Adams, John, 22
Ah Kow v. Nunan, 135, 139–42, 190
Alabama, 8, 27, 50, 201; constitution of, 200–208, 218–22, 224–26, 228–30, 232; Giles v. Harris, 218–33, 258n, 259n
Alcorn, James, 175–76
Alcorn University, 175–76
Alito, Samuel, 7
American Anti-Slavery Society, 56
Apportionment Act of 1862, 31
Arthur, Chester, 136
Atlanta Constitution, 129–30
Atlantic Monthly, 226
Attorney General, office of, 244n
Barbier v. Connolly, 139–40, 142
Berea College, 47
Bilbo, Theodore, 157
Bingham, John, 36–37, 54–56, 59, 64, 70, 87
Blackstone, William, 22
Bloody Sunday, 3–4
Blyew v. United States, 103–4
Bogen, David S., 246n
Boston Hub, 130
Bradley, Joseph, 72, 84–89, 93, 122, 124–28, 130, 146, 230, 233
Branch, Mary Polk, 46–47
Brandeis, Louis, 227–28
Brantley, Alberta, 215–16
Brennan Center for Justice, 8
Brett, Adam, 9
Breyer, Stephen, 8
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 82, 116, 129
Brown, Eliza, 174–75
Brown, John, 56
Brown v. Board of Education, 252n, 259n
Bruce, John, 220
“Brutus,” ix
Burton, Thomas, 47–48
Bush v. Gore, 168
butchers, 65–73
Calathumpians, 113–14
Calhoon, Solomon S., 149, 156, 158
California, 27, 121; Chinese immigrants in, see Chinese immigrants; Gold Rush in, 131–33; San Francisco, 132, 189; Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company, 144
Campbell, John Archibald, 67–72
Cardozo, Benjamin, 227
Carnegie, Andrew, 214
Carter, Seth, 215–17
Carter v. Texas, 215–17
Catchings, Thomas, 182–85
Chicago, Ill., 166
Chicago Daily Tribune, 77, 78, 121
China, 132; U.S. treaties with, 133, 136, 251n
Chinese immigrants, 132–45, 188; Chinese Exclusion Act, 136; hair of, 134–35, 140; in laundry business, 132–33, 136–37, 139–45; Page Act and, 133–34, 136; Sanitary Law and, 134–36, 140
Chinese Laundrymen’s Guild (Tung Hing Tong), 137, 139
Chrisman, J. J., 148
citizenship, 26, 32, 34, 70–72, 236
Citizens Protective League, 220
Citizens United v. FEC, 168
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 34, 36–37, 103–4
Civil Rights Act of 1875, 74–78, 121, 122, 124, 126, 129
Civil Rights Cases, 121–30, 146
Civil War, 11, 25, 28–32, 44, 61, 74, 91, 111, 116, 123, 146, 190, 209, 227
Cleveland, Grover, 15, 151–52, 158, 160, 166, 210
Clifford, Nathan, 105–6
Clinton, Hillary, 9
Cloud, John, 4
Colfax Massacre, 85–89
Colored Men’s Suffrage Association of Alabama, 219, 222
Common Law, The (Holmes), 227
Compromise of 1877, 93–94
Confederacy, 30–33, 35, 37, 42, 43, 51, 53, 56, 61, 67, 69, 70
Congress, U.S., 6, 8, 10, 11, 24–26, 31, 33, 35, 36–40, 58, 61–63, 74, 182, 196; House of Representatives, 24, 28, 31, 33, 41, 51, 53–55, 64, 70, 74, 76, 155; Johnson’s speech to, 4–5, 8; Senate, 14, 24, 33, 51, 54, 55, 64, 74
Conkling, Roscoe, 82
Connecticut, 26, 27, 38, 193–94
Constitution, U.S., vii, 6–7, 10, 16, 22, 23–25, 28, 30, 31, 35, 36, 40, 78, 105, 208, 233, 235, 236; Article III, 10, 11; Article IV, 24; Bill of Rights, 36, 88, 115, 125; Fifteenth Amendment, see Fifteenth Amendment; First Amendment, 86, 87; Fourteenth Amendment, see Fourteenth Amendment; Reconstruction amendments, 25, 74; Seventeenth Amendment, 24; Tenth Amendment, 25, 33, 36, 59, 125, 126; Thirteenth Amendment, 28–29, 31, 35, 67, 70, 71, 123, 124, 126
