CHAPTER 1 Reading the Yoga Sutra in the Twenty-First Century
1. Sir Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages (London: Oxford University Press, 1899; reprint, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1984), 856–57.
2. Edwin Bryant, The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (New York: North Point Press, 2009), xxxviii.
CHAPTER 2 Patanjali, the Yoga Sutra, and Indian Philosophy
1. Rajendralal Mitra, The Yoga Aphorisms of Patanjali (Kolkata: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1883), 9 (commenting on Yoga Sutra 1.4). He further refers to this principle at pages 171 and 194, commenting on Yoga Sutra 4.3 and 4.22.
2. Bryant, The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, 288; James Haughton Woods, The Yoga-System of Patanjali (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914), xiii.
3. Guruling Deva, ed., Virasaivanandacandrika srimannarnajana Maritondarya Sivayogiviracita (Hubli: Somashekhar Shastri, 1936), 448.
4. B.K.S. Iyengar, Light on the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (New Delhi: Harper Collins, 1993), 2.
5. Mikel Burley, Classical Samkhya and Yoga: An Indian Metaphysics of Experience (New York: Routledge, 2007), 85–86.
6. Richard King, Indian Philosophy: An Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 210.
CHAPTER 3 Henry Thomas Colebrooke and the Western “Discovery” of the Yoga Sutra
1. Rosane Rocher, “British Orientalism in the Eighteenth Century,” in Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, ed. Carol Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 225. Rocher’s major work on Colebrooke and the Orientalists, which appeared after this book had gone into production, is noted in the bibliography as Rosane Rocher and Ludo Rocher, The Making of Western Indology: Henry Thomas Colebrooke and the East India Company (New York: Routledge, 2012).
2. Sir Charles Wilkins, The Bhagavat-Geeta, or Dialogues of Kreeshna and Arjoon; in Eighteen Lectures with Notes (London: C. Nourse, 1785), 142, note to p. 73.
3. Henry Thomas Colebrooke, Miscellaneous Essays, 2 vols. (London: W. H. Allen, 1837), 1: 252–53.
4. Ibid., 1: 235, 236, 253.
5. J. Cockburn Thomson, The Bhagavad-Gita; or, A Discourse between Krishna and Arjuna on Divine Matters (Hertford: Stephen Austin, 1855), cxxix.
6. Fitzedward Hall, A Contribution towards an Index to the Bibliography of the Indian Philosophical Systems (Kolkata: C. B. Lewis, 1859), xi.
7. Mitra, The Yoga Aphorisms of Patanjali, lvi.
8. Romesh Chunder Dutt, A History of Civilization in Ancient India, vol. 1 (Kolkata: Thacker, Spink, 1889), 288.
9. Colebrooke, Miscellaneous Essays, 1: 250–51.
10. Colonel James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajast’han, 2 vols., with a preface by Douglas Sladen (London: H. Milford, 1829, 1832; reprint, 1957; London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972), 1957 edition, 562–63.
11. William Ward, View of the History, Literature, and Religion of the Hindoos, 3rd ed., 4 vols. (London: Black, Kingsbury, Barbury, and Allen, 1820), 4: 500–501.
12. Colebrooke, Miscellaneous Essays, 1: 336.
13. J[ames] R. Ballantyne, trans., The Aphorisms of the Yoga Philosophy of Patanjali with Illustrative Extracts from the Commentary by Bhoja Raja (Allahabad: Presbyterian Missionary Press, 1852), ii.
14. Mitra, The Yoga Aphorisms of Patanjali, xc.
15. Friedrich Max Müller, The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy (New York: Longmans, Green, 1899), xx.
CHAPTER 4 Yoga Sutra Agonistes
1. Wilhelm Halbfass, India and Europe: An Essay in Understanding (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988), 75.
2. Herbert Herring, ed. and trans., G.W.F. Hegel: On the Episode of the Mahabharata Known by the Name Bhagavad-Gita by Wilhelm von Humboldt, Berlin 1826 (New Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Research, 1995), 33.
3. Ibid., 41.
4. Ibid., 25, 27.
5. Ibid., 29.
6. Colebrooke, Miscellaneous Essays, 1: 361.
7. Herring, On the Episode of the Mahabharata, 61, 65, 71, 73.
8. Robert Bernasconi, “With What Must the History of Philosophy Begin? Hegel’s Role in the Debate on the Place of India within the History of Philosophy,” in Hegel’s History of Philosophy, ed. David A. Duquette (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003), 45–46.
CHAPTER 5 Rajendralal Mitra
1. Ram Shankar Bhattacharya, An Introduction to the Yogasutra (Delhi: Bharatiya Vidya Prakasana, 1985), 32.
2. Mitra, The Yoga Aphorisms of Patanjali, lii–lv.
3. Ibid., lxxix.
4. Ibid., lvi.
5. Ibid., 208.
6. Ibid., lxi.
7. Ibid., lxi.
CHAPTER 6 The Yoga of the Magnetosphere
1. Mark Singleton, Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 77.
2. Annie Besant, “An Introduction to Yoga,” 1907, found at http://www.anandgholap.net/Introduction_To_Yoga-AB.htm, para. 52.
