Abbreviations
AMDP |
Agnes M. Diterikhs Papers |
DAVP |
Dmitri Antonovich Volkogonov Papers |
DNIIAF |
V. M. Khrustalëv (ed.), Dnevniki Nikolaya II i imperatritsy Aleksandry Fëdorovny, 1917–1918, vol. 1 (Moscow: Vagrius, 2008) |
DINII |
Dnevniki imperatora Nikolaya II, 1894–1918, ed. S. V. Mironenko and Z. I. Peregudova (Moscow: Rosspen, 2013) |
GARF |
Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii |
GTSMS |
N. Ross, Gibel’ tsarskoi sem’i: materialy sledstviya po delu ob ubiistve tsarskoi sem’i, avgust 1918 – fevral’ 1920 (Frankfurt am Main: Posev, 1986) |
HIA |
Hoover Institution Archives |
KAGDRP |
Kseniia Aleksandrovna, Grand Duchess of Russia Papers |
NABP |
Nikolai Aleksandrovich de Bazili Papers |
PIGTS |
I. F. Plotnikov, Pravda Istorii: gibel’ tsarskoi sem’i (Ekaterinburg: Sverdlovskaya regional’naya obshchestvennaya organizatsiya, 2002) |
PTR |
Padenie tsarskogo rezhima: stenograficheskie otchëty doprosov i pokazanii, dannykh v 1917 g. v Chrezvychainoi sledstvennoi komissii Vremennogo pravitel´stva (Leningrad/Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo, 1924–7) |
RGASPI |
Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial’no-Politicheskoi Istorii |
SCBLOU |
Special Collections, Bodleian Library, Oxford University |
SGC |
Sydney Gibbes Collection |
SPR |
V. M. Khrustalëv and M. D. Steinberg (eds), Skorbnyi put’ Romanovykh 1917–1918 gg.: gibel’ tsarskoi sem’i: sbornik dokumentov i materialov (Moscow: Rosspen, 2001) |
VZR |
A. N. Avdonin, V zhernovakh revolyutsii: dokumental’nyi ocherk o komissare V. V. Yakovleve (Ekaterinburg: Bank kul’turnoi informatsii, 1995) |
1. N. M. Bozheryanov (ed.), Trista let tsarstvovaniya doma Romanovykh (St Petersburg, 1913).
2. I. I. Serebrennikov, ‘Moi vospominaniya’, vol. 3: Ivan I. Serebrennikov Papers, Hoover Institution Archives (hereafter HIA), box 10, pp. 92–3.
3. S. K. Buksgevden [i.e. Sophie Buxhoeveden], ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: Nikolai Aleksandrovich de Bazili Papers (hereafter NABP), HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 4.
4. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: Agnes M. Diterikhs Papers (hereafter AMDP), HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 754; A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1119.
5. Father Nicholas (S. Gibbes), untitled memoir (typescript): Sydney Gibbes Collection (hereafter SGC), Special Collections, Bodleian Library, Oxford University (hereafter SCBLOU), box 1, MS Facs c. 106, p. 4.
6. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 4.
7. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 754; A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1119.
8. A. A. Mosolov, Pri dvore poslednego Rossiiskogo imperatora (Paris: Poslednie Novosti, 1934), p. 27.
9. Ibid., pp. 28–9.
10. Ibid., p. 29.
11. Ibid., p. 28.
12. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 23.
13. N. de Basily, ‘Note sur l’Empereur et l’Impératrice’: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 2. ‘Nicolas de Basily’ was how Nikolai Bazili (or Nikolai de Bazili) was known abroad after the October 1917 Revolution; his materials are held in the Hoover Institution Archives in the Nikolai Aleksandrovich de Bazili Papers.
14. Father Nicholas (S. Gibbes), untitled memoir (typescript): SGC, SCBLOU, box 1, MS Facs c. 106, p. 2.
15. S. Gibbes, ‘Ten Years with the Russian Imperial Family’ (typescript): SGC, SCBLOU, box 1, p. 7.
16. See S. S. Montefiore, The Romanovs (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2016), pp. 496–7.
17. A. F. Romanova to N. A. Romanov, 14 December 1916 (OS): J. T. Fuhrman (ed.), The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Tsar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra, April 1914 – March 1917 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), p. 675.
18. Mosolov, Pri dvore poslednego Rossiiskogo imperatora, p. 231.
19. V. B. Frederikhs (Extraordinary Investigative Commission testimony), 2 June 1917 (OS): P. E. Shchegolev (ed.), Padenie tsarskogo rezhima: stenograficheskie otchëty doprosov i pokazanii, dannykh v 1917 g. v Chrezvychainoi sledstvennoi komissii Vremennogo pravitel´stva, 7 vols. (Leningrad-Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo, 1924–7) (hereafter PTR), vol. 5, p. 33.
20. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 754 and 758. See R. Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in the Russian Monarchy from Peter the Great to the Abdication of Nicholas II (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), p. 317.
21. See H.-D. Löwe, The Tsars and the Jews: Reform, Reaction and Antisemitism in Imperial Russia, 1772–1917 (Reading: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1993), pp. 221–7.
22. See R. Wortman, ‘Nicholas II and the Revolution of 1905’, in Imperial Encounters in Russian History: Russian Monarchy: Representation and Rule (Boston, MA: Academic Studies Press, 2013), p. 207.
23. A. F. Romanova to N. A. Romanov, 14 December 1916 (OS): Fuhrman (ed.), Complete Wartime Correspondence, p. 675.
24. P. Gilliard to N. de Basily, 29 April 1934 (notes): NABP, HIA, box 2, folder 62, p. 1.
25. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 11.
2: At GHQ
1. Baedeker’s Russia, ed. K. Baedeker (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1914), pp. 257–8.
2. See N. Stone, The Eastern Front, 1914–1917 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1975), pp. 191–3.
3. A. D. Bubnov, V tsarskoi stavke (New York: Chekhov Publishing House, 1955), p. 179; N. M. Tikhmenev, Iz vospominanii o poslednikh dnyakh prebyvaniya Imperatora Nikolaya II v Stavke (Nice: Kruzhok Revnitelei Russkogo Proshlogo, 1925), p. 10.
4. Bubnov, V tsarskoi stavke, pp. 179–81; Tikhmenev, Iz vospominanii, pp. 12–13.
5. See S. Lyandres, ‘Progressive Bloc Politics on the Eve of the Revolution: Revisiting P. N. Miliukov’s “Stupidity of Treason” Speech of November 1, 1916’, Russian History, no. 4 (2004), pp. 447–64, at 456–60.
6. Tikhmenev, Iz vospominanii, p. 14.
7. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 20.
8. Bubnov, V tsarskoi stavke, p. 190.
9. See Stone, The Eastern Front, p. 187.
10. Ibid., pp. 191–3.
11. R. von Stackelberg, untitled memoirs (typescript): Rudolf von Stackelberg Papers, HIA, p. 47.
12. See Stone, The Eastern Front, pp. 191–3.
13. See S. Lyandres, ‘Conspiracy and Ambition in Russian Politics before the February Revolution of 1917: The Case of Prince Georgii Evgen’evich L’vov’, Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography, no. 8 (2015), pp. 99–133, at 102–12.
14. Bubnov, V tsarskoi stavke, pp. 182–3.
15. Ibid., pp. 183–4; see also the cogent argument of Lyandres, ‘Progressive Bloc Politics on the Eve of the Revolution’, pp. 454–7.
16. Bubnov, V tsarskoi stavke, pp. 183–4.
17. Mosolov, Pri dvore poslednego Rossiiskogo imperatora, p. 226.
3: The February Revolution
1. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 20.
2. Ibid.
3. A. F. Romanova (diary), 21 February 1917 (OS): V. M. Khrustalëv (ed.), Dnevniki Nikolaya II i imperatritsy Aleksandry Fëdorovny, 1917–1918, vol. 1 (Moscow: Vagrius, 2008) (hereafter DNIIAF), p. 162.
4. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 21.
5. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1096.
6. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 21.
7. Colonel K. Zershchikov, ‘Sobstvennyi ego velichestva konvoi v dni revolyutsii’ p. 6: K. Zershchikov Papers, HIA.
8. S. Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya (Vienna: Amalthea, 1928), p. 116.
9. Ibid., p. 117.
10. M. G. Tutelberg (inquiry testimony), 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 975.
11. M. V. Rodzyanko (oral testimony from the Polievktov Collection): S. Lyandres (ed.), The Fall of Tsarism: Untold Stories of the February 1917 Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 109.
12. N. de Basily, ‘End of the Monarchy’ draft chapter (in French): NABP, HIA, box 24, p. 10.
13. Ibid.
14. See T. Hasegawa, The February Revolution: Petrograd, 1917 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981), pp. 326–32 and 379.
4: Abdication
1. N. de Basily, ‘End of the Monarchy’ draft chapter (in French): NABP, HIA, box 24, p. 11.
2. Ibid., p. 23.
3. Ibid.
4. N. de Basily, Memoirs: Diplomat of Imperial Russia, 1903–1917 (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1973), pp. 116–17.
5. M. V. Alexeev to N. A. Romanov (telegram), 2 March 1917: V. M. Khrustalëv and M. D. Steinberg (eds), Skorbnyi put’ Romanovykh 1917–1918 gg.: gibel’ tsarskoi sem’i: sbornik dokumentov i materialov (Moscow: Rosspen, 2001) (hereafter SPR), pp. 40–1.
6. Ibid., p. 121.
7. Mosolov, Pri dvore poslednego Rossiiskogo imperatora, p. 226.
8. Otrechenie Nikolai II: vospominaniya ochevidtsev, dokumenty, ed. P. Ye. Shchegolev, 2nd expanded edn (Leningrad: Krasnaya gazeta, 1927), pp. 107–8.
9. A. A. Mordvinov, ‘Poslednie dni imperatora’: ibid., p. 110. The conversation was unwitnessed, but as he left the emperor’s carriage at four o’clock, Fëdorov breached etiquette by revealing its content to a group of military personnel.
10. De Basily, Memoirs, p. 138.
11. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 23.
12. Draft abdication manifesto: Hoover Safe, HIA; de Basily, Memoirs, pp. 122 and 125.
13. Ibid., pp. 125–6.
14. Ibid., p. 119.
15. See Lyandres (ed.), The Fall of Tsarism, p. 83, note 12.
16. V. Shulgin, ‘Podrobnosti otrecheniya’, Rech’, 21 March 1917.
17. M. I. Skobelev (oral testimony from the Polievktov Collection): Lyandres (ed.), The Fall of Tsarism, pp. 186–7.
18. See Hasegawa, The February Revolution, pp. 519–24.
19. A. I. Guchkov (Extraordinary Investigative Commission testimony), 2 August 1917 (OS): PTR, vol. 7, p. 263.
20. V. Shulgin, ‘Podrobnosti otrecheniya’, Rech’, 21 March 1917; A. I. Guchkov (Extraordinary Investigative Commission testimony), 2 August 1917 (OS): PTR, vol. 7, p. 263.
21. A. I. Guchkov, ‘Otrechenie Gosudarya’ (typescript): NABP, HIA, box 24, pp. 1–3; A. I. Guchkov (Extraordinary Investigative Commission testimony), 2 August 1917 (OS): PTR, vol. 7, p. 264; minutes of meeting of A. I. Guchkov and V. V. Shulgin with N. A. Romanov, 15 March 1917: SPR, pp. 45–6.
22. Ibid.
23. Conversation between N. de Basily and A. I. Guchkov, 9 November 1932: NABP, HIA, box 22, pp. 16–17. This was also the impression given some days later at Tsarskoe Selo: P. Benkendorf, Last Days at Tsarskoe Selo (W. Heinemann: London, 1927), p. 48.
24. Conversation between N. de Basily and A. I. Guchkov, 9 November 1932: NABP, HIA, box 22, pp. 9–11.
25. Ibid., pp. 12–13.
26. Minutes of meeting of A. I. Guchkov and V. V. Shulgin with N. A. Romanov, 15 March 1917: SPR, p. 46.
27. Conversation between N. de Basily and A. I. Guchkov, 9 November 1932: NABP, HIA, box 22, p. 12.
28. Minutes of meeting of A. I. Guchkov and V. V. Shulgin with N. A. Romanov, 15 March 1917: SPR, p. 47.
29. A. I. Guchkov, ‘Otrechenie Gosudarya’ (typescript): NABP, HIA, box 24, p. 4; A. I. Guchkov (Extraordinary Investigative Commission testimony), 2 August 1917 (OS): PTR, vol. 7, p. 265.
30. Minutes of meeting of A. I. Guchkov and V. V. Shulgin with N. A. Romanov, 15 March 1917: SPR, p. 47.
31. G. A. von Tal, ‘Memuary ob otrechenii ot prestola Rossiiskogo Gosudarya Imperatora Nikolaya II’ (manuscript): Georgi Alexandrovich von Tal Papers, HIA, p. 54.
32. V. V. Shulgin to A. I. Guchkov, June 1928, in G. Ioffe, Revolyutsiya i sem’ya Romanovykh (Moscow: Algoritm, 2012), p. 77.
33. A. I. Guchkov, ‘Otrechenie Gosudarya’ (typescript): NABP, HIA, box 24, p. 4; A. I. Guchkov (Extraordinary Investigative Commission testimony), 2 August 1917 (OS): PTR, vol. 7, p. 265; minutes of meeting of A. I. Guchkov and V. V. Shulgin with N. A. Romanov, 15 March 1917: SPR, p. 47.
34. A. I. Guchkov, ‘Otrechenie Gosudarya’ (typescript): NABP, HIA, box 24, p. 4; A. I. Guchkov (Extraordinary Investigative Commission testimony), 2 August 1917 (OS): PTR, vol. 7, p. 265.
35. A. F. Kerenskii (inquiry testimony), 14–20 August 1920: Dmitri Antonovich Volkogonov Papers (hereafter DAVP), HIA, box 22, p. 106a.
36. G. A. von Tal, ‘Memuary ob otrechenii ot prestola Rossiiskogo Gosudarya Imperatora Nikolaya II’ (manuscript): Georgi Alexandrovich von Tal Papers, HIA, p. 57.
37. V. Shulgin, ‘Podrobnosti otrecheniya’, Rech’, 21 March 1917.
38. De Basily, Memoirs, pp. 125–6.
39. N. de Basily, ‘End of the Monarchy’ draft chapter (in French): NABP, HIA, box 24, pp. 26–7.
40. De Basily, Memoirs, p. 137.
41. N. A. Romanov (diary), 3 March 1917 (OS): Dnevniki imperatora Nikolaya II, 1894–1918, ed. S. V. Mironenko and Z. I. Peregudova (Moscow: Rosspen, 2013) (hereafter DINII), vol. 2, part 2, p. 296; de Basily, Memoirs, pp. 139–40.
42. N. de Basily, ‘End of the Monarchy’ draft chapter (in French), p. 51 and attached notelet, quoting draft memoir by A. I. Guchkov: NABP, HIA, box 24.
43. Ibid., pp. 51–2.
44. N. de Basily, ‘End of the Monarchy’ draft chapter (in French), pp. 52–3 and attached notelet, quoting draft memoir by A. I. Guchkov: NABP, HIA, box 24. For Mikhail’s abdication manifesto, see Nicholas II Papers, Hoover Safe, HIA.
45. N. de Basily, ‘End of the Monarchy’ draft chapter (in French): NABP, HIA, box 24, p. 54; M. A. Romanov, abdication manifesto, 16 March 1917: SPR, p. 51.
46. Benkendorf, Last Days at Tsarskoe Selo, pp. 16–17.
47. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 23.