Constitutional Convention, 20–25
Cook, Marsh, 153–54
Cotton States and International Exposition, 209–12
Cushing, Caleb, 83
Daniels, Josephus, 197–98
Davenport, George, 97–102
Declaration of Independence, 207
Delaware, 26, 27, 193; Neal v. Delaware, 119–20, 179–80
Democrats, 13–16, 28, 34–36, 38–39, 41, 50–51, 54–57, 60, 74–76, 123, 148, 152, 154, 155, 159, 184, 191, 211, 220, 234; Bourbon, 200–202, 207; Grant and, 63, 82; in Louisiana, 193; in Mississippi, 148–50, 153, 154; in North Carolina, 197–201; and presidential election of 1876, 91–93; slaughterhouses and, 66–67; in South Carolina, 162, 163, 168–69; United States v. Reese and, 81
Detroit, Mich., 56
Devens, Charles, 102
Dirksen, Everett, 5
District of Columbia, 53
Dovener, Blackburn B., 97–102, 106–8, 111
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 226
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 28, 67, 127, 130
Du Bois, W. E. B., 214
Duluth News Tribune, 204
Eastman, George, 214
Edmund Pettus Bridge, 3–4
Electoral College, 31
Electoral Commission, 92
Emancipation Proclamation, 28, 122, 166
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 226
Enforcement Acts, 59–61, 80, 86, 88–89, 152
Evansville Courier, 82
“Farmer Refuted, The” (Hamilton), 22
Federalist Papers, The, 10–11, 21, 24–25
Fee, John, 47–48
Felton, Rebecca Latimer, 14
Field, Stephen, 72–73, 105–6, 120, 135–36, 139–42, 187, 190, 233, 251n, 255n
Fifteenth Amendment, 25, 53–57, 59–61, 64, 73, 81, 86–87, 89, 123, 165, 232, 236, 246n; Alabama constitution and, 205; Delaware constitution and, 119; Giles v. Harris and, 223–25, 229, 230, 232; Louisiana constitution and, 192, 195, 196; Mills v. Green and, 163, 167–68, 172; Mississippi constitution and, 154–55; United States v. Reese and, 85, 88
Finley, John P., 148
Fletcher v. Peck, 190
Foley, Patrick, 249n
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 45–46, 59
Fort Pillow massacre, 45–46
Fourteenth Amendment, 25, 36–42, 51, 52–53, 57, 59–61, 77, 81, 123, 139, 140, 143–44, 165, 192, 232, 236, 246n; Ah Kow v. Nunan and, 135, 142; Chinese immigrants and, 135, 139, 140, 142, 143–45; Civil Rights Cases and, 124–26; Gibson v. Mississippi and, 177, 180–81; Giles v. Harris and, 223–25, 230, 232; House of Representatives and, 155; Mills v. Green and, 163, 165, 172; Slaughter-House Cases and, 65–73, 104, 180; Strauder v. West Virginia and, 98, 99, 102–6, 249n; United States v. Reese and, 81, 86–89; Virginia v. Rives and, 115, 117–19; Williams v. Mississippi and, 185–86, 188; Yick Wo v. Hopkins and, 139, 142, 143–45
Franklin, Benjamin, 23; “Franklin’s jackass,” 23–24
freedmen, 29–30, 32–35, 37, 38, 42, 61, 70, 75, 192
Fuller, Melville W., 166–68, 172–73, 188, 228, 231
Fusionists, 13, 16, 18, 162, 193, 198, 200–201
Garfield, James A., 57