3. Alice Bailey, The Light of the Soul, Its Science and Effect: A Paraphrase of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (New York: Lucis, 1927), vii.
4. Ernest Wood, The Occult Training of the Hindus (Sydney and Chicago: Theosophical Publishing House, 1932). Reprinted as The Seven Schools of Yoga: An Introduction (Chennai: Theosophical Publishing House, 1976), 1976 edition, 12.
5. Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, “Comments on a Treatise on the Yoga Philosophy,” in H. P. Blavatsky Collected Writings, vol. 2 (Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Press, 1967), 462, found at http://www.katinkahesselink.net/blavatsky/articles/v2/y1880_058.htm.
6. Jason Birch, “The Meaning of Hatha in Early Hathayoga,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 131, no. 4 (2011): 543.
CHAPTER 7 Swami Vivekananda and the Mainstreaming of the Yoga Sutra
1. Max Müller, The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy, xviii–xix.
2. Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 856.
3. Elizabeth De Michelis, A History of Modern Yoga: Patañjali and Western Esotericism (New York and London: Continuum, 2004), 89.
4. Singleton, Yoga Body, 169.
5. D. H. Killingly, “Yoga-Sutra IV, 2–3 and Vivekananda’s Interpretation of Evolution,” Journal of Indian Philosophy 18 (1990): 168.
6. Swami Vivekananda, The Complete Works, 9 vols. (Kolkata: Advaita Ashram, 1907–97), 1907, 1: 122, found at http://www.advaitaashrama.org/cw/content.php.
7. Shrinivasa Iyangar, ed. and trans., Hathayogapradipika of Svatmaraman: With the Commentary of Brahmananda (Mumbai: Theosophical Publication Fund, 1893; Chennai: Adyar, 1972), 1972 edition, 22.
8. J[ohn] N[icol] Farquhar, Modern Religious Movements in India (New York: Macmillan, 1915; Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1967), 1967 edition, 438.
9. Swami Vivekananda, Raja-Yoga: Conquering the Internal Nature (Kolkata: Advaita Ashram, 1896; rev. ed., New York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, 1973), 1973 edition, 18.
10. Vivekananda, The Complete Works, 1907, 1: 257.
11. Vivekananda, Raja-Yoga, 207–8.
12. Bhagwan Rajneesh, Yoga: The Science of the Soul (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1984), 7.
13. Killingly, “Yoga-Sutra IV, 2–3 and Vivekananda’s Interpretation of Evolution,” 161.
14. Woods, The Yoga-System of Patanjali, 304; T. S. Rukmani, trans., The Yogavarttika of Vijnanabhiksu, 4 vols. (Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1981–89), 4: 13.
15. Mark Singleton, “The Classical Reveries of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Constructive Orientalism,” in Yoga in the Modern World: Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Mark Singleton and Jean Byrne (London: Routledge, 2008), 80.
CHAPTER 8 The Yoga Sutra in the Muslim World
1. Thomas Dahnhardt, Change and Continuity in Indian Sufism: A Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi Branch in the Hindu Environment (New Delhi: D. K. Printworld, 2002), 84.
2. Colonel H[enry] S[ullivan] Jarrett, The Ain i Akbari by Abul Fazl-i-Allami, Translated from the Original Persian, vol. 3 (Kolkata: Baptist Mission Press, 1894), 183.
3. Ibid., 186.
4. Ibid., 186–87.
5. Vincent A. Smith, The Oxford History of India, 3rd ed., edited by Percival Spear (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958), 209.
6. Shlomo Pines and Tuvia Gelblum, “Al-Biruni’s Arabic Version of Patanjali’s Yogasutra: A Translation of His Second Chapter and a Comparison with Related Texts,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 40, no. 3 (1977): 522.
7. Shlomo Pines and Tuvia Gelblum, “Al-Biruni’s Arabic Version of Patanjali’s Yogasutra: A Translation of His First Chapter and a Comparison with Related Texts,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 29, no. 2 (1966): 304–5.
CHAPTER 9 The Yoga Sutra Becomes a Classic
1. Edward. C. Sachau, Alberuni’s India: An Account of the Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws, and Astrology of India about 1030, 2 vols. (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1910; Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1983), 1983 edition, 191–92.
CHAPTER 10 Ishvara
1. Swami Vivekananda, “On Professor Max Müller,” Brahmavadin, June 6, 1896, found at http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/writings_prose/on_professor_max_muller.htm.