48. N. A. Romanov (diary), 3 March 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 296.
49. J. Hanbury-Williams, The Emperor Nicholas II as I Knew Him (London: A. L. Humphreys, 1922), p. 167: diary (19 March 1917).
50. Ibid., pp. 168–9: diary (19 March 1917).
51. Ibid., p. 170: diary (20 March 1917).
52. Ibid., p. 174: diary (21 March 1917).
5: Tsarskoe Selo
1. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1098.
2. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 744.
3. T. H. Preston, Before the Curtain (London: John Murray, 1950), pp. 226–7.
4. S. Gibbes (diary), 26 July 1916: SGC, SCBLOU, box 1.
5. Colonel K. Zershchikov, ‘Sobstvennyi ego velichestva konvoi v dni revolyutsii’: K. Zershchikov Papers, HIA, p. 3.
6. Ibid., pp. 4–5.
7. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 5–6 March 1919 (OS): AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 456.
8. A. F. Romanova to N. A. Romanov, 17 March 1917: A. Maylunas and S. Mironenko, A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas and Alexandra, Their Own Story (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1996), pp. 552–4.
9. Executive Committee meeting, 16 March 1917: Petrogradskii Sovet rabochikh i soldatskikh deputatov, ed. P. V. Volobuev (Nauka: Leningrad/St Petersburg, 1991–2003), vol. 1, p. 9.
10. Executive Committee meeting, 19 March 1917: ibid., pp. 16–17.
11. Cabinet meeting, 20 March 1917: SPR, p. 57; interview of A. F. Kerenskii, 14–20 August 1920: DAVP, HIA, box 22, p. 105.
12. See R. Abraham, Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), pp. 156–7.
13. Provisional Government session, 20 March 1917: Maylunas and Mironenko, A Lifelong Passion, pp. 554–5.
14. Hanbury-Williams, The Emperor Nicholas II as I Knew Him, p. 173: diary (20 March 1917).
15. V. M. Vershinin, report to Provisional Government (n.d. but no earlier than 22 March 1917): SPR, pp. 65–6.
16. Colonel K. Zershchikov, ‘Sobstvennyi ego velichestva konvoi v dni revolyutsii’: K. Zershchikov Papers, HIA, p. 33.
17. Ibid.
18. De Basily, Memoirs, pp. 141–2.
19. Colonel K. Zershchikov, ‘Sobstvennyi ego velichestva konvoi v dni revolyutsii’: K. Zershchikov Papers, HIA, p. 35.
20. V. M. Vershinin, report to Provisional Government (n.d. but no earlier than 22 March 1917): SPR, p. 66.
21. Ibid.
22. A. F. Romanova (diary), 8 March 1917 (OS): DNIIAF, p. 340; Captain N. N. Krasnov, memoir dictated to M. A. Polievktov, 5 June 1917 (OS): http://rare-books.library.nd.edu/exhibits/polievktov/ssrr.shtml. Semion Lyandres kindly alerted me to Krasnov’s testimony about the Kornilov visit.
23. Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, p. 114.
24. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 710–11.
25. Ibid., pp. 709–10.
26. Ibid.
27. Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, pp. 169–70.
28. Ibid., p. 170.
29. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 714.
30. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1098.
31. Ibid.
32. P. Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 5–6 March 1919: ibid., box 1, p. 452.
33. N. A. Romanov (diary), 9 March 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 297.
34. Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, p. 116.
35. N. A. Romanov (diary), 9 March 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 297.
36. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 711.
37. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 22.
38. Hanbury-Williams, The Emperor Nicholas II as I Knew Him, pp. 180–1: diary (24 March 1917).
39. Ibid.
40. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1100.
41. Ibid.
42. Colonel K. Zershchikov, ‘Sobstvennyi ego velichestva konvoi v dni revolyutsii’: K. Zershchikov Papers, HIA, pp. 38–9.
43. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, pp. 712–13.
44. Ibid., p. 713.
45. N. Lavrova, ‘Rasputin’s Pyre is Russia’s Revenge’, San Francisco Examiner, 7 October 1923: Nadia Shapiro Papers, HIA, box 5, folder 18.
1. Father Nicholas (S. Gibbes), untitled memoir (typescript): SGC, SCBLOU, box 1, MS Facs c. 106, p. 6.
2. A. F. Romanova to N. A. Romanov, 22 February 1917 (OS): SPR, p. 24.
3. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, pp. 6–7.
4. For her strident recommendations about ministerial appointments, see A. F. Romanova to N. A. Romanov, 14 December 1916 (OS): Fuhrman (ed.), Complete Wartime Correspondence, p. 675.
5. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 755.
6. N. de Basily, ‘Note sur l’Empereur et l’Impératrice’: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 2.
7. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, typescript, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 3.
8. K. M. Bitner (inquiry testimony), July 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 1022.
9. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, typescript, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 3.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., p. 4.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., p. 6.
14. Diary notes: Princess Barbara Dolgorouky Memoirs, HIA, box 1, p. 78.
15. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 27 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1128.
16. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 756.
17. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 10.
18. N. de Basily, ‘Note sur l’Empereur et l’Impératrice’: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 2.
19. M. G. Tutelberg (inquiry testimony), 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 974.
20. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 27 August 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1129.
21. Ibid.
22. S. Gibbes (diary), 1–4 March 1917: SGC, SCBLOU, box 1.
23. K. M. Bitner (inquiry testimony), July 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 1019.
24. Ibid.
25. S. Gibbes (diary), 8 and 13 October 1916: SGC, SCBLOU, box 1.
26. S. I. Ivanov (inquiry testimony), 19 July 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 952.
27. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 758.
28. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 5–6 March 1919 (OS): ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 456; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 712.
29. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 756.
30. Ibid., p. 757.
31. Ibid.
32. K. M. Bitner (inquiry testimony), July 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 1017.
33. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 757; K. M. Bitner (inquiry testimony), July 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 1018.
34. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 757.
35. Ibid.
7: The Provisional Government
1. Interview of A. F. Kerenskii, 14–20 August 1920: DAVP, HIA, box 22, p. 111a.
2. Ibid., pp. 107b–108a; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 713–14.
3. Ibid.
4. Interview of A. F. Kerenskii, 14–20 August 1920: DAVP, HIA, box 22, pp. 107b–108a; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 713–14; S. Mstislavskii, Pyat’ dnei: nachalo i konets fevral’skoi revolyutsii (Moscow: Z. I. Grzhebin, 1922), pp. 55–9.
5. N. de Basily, notes on departure of Nicholas II and his family: NABP, HIA, box 27, folder 11, p. 13.
6. A. A. Volkov, Okolo tsarskoi sem’i (Paris: Moscow, 1928), pp. 52–3.
7. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1102.
8. Volkov, Okolo tsarskoi sem’i, p. 53.
9. Interview of A. F. Kerenskii, 14–20 August 1920: DAVP, HIA, box 22, pp. 106a–b.
10. Ibid., p. 107b.
11. Ibid., p. 109a; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 715.
12. Interview of A. F. Kerensky, August 1920: DAVP, HIA, box 22, p. 106b.
13. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 715.
14. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1099.
15. Interview of A. F. Kerenskii, August 1920: DAVP, HIA, box 22, pp. 107b and 111a–112b.
16. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1102.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., pp. 1102–3.
19. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske: iz vospominanii (Leningrad: Kooperativnoe izdatel’skoe t-vo ‘Byloe’, 1925), p. 63.
20. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 24.
21. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1102.
22. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 23.
23. Ibid., p. 24.
24. P. Gilliard to N. de Basily, 29 April 1934 (notes): NABP, HIA, box 2, folder 62, pp. 2–3.
25. Ibid., p. 3.
26. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, pp. 23–4.
8: The British Offer
1. Cabinet discussion, 15 March 1917: SPR, p. 39.
2. Krasnyi arkhiv, vol. 23, p. 53, quoted N. de Basily, notes on departure of Nicholas II and his family: NABP, HIA, box 27, folder 11, p. 1.