Garner, William, 79–81
Garrison, William Lloyd, 35, 56
Georgia, 8, 9, 26, 50, 234, 235
Gibson, John, 176–82
Gibson v. Mississippi, 176–82, 191, 216
Giles, Jackson W., 218–20, 222, 227, 228
Giles v. Harris, 218–33, 258n, 259n
Giles v. Teasley, 257n
Gilmer, Thomas, 113
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 8
Gold Rush, 131–33
Gordon, John Brown, 102
grandfather clauses, 193–95, 198, 199, 204–7, 215, 220, 221, 223, 234–35
Grant, Ulysses S., 45, 50–51, 56, 58–59, 61–63, 74, 76, 81–82, 90, 102, 103, 115, 122, 123, 175, 220
Gray, Horace, 172, 216–17, 226
Green, W. Briggs, 163–64
Greenville Times, 183–84
Guinn v. United States, 234
Gunter, William, Sr., 225–26
habeas corpus, 63, 106, 117, 118
Hamilton, Alexander, 10–11, 22, 24
Harlan, John Marshall, 81, 120, 122–24, 127–30, 144, 180–82, 189, 232, 257n
Harris, E. Jeff, 223
Harrison, Benjamin, 151–52
Harvard Law Review, 190
Hawaii v. Trump, 252n
Hayden, Harry, 18
Hayes, Rutherford B., 90–94, 122, 124
Henderson, John, 52–53
Hewlett, Emmanuel, 178, 180–81, 216
Hoar, George Frisbie, 153
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 127, 226–33, 258n, 259n
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr., 226–27
Hopkins, Peter, 137
House of Representatives, U.S., 24, 28, 31, 33, 41, 51, 53–55, 64, 70, 74, 76, 155
Howe, Julia Ward, 251n
Howe, Samuel Gridley, 251n
Illinois, 27
Indiana, 27
International Association of Colored Clergymen, 17
Interstate Commerce Commission, 259n
Jackson, J. J., 106
Jackson Daily Clarion-Ledger, 154, 156
Jacksonville Times, 15
Jay, John, 24
Jefferson, Thomas, 23, 26, 27, 113
Jelks, William Dorsey, 218–20
Jews, 228
Johnson, Andrew, 29–31, 33, 34, 36, 38–41, 53
Johnson, Lyndon: speech to Congress, 4–5, 8; Voting Rights Act signed by, 5, 6
Johnson, Minnie, 107
Johnson, Watt K., 148
Jones, Cornelius J., Jr., 175–90, 216, 219
Jones, Robert, 48
Judiciary Act of 1789, 231
juries, 32, 68, 75, 76, 98, 101–2, 104–6, 108, 111–12, 115–20, 158, 177–79, 187, 216–17
Justice Department, 61, 89, 151–52
Kagan, Elena, 8
Kansas, 121
Kentucky, 27, 50, 67, 80, 103, 123–24
Klarman, Michael, 190, 250n, 259n
Know Nothings, 122–23
Kruttschnitt, Ernest B., 192, 195
Ku Klux Klan, 3, 43–50, 52, 58–64, 80, 127
Lane, Mrs. S. E., 62
laundry businesses, 132–33, 136–37, 139–45
Lee, Robert E., 102
Liberator, 35
Lincoln, Abraham, 28–30, 56, 58, 67–69, 92, 103, 123; Emancipation Proclamation of, 28, 122, 166
literacy, 21, 35; eight-box ballot and, 147; tests for, 5, 35, 40, 54, 57, 150, 156–57, 169, 170, 186–87, 189, 191, 194, 196, 198, 206, 215, 234
Locke, John, 23
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 152–54
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 226
Louisiana, 27, 50, 75, 91, 93, 192–97; Colfax Massacre in, 85–89; constitution of, 192–96, 198, 215; slaughterhouses in, 65–73
Louisville Bulletin, 130
Lowell, James Russell, 226
Lybrock, A. M., 111–12
Magnificent Yankee, The, 227
Magruder, L. W., 158
Maine, 27
Manly, Alex, 12–19
Manly, Charles