2. Max Müller, The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy, xx.
3. Ibid., 408–9.
4. Olivier Lacombe, L’absolu selon le Vedanta (Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1966), 268; Arion Roşu, Les conceptions psychologiques dans les textes médicaux indiens (Paris: De Boccard, 1978), 11n5.
5. Barbara Stoler Miller, Yoga: Discipline of Freedom (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), 36.
6. Max Müller, The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy, 426.
7. Arthur Berriedale Keith, “Some Problems of Indian Philosophy,” Indian Historical Quarterly 8, no. 3 (1932): 434.
CHAPTER 11 Journeys East, Journeys West
1. Peter Heehs, The Lives of Sri Aurobindo (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 239.
2. P. V. Kane, History of Dharmasastra, vol. 5, part 2 (1962; Pune: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1977), 1465.
3. Mircea Eliade, Yoga, Immortality, and Freedom, trans. Willard R. Trask (New York: Bollingen Foundation, 1958), 361.
4. Swami Prabhavananda and Christopher Isherwood, How to Know God (1953; Hollywood, CA: Vedanta Press, 1971), 15.
5. William H. O’Donnell, ed., W. B. Yeats: Later Essays (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1994), 175.
6. Ibid., 175.
7. Arthur Koestler, The Yogi and the Commissar (New York: Macmillan, 1945), 246.
8. Found at http://www.mum.edu/RelId/606573/ISvars/default/TM-Sidhi_Program.htm. See also http://www.minet.org/mantras.html and http://www.permanentpeace.org/technology/yogic_flying.html.
CHAPTER 12 The Strange Case of T. M. Krishnamacharya
1. A. G. Mohan and Ganesh Mohan, Krishnamacharya: His Life and Teachings (Boston: Shambhala, 2010), 3.
2. T.K.V. Desikachar, The Yoga of T. Krishnamacharya (Chennai: Krishnamacharya Yoga Mandiram, 1982), 8.
3. N[orman] E. Sjoman, The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace (New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1996), 51; Nandini Ranganathan and Lakshmi Ranganathan, Yoga Makaranda or Yoga Saram (The Essence of Yoga), 2007, 25, found at http://grimmly2007.blogspot.com/2011/04/krishnamacharyas-yoga-makaranda-at-last.html.
4. Desikachar, The Yoga of T. Krishnamacharya, 30.
5. T.K.V. Desikachar and R. H. Cravens, Health, Healing, and Beyond: Yoga and the Living Tradition of Krishnamacharya (New York: Aperture, 1998), 43.
6. Desikachar, The Yoga of T. Krishnamacharya, 6; Kausthub Desikachar, The Yoga of the Yogi: The Legacy of T. Krishnamacharya (Chennai: Krishnamacharya Yoga Mandiram, 2005), 190.
7. Joseph S. Alter, “Endpiece,” Asian Medicine: Tradition and Modernity, Special Yoga Issue, edited by Mark Singleton, 3, no. 1 (2007): 177.
8. Desikachar and Cravens, Health, Healing, and Beyond, 158.
9. Ibid., 159.
10. Ibid., 160.
11. Ibid., 106.
12. Yogavalli, vol. 1, privately printed, but unpublished work by “the Krishnamacharyas living in Madras city,” 1988, 22.
13. Ibid., 26–27.
14. Mohan and Mohan, Krishnamacharya: His Life and Teachings, 135.
15. Ranganathan and Ranganathan, Yoga Makaranda or Yoga Saram (The Essence of Yoga), 25.
16. Sjoman, The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace, 51. 17. T.K.V. Desikachar, Sri Krishnamacharya the Purnacarya (New York: Aperture, 1997), 25.
18. Ibid., 25, 27–28; Desikachar, The Yoga of the Yogi, 48, 52.
19. “Biography of Hariharananda Aranya,” found at the “Kapil Math” website, www.samkhyayoga-darshana.com.
CHAPTER 13 Yoga Sutra 2.0
1. Yohanan Grinshpon, Silence Unheard (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002), 1.
2. Johannes Bronkhorst, “Patanjali and the Yoga Sutras,” Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik 10 (1985): 203.
3. Dominik Wujastyk, “The Path to Liberation through Yogic Mindfulness in Early Ayurveda,” in Yoga in Practice, ed. David Gordon White (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 34–35.
4. Surendranath Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922; Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975), 1975 edition, 230.
5. Gerald James Larson and Ram Shankar Bhattacharya, eds., Yoga: India’s Philosophy of Meditation (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2008), 43.
6. Michel Angot, Le Yoga-Sutra de Patanjali. Le Yoga-Bhasya de Vyasa avec des extraits du Yoga-Varttika de Vijnana-Bhiksu (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2008), 24.
7. Ibid., 25–26.
8. Ibid., 60.
9. Lydia Polgreen, “Indian Who Built Yoga Empire Starts Work on Body Politic,” New York Times, April 19, 2010.