, 15th Regiment Iowa, 15.

10 Throne, Cyrus Boyd Diary, 30; OR 10, pt. 1, 288.

11 Ibid., 117, 137, 133, 134; Douglas Hapeman, Diary, April 6, 1862, Douglas Hapeman Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; OR 10, pt. 1, 159, 271; Crummer, With Grant at Fort Donelson, 63. The two newly arrived Iowa regiments probably did not take part in this counterattack and probably more than Philip’s detachment of Sherman’s division participated.

12 OR 10, pt. 1, 447; Reed, Shiloh, 84.

13 OR 52, pt. 1, 29. Byrne’s Battery was referred to as the Kentucky and Mississippi Battery. Byrne was a native Kentuckian, but resided in Washington County, Mississippi, in 1861. At Greenville, Mississippi, in the summer, he organized a battery which included both Mississippians and expatriate Kentuckians. Thompson, History of the Orphan Brigade, 857-859. In some accounts Byrne’s name is spelled Burns. L. D. Young, Reminiscences of A Soldier of the Orphan Brigade (Paris: n.p., n.d.), 32. Crews’ Tennessee Battalion was one of those strange hybrid units that frequently showed up in the Confederate army, especially in the early days of the Civil War. It was apparently organized at Savannah, Tennessee, in February 1862, and consisted of six companies. The unit lacked equipment, training, and weapons. Tennesseans in the Civil War, 1: 163; ORN 22, 573.

14 OR 10, pt. 1, 614, 615.

15 Ibid., 614, 615, 255, 159.

16 Young, Soldier of the Orphan Brigade, 27.

17 Hart, Fortieth Illinois Infantry, 88.

18 OR 10, pt. 1, 159.

19 Byers, Iowa In War Times, 139; Wright, Sixth Iowa, 84.

20 Kirwan, Johnny Green, 26.

21 Ibid., 27.

22 OR 10, pt. 1, 417, 585.

23 Ibid., 117, 137, 134. The whole action cost Cobb’s Battery twelve men killed and twenty-nine wounded. Sixty-eight animals were killed and ten others wounded. Ibid., 621; Bearss, “Project 17,” 46, 47. According to T. J. Lindsey, Cobb lost seventy-nine of his eighty-four battery horses killed. Lindsey, Ohio at Shiloh, 48.

24 OR 10, pt. 1, 116.

25 Ibid., 615.

26 Young, Soldier of the Orphan Brigade, 30.

27 Byers, Iowa in War Times, 139.

28 OR 10, pt. 1, 117.

29 Throne, Cyrus Boyd Diary, 32, 33.

30 OR 10, pt. 1, 480.

31 Thomas Chinn Robertson to mother, April 9, 1862, Thomas C. Robertson Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

32 Hickenlooper, “The Battle of Shiloh,” 420.

33 Thomas Chinn Robertson to mother, April 9, 1862, Thomas C. Robertson Papers, Louisiana State University Archives. Dubroca escaped in jury on this occasion, but he was later captured in the war at Bardstown, Kentucky. He was exchanged at Vicksburg, Mississippi, November 29, 1862. He returned to his regiment, later be coming lieutenant colonel and he led his regiment in Tennessee and Georgia. Booth, Louisiana Records, 2: 690.

34 Thomas Chinn Robertson to mother, April 9, 1862, Thomas C. Robertson Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

35 Booth, Louisiana Records, 3: 780.

36 OR 10, pt. 1, 489; Booth, Louisiana Records, 3: 103; Taylor, Reluctant Rebel, 83, 84. As young Robert Patrick told the story, McArthy was drunk. He began beating Private Thomas Shipwith, Company A, and Pennington, then a major, tried to arrest the lieutenant, who refused to be arrested. In stead, he knocked Pennington down, and proceeded to pound the major’s head in an open fire place. Apparently no action was taken against the lieutenant, who later was mortally wounded near Atlanta, August 9, 1864. Taylor, Reluctant Rebel, 83, 84; Booth, Louisiana Records, 3: 1136. Pennington survived the beating and was elected lieutenant colonel, and he led the Fourth Louisiana in a number of actions in Georgia and Tennessee. He was captured at the Battle of Nashville, but survived the war. Ibid., 103. This incident clearly illustrates the rather informal Confederate discipline.

37 Richardson, “War As I Saw It,” 99; OR 10, pt. 1, 491.

38 Ibid., 492, 493.

39 Howard, Illustrated Comprehensive History of the Great Battle of Shiloh, 79; OR 10, pt. 1, 488.

40 OR 10, pt. 1, 284.

41 Hoburt, The Truth About Shiloh, 12; Morton, “A Boy at Shiloh,” 63.

42 Stillwell, Common Soldier, 59.

43 Richardson, “War As I Saw It,” 100.

44 OR 10, pt. 1, 493.

45 Ibid., 491, 493.

46 Ibid., 484; Reed, Shiloh, 77; Richardson, “War As I Saw It,” 101; Thomas Chinn Robertson to mother, April 9, 1862, Thomas C. Robertson Papers, Louisiana State University Archives. D. W. Reed said the brigade attacked four times. Apparently he was basing this on Gibson’s report of the action. OR 10, pt. 1, 480. It seems however, from all sources this writer has perused, that only three attacks took place, the last occurred about 2:00 p.m. || Daniel, Shiloh, 213, argues that Gibson made four assaults; Sword, Shiloh, 288-289, and McDonough, Shiloh, 149, both argue that three attacks were made.

47 Booth, Louisiana Records, 3: 1081; Richardson, “War As I Saw It,” 101.

48 Booth, Louisiana Records, 3: 1081.

49 OR 10, pt. 1, 162, 163; Reed, Shiloh, 71; OR 10, pt. 1, 582.

50 Ibid., 574.

51 Ibid., 578. Colonel William Shaw of the Fourteenth Iowa said he thought he saw Colonel Dean fall. After the attack was over, Captain Warren C. Jones, later a lieutenant colonel, went out and spoke to the dying officer. Jones turned the mortally wounded man on his back, placed a pocket handkerchief over his face, and crossed his hands. William Shaw to D. W. Reed, April 16, 1896, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

52 OR 10, pt. 1, 574, 576, 578.

53 John Renick, The 44th Indiana Volunteer Infantry (LaGrange: Published by Author, 1880), 231.

54 Ninth Reunion of Iowa’s Hornet’s Nest Brigade Held at Pittsburg Landing, April 6 and 1, 1912 (Des Moines: Bisland Brothers, Printers, 1912), 13.

55 Samuel A. Moore, “Ten Minutes With The Old Boys,” Third Reunion-Iowa Hornet’s Nest Brigade, Held at Newton, Iowa, August 21 and 22, 1895 (Newton: Record Print, 1895), 28.

56 George Mills (ed.), “The Sharp Family Civil War Letters,” The Annals of Iowa 24 (January 1959): 492; Adolph Engelmann to wife, April 17, 1862, Engelmann Papers, Illinois State Library and Archives; Henry Bellamy to parents, n.d., 1862, Henry Bellamy Papers, Michigan Historical Collection, University of Michigan.

57 Force, From, Fort Henry to Corinth, 151, 152; Reed, Shiloh, 85, 87, 88 ; OR 10, pt. 1, 621; Booth, Louisiana Records, 1: 17, 163. The Watson Battery fought in the Battle of Belmont, where it lost two guns, two men killed, and eight wounded or missing. OR 3: 359, 360. The battery is listed as part of Bowen’s command as of November 23, 1861. Ibid., 7: 728, and as belonging to Cleburne’s Brigade on February 23, 1862. Ibid. See, R. R. Hutchinson, “Albert Sidney Johnston at Shiloh,” Confederate Veteran 6 (July 1898): 311.

58 Kimbell, Battery A, 41; Reed, Shiloh, 49, 50.

59 OR 10, pt. 1, 245, 247; Force, From Fort Henry to Corinth, 152.

60 Hutchinson, “Albert Sidney Johnston at Shiloh,” 311.

61 Ibid., 312.

62 OR 10, pt. 1, 155, 157; Kimbell, Battery A, 41.

63 Ibid.

64 OR 10, pt. 1, 313, 214, 245; W. B. Pippen, “Concerning the Battle of Shiloh,” Confederate Veteran 16 (July 1908): 344. || In Dr. Cunningham’s original text was an interesting paragraph that completely up set the timing of events in the Peach Orchard. In it, he declared that Pugh retired after McArthur’s withdrawal uncovered his flank. Pugh, wrote Cunningham, fell back to the north side of the Peach Orchard. Cunningham also confused the cabins in the area, saying one Illinois regiment took position behind the Sarah Bell cabin. Bell’s cabin sat on the south side of the field (south of the Peach Orchard). He probably meant the William Manse George cabin (George was Bell’s son-in-law). At any rate, the larger picture was thrown off the established time line by this paragraph. Cunningham placed the attack that Johnston spurred forward and in which he was mortally wounded as moving toward the Federal line north of the Peach Orchard. The monuments in the line south of the orchard reflect that Pugh remained there until around 2:00 p.m. be fore falling back as a result of Johnston’s at tack. See Shiloh Battlefield Commission Monuments #56, 58, and 61.

65 William Preston Diary, April 6, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

66 A. H. Mecklin Diary, April 6, 1862, Mississippi Department of Archives and History.

67 Doak “Memoirs,” Confederate Collection, Tennessee Department of Archives and History; Bearss, “Project 17”; Edwin Bearss, “Painting Number 3, Shiloh National Military Park, #1, Background to Event Depicted-The Fight for the Peach Orchard,” Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park; W. J. McMurray, History of the Twentieth Tennessee(Nashville: The Publication Committee, 1904), 126; Johnston, Life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, 610.

68 Johnston, Life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, 610.

69 A. H. Mecklin Diary, April 6, 1862, Mississippi Department of Archives and History; Doak, “Memoirs,” Confederate Collection, Tennessee Department of Archives and History; McMurray, Twentieth Tennessee, 125, 126; W. J. Worsham, The Old Nineteenth Tennessee, C. S. A. (Knoxville: Press of Paragon Printing Company, 1865), 39.

70 A. H. Mecklin Diary, April 6, 1862, Mississippi Department of Archives and History.

71 OR 10, pt. 1, 245, 247.

72 Thompson, Recollections With the Third Iowa Regiment, 219. The blinding effect of the black powder smoke was a common phenomenon on the battlefield. Payson Shumway to wife, April 13, 1862, Payson Z. Shumway Papers, Illinois State Historical Library. See A. H. Mecklin Diary, April 6, 1862, Mississippi Department of Archives and History.

73 OR 10, pt. 1, 212, 213, 215.

74 Force, From Fort Henry to Corinth, 152; Johnston, Life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, 610.

75 Ibid., 610, 611.

76 Force, From Fort Henry to Corinth, 152, 153; OR 10, pt. 1, 212, 215, 217, 218; Johnston, Life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, 611, 612; Walter Shotwell, Civil War in America 2 vols. (New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1923), 1: 211.

77 Thompson, Recollections With the Third Iowa Regiment, 219, 220; A. H. Mecklin Diary, April 6, 1862, Mississippi Department of Archives and History.

78 Tennesseans in the Civil War, 1: 172.

79 A. S. Horsley, “Reminiscences of Shiloh,” Confederate Veteran 2 (August 1894): 454.

80 Watkins, Co Aytch, 41.

81 Thomas T. Harrison, “Shiloh,” Thomas T. Harrison Papers, University of Tennessee Library.

82 OR 10, pt. 1, 537; Warner, Generals in Gray, 1.

83 OR 10, pt. 1, 538, 542.

84 OR 10, pt. 1, 538, 542.

85 Ibid., 455.

86 Ibid., 439, 455; Hardy Murfree to James Murfree, May 12, 1862, James Murfree Papers, University of Tennessee Library.

87 Watkins, Co Aytch, 42.

88 OR 10, pt. 1, 213, 219, 249.

89 A. H. Mecklin Diary, April 6, 1862, Mississippi Department of Archives and History.

90 John Parish (ed.), “A Few Martial Memoirs,” The Palimpest 1 (October 1920): 121.

91 Kimbell, Battery A, 45. The author wrote that the gun crew fired at some mounted officers, and that later the gunners learned that Johnston was hit by their fire. Ibid.

92 || For an in-depth examination of Johnston’s wound and the circumstances surrounding it, see Sword, Shiloh, 461-471.

93 Johnston, Life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, 615.

94 R. R. Hutchinson, “Albert Sidney Johnston at Shiloh,” Confederate Veteran 6 (July 1898): 313; Johnston, Life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, 613-615; George Withe Baylor, “With Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston at Shiloh,” Confederate Veteran 5 (December 1897): 611; Roland, Albert Sidney Johnston, 336.

95 Johnston, Life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, 614.

96 Ibid., 614, 615; George Withe Baylor, “With Gen. Johnston at Shiloh,” Confederate Veteran 5 (December 1897): 611. For slightly different versions of General A. S. Johnston’s death, see Confederate Veteran 17 (May 1909): 219, and 16 (December 1908): 629. William Preston Diary, April 6, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

97 New Orleans Daily Picayune, April 11, 1862; J. S. Byers to William Preston Johnston, June 13, 1862, Mrs. Mason Barret Papers, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; Battles and Leaders, 1: 590; William Preston Diary, April 6, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park. Colonel Preston said he “wrote a note to Gen. Beauregard, informing him that he [Johnston] had fallen at the moment of victory, after routing the enemy at every point, and that the completion of the victory would devolve on him.” Ibid. John Broome maintained that he carried word to Beauregard of the death of Johnston. John Broome, “How General Albert Sidney Johnston Died,” Confederate Veteran 16 (December 1908): 629.

Chapter 12

1 It was only after the army was safe at Corinth, three days after the battle, that Beauregard formally announced the news of Johnston’s death, al though by that time everyone on both sides knew it. Beauregard’s message read as follows:

Soldiers—Your late Commander-in-Chief, A. S. Johnston, is dead. A fearless soldier, a sagacious captain, a reproachless man has fallen. One who in his devotion to our cause shrunk from no sacrifice; one who, animated by a sense of duty and sustained by a sublime courage, challenged danger and perished gallantly for his country while leading forward his columns to victory. His signal example of heroism and patriotism, if generally imitated, will make this army invincible. A grateful country will mourn his loss, revere his name, and cherish his many virtues. OR 10, pt. 2, 408.

2 Roman, Beauregard, 1: 297, 298; Battles and Leaders, 1: 590; Williams, P. G. T. Beauregard, 140. Johnston’s biographer, Charles Roland, suggested that the Confederate army suffered a serious loss of momentum, in part due to the disheartening news of Johnston’s death as it spread across the field. Roland, Albert Sidney Johnston, 341, 342. || Dr. Cunningham was the first to question the Lost Cause idea that a lull occurred when Johnston died. Sword, Shiloh, 310, and Daniel, Shiloh, 235, both claim a lull developed. McDonough, Shiloh, 154-155, argues that there was no lull following Johnston’s death.

3 OR 10, pt. 1, 496.

4 Barber, Army Memoirs, 54; Bacon, Thrilling Adventures, 6.

5 Bering and Montgomery, Forty-eighth Ohio, 21, 22.

6 Crummer, With Grant at Fort Donelson, 64, 65.

7 Ibid., 65.

8 OR 10, pt. 1, 134.

9 Duke, Fifty-third Ohio, 49. || Dr. Cunningham slightly misplaced this human interest story; according to the citation, it actually occurred a little earlier—on the Shiloh Church line.

10 Ibid., 52.

11 Orville J. Victor, Incidents and Anecdotes of the War(New York: James D. Torrey, 1862), 359.

12 OR 10, pt. 1, 582. || Dr. Cunningham’s original text in advertently left out the 23rd Tennessee, which Cleburne specifically noted joined in the attack. The 15th Arkansas advanced, but did not engage the enemy. OR 10, pt. 1, 582.

13 OR 10, pt. 1, 118.

14 Phil Bond to brother, April 23, 1862, in James G. Terry, “Record of the Alabama State Artillery from its Organization in May 1836 to the Surrender in April 1865,” The Alabama Historical Quarterly 20 (Summer 1958): 316; OR 10, pt. 1, 516, 517.

15 S. W. Ferguson to General Beauregard, April 6, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park. In the above re port, Feguson said he commanded the advance on McClernand. Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Ro man stated flatly that he did not see the brigade commander on either day of the battle. Alfred Roman, “Memoirs of Shiloh,” Confederate Collection, Tennessee Department of Archives and History. Pond gave an entirely different version of it in his official report. He said he was ordered to attack the position by Ferguson, who gave the order by virtue of the authority of General Hardee. OR 10, pt. 1, 517. Ro man appended his name to an entirely different account of the action in his so-called biography of General Beauregard, which muddles the is sue even more. Beauregard cooperated so closely in writing the book that it became, in effect, an “official” biography with over tones of an autobiography. The practical effect was that the account is Beauregard’s own and not Ro man’s. This version stated that Beauregard was told by a staff officer that Pond’s Brigade was leaderless. The Creole promptly ordered Ferguson to go over and take charge. The account stated that Pond’s absence from the brigade was due to his undertaking a reconnaissance of the enemy’s position, but it did not mention who actually led the charge. Ro man, Beauregard, 1: 298. Sergeant L. M. Pipkin, the regimental quartermaster for the Sixth Louisiana, in a letter written half a century after the battle, confirmed Pond’s report of the action in al most every detail, stating that Lieu ten ant Colonel Ferguson merely brought the order. L. M. Pipkin to D. W. Reed, March 17, 1909, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park. Pond was elected colonel of the Sixteenth Louisiana on September 26, 1861. He resigned on May 2, 1862. Booth, Louisiana Records, 3, 2: 169.

16 Warner, Generals in Gray, 87; OR 47, pt. 2, 1004-1012, 1027, 1028, 1127.

17 Cesar Porta to J. B. Wilkinson, n.d., 1862, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University.

18 Order Book, Washington Artillery, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University. See OR 10, pt. 1, 527.

19 OR 10, pt. 1, 527.

20 Ibid., 521; Cesar Porta to J. B. Wilkinson, n.d., 1862, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; Confederate Veteran 9 (August 1901): 499.

21 OR 10, pt. 1, 118; Cesar Porta to J. B. Wilkinson, n.d., 1862, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University.

22 OR 10, pt. 1, 519. Captain Crain had one of the strangest careers of the Civil War. Shortly be fore the out break of war, he re signed from the U. S. Navy as a passed Midshipman. A native Louisianian, he enlisted in the First Infantry Battalion (First Battalion Louisiana). Enrolling as a private, he was soon promoted to a third lieutenant of Company D, July 20, 1861. Presumably he participated in the battalion’s move to Virginia, perhaps even in its first action at the Curtis Farm on July 5, 1861. On Au gust 24, 1861, he resigned from the battalion. Booth, Louisiana Records, 2: 472. On September 1, 1861, Crain was appointed captain of a battery of Tennessee light artillery, three guns. He was stationed at Memphis, Fort Henry, and Corinth, but for some reason the battery was disbanded in the latter part of March 1862. Serving as a rifleman in Pond’s Brigade, Crain was severely wounded on Monday. On April 12, less than a week after the bat tle, he re signed his commission. Tennesseans in the Civil War, 1: 129, 130. On May 25, 1863, Crain was appointed a lieutenant in the Confederate navy and was as signed to the partially constructed iron clad Missouri. George I. Ness, Jr., “Louisiana Officers of the Confederate Navy,” Louisiana Historical Quarterly 27 (April 1944): 483. On June 2, 1864, Crain was appointed a first lieu tenant in the navy to rank from January 6, 1864. He served at Shreve port, Louisiana. His where abouts during the last few months of the war are un known, but he was paroled on June 3, 1865, at Alexandria, Louisiana. Booth, Louisiana Records, 2: 472; Ness, “Louisiana Officers of the Confederate Navy,” 483.

23 Roman, “Memoirs of Shiloh,” Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives; Roman, Beauregard, 1: 298. Roman said the time was about 5 P. M. McClernand gave the time as 4:30 p.m. OR 10, pt. 1, 118.

24 Ibid.. 522.

25 Phil Jordan and Charles Thomas (eds.), “Reminiscences of an Ohio Volunteer,” Ohio Archaelogical and Historical Quarterly 48 (October 1939): 311; OR 10, pt. 1, 118.

26 Chamberlain, Eighty-first Regiment Ohio, 16; OR 10, pt. 1, 118; Ro man, “Memoirs of Shiloh,” Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives.

27 OR 10, pt. 1, 161, 461.

28 Ibid., 615, 616, 417, 118, 119, 124.

29 Ibid., 498.

30 Charles DePetz to wife, April 15, 1862, Clark, “The New Orleans Ger man Colony in the Civil War,” 1003, 1004.

31 OR 10, pt. 1, 498.

32 Ibid., 523; Phil Bond to brother, April 23, 1862, in Terry, “Record of the Alabama State Artillery,” 316, 317; Richardson, “War As I Saw It,” 495, 496; W. A. Howard to wife, April 9, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

33 Phil Bond to brother, April 23, 1862, in Terry, “Record of the Alabama State Artillery,” 316, 317.

34 OR 10, pt. 1, 472; Charles Swett, “Memoirs,” Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park. General Daniel Ruggles seems to have acted on his own initiative in deciding on this massive barrage on the Un ion position.

35 OR 10, pt. 1, 472; Frank Peak, “A Southern Soldier’s View of the Civil War, “‘Frank Peak Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; S. H. Dent to wife, April 9, 1862, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History; Charles Swett, “Memoirs,” Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park. Major F. A. Shoup, on orders from General Hardee, massed twenty guns along the Duncan Field to shell the Hornet’s Nest. Proclaiming it was his idea, by implication, he intimated that General Ruggles took credit for his idea. Hardee’s batteries did take part in this operation, and Major Shoup probably helped position them not realizing that Hardee’s orders were in response to General Ruggles’ request. F. A. Shoup, “The Art of War in ‘62—Shiloh,” 8, 9.

36 OR 10, pt. 1, 479; Frank Peak, “A Southern Soldier’s View of the Civil War,” Frank Peak Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; OR 10, pt. 1, 475.

37 OR 10, pt. 1, 472. In his re port General Ruggles listed a Captain Trabue’s Kentucky Battery as being in the line-up. There was no such unit at the Battle of Shiloh, but it is possible that Ruggles was referring to Cobb’s Kentucky Battery, of Trabue’s Brigade. This unit had taken a very bad beating a little earlier in the day from McClernand’s division, but it is possible that some of the battery’s guns might have been able to have taken part in this Duncan Field operation. The marker at Shiloh National Military Park states that there were sixty-two guns under General Ruggles’ direction firing into the Hornet’s Nest. The late Kenneth P. Williams accepted this figure. Williams, Lincoln Finds A General 3: 372, 373. T. Harry Williams mentioned that Ruggles “collected more than sixty pieces of artillery.” Williams, P. G. T. Beauregard, 140. See also, Eisenschiml, The Story of Shiloh, 38; Howard; Illustrated Comprehensive History of the Great Battle of Shiloh, 74. The commander of the Washington Artillery, W. Irving Hodgson, in his re port stated that his battery served on the left near Pond’s Brigade, but mentioned nothing about taking part in the mass bombardment of the Hornet’s Nest. OR 10, pt. 1, 54. The Order Book, Fifth Company, Washington Artillery, con firmed this, as does the letter of Richard Pugh to his wife written just after the battle. Order Book, Washington Artillery, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; Richard Pugh to wife, April 8, 1862, Richard Pugh Papers, Louisiana State University Archives. Two guns were detached to help support Colonel Trabue, and it is possible they may have ended up with General Ruggles’ line. Counting a section of pieces from Cobb’s Battery and the two possible ones from Hodgson’s Battery, makes a maximum total of fifty-one pieces in the Duncan Field position, according to General Ruggles’ listing of the units. || Dr. Cunningham was the first to question the 62 pieces of artillery deter mined by Shiloh Battle field Commission historian D. W. Reed. Sword, Shiloh, 326, sticks with the original 62 pieces, while Daniel, Shiloh, 229, argues there were 53.

38 || Dr. Cunningham was also the first to question the bombardment’s importance. Daniel, Shiloh, 230, follows Cunningham’s lead.

39 S. H. Dent to wife, April 9, 1862, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History.

40 Joseph E. Riley,” The Military Ser vice of Joseph E. Riley,” Joseph E. Riley Papers, Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Park Archives.

41 OR 10, pt. 1, 428, 526, 448.

42 Samuel Latta to wife, April 12, 1862, Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives.

43 W. A. Howard to wife, April 12, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

44 Throne, “Letters from Shiloh,” 244, 245.

45 De Hass, Annals of the War, 49. || Dr. Cunningham originally confused Powell’s movements, stating that he deployed behind Wallace’s line only around 3:30 to 4:00 p.m. Powell’s action in Duncan Field was as early as 9:30 a.m., where he lost one gun. He then moved to western Wicker Field, where he remained for about six hours. It was at Wicker Field that he lost his right arm. See Reed, Shiloh, 61; Shiloh Battlefield Commission Monument #43.

46 Unsigned sketch, “John W. Powell,” Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

47 OR 10, pt. 1, 204. | | Interestingly, Dr. Cunningham does not go into any detail regarding large scale troop movements that occurred at this time. With McArthur’s line giving way, Hurlbut pulled Lauman’s entire brigade out of line west of the Hamburg-Savannah Road and placed it in line east of the road. See Reed, Shiloh, 55.

48 Ibid., 259; Frank Peak, “A Southern Soldier’s View of the Civil War,” Prank Peak Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

49 Kirkpatrick Scrapbook, Alabama Department of Archives and History; William Harvey Diary, April 6, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

50 Kirkpatrick Scrapbook, Alabama Department of Archives and History.

51 William Harvey Diary, April 6, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park; Reed, Shiloh, 18, 19, 50; OR 10, pt. 1, 204, 550.

52 Morrison, History of the Ninth Illinois, 30-32.

53 William Harvey Diary, April 6, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park; OR 10, pt. 1, 219.

54 Grady McWhiney, “Braxton Bragg at Shiloh,” The Tennessee Historical Quarterly 21 (March 1962): 26. || Grady McWhiney, Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat: Volume 1, Field Command (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), 235.

55 OR 10, pt. 1, 417; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

56 Hugh Henry to mother, April 10, 1862, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History ; OR 10, pt. 1, 550.

57 OR 10, pt. 1, 166.

58 Ibid., 149; T. Lyle Dickey to his Aunt Ann, May 19, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

59 OR 10, pt. 1, 149; John Mahon (ed.), “The Civil War Letters of Samuel Mahon, Seventh Iowa Infantry,” Iowa Journal of History 51 (July 1953): 238.

60 Cyrus Dickey to John J. Dickey, April 10, 1862, W. H. L. Wallace Papers, Illinois State Library and Archives. The musket ball entered above and behind the general’s left ear, and taking a slanting course, passed up and out his left eye. Ibid.; Wallace, Life and Letters of General W. H. L. Wallace, 196.

61 Thomas, Soldier Life.

62 OR 10, pt. 1, 550.

63 Thomas, Soldier Life.

64 Charles Swett, “The Battle of Shiloh,” Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park. A Confederate officer confirmed that some of his men kept on firing for a little while after the white flags were raised. Captain Robert H. Wood to his father, June 1, 1862, Robert H. Wood Papers, University of Tennessee Library.