3. N. de Basily, notes on departure of Nicholas II and his family: NABP, HIA, box 27, folder 11, pp. 2–3; conversation between N. de Basily and A. S. Lukomskii, 24 February 1933: ibid., box 22, p. 2.
4. N. de Basily, notes on departure of Nicholas II and his family: ibid., box 27, folder 11, pp. 4–5.
5. Ibid., p. 6.
6. Ibid.
7. Executive Committee meeting, 22 March 1917: SPR, pp. 63–4.
8. N. de Basily, notes on departure of Nicholas II and his family: NABP, HIA, box 27, folder 11, pp. 12–13.
9. M. Paléologue, La Russie des tsars pendant la Grande Guerre, vol. 3 (Paris: Plon, 1922), p. 264, cited ibid., p. 7.
10. Conversation between N. de Basily and A. S. Lukomskii, 24 February 1933: NABP, HIA, box 22, pp. 2–3.
11. N. de Basily, notes on departure of Nicholas II and his family: ibid., box 27, folder 11, pp. 7–8.
12. G. Buchanan, My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories, vol. 2 (London: Cassell and Co., 1923), p. 105.
13. N. de Basily, notes on departure of Nicholas II and his family: NABP, HIA, box 27, folder 11, p. 10.
14. Ibid., p. 11.
15. Petrogradskii Sovet rabochikh i soldatskikh deputatov v 1917 godu, pp. 587–9.
16. P. Gilliard to N. de Basily, 29 April 1934 (letter): NABP, HIA, box 2, folder 62.
17. S. Gibbes to his Aunt Hattie, 21 April 1917: SGC, SCBLOU, box 2.
9: Rules and Routines
1. Instruction to the Tsarskoe Selo garrison commander, 30 March 1917: SPR, p. 68.
2. S. Gibbes to Grand Duke Alexander Nikolaevich, untitled memoir, 1 December 1928: SGC, SCBLOU, box 1, p. 4.
3. Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, p. 154.
4. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 712 and 718.
5. Executive Committee meeting, 22 March 1917: Petrogradskii Sovet rabochikh i soldatskikh deputatov, vol. 1, pp. 29–33.
6. N. A. Romanov to X. A. Romanova, 18 November 1917 (OS): SPR, pp. 115–16.
7. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 756.
8. Ibid., p. 712.
9. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 5–6 March 1919 (OS): ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 457.
10. N. A. Mundel (inquiry testimony), 6 August 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 1045; L. S. Tugan-Baranovskii (oral testimony from the Polievktov Collection): Lyandres (ed.), The Fall of Tsarism, p. 131.
11. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1102.
12. Ibid., pp. 1100–1.
13. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 717.
14. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1101.
15. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 716.
16. P. Gilliard, Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille (Paris: Payot, 1921), p. 193; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 717.
17. N. A. Romanov to M. F. Romanova, letters of summer 1917: Kseniia Aleksandrovna, Grand Duchess of Russia Papers (hereafter KAGDRP), HIA, box 8, file 38. Nicholas did not always date these letters.
18. Skorbnaya pamyatka, ed. A. V. Syroboyarskii (New York: Kassa Pomoshchi Blizhnim v Pamyat’ v Tsarskoi Sem’e, 1928), p. 48: A. F. Romanova to A. V. Syroboyarski, 29 May 1917 (OS); Fuhrman (ed.), Complete Wartime Correspondence, p. 529.
19. Skorbnaya pamyatka, pp. 48–9.
10: On the Lives of Rulers
1. N. A. Romanov (diary), 24 March 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 300.
2. N. A. Romanov (diary), 29 April 1917 (OS), ibid., pp. 304 and 307.
3. N. A. Romanov (diary), 4 May 1917 (OS), ibid., p. 308.
4. N. A. Romanov (diary), 2 May 1917 (OS), ibid., p. 308.
5. L. A. Kasso, Rossiya na Dunae i obrazovanie Bessarabskoi oblasti (Moscow: A. Snegirëva, 1913), pp. 229–30.
6. A. N. Kuropatkin, Zadachi russkoi armii (St Petersburg: V. A. Berezovskii, 1910), vol. 3, pp. 13–14, 61, 66–7 and 339–43.
7. F. I. Uspenskii, Istoriya vizantiiskoi imperii (St Petersburg: Brokgauz-Efron, 1913), vol. 1, pp. 99–135.
8. Ibid., pp. 126–31.
9. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 813–72.
10. N. A. Romanov (diary), 3 April 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 303.
11. N. A. Romanov (diary), 21 June 1917 (OS), ibid., p. 317.
12. N. A. Romanov (diary), 22 June 1917 (OS), ibid., p. 317.
13. D. S. Merezhkovskii, Khristos i Antikhrist (St Petersburg: M. V. Pirozhkov, 1907), vol. 2, Voskresshie bogi. Leonardo da-Vinchi, p. 816.
14. N. A. Romanov (diary), 4 July 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 319.
15. Merezhkovskii, Khristos i Antikhrist, vol. 3: Antikhrist: Pëtr i Aleksei, p. 550.
16. N. A. Romanov (diary), 11 July 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 320.
17. D. S. Merezhkovskii, Aleksandr I, vol. 6, in Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 24 vols (Moscow: I. D. Sytin, 1914), pp. 189–90.
18. Ibid., pp. 237 and 239.
19. D. S. Mérejkowsky, ‘Préface’, in D. Mérejkowsky, Z. Hippius and Dm. Philosophoff, Le Tsar et la Révolution (Paris: Société du Mercure de France, 1907), p. 14.
20. D. S. Mérejkowsky, ‘Religion et Révolution’, ibid., pp. 147–8.
21. N. A. Romanov (diary), 3 June 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 430.
22. N. K. Shil’der, Imperator Pavel Pervyi. Istoriko-biograficheskii ocherk (St Petersburg: A. S. Suvorin, 1901), p. 503.
23. Ibid., pp. 26 and 477–504.
24. N. A. Romanov (diary), 3 June 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 430.
25. N. A. Romanov (diary), 9 November 1917 (OS), ibid., p. 339.
26. V. Hugo, Quatre-vingt-treize, p. 180.
27. Ibid., pp. 494–7.
1. Nikolai II-oi Romanov: ego zhizn’ i deyatel’nost, 1894–1917 g.g., po inostrannym i russkim istochnikam (Petrograd: Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya, 1917), pp. 1, 59, 69 and 72–3.
2. See B. I. Kolonitski, Simvoly vlasti i bor’ba za vlast’: k izucheniyu politicheskoi kul’tury Rossiiskoi revolyutsii 1917 goda (St Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 2001), pp. 132–40.
3. See B. I. Kolonitskii, ‘Tragicheskaya erotika’: obrazy imperatorskoi sem’i v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny (St Petersburg: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, 2010), pp. 236–40.
4. Interview of A. F. Kerenskii, 14–20 August 1920: DAVP, HIA, box 22, pp. 107b–108a.
5. N. de Basily, notes on conversation with M. Tereshchenko, 23 April 1934: NABP, HIA, box 27, folder 11, p. 1.
6. Ibid., p. 2.
7. Ibid., p. 4.
8. Interview of A. F. Kerenskii, August 1920: DAVP, HIA, box 22, p. 108b.
9. N. A. Romanov (diary), 5 July 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 319.
10. L. Sukacev, ‘Soldier Under Three Flags: The Personal Memoirs of Lev Pavlovich Sukacev’ (Washington, DC: typescript, 1974): Lev Sukacev Papers, HIA, p. 100.
11. M. A. Romanov to M. F. Romanova, 27 March 1917: KAGDRP, HIA, box 8, folder 37.
12. See Ioffe, Revolyutsiya i sem’ya Romanovykh, p. 194.
12: Distant Transfer
1. See Ioffe, Revolyutsiya i sem’ya Romanovykh, pp. 194–5.
2. Interview of A. F. Kerenskii, 14–20 August 1920: DAVP, HIA, box 22, p. 108b.
3. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 717–18.
4. Ibid., pp. 719–20.
5. Ibid., p. 720.
6. Ibid., pp. 720–1.
7. T. E. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e i eë zhizni do i posle revolyutsii (Belgrade: M. I. Stefanovich, 1921; repr. Moscow: Ankor, 1993), p. 64.
8. Ibid., pp. 63–4.
9. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 721–2.
10. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 24.
11. Ibid.
12. Interview of A. F. Kerenskii, 14–20 August 1920: DAVP, HIA, box 22, p. 108b.
13. Benkendorf, Last Days at Tsarskoe Selo, p. 107.
14. Interview of A. F. Kerenskii, 14–20 August 1920: DAVP, HIA, box 22, p. 109a.
15. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 722.
16. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1105.
17. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, pp. 722–3.
18. M. A. Romanov to M. F. Romanova, 8 August 1917 (OS): KAGDRP, HIA, box 8, file 37.
19. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1104.
20. E. A. Naryshkina (diary), 1 August 1917 (OS): SPR, p. 89.
21. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 722.
22. M. A. Romanov to M. F. Romanova, 8 August 1917 (OS): KAGDRP, HIA, box 8, file 37.
23. S. K. Buksgevden (sic), ‘Gosudar’ Imperator Nikolai II: iz vospominanii’, part 1: NABP, HIA, box 23, folder 1, p. 25.
24. M. A. Romanov to M. F. Romanova, 8 August 1917 (OS): KAGDRP, HIA, box 8, file 37; E. A. Naryshkina (diary), 1 August 1917 (OS): SPR, p. 89.
25. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, pp. 62–3.
26. E. A. Naryshkina (diary), 1 August 1917 (OS): SPR, p. 89.
27. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, p. 63.
28. Ibid., p. 86.
29. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1104.
30. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 723.
31. Ibid., p. 724.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid., pp. 724–5.
34. Ibid., p. 724.
35. A. N. Romanova, exercise book (n.d.): SGC, SCBLOU, box 1.
36. N. A. Romanov (diary), 4 August 1917 (OS): DNIIAF, p. 17.
37. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1120.
38. Interview of A. F. Kerenskii, 14–20 August 1920: DAVP, HIA, box 22, p. 108b; see also Ioffe, Revolyutsiya i sem’ya Romanovykh, p. 198.
39. F. N. Gorshkov (inquiry testimony), 31 July 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, p. 7; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., folder 8, p. 725; Volkov, Okolo tsarskoi sem’i, p. 57; A. F. Romanova (diary), 6 and 13 August 1917 (OS): DNIIAF, pp. 21 and 29.
40. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 728.
41. A. F. Kerenskii to the Tobolsk Procurator (n.d.): ibid., box 1, folder 9, pp. 1401–2.
42. Interview of A. F. Kerenskii, 14–20 August 1920: DAVP, HIA, box 22, p. 109a.
43. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 725.
44. A. F. Romanova (diary), 13 August 1917 (OS): DNIIAF, p. 29.
13: Destination Tobolsk
1. N. A. Romanov to M. F. Romanova, 27 October 1917: KAGDRP, HIA, box 8, folder 38.
2. Baedeker’s Russia, p. 527.
3. Ibid., p. 527; R. S. Latimer, Dr. Baedeker and his Apostolic Work in Russia (London: Morgan and Scott, 1907), p. 121.
4. Neobkhodimost’ otkrytiya porto-franko v ust’yakh rek Obi i Yeniseya (Tobolsk: Gubernskaya Tipografia, 1907), p. 24. See also D. W. Treadgold, The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957), p. 100.
5. J. Snodgrass, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce: Russia: A Handbook on Commercial and Industrial Conditions (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1913), pp. 217–18.
6. Neobkhodimost’ otkrytiya porto-franko v ust’yakh rek Obi i Yeniseya, p. 7.
7. Ibid., pp. 15–18 and 22.
8. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, p. 78.
9. D. Beer, ‘Vae Victis: Siberian Exile as a Revolutionary Battleground, 1900–1914’: St Antony’s College (Oxford) history seminar series, 2 March 2015. See also D. Beer, The House of the Dead: Siberian Exile under the Tsars (London: Allen Lane, 2016), pp. 373–81.
10. S. Kallistov, Tobol’skii Tsentral (Moscow: Vsesoyuznoe obshchestvo politkatorzhan i ss-poselentsev, 1925), p. 4.
11. ‘Golos s katorgi’ (complaint-report on the troubles of 1906–1908), pp. 1–6 and 57–8: B. I. Nicolaevsky Collection, HIA, box 112, folder 6; Kallistov, Tobol’skii Tsentral, p. 11.
12. Beer, ‘Vae Victis’.
13. Latimer, Dr. Baedeker and his Apostolic Work in Russia, p. 120.
14. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, p. 30.
15. See Ioffe, Revolyutsiya i sem’ya Romanovykh, p. 197.
14: Plenipotentiary Pankratov
1. Interview of A. F. Kerenskii, 14–20 August 1920: DAVP, HIA, box 22, p. 109a; Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, pp. 14–15; Gilliard, Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, p. 201.
2. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, pp. 14–15 and 24; Tobolsk Procurator Koryakin to A. F. Kerenskii, 4 September 1917: SPR, p. 107.
3. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 729–30.
4. ‘Plebei’ [V. S. Pankratov], ‘Polozhenie uchenikov na zavodakh’, Literaturnye Otgoloski: Sbornik, Neperiodicheskii Izdanie, no. 1 (7 February 1893 (OS)): Boris Nicolaevsky Collection, box 192, pp. 97–115.
5. Unsigned introduction to Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, pp. 7–11.
6. K. M. Bitner (inquiry testimony), July 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 1012–13.
7. P. Gilliard to N. de Basily, 29 April 1934 (notes): NABP, HIA, box 2, folder 62, p. 3.
8. N. A. Romanov (diary), 1 September 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 330.
9. Volkov, Okolo tsarskoi sem’i, p. 57.
10. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 729–30.
11. Gilliard, Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, p. 201.
12. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 729–30.
13. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, p. 85.
14. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, p. 24.
15. Ibid., pp. 25 and 67.
16. Ibid., p. 67.
17. Ibid., p. 60; N. A. Romanov (diary), 22 September 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 333.
18. T. N. Romanova to M. S. Khitrovo, 17 October 1917 (OS): Alexandre Tarsaidze Papers, Subject File, Letters, HIA.
19. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, p. 60; N. A. Romanov (diary), 22 September 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 333.
20. V. S. Pankratov to A. F. Kerenskii, 13 October 1917: SPR, p. 110.
21. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, pp. 60–2.
22. Ibid., p. 62.
23. Ibid., p. 63.
24. K. M. Bitner (inquiry testimony), July 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 1021.
25. Tobolsk Procurator Koryakin to A. F. Kerenskii, 4 September 1917: SPR, pp. 105–7; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 721.
26. Interview of A. F. Kerenskii, 14–20 August 1920: DAVP, HIA, box 22, p. 109a.
27. Office chief-of-staff of A. F. Kerenskii to E. S. Botkin, 28 September 1917: SPR, p. 110.
28. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, pp. 56–7 and 71.
29. Ibid., p. 57.
30. N. A. Romanov (diary), 29 September 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 334. For Pankratov’s letter of 30 September 1917 (OS), see ibid., p. 396, fn. 106.
31. Volkov, Okolo tsarskoi sem’i, p. 58.
32. A. F. Romanova (diary), 1 October 1917 (OS): DNIIAF, p. 105.
33. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, pp. 52–4.
34. N. A. Romanov to X. A. Romanova, 18 November 1917 (OS): SPR, p. 115.
35. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 732.
36. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, pp. 52–3.
15: The October Revolution
1. Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, p. 174.