65 Luther Jackson, “A Prisoner of War,” The Annals of Iowa 19 (July 1933): 24; OR 10, pt. 1, 154; Reed, Shiloh, 49; Thomas, Soldier Life; William Harvey Diary, April 6, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

66 Throne, “Erastus Sarpers’ History of Company D, 12th Iowa Infantry, 1861-1866,” 181.

67 OR 10, pt. 1, 164.

68 Ibid., 101; Albert D. Richardson, The Secret Service, The Field, The Dungeon, and The Escape (Hartford: American Publishing Company, 1867), 239.

69 OR 10, pt. 1, 533, 550.

70 Ibid., 550, 104.

71 Ibid., 164; McElroy, Undying Procession, 25. The Eighth Iowa was part of Sweeny’s brigade, but he had ordered it over to assist General Prentiss a little before noon, and the regiment fought in the Hornet’s Nest until the order for the with drawal came. OR 10, pt. 1, 165, 166.

72 Bacon, Thrilling Adventures, 6; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

73 OR 10, pt. 1, 104, 105.

74 Private Theodore Mandeville, Crescent Regiment, said his regiment captured Prentiss. He said Colonel Smith personally received Prentiss’ sword. Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives. This was confirmed by another Crescent enlisted man, Yves LeMonier, “Shiloh,” Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University. Another account said Prentiss surrendered to the Nineteenth Tennessee. Worsham, The Old Nineteenth Tennessee Regiment, C. S. A., 41.

75 Jackson, “A Prisoner of War,” 24; Joseph E. Riley, “The Military Ser vice of Joseph E. Riley,” Joseph E. Riley Papers, Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Park Archives. A slightly different version by a member of the Crescent Regiment said Prentiss turned about to the screaming Confederates and said directly to the commanding officer, “Let them cheer, let them cheer, for they have, this day, captured the finest Brigade in the United States Army.” Yves LeMonier, “Shiloh,” Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University. Later on, by implication, Grant censored Prentiss for not retreating in time. Grant, Memoirs, 177. Grant’s admirer and biographer, Adam Badeau, went further and accused Prentiss of poor generalship. Badeau, Military History of Ulysses Grant, 83. These criticisms take little account of the problem of executing a with drawal in the face of an enemy not only in your front, but be hind you as well. There may have been a personal pique between Grant and Prentiss, for in September of the previous year, the two men were engaged in slight controversy over the question of rank. Prentiss lost the argument, and he left Cairo, Illinois, and went to St. Louis. Prentiss remarked to a war correspondent, “Yes, I have left, I will not serve under a drunkard.” Richardson, Personal History of Ulysses S. Grant, 184. Prentiss was soon as signed to another command, but the relationship probably remained strained.

76 Bell, Tramps and Triumphs, 17, 18.

Chapter 13

1|| Dr. Cunningham originally included a most unusual statement in this paragraph, claiming Webster built a line “of log and dirt breastworks in a semicircle around and across the Corinth Road, some two hundred yards out from the boat landing.” No evidence of a line of breastworks is available. In fact, only minor use of any type of fortification has ever been located. For example, Schwartz’s Battery piled up a small earthen rampart, and another battery apparently piled up sacks of corn. Out on the battlefield, Anderson’s Confederate brigade made a hasty breastwork of logs on the second day. Other than these specific examples, there is no evidence of battle-related earth works. Some post-battle entrenchments, however, still exist. We have slightly altered the text to reflect this. See Shiloh Battlefield Commission Tablets #57 and 361; Reed, Shiloh, 21.

2 “Editorial,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 9 (July 1916): 221, 222; Annals the War, 678; Willard Webb (ed.), Crucial Moments of the Civil War (New York: Bonanza Books, 1961), 59; Bouton, Events of the Civil War, 27, 28; OR 52, 24. Silfversparre was a former lieutenant in the Swedish Army. Arriving in America in 1861, he briefly served with Fremont in Missouri before organizing his battery. More than half of his personnel were Swedish Americans. An unpopular officer, because of strict disciplinary practices, Silfversparre resigned a few months after the battle. Nels Hokanson, Sweedish Immigrants in Lincoln’s Time 2nd. Ed. (New York: Harper, 1942), 72, 113, 114; Ella Lonn, Foreigners in the Union Army and Navy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1951), 135, 136, 285.

3 Edwin Hanna ford, The Story of A Regiment: A History of the Campaigns and Associations in the Field, of the Sixth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry (Cincinnati: Published by Author, 1868), 257; Reed, Shiloh, 59; OR 10, pt. 1, 337.

4 OR 10, pt. 1, 204.

5 Bouton, Events of the Civil War, 23, 24. Accounts vary as to just how many guns Webster positioned along the bluff. Grant merely said twenty or more. Grant, Memoirs, 179. One of General Grant’s earliest and most able biographers said there were “sixty field-pieces and siege guns at the position. Richard son, Personal History of Ulysses S. Grant, 244, 247. See Eisenschiml, The Story of Shiloh, 41. Private Cyrus Boyd, who was an eye witness, said there were about “40 pieces.” Throne, Cyrus Boyd Diary, 34. The largest estimate of the number of guns was one hundred pieces. Conger, The Rise of U. S. Grant, 258. Colonel Thomas Jordan of the Confederate army believed there were at least fifty guns in the Federal position. Jordan, “The Campaign and Battle of Shiloh,” 395. || Daniel, Shiloh, 246, says 41 guns, while Sword, Shiloh, 356, vaguely relates there were “at least ten batteries.” McDonough, Shiloh, 162, says 62 guns. Oddly, Dr. Cunningham failed to mention the five siege guns of Battery B, 2nd Illinois Light Artillery, on which Webster studded the line. See Shiloh Battlefield Commission Monument #40.

6 Byers, Iowa in War Times, 139.

7 Belknap, 15th Regiment Iowa, 190.

8 E. D. Winston, Story of Pontotoc (Pontotoc: Pontotoc Progress Printing, 1931), 233; Deupree, “The Noxubee Squadron of the First Mississippi Cavalry,” 33, 34; OR 10, pt. 1, 460, 461, 246.

9 Duke, Morgan’s Cavalry, 148-150; Holland, Morgan and His Raiders, 92.

10 Kirkpatrick Scrapbook, Alabama Department of Archives and History.

11 Houston, “Shiloh Shadows,” 331.

12 John C. Moore, “Shiloh Is sues Again,” Confederate Veteran 10 (July 1902): 317.

13 John Hunt, “Reminiscences of Dr. John B. Hunt,” Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

14 J. B. Foster, “Mississippi Histories,” Confederate Veteran 10 (December 1902): 554.

15 || For a modern analysis of the navy’s role at at Shiloh, see Smith, The Untold Story of Shiloh, 53-66.

16 ORN 22, 763.

17 Ibid.; A. H. Mecklin, Diary, April 6, 1862, Mississippi Department of Archives and History.

18 OR 10, pt. 1, 533, 534.

19 B. B. Carruth, “Vivid Recollections of Shiloh,” Confederate Veteran 9 (April 1901): 166; ORN 22, 763.

20 William Mosier to D. W. Reed, December 11, 1912, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

21 Rennolds, The Henry County Commands, 34. || For an interesting theory on the gunboats’ shelling of the battlefield, see Gary D. Joiner’s contribution to the History Channel television program Battlefield Detectives: Shiloh (2006). Dr. Joiner argues that the gunboats were able to shell the interior of the battlefield by ricocheting shells off the ridges surrounding Dill Branch ravine.

22 Jacob Ammen Diary, April 6, 1862, Illinois State Historical Library; Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 241; W. B. Hazen, A Narrative of Military Service (Boston: Ticknor and Company, 1885), 24.

23 Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 242.

24 Ibid., 243-246; Hazen, A Narrative of Military Service, 24.

25 Hanna ford, The Story of A Regiment, 246-248.

26 Jacob Ammen Diary, April 6, 1862, Illinois State Historical Library; William R. Hartpence, History of the 5lst Indiana Veteran Volunteer Infantry (Cincinnati: The Robert Clack Company, 1894), 36, 37.

27 Hartpence, History of the 5lst Indiana Veteran Volunteer Infantry, 36, 37.

28 Ibid.; Hazen, A Narrative of Military Service, 24; OR 10, pt. 1, 323.

29 Badeau, Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, 77.

30 Jacob Ammen Diary, April 6, 1862, Illinois State Historical Library.

31 Battles and Leaders, 1: 492, 493. See Richardson, Personal History of Ulysses S. Grant, 243, for details of how Grant’s scabbard was dented.

32 Grant, Memoirs, 178, 179; Battles and Leaders, 1: 492, 493. A rather fanciful story, primarily promulgated by Adam Badeau, appeared to the effect that Buell asked Grant, “What preparations have you made for retreating?” to which Grant replied, “I have not yet despaired of whip ping them, general.” Badeau, Military History, of Ulysses S. Grant, 82; OR 10, pt. 1, 186. A slightly different version said Grant did utter the aforementioned, to which Buell replied, “Of course; but in case of defeat?” Grant replied, “Well, we could make a bridge across the river with the boats and protect it with artillery. But if we do have to retreat, there won’t be many men left to cross.” Richardson, Personal History of Ulysses S. Grant, 244. In his Memoirs, General Grant alluded to Buell’s mentioning something about a line of retreat. Grant, Memoirs, 179. Buell flatly denied exchanging any such remarks with General Grant, saying the whole thing was “ridiculous and absurd.” Battles and Leaders, 1: 493.

33 Grant, Memoirs, 179; Battles and Leaders, 1: 493.

34 Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 256; Jacob Ammen Diary, April 6, 1862, Illinois State Historical Library. There is some question as to the exact time Nelson and his men began landing. Nelson’s volunteer aide-de-camp, Horace N. Fisher, said that he was on the first steamer, and he had landed at 5:20 p.m. Horace N. Fisher to D. W. Reed, March 27, 1905, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park. || Sword, Shiloh, 362, says 5:20 p.m. Daniel, Shiloh, 246, 249, does not state, only saying between 5:00 and 6:00 p.m. McDonough, Shiloh, 178, says “about 5 p.m.”

35 Richardson, Personal History of Ulysses S. Grant, 247; Richardson, The Secret Service The Field, The Dungeon and the Escape, 241.

36 Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 256; Jacob Ammen Diary, April 6, 1862, Illinois State Historical Library; Horace N. Fisher to D. W. Reed, April 12, 1905, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

37 Ambrose Bierce, The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce (New York: 1909), 1: 245; Mrs. W. H. L. Wallace to her Aunt Mag, April 29, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

38 Devens, The Pictorial Book of Anecdotes, 240.

39 Hanna ford, The Story of A Regiment, 257. To Buell and his men, it seemed as though a large part of Grant’s army crowded around the Landing in a pusillanimous display of abject cowardice. The commander of the Army of the Ohio estimated the number as 15, 000. Battles and Leaders, 1: 494. Colonel Hazen, who arrived just before dark, estimated the number of stragglers as “twenty or thirty acres worth.” Hazen, A Narrative of Military Service, 25. With some embarrassment, Grant said that “there probably were as many as four or five thousand stragglers lying under cover of the bluff, panic stricken.” Grant, Memoirs, 178, 179. Actually Hazen and Buell were probably nearer right in their estimates, for the crowd at the bluff included not only panic-stricken stragglers from the combat units, but a large number of noncombat and miscellaneous personnel such assutlers, musicians, clerks, teamsters, etc. According to General Halleck, Grant’s army, including Lew Wallace’s division, numbered 53, 669, as of the end of March. OR 10, pt. 2, 84. Since his combat troops on early Sunday morning numbered less than 40, 000, this figure would indicate the presence of about 7, 000 or so auxiliary troops. Add to this the undoubted thousands who did break and run for the bluff, plus what must have amounted to several thou sand more men who were disorganized in the withdrawal to Webster’s position and did not have sufficient time to reorganize be fore the arrival of Buell’s army, and the figure 15, 000 would seem to have a fair degree of accuracy. The eminent British historian J. F. C. Fuller stated that were about 11, 000 non combatant troops at Shiloh, and between 4, 000 and 5, 000 unwounded stragglers. Fuller, The General ship of Ulysses S. Grant, 105. || Daniel, Shiloh, 246, says “between 10, 000 and 15, 000”; Sword, Shiloh, 361, and McDonough, Shiloh, 178, mostly quote participants’ numbers.

40 Richardson, Personal History of Ulysses S. Grant, 247.

41 Byers, Iowa In War Times, 139; Kimbell, Battery A, 43-45.

42 Victor, Incidents and Anecdotes of the War, 359; Richardson, Personal History of Ulysses Grant, 247; Kimbell, Battery A, 44.

43 Victor, Incidents and Anecdotes of the War, 359. || Dr. Cunningham originally stated that the scout Carson was the famous Kit Carson. It was actually Irving Carson. See “The Dead of Companies A and B, Chicago Light Artillery,” Chicago Tribune, April 17, 1862. The name has been altered accordingly.

44 Duke, Fifty-third Ohio, 53, 54.

45 OR 10, pt. 1, 550; ORN 22, 786.

46 OR 10, pt. 1, 337; Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 258, 259; James R. Chalmers to R. H. Looney, April 3, 1895, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park; Jacob Ammen Diary, April 6, 1862, Illinois State Historical Library; Roman, Beauregard, 1: 301; Micajah Wilkinson to brother, April 6, 1862, Micajah Wilkinson Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

47 OR 10, pt. 1, 386, 387; N. Augustine to General. Beauregard, April 10, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park; N. Augustine to General Beauregard, (Report) April 10, 1862, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives. Mandeville said his regiment was being heavily shelled by the gun boats when ordered to with draw “about sundown.” Ibid. William Preston Johnston, son and biographer of the dead Confederate hero, commented that “complete victory was in his [Beauregard’s] grasp, and he threw it away.” Battles and Leaders, 1: 568. SeeKirwan, Johnny Green, 28; Richardson, “War As I Saw It,” 102.

48 General Prentiss gave the time of his surrender as 5:30 p.m. OR 10, pt. 1, 279. Colonel Thomas Jordan, of Beauregard’s staff, gave the time of the Union general’s surrender as between 5:30 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. Jordan, “The Campaign and Battle of Shiloh,” 395. || Most his torians have concluded Beauregard had no chance to break the last line. Sword, Shiloh, 449-452, seems to exonerate Beauregard; McDonough, Shiloh, 181, argues that Beauregard was justified in his actions; Daniel, Shiloh, 256, 249, believes the Confederates had no chance to break Grant’s last line, although he tempers this a bit by describing the line “far from impregnable.” See also Smith, The Untold Story of Shiloh, 31-32.

49 Shoup, “The Art of War,” 10; Crenshaw, “Diary of Captain Edward Crenshaw,” 269; Liddell Hart, Sherman, 129; Conger, The Rise of U. S. Grant, 259. At least some of the Southerners heard a rumor passing around the battlefield that Johnston was dead. It is possible that the news added to the general state of Confederate disorganization. Richardson, “War As I Saw It,” 102.

50 Mobile Evening News, April 14, 1862; The Charles ton Daily Courier, April 20, 1862; Shoup, “The Art of War,” 10; Richard Pugh to wife, April 8, 1862, Richard Pugh Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

51 Mobile Evening News, April 14, 1862; OR 10, pt. 1, 387; Frank Peak, “A Southern Soldiers View of the War,” Frank Peak Papers, Louisiana State University Ar chives.

52 R. F. Learned to D. W. Reed, March 22, 1904, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

53 Williams, Lincoln Finds A General, 3: 378, 379; Richardson, Personal History of Ulysses S. Grant, 247, 248; Badeau, Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, 84, 85; Grant, Memoirs, 180.

54 Comte de Paris, History of the Civil War, 1: 548.

55 George R. Lee, “Shiloh,” George Read Lee Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

56 Hickenlooper, “The Battle of Shiloh,” 436; Payson Shumway, Diary, April 13, 1862; Payson Z. Shumway Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Unidentified Union soldier to Emily Rice, April 11, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

57 “John A. Joyce, A Checkered Life (Chicago: S. P. Pounds, 1883), 60-62; John Hunt, “Reminisces,” Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park; Alexis Cope, The Fifteenth Ohio Volunteers and Its Campaigns: War of 1861-65 (Columbus: Published by Author, 1916), 125; R. W. Johnson, A Soldier’s Reminiscences in Peace and War (Philadelphia: J. P. Lippincott, 1886), 189. || Sword, Shiloh, 370-371, 449-452, stresses that Buell’s arrival was a factor in maintaining the final position, emphasizing “the situation was grave” upon his arrival; McDonough, Shiloh, 179, argues that Buell made little difference in the fighting; Daniel, Shiloh, 249, seems to argue that Grant had the situation under control, but admitted his final line was “far from impregnable.” See also Smith, The Untold Story of Shiloh, 27-28.

Chapter 14

1 Eisenschiml, The Story of Shiloh, 75, 76; William Preston Diary, April 6, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

2 Roland, Albert Sidney Johnston, 352, 353.

3 Thomas, Soldier Life.

4 Ibid.; Watkins, Co. Aytch, 50.

5 Ibid.

6 Eisenschiml, The Story of Shiloh, 57; Bacon Thrilling Adventures, 7; Jackson, “A Prisoner of War,” 24. For further details of the subsequent fate of the prisoners, see Mildred Throne, “Iowans in Southern Prisons, 1862,” Iowa Journal of History 54 (January 1956): 67-70.

7 New Orleans Daily Picayune, April 11, 1862; Mobile Evening News, April 14, 1862.

8 Battles and Leaders 1: 602.

9 Williams, P. G. T. Beauregard, 143. It has not been ascertained exactly when Beauregard received the Helm message. Jordan maintained that the dispatch arrived late in the afternoon and was only handed to Beauregard after 6:30 p.m. Battles and Leaders, 1: 602, 603. Beauregard reported that the message said Buell had been delayed and could not possibly reach Grant before Tuesday at the earliest. OR 10, pt. 1, 385. It is possible that there were two dispatches from Helm. See Williams, P. G. T. Beauregard, 143. If a dispatch reached the Creolelate in the afternoon, it might have helped reinforce his decision to break off the action.

10 Battles and Leaders, 1: 602.

11 Henry, First With The Most Forrest, 79; Wyeth, That Devil Forrest, 63; James R. Chalmers, “Forrest and His Campaigns,” Southern Historical Society Papers 7 (October 1879): 458. || Dr. Cunningham originally stated that Forrest infiltrated enemy lines him self, but this was not the case. See Sword, Shiloh, 381, and Daniel, Shiloh, 263. We have slightly altered the text to reflect this.

12 Thomas Jordan and Roger Pryor, The Campaigns of Lieut.-Gen. N. B. Forrest, and of Forrest’s Cavalry, 136, 137; Samuel Latta to wife, April 12, 1862, Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives.

13 Shoup, “The Art of War,” 11; Hardy Murfree to James Murfree, May 12, 1862, James B. Murfree Papers, University of Tennessee Library; Frank Peak, “A Southern Soldier’s View of the Civil War,” 2, Frank Peak Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

14 Phil Bond to brother, April 23, 1862, in Terry, “Record of the Alabama State Artillery,” 318.

15 “A Bible Twice Captured in Battle,” Iowa Historical Record 1 (July 1885): 132-134.

16 Sam Houston, Jr., “Shiloh Shadow,” 332; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; Richardson, “War As I Saw It,” 103.

17 S. H. Dent to wife, April 9, 1862, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History; Duncan, Recollections, 61; Hardy Murfree to J. B. Murfree, May 12, 1862, James B. Murfree Papers, University of Tennessee Library; Hugh Henry to parents, April 10, 1862, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History.

18 Abernethy Elisha Stockwell, 15; Frank Peak, “A Southern Soldier’s View of the Civil War,” Frank Peak Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; ORN 22: 764, 786.

19 Jordan and Pryor, The Campaigns of Lieut.-Gen. N. B. Forrest, and of Forrest Cavalry, 135.

20 Cesar Porta to J. B. Wilkinson, n.d., 1862, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University.

21 Sam Houston, Jr., “Shiloh Shadows,” 332.

22 Kirwan, Johnny Green, 28, 29.

23 Henry M. Doak, “Memoirs,” Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives; Confederate Veteran 8 (May 1900): 211.

24 Sidney J. Romero: “Louisiana Clergy and the Confederate Army,” Louisiana History 2 (Summer 1961): 287-291.

25 Grant, Memoirs, 181.

26 Jordan and Thomas, “Reminiscences of an Ohio Volunteer,” 312; Barber, Army Memoirs 56; Cockerill, “A Boy at Shiloh,” 28, 29.

27 Throne, Cyrus Boyd Diary, 35.

28 Jordan and Thomas, “Reminiscences of an Ohio Volunteer,” 312. || Although Wallace made this claim in his autobiography, most historians do not agree. For more on Wallace’s march, see Allen, “If He Had Less Rank,” 63-89; Smith, The Un told Story of Shiloh, 25-27.

29 Reed, Shiloh, 51; OR 10, pt. 1, 169, 170, 175-190; W. T. Sherman to W. R. Rowley, July 15, 1881, W. R. Rowley Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Lew Wallace to Henry Halleck, March 4, 1863, W. R. Rowley Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Wallace, An Autobiography, 2: 503-603.

30 Edgar Hought on, “History of Company I, Fourteenth Wisconsin Infantry, from October 15, 1861 to October 9, 1865,” The Wisconsin Magazine of History 11 (September 1927): 27; OR 10, pt. 1, 371; Abernethy, Elisha Stockwell, 14; Unidentified Union soldier of the Thirty-fourth Illinois Infantry, “Shiloh,” Miscellaneous Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

31 Charles Briant, History of the Sixth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry (Indianapolis: W. B. Burford, 1891), 101, 102; Cope, Fifteenth Ohio 108.

32 Abernethy, Elisha, Stockwell, 14, 15; Unidentified Union soldier of the Thirty-fourth Illinois infantry, “Shiloh,” Miscellaneous Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

33 Harry Carman, “Diary of Amos Glover,” The Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 44 (April 1935): 265; Edwin W. Payne, History of the Thirty-fourth Regiment of Illinois Volunteer Infantry (Clinton: Allen Printing Company, 1903,) 16; Cope, Fifteenth Ohio, 108.

34 Harper’s Weekly, April 5, 1913. || Dr. Cunningham originally listed only the “Sixteenth Regiment,” which obviously is the 1st Battalion, 16th U.S. Infantry. See OR 10, 1: 307.

35 Briant, Sixth Regiment Indiana, 104.

36 Briant, Sixth Regiment Indiana, 104; Fritz Haskell (ed.), “Diary of Colonel William Camm, 1864 to 1865,” Journal of Illinois State Historical Society 18 (January 1926): 853.

37 Unidentified Union soldier of the Thirty-fourth Illinois Infantry, “Shiloh,” Miscellaneous Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

38 S. H. Dent to wife, April 9, 1862, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History; Thomas C. Robertson to mother, April 8, 1862, Thomas C. Robertson Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

39 Throne, Cyrus Boyd Diary, 36; Ruff, “Civil War Experiences of A German Emigrant,” 298; Jordan, “Campaign and Battle of Shiloh,” 405; Houston, “Shiloh Shadows,” 332, 333.

40 Jacob Ammen Diary, April 7, 1862, Illinois State Historical Library.

41 Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 571, 572.

42 OR 10, pt. 1, 293, 340, 348; Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 571.

43 Battles and Leaders, 1: 525; OR 10, pt. 1, 293, 355.

44 OR 10, pt. 1, 324, 340, 341; Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 263, 572.

45 Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 572.

46 OR 10, pt. 1, 293, 355.

47 Ibid., 293, 294; Atwell Thompson Map of Shiloh; S. H. Dent to wife, April 9, 1862, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History; Washington Artillery Order Book, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University. S. H. Dent to wife, April 9, 1862, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History; OR 10, pt. 1, 293, 324, 373; Hazen, A Narrative of Military Service, 25-27.

48 S. H. Dent to wife, April 9, 1862, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History; OR 10, pt. 1, 293, 324, 373; Hazen, A Narrative of Military Service, 25-27.

49 OR 10, pt. 1, 294, 324, 325, 341, 342, 348, 349; Hazen, A Narrative of Military Service, 26; W. E. Yeatman, “Memoirs,’ Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives.

50 OR 10, pt. 1, 341, 344; Hazen, A Narrative of Military Service, 26.

51 OR 10, pt. 1, 314, 342-348, 373.

52 OR 10, pt. 1, 335; Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 265, 573.

53 Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 573; OR 10, pt. 1, 335-340.

54 OR 10, pt. 1, 321, 325.

55 Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 574.

56 OR 10, pt. 1, 322; S. H. Dent to wife, April 9, 1562, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History.

57 OR 10, pt. 1, 301, 321, 322; Hannaford, The Story of A Regiment, 572.

58 OR 10, pt. 1, 335-340, 342, 353.

Chapter 15

1 || Lew Wallace supporters will find fault with Dr. Cunningham’s original statement that only the Army of the Ohio was engaged heavily by 8:30 a.m. Wallace began his move by 6:00 a.m., but had to cross Tilghman Branch before he began to fight in earnest. Reports from Wallace’s division state the men began moving out around 6:00-6:30 a.m. See OR 10, pt. 1, 170, 190-191, 193, 197; Shiloh Battlefield Commission Tablets #292, 126, 293, and 294. Buell’s forces were operating within a similar time frame on the other side of the battlefield, where they had to contend with Dill Branch. They were not heavily engaged until 7:30-8:00 a.m. See OR 10, pt. 1, 324; Shiloh Battlefield Commission Tablet # 275, Shiloh Battlefield Commission Monuments # 78, 89, and 126. Smith, This Great Battlefield of Shiloh, 86.

2 OR 10, pt. 1, 355, 366; Washington Artillery Order Book, 48; Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; Henry Melville, “Memoirs,” Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives.

3 Ibid.; Washington Artillery Order Book, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; John Dimitry to William Bullitt, n.d., John Dimitry Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; OR 10, pt. 1, 513-515.

4 “John Dimitry,” Confederate Veteran 11 (February 1903): 72.

5 OR 10, pt. 1, 524; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; John Dimitry to William Bullitt, John Dimitry Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; A. Gordan Blakewell, “Fifth Washington Artillery,” Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; Joseph Boyce, “Second Day’s Battle,” Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University.

6 Samuel Latta to wife, April 12, 1862, Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 12, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; Worsham, The Old Nineteenth Tennessee, C. S. A., 43.

7 Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; Henry M. Doak, “Memoirs,” Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives.

8 Samuel Latta to wife, April 12, 1862, Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; Order Book, Washington Artillery, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University.

9 Carman, “Diary of Amos Glover,” 266; Reed , Shiloh, 65; O R 10, pt. 1, 303; Kirwan, Johnny Green, 30; Robert Barry, “A Soldier’s Letter from Shiloh,” in Harper’s Weekly 57 (April 5, 1913): 9.

10 Frank Peak, “A Southern Soldier’s View of the War,” 23, Frank Peak Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; Barry, “A Soldier’s Letter from Shiloh,” April 5, 1913, in Harper’s Weekly 57 (April 5, 1913): 9.

11 Briant, Sixth Regiment Indiana, 108, 109; OR 10, pt. 1, 309; Kirwan, Johnny Green 305; Frank Peak, “A Southern Soldier’s View of the War,” 23, Frank Peak Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

12 Payne, History of the Thirty-fourth Illinois, 342, 343.

13 Reed, Shiloh, 65, 66.

14 Cope, Fifteenth Ohio, 124, 125; OR 10, pt. 1, 303, 317.

15 John Leonhard Huber to his sister, February 8, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park; Gottlib Probst to Mr. and Mrs. Schneider, August 20, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park.

16 OR 10, pt. 1, 120, 125, 127, 135, 159, 205, 206, 251, 252; Jordan and Thomas, “Reminiscences of an Ohio Volunteer,” 312; Franklin H. Bailey to parents, April 8, 1862, Franklin H. Bailey Papers, Michigan Historical Collection, University of Michigan.

17 OR 10, pt. 1, 480, 481; Richardson, “War As I Saw It,” 104, 105.

18 Thomas Chinn Robertson to mother, April 9, 1862, Thomas C. Robertson Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

19 Phil Bond to brother, April 23, 1862, in “Record of the Alabama State Artillery,” 318. || Dr. Cunningham again seems to give Wallace a tough grade for not engaging earlier in the day of April 7, 1862. See footnote #1 in this chapter for an explanation of his time line of action.

20 Cesar Porta to J. B. Wilkinson, n.d., Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University.

21 OR 10, pt. 1, 171.

22 || Dr. Cunningham’s original text included a reference to an officer named “Buckner” counterattacking with General Hardee. The only Buckner we could locate on the field was Captain John A. Buckner of the 8th Kentucky, who was acting as a volunteer aide on Brigadier General Charles Clark’s staff. With his general officer wounded on the first day, perhaps Buckner led a conglomeration of reformed units on the second day, but we will never know for sure who exactly Cunningham was referencing. See OR 10, pt. 1, 415.

23 Phil Bond to brother, April 23, 1862, in Terry, “Record of the Alabama State Artillery,” 318, 319; OR 10, pt. 1, 171.

24 || Dr. Cunningham does not place Beauregard’s act at any certain position, but Beauregard’s aide, Colonel Jacob Thompson, reported that the event took place “to the left and rear of the church.” See OR 10, pt. 1, 402.

25 Cesar Porta to J. B. Wilkinson, n.d., 1862, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; N. Augustine to General Beauregard, April 10, 1862, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; Roman, Beauregard, 1: 319, 320.

26 Ibid., 320; Richard L. Pugh to wife, April 9, 1862, Richard Pugh Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

27 Colonel N. Augustine to General Beauregard, April 10, 1862, Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University.

28 Roman, Beauregard, 1: 320.

29 E. A. Pollard, The First Year of the War (Richmond: West and Johnston, 1862), 1: 308.

30 Wilbur Hinman, The Story of the Sherman Brigade (Alliance: Published by Author, 1897), 145.

31 Asburry L. Kerwood, Annals of the Fifty-Seventh Regiment Indiana Volunteers: Marches, Battles and Incidents of Army Life (Dayton: W. J. Shuey, 1868), 56, 57; OR 10, pt. 1, 380, 381.

32 Shoup, “The Art of War,” 12, 13; S. H. Dent to Wife, April 9, 1862, Shiloh-Corinth Collection, Alabama Department of Archives and History; Gordan Blakewell, “Fifth Washington Artillery,” Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University.

33 Grant, Memoirs, 184. || Daniel, Shiloh, 294, argues Grant should have sent Lew Wallace’s fairly fresh division after the Confederates, while Sword, Shiloh, 425, states that Grant did mount a “limited pursuit.” McDonough, Shiloh, 208, seems to agree with Sword: “it was not much of a pursuit.”

34 Battles and Leaders, 1: 534.

35 John Fiske, The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War (Boston: Hought on Mifflin Company, 1900), 99.

36 Henry Elson, The Civil War Through the Camera (New York: McKiney, Stone and Mackenzie, Publishers, 1912), 62-64; W. E. Yeatman “Shiloh,” Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives; Joseph Boyce, ‘Second Day’s Battle,” Louisiana Historical Association Collection, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

37 Horn, Army of Tennessee, 143; Elson, The Civil War Through the Camera, 64; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 9, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

38 Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb, 263; Horn, Army of Tennessee 148, 149; William G. Stevenson, Thirteen Months in the Rebel Army (New York: Barnes and Burr, 1862) Elson, The Civil War Through the Camera, 64, 65.

39 George Adams, The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War (New York: Henry Schuman, 1952), 81, 82; Hannafard, The Story of A Regiment, 286; “Missourians,” Missouri Historical Review 27 (April 1943): 323. || For a modern account of Irwin and his hospital, see John H. Fahey, “The Fighting Doctor: Bernard John Dowling Irwin in the Civil War,” North and South 9, no. 1 (March 2006): 36-50.

40 Mrs. W. H. L. Wallace to her Aunt Nag, April 29, 1862, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park; Cyrus Dickey to Robert Dickey, April 10, 1862, Wallace-Dickey Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Daniel H. Brush to David Brush, April 10, 1862, Daniel Harmon Brush Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

41 OR 10, pt. 1, 639, 640; Wyeth, That Devil Forrest, 64, 65; J. B. Blackburn, “Reminiscences of the Terry Rangers,” The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 22 (July 1918): 59-62; John Stouffer Diary, April 8, 1862, John M. Stouffer Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Cyrus Dickey to Robert Dickey, April 10, 1862, Wallace-Dickey Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Andrew W. McCormick, “Sixteen Months A Prisoner of War,” Sketches of War History, 1861-1865, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Ohio Commandery (Columbus: 1903), 5: 69.

42 Eric Sheppard, Bedford Forrest: The Confederacy’s Greatest Cavalryman (New York: Dial Press, 1930), 61, 62; Duncan, Recollections, 62, 63; Black- burn, “Reminiscences of the Terry Rangers,” 59-62. || It is interesting to note that Dr. Cunningham did not include the propounded popular myth about Forrest grabbing a Union soldier and using him as a shield.

43 OR 10, pt. 1, 924, 640.

44 || It is worth noting that most historians do not view the April 7, 1862, fighting as a tactical draw, as Dr. Cunningham has described it. Since this statement is a matter of interpretation and not established fact, we have not seen fit to alter the text. It is the opinion of the editors, however, that the Confederates were soundly driven back in a tactical defeat on the second day. Dr. Cunningham’s work with casualties is impressive in terms of recent (but as yet still unpublished) research in Compiled Service Records that reveals Confederate casualties ran some 25-30% higher than reported.

Chapter 16

1 Bierce, Collected Works, 1: 254, 255; Throne, Cyrus Boyd Diary, 41, 42; Throne “Letters From Shiloh,” 241; Briant, Sixth Regiment Indiana, 125, 126; Otto Eisenschiml, “Shiloh—The Blunders and the Blame,” Civil War Times Illustrated 11 (April 1963): 34; Alice F. and Bettina Jackson, “Auto biography of James Albert Jackson, Sr. M. D.,” The Wisconsin Magazine of History 28 (December 1944): 205; Albert Dillahaunty, Shiloh: National Military Park, Tennessee National Park; Service Historical Hand book, Series 10, (Washington: Government Printing Office, N. d.), 28, 29; Alfred Lacey Hough to wife, April 30, 1862, in Robert Athearn, Soldier in the West: The Civil War Letters, of Alfred Lacey Hough (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957), 61; W. Henry Sheak to Blair Ross, October 28, 1942, Miscellaneous Collection, Shiloh National Military Park. || Dr. Cunningham was mistaken when he originally stated the Confederates were placed in only five trenches. In addition to individual or small group graves, the Shiloh Battlefield Commission counted as many as nine burial trenches; almost certainly there are more waiting to be found. We have slightly altered the text to reflect this. Smith, This Great Battlefield of Shiloh, 76-77.

2 Adolph Engelmann to wife, April 9, 1862, Adolph Engelmann Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Hickenlooper, “The Battle of Shiloh,” 436.

3 Franklin H. Bailey to parents, April 8, 1862, Franklin H. Bailey Papers, Michigan Historical Collection, University of Michigan.

4 Franklin H. Bailey to parents, April 8, 1862, Franklin H. Bailey Papers, Michigan Historical Collection, University of Michigan; Francis Bruce to mother, April 14, 1862, Francis H. Bruce Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Hickenlooper, “The Battle of Shiloh,” 436; Throne, Cyrus Boyd Diary, 41.

5 Throne, “Letters from Shiloh,” 237, 238; Payson Shumway to wife, April 13, 1862, Payson Z. Shumway Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Throne, Cyrus Boyd Diary, 42; Howard K. Beale (ed.). Diary of Edward Bates, 1859-1866 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1933), 247, 248; Catton, Grant Moves South, 251.

6 New York Herald, April 10, 1862; Emmet Crozier, Yankee Reporters, 1861-1865 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), 217; Throne, “Letters from Shiloh,” 237-239; Payson Shumway to wife, April 13, 1862, Payson Z. Shumway Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

7 Crozier, Yankee Reporters, 210-217; Cortissoz, Life of Whitelaw Reid, 87-89; Hickenlooper, “The Battle of Shiloh,” 407-409.

8 Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1958), 234. Colonel Thomas Worthington claimed the mess at Shiloh was due to treason on the part of Halleck, Grant, Sherman, and the Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War. He demanded to be court-martialed and his wish was granted. Worthington lost the case, but later he put his sensational charges in writing. Thomas Worthington, Brief History of the 46th Ohio Volunteers (Washington: Published by Author, 1872). See also, Worthington, Shiloh: Or The Tennessee Campaign of 1862 (Washington: McGill and Witherow, 1872); Worthington, Colonel Worthington Vindicated: Sherman’s Dis creditable Record at Shiloh on His Own and Better Evidence (Washington: F. McGill and Company, 1878). For an interesting view of Worthington’s charges, see Eisenschiml, The Story of Shiloh, 52-56.

9 Douglas Putnam, “The Battle of Shiloh,” Washington Post, July 11, 1897; Eugene Roseboom, “The Civil War Era, 1850-1873,” The History of the State of Ohio(Columbus: Ohio Archaelogical and Historical Society, 1944), 395.

10 Ibid.; F. W. Keil, The Thirty-fifth Ohio Regiment (Fort Wayne: Housh and Company, 1894), 64; Henry Bellamy to parents, n.d., 1862, Henry Bellamy Papers, Michigan Historical Collection, University of Michigan.

11 Gosnell, Guns on the Western Waters, 82; Horn, Army of Tennessee, 145; Williams, Lincoln and His Generals, 120. || For Island No. 10, see Daniel and Bock, Island No. 10.

12 Ambrose, History of the Seventh Illinois, 64-66; Garman, Amos Glover Diary, 266; Douglas Hapeman, Diary, April 11, 1862, Douglas Hapeman Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

13 Ibid.; Thompson, Recollections With the Third Iowa Regiment, 241; U. S. Grant to W. T. Sherman, April 9, 1862; Ambrose, Halleck, 47, 48. || For a recent biography of Halleck, see Marszalek, Commander of All Lincoln’s Armies.

14 Ibid.; Douglas Hapeman, Diary, April 11, 1862, Douglas Hapeman Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

15 “General Order No. 72, Chalmers’ Brigade,” April 7, 1862, T. Otis Baker Papers, Mississippi Department of Archives and History; John Cato to wife, April 10, 1862, John Cato Papers, Mississippi Department of Archives and History; Jimmy Knighton to sister, April 14, 1862, Jimmy Knighton Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; Samuel Latta to wife, April 13, 1862, Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives; Charles J. Johnson to wife, April 15, 1862, Charles James Johnson Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

16 Henry McNeill, Diary, April 28, 1862, Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives; Jimmy Knighton to sister, April 20, 1862, Jimmy Knighton Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; Roman, Beauregard, 1: 383; Edwin H. Fay to wife April 21, 1862, in Bell I. Wiley, “This Infernal War” The Confederate Letters of SGT. Edwin H. Fay (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1957), 28; Taylor, Reluctant Rebel, 39; Wiley, Life of Johnny Reb, 247; Williams, P. G. T, Beauregard, 152; Theodore Mandeville to Josephine Rozet, April 19, 1862, Theodore Mandeville Papers, Louisiana State University Archives.

17 Roman, Beauregard, 1: 383; Taylor, Reluctant Rebel, 39; Edwin H. Fay to wife, April 21, 1862, in Wiley, “This Infernal War,” 51; George Blackemore, Diary, April 29, 1862, Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives.

18 Ibid.

19 OR 10, pt. 1, 144. || For a modern account of the Siege of Corinth, see Smith, The Untold Story of Shiloh, 67-84.

20 Grant, Memoirs, 196; Sherman, Memoirs, 250; Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet, 235, 236.

21 OR 10, pt. 1, 714, 715; Edwin H. Fay to wife, May 5, 1867, in Wiley, This Infernal War, 46-48; Charleston Daily Courier, May 14, 1862; Robert Kimberly and Ephrain Holloway, The 41st Ohio Volunteer Infantry in the War of the Rebellion (Cleveland: W. R. Smellie, 1897), 28.

22 Charleston Daily Courier, May 13, 1862.

23 Adolph Engelmann to wife, May 4, 1862, Adolph Engelmann Papers, Illinois State Historical Library; Charleston Daily Courier, May 13, 1862; Phil Bond to brother, May 10, 1862, in Terry, “Record of the Alabama State Artillery,” 323.

24 Williams, P. G. T. Beauregard, 151; Phil Bond to brother, May 10, 1862, in Terry, “Record of the Alabama State Artillery,” 323.

25 OR 10, pt. 1, 804-831; Richardson, “War As I Saw It,” 226; Phil Bond to brother, May 10, 1862, in Terry, “Record of the Alabama State Artillery,” 323; Edwin H. Fay to wife, May 14, 1862, in Wiley, This Infernal War, 50; Force, From Fort Henry to Corinth, 186, 187; Augustine Vieira to an un named friend, May 14, 1862, Augustine Vieira Letters, Illinois State Historical Library.

26 Roman, Beauregard, 1: 381, 571, 572; Duke, Morgan’s Cavalry, 155-166; Holland, Morgan and His Raiders, 95.

27 John Johnston, “Personal Reminiscences,” Confederate Collection, Tennessee Department of Archives and History; George T. Blakemore, Diary, May 16, 1862, Confederate Collection, Tennessee Department of Archives and History.

28 Bouton, Events of the Civil War, 38, 39; OR 10, pt. 1, 839-847.

29 Edwin Fay to wife, May 25, 1862, in Wiley, This Infernal War, 59.

30 R. S. Henry, As They Saw Forrest (Jackson: McCowat-Mercer Press, 1956), 287, 288.

31 OR 10, pt. 1, 741, 742; Force, From Fort Henry to Corinth, 188.

32 OR 10, pt. 2, 529, 530; Roman, Beauregard, 1: 580, 581.

33 Ibid., 388, 389; Williams, P. G. T. Beauregard, 153; Nathaniel Hughes, Jr., General William J. Hardee: Old Reliable (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 118.

34 Roman, Beauregard, 1: 395, 578-586; OR 10, pt. 1, 770, 771.

35 Ibid., 848-856; Richardson, “War As I Saw It,” 227.

36 George T. Blakemore, Diary, May 28-30, 1862, Confederate Collection, Tennessee State Library and Archives; Roman. Beauregard, 1: 390, 582-587; E. John Ellis to E. P. Ellis, June 2, 1862, Ellis Family Papers, Louisiana State University Archives; Duncan, Recollections, 77.

37 Hinman, The Sherman Brigade, 205.

38 Bierce, Collected Works, 1: 239.

39 Briant, Sixth Regiment Indiana, 135.

Introduction

¹ Joseph Allen Frank and George A. Reaves, “Seeing the Elephant”: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1989), 15.

² Much of the following material is adapted from Timothy B. Smith, “Historians and the Battle of Shiloh: One Hundred and Forty Years of Controversy” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 63 (Winter 2003): 332-353. This article was also reprinted in Timothy B. Smith, The Untold Story of Shiloh: The Battle and the Battlefield (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 1-19.

³ For a good example of these works, see Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Being For the Most Part Contributions By Union and Confederate Officers: Based upon “The Century” War Series, 4 vols. (New York: Century Company, 1884- 1887).

⁴ David W. Reed, Campaigns and Battles of the Twelfth Regiment Iowa Veteran Volunteer Infantry: From Organization, September, 1861, to Muster-Out, January 20, 1866 (np: np, nd); David W. Reed, The Battle of Shiloh and the Organizations Engaged (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1902); David W. Reed, The Battle of Shiloh and the Organizations Engaged, 2nd edition .(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1909).

⁵ Albert Dillahunty, Shiloh National Military Park, Tennessee (Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1955); Shiloh: Portrait of a Battle (Shiloh: Shiloh National Military Park, 1954).

⁶ James Lee McDonough, Shiloh: In Hell Before Night (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1977).

⁷ Wiley Sword, Shiloh: Bloody April (New York: William Marrow and Co., 1974); Wiley Sword, Shiloh: Bloody April, Revised Edition (Dayton, Ohio: Morningside Bookshop, 2001).

⁸ Charles P. Roland, Albert Sidney Johnston: Soldier of Three Republics (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1964).

⁹ Larry J. Daniel, Shiloh: The Battle That Changed the Civil War (New York: Simon and Shuster, 1997).

¹⁰ Stacy D. Allen, “Shiloh! The Campaign and First Day’s Battle,” Blue and Gray 14 (Winter 1997), 54.

¹¹ Timothy B. Smith, This Great Battlefield of Shiloh: History, Memory, and the Establishment of a Civil War National Military Park (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2004); see also Smith, The Untold Story of Shiloh.

¹² O. E. Cunningham, “Shiloh and the Western Campaign of 1862” (Ph.D. diss., Louisiana State University, 1966).

¹³ Ibid.

¹⁴ Ibid., 397-398.

¹⁵ Ibid., 331-362.

¹⁶ Edward Cunningham, The Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-1863 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963).

¹⁷ Frank and Reaves, “Seeing the Elephant,” 15.