2. Ibid.
3. Gilliard, Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, p. 204.
4. L. G. Kornilov, testimony to the Extraordinary Commission of Investigation, 2–5 September 1917 (OS): G. N. Sevastyanov et al. (eds), Delo generala Kornilova: materialy Chrezvychainoi komissii po rassledovaniyu dela o byvshem Verkhovnom glavno komanduyushchem generale L. G. Kornilove i ego souchastnikakh, avgust 1917 g. – iyun’ 1918 g., 2 vols (Moscow: Materik, 2003), vol. 2, p. 202.
5. L. G. Kornilov, ‘Appeal to the People’, 28 August 1917 (OS): ibid., p. 493.
6. N. A. Romanov (diary), 29 August 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 330.
7. N. A. Romanov (diary), 5 September 1917 (OS): ibid., p. 331.
8. See D. Koenker, Moscow Workers and the 1917 Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981), p. 132.
9. N. A. Romanov (diary), 25 October 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 337; A. F. Romanova (diary), 25 October 1917 (OS): DNIIAF, pp. 135–6.
10. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, p. 81.
11. N. A. Romanov (diary), 11 November 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 339.
12. Father Nicholas (S. Gibbes), ‘Ten Years with the Russian Imperial Family’ (typescript): SGC, SCBLOU, box 1, p. 3.
13. N. A. Romanov (diary), 18 November 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 340.
16: The Romanov Dispersal
1. G. M. Romanov to X. G. Romanova, 1 and 29 June 1917 (OS): Georgi Mikhailovich, Grand Duke of Russia Papers, HIA, box 2.
2. G. M. Romanov to X. G. Romanova, 29 June 1917 (OS): ibid.
3. N. M. Romanov to M. F. Romanova, 27 April 1917: KAGDRP, HIA, box 8, folder 39.
4. G. M. Romanov to X. G. Romanova, 29 September 1917 (OS): Georgi Mikhailovich, Grand Duke of Russia Papers, HIA, box 2.
5. G. M. Romanov to M. F. Romanova, 28 October 1917 (OS): KAGDRP, HIA, box 8, file 25.
6. N. A. Romanov to M. F. Romanova, 19 September 1917 (OS): ibid., box 8, file 38.
7. X. A. Romanova to N. A. Romanov, 6 December 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, pp. 433–4.
8. N. A. Romanov to X. A. Romanova, 6 December 1917 (OS): Pis’ma svyatykh tsarstvennykh muchennikov iz zatocheniya, ed. E. E. Alfer’evym, D. S. Tatishchev and S. P. Andolenko (St Petersburg: Spaso-Preobrazhenskii Valaamskii monastyr’, 1996), pp. 181–2, cited ibid., p. 435.
9. X. A. Romanova to N. A. Romanov, 6 December 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 434. On Mikhail’s conditions of custody in Petrograd, see R. Crawford and D. Crawford, Michael and Natasha: The Life and Love of the Last Tsar of Russia (Weidenfeld and Nicolson: London, 1997), pp. 336–7.
10. O. A. Romanova to N. A. Romanov, 27 January 1918 (OS): ibid., p. 438.
11. X. A. Romanova to N. A. Romanov, 1/14 February 1918: ibid.
12. M. A. Romanov to M. F. Romanova, 11 October 1917 (OS): KAGDRP, HIA, box 8, file 37.
13. M. A. Romanov to M. F. Romanova, 25 October 1917 (OS): ibid.
14. M. A. Romanov to M. F. Romanova, 5 November 1917 (OS): ibid.
17: Freedom House
1. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1106.
2. S. Gibbes, untitled memoir, 1 December 1928: SGC, SCBLOU, box 1, p. 5.
3. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, p. 81.
4. Father Nicholas (S. Gibbes), ‘Ten Years with the Russian Imperial Family’ (typescript): SGC, SCBLOU, box 1, p. 8.
5. N. A. Romanov (diary), 18 January 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 407.
6. Photographs were itemized by N. A. Sokolov in a list of discovered belongings, 27 October 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1333.
7. ‘Bezique as always’: N. A. Romanov (diary), 21 January 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 408.
8. M. N. Romanova to M. F. Romanova, 23 September 1917 (OS): KAGDRP, HIA, box 8, file 35.
9. A. N. Romanova to Ye. E. Zborovskaya, 20 September 1917 (OS): Ekaterina Zborovskaia Papers, HIA, box 2.
10. A. N. Romanova to Ye. E. Zborovskaya, 10 December 1917 (OS): ibid.
11. A. N. Romanov to M. F. Romanova, 5 November 1917: ibid., box 8, folder 10.
12. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 728.
13. A. N. Romanova to Ye. E. Zborovskaya, 19 January 1918 (OS): Ekaterina Zborovskaia Papers, box 2.
14. Photographs were itemized by N. A. Sokolov in a list of discovered belongings, 27 October 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1333.
15. T. N. Romanova to M. S. Khitrovo, 23 January 1918 (OS): Alexandre Tarsaidze Papers, HIA, Subject File, Letters.
16. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, pp. 86–7.
17. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, pp. 46–7.
18. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 735; Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, p. 87.
19. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 728.
20. Gilliard, Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, p. 207.
21. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, p. 83; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 732–3.
22. Tobol’skie eparkhal’nye vedomosti, nos 29–31, 10/23 December – 1/14 December 1918, p. 285.
23. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 732.
24. ‘Beseda s episkopom Germogenom’, Svet (St Petersburg), January 1912.
25. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 733.
26. Ibid., pp. 733–4.
18: Learning from Others
1. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, pp. 68–9.
2. Ibid., pp. 65–7.
3. P. Gilliard to N. de Basily, 29 April 1934 (notes): NABP, HIA, box 2, folder 62, p. 4.
4. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, p. 58.
5. Ibid., pp. 73–4.
6. Ibid., pp. 68–9.
7. N. A. Romanov (diary), 18 January 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 407; S. Nilus, Velikoe v malom, a book itemized by N. A. Sokolov in a list of discovered belongings, 6 September 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1237. Sokolov recorded it as having belonged to Alexandra.
8. N. A Romanov to M. F. Romanova, 27 October 1917: KAGDRP, HIA, box 8, folder 38.
9. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, p. 42.
10. Ibid., pp. 42–3; Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, p. 47.
11. K. M. Bitner (inquiry testimony), July 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 1012–13.
12. Ibid., p. 1015.
13. Ibid., p. 1013.
14. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, pp. 42–3.
15. Ibid., p. 43.
16. K. M. Bitner (inquiry testimony), July 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 1020.
17. Ibid., p. 1019.
18. Ibid., p. 1020.
19. Ibid., p. 1019.
20. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, pp. 44–5.
19: Time on their Hands
1. The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra, ed. V. A. Kozlov and V. M. Khrustalëv (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 11 February 1918, p. 35.
2. Ibid., 11 January 1918 (OS), p. 17, and 11 February 1918, p. 35.
3. N. A. Romanov (diary), 9 January 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 406.
4. N. A. Romanov (diary), 7 January 1918 (OS): ibid.
5. Father Nicholas (S. Gibbes), ‘My Tobolsk Books, Etc., Etc.’ (typescript): SGC, SCBLOU, box 1, pp. 2–3, 8; N. A. Romanov (diary), 13 March 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, pp. 414 and 416.
6. N. A. Romanov (diary), 26 and 29 September, 2, 9 and 17, 23 and 29 October 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, pp. 332–4 and 336–7.
7. N. A. Romanov (diary), 16 October 1917 (OS): ibid., p. 335.
8. N. A. Romanov (diary), 3 October 1917 (OS): ibid.
9. N. A. Romanov (diary), 19 October 1917 (OS): ibid., p. 336.
10. N. A. Romanov (diary), 1 and 4 March 1918 (OS): ibid., p. 411.
11. N. A. Romanov (diary), 13 March 1918 (OS): ibid., p. 412.
12. N. A. Romanov (diary), 6 April 1918 (OS): ibid., p. 418.
13. N. A. Romanov (diary), 10 November; 3 and 13 December 1917; 26 March 1918 (OS): ibid., pp. 339, 342–3 and 414.
14. N. A. Romanov (diary), 19 August 1917 (OS): ibid., p. 329.
15. Baroness Orczy, The Scarlet Pimpernel (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1960), p. 9.
16. N. A. Romanov (diary), 1 and 3 November 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 338 (with reference to: I Will Repay; The Elusive Pimpernel; Fire in Stubble).
17. Baroness Orczy, The Scarlet Pimpernel, chap. 28.
18. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 754.
19. N. A. Romanov to M. F. Romanova, 5 March 1918: KAGDRP, HIA, box 8, folder 38.
20. N. A. Romanov to X. A. Romanova, 18 November 1917 (OS): SPR, p. 116.
21. N. A. Romanov (diary), 25 and 26 March 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 414.
22. N. A. Romanov (diary), 27 March 1918 (OS): ibid., p. 416.
23. N. Cohn, Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion (London: Eyre and Spottiswood, 1967), p. 115.
24. The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra, 22, 24, 25 and 29 April 1918 (OS), pp. 126–33; N. A. Romanov (diary), 27 March 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 416.
25. N. A. Romanov (diary), 27 March 1918 (OS): ibid., p. 416.
26. K. M. Bitner (inquiry testimony), July 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 1014.
20: ‘October’ in January
1. Father Nicholas (S. Gibbes), ‘My Tobolsk Books, Etc., Etc.’ (typescript): ibid., pp. 2–3.
2. N. A. Romanov (diary), 18 November 1917 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 340.
3. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 734.
4. Ibid., pp. 734 and 736.
5. Ibid., p. 755.
6. N. A. Romanov (diary), 14 March 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 414.
7. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, pp. 58–60.
8. Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, photo opposite p. 240.
9. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 729.
10. Father Nicholas (S. Gibbes), ‘Ten Years with the Russian Imperial Family’ (typescript): SGC, SCBLOU, box 1, p. 7.
11. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, p. 81.
12. The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra, 29 January 1918, p. 22.
13. Ibid., 30 January 1918, p. 23.
14. A. N. Romanova to Ye. E. Zborovskaya, 19 January 1918 (OS): Ekaterina Zborovskaia Papers, box 2.
15. A. N. Romanova to Ye. E. Zborovskaya, 15 October 1917 (OS): ibid.
16. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 730–1.
17. N. A. Mundel (inquiry testimony), 6 August 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 1047.
18. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, pp. 78–9; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 730.
19. Ibid., p. 734.
20. N. A. Romanov (diary), 1–5 January 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 405. Anastasia went down with the illness on 28 January 1918: ibid., p. 407; S. Buxhoeveden (diary), 1 January 1918 (OS): AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 440. I have identified Buxhoeveden from the internal evidence of the diary, notably from the date of her expulsion from the Kornilov house.
21. S. Buxhoeveden (diary), 18 January 1918 (OS): AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 440.
22. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, p. 86.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., p. 87.
25. Ibid., p. 89.
26. N. A. Romanov to M. F. Romanova, 5 March 1918 (OS): KAGDRP, HIA, box 8, folder 38.
27. The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra, 24 January 1918, p. 17.
28. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, p. 80; S. Buxhoeveden, The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress of Russia: A Biography (London: Longman, Green and Co., 1929), pp. 314–15.
29. The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra, 24 January 1918, p. 17.
30. S. Buxhoeveden (diary), 27 January 1918 (OS): AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 441.
31. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, p. 86.
32. Pankratov, So tsarëm v Tobol’ske, p. 88.
33. O. N. Romanova to M. S. Khitrovo, 19 February 1918 (OS): Alexandre Tarsaidze Papers, Subject File, Letters, HIA, box 16, folder 4.
34. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, p. 86.
35. Ibid.
36. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 734.
37. O. N. Romanova to M. S. Khitrovo, 19 February 1918: Alexandre Tarsaidze Papers, Subject File, Letters, HIA, box 16, folder 4.
38. T. N. Romanova to M. S. Khitrovo, 19 February 1918: ibid.
21: The Moscow Discussions
1. Sovnarkom minutes, 29 January 1918: Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (hereafter GARF), f. 130, op. 23, d. 7, p. 170.
2. L. Bryant, Six Red Months in Russia: An Observer’s Account of Russia before and during the Proletarian Dictatorship (New York: George H. Doran, 1918), chap. 24.
3. Sovnarkom minutes, 29 January 1918: GARF, f. 130, op. 23, d. 7, p. 170; M. P. Iroshnikov, Sozdanie sovetskogo tsentral’nogo apparata: Sovet narodnykh komissarov i narodnye komissariaty, oktyabr’ 1917 g. – yanvar’ 1918 g. (Moscow/Leningrad: Nauka, 1966), p. 265.
4. Sovnarkom minutes, 20 February 1918: GARF, f. 130, op. 23, d. 8, p. 204.
5. Gilliard, Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, p. 213; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 736; S. Buxhoeveden (diary), 10 March 1918 (OS): ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 442.
6. N. A. Romanov (diary), 14 February 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 410.
7. P. Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 5–6 March 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 461.
8. F. N. Gorshkov (inquiry testimony), 31 July 1918: ibid., folder 8, p. 7; S. Buxhoeveden (diary), 10 March 1918 (OS): ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 442. In the latter source the number of fired staff is put at eleven.
9. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, p. 87.
10. Ibid.
11. The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra, 4 and 17 March and 2 April 1918, pp. 56, 69 and 85.
12. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, p. 87.
13. Ibid.
M. A. Medvedev, ‘Predystoriya rasstrela tsarskoi sem’i Romanovykh v 1918 godu’: Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial’no-Politicheskoi Istorii (hereafter RGASPI), f. 558, op. 3s, d. 12, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, p. 20.
14. N. A. Romanov (diary), 13 March 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 414.
15. Central Committee meeting, 23 February 1918: Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP(b), avgust 1917 – fevral’ 1918 (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1958), p. 215.
16. Skorbnaya pamyatka, p. 64.
17. P. Gilliard, notes appended to letter (29 April 1934?) to N. de Basily, p. 2.
18. Skorbnaya pamyatka, p. 68.
22: Rescue Plans
1. Diterikhs, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i i chlenov doma Romanovykh na Urale, part 1, p. 81; see also P. M. Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh (Sverdlovsk: Izdatel’stvo ‘Ural’skiĭ rabochiĭ’, 1990), p. 81; P. P. Bulygin, The Murder of the Romanovs: the Authentic Account (London: Hutchinson, 1935), p. 216.
2. B. N. Solo’ëv, 29 December 1919 (inquiry testimony): N. Ross, Gibel’ tsarskoi sem’i: materialy sledstviya (Frankfurt am Main: Posev, 1986) (hereafter GTSMS), p. 497.
3. Interview of A. F. Kerenskii, 14–20 August 1920: DAVP, HIA, box 22, pp. 109b and 117.
4. N. Sokolov, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i (Berlin: Slovo, 1925), pp. 95–6.
5. B. N. Solo’ëv, 29 December 1919 (inquiry testimony): GTSMS, p. 496.
6. Ibid., p. 497.
7. Ibid.
8. Sokolov, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i, pp. 89–90.
9. B. N. Solo’ëv, 29 December 1919 (inquiry testimony): GTSMS, p. 498.
10. The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra, 4 February 1918, p. 28.
11. B. N. Solo’ëv, 29 December 1919 (inquiry testimony): GTSMS, p. 498.
12. The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra, 6 February 1918, p. 30; Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, p. 256.
13. Ibid., p. 259.
14. Ibid., p. 262.
15. Sokolov, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i, pp. 89–90 and 94.
16. Ibid., p. 103.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., pp. 94–5.
19. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, p. 75.
20. K. S. Melnik, 2 November 1919 (inquiry testimony): GTSMS, p. 491; Sokolov, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i, pp. 94–5.
21. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, p. 76.
22. Ibid., p. 75.
23. Ibid., pp. 76–7.
24. Ibid., pp. 89–90 and 94; Bulygin, The Murder of the Romanovs: the Authentic Account, p. 217.
25. K. S. Mel’nik, 2 November 1919 (inquiry testimony): GTSMS, p. 491.
26. Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, pp. 83–4.
27. Ibid., p. 47.
28. Ibid., p. 188.
29. Ibid., pp. 194–5, 197 and 216.
30. Ibid., p. 248.
31. Ibid., p. 249.
32. Ibid., pp. 256 and 261.
33. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, pp. 78–9.
34. Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, p. 220.
35. Ibid., p. 221.
36. The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra, 25 March 1918, p. 77.
37. Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, p. 260.
38. Ibid., p. 233.
39. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, pp. 77–8.
40. Ibid., p. 78.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid., pp. 77–8.
43. Ibid., p. 77.
23: The Russian Future
1. P. Gilliard to N. de Basily, 29 April 1934 (notes): NABP, HIA, box 2, folder 62, p. 1.
2. N. A. Romanov (diary), 1 February 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 409.
3. N. A. Romanov (diary), 7 February 1918 (OS): ibid., p. 410.
4. N. A. Romanov (diary), 12 February 1918 (OS): ibid.
5. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 5–6 March 1919 (OS): AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 462.
6. Ibid.; Gilliard, Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, p. 215.
7. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 27 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1129.
8. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 758; K. M. Bitner (inquiry testimony), July 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 1016; Skorbnaya pamyatka, p. 64.
9. Gilliard, Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, p. 215.
10. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 759.
11. A. F. Romanova to A. A. Vyrubova, 22 January 1918: SPR, p. 129.
12. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, p. 84.
13. K. M. Bitner (inquiry testimony), July 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 1014.
14. Ibid., pp. 1014–15.
15. Ibid., p. 1021.
16. Ibid., pp. 1014–15.
17. S. Gibbes, untitled memoir (typescript): SGC, SCBLOU, box 1, pp. 21–2.
18. K. M. Bitner (inquiry testimony), July 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 1016–17.
19. Ibid., p. 1014.
20. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 755.
21. P. Gilliard to N. de Basily, 29 April 1934 (letter): NABP, HIA, box 2, folder 62.
22. Ibid.
23. K. M. Bitner (inquiry testimony), July 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 1019.
24. Ibid., p. 1020.
Chapter 24: Comrades on the March
1. Testimony of guard official Zentsov, Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya: inochtozhenie dinastii Romanovykh (Tver: Tverskoe izdatel’stvo, 1922), p. 11.
2. Gilliard, Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, p. 216: 26 March 1918 (diary).
3. Sokolov, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i, p. 88.
4. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 738.
5. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, p. 5.
6. Ibid.
7. Testimony of guard official Zentsov, Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya: inochtozhenie dinastii Romanovykh, p. 11.
8. S. Buxhoeveden (diary), 11 and 13 March 1918 (OS): AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 443.
9. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, p. 86.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., p. 84.
12. Gilliard, Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, p. 216; N. A. Romanov (diary), 29 March 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 416.
13. N. A. Mundel (inquiry testimony), 6 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 1047.
14. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 738.
15. V. M. Kosarev to V. I. Lenin and L. D. Trotskii, 28 March 1918: SPR, p. 137.
16. N. A. Romanov (diary), 22 March 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 415.
17. N. A. Romanov (diary), 28 March 1918 (OS): ibid., p. 416.
18. N. A. Romanov (diary), 23 March 1918 (OS): ibid.; A. V. Gendrikova (diary), 1 April 1918: ibid., p. 443.
19. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e, p. 84.
20. N. A. Romanov (diary), 22 March 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 415.
21. A. G. Beloborodov, ‘Iz vospominanii’, dated February 1922: A. N. Avdonin, V zhernovakh revolyutsii: dokumental’nyi ocherk o komissare V. V. Yakovleve (Ekaterinburg: Bank kul’turnoi informatsii, 1995) (hereafter VZR), p. 203.
22. Ibid.
23. P. M. Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, in N. I. Nikolaev (ed.), Rabochaya revolyutsiya na Urale: epizody i fakty (Ekaterinburg: Gosizdat, Ural’skoe Oblastnoe Upravlenie, 1921), pp. 6–7.
24. Testimony of guard official Zentsov, Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya: inochtozhenie dinastii Romanovykh, p. 11.
25. Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, p. 88.
26. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, p. 5; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 751.
27. F. N. Gorshkov (inquiry testimony), 31 July 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 9.
28. A. G. Beloborodov, ‘Iz vospominanii’, dated February 1922: VZR, p. 204.
29. Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, p. 88.
30. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, p. 5.
31. A. G. Beloborodov, ‘Iz vospominanii’, dated February 1922: VZR, p. 204.
32. Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, pp. 6–7.
33. Ibid.
34. See Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, p. 88.
35. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 766.
36. S. Buxhoeveden (diary), 11 and 13 March 1918 (OS): ibid., box 1, folder 7, pp. 443–4.
37. Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, p. 9.
38. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 738–9.
39. Imperial family breakfast and lunch menus, 22–29 April 1918 (OS?): SGC, SCBLOU, box 2.
40. K. M. Bitner (inquiry testimony), July 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 1022.
41. N. A. Romanov (diary), 11 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 419.
42. N. A. Romanov (diary), 19 March 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 415.
25: Tobolsk and Moscow
1. S. Buxhoeveden (diary), 7 March 1918 (OS): ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 442.
2. Tobol’skii rabochii, 31 March 1918.
3. Ibid., 16 April 1918.
4. S. Buxhoeveden (diary), 3 March 1918 (OS): AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 443.
5. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 732.
6. V. D. Bonch-Bruevich to V. A. Avanesov, 1 April 1918: DINII, vol. 2, part 2, pp. 442–3.
7. Minutes of VTsIK Presidium, 1 April 1918: V. V. Alexeev, Gibel’ tsarskoi sem’i: mify i real’nost’: novye dokumenty o tragedii na Urale (Ekaterinburg: Bank kul’turnoi informatsii, 1993), p. 52.
8. F. N. Gorshkov (inquiry testimony), 31 July 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, p. 7.
9. Minutes of VTsIK Presidium, 6 April 1918: SPR, p. 53.
10. Ya. M. Sverdlov to Urals Regional Soviet, 9 April 1918: ibid., pp. 53–4.
11. See I. F. Plotnikov, Pravda Istorii: gibel’ tsarskoi sem’i (Ekaterinburg: Sverdlovskaya regional’naya obshchestvennaya organizatsiya, 2002) (hereafter PIGTS), p. 156.
12. F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 644.
13. S. G. Loginov, 4 April 1919 (inquiry testimony): GTSMS, p. 289.
14. Ibid.
15. V. V. Yakovlev’s notes (from the personal archives of L. K. Karpovaya), reproduced in VZR, p. 18.
16. Aksyuta (speech), minutes of general meeting of guard detachment, 22 April 1918: SPR, p. 142.
17. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 732.
18. Ibid., p. 737; Father Nicholas (S. Gibbes), ‘Ten Years with the Russian Imperial Family’ (typescript): SGC, SCBLOU, box 1, p. 8.
19. K. A. Stoyanovich (V. V. Yakovlev), draft notes for projected book, June–July 1928, reproduced in VZR, p. 162.
20. N. A. Romanov (diary), 30 March 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 417.
21. N. A. Romanov (diary), 31 March 1918 (OS): ibid.
22. N. A. Romanov (diary), 1 April 1918 (OS): ibid.
23. B. V. Didkovskii to V. I. Lenin and Ya. M. Sverdlov, 13 April 1918: SPR, p. 54.
24. N. A. Romanov (diary), 2 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 417; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 734.
25. Ibid., p. 735.
26. Ibid., p. 736; N. A. Romanov (diary), 8 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 418.
27. F. I. Goloshchëkin to P. D. Khokhryakov, 21 April 1918: SPR, p. 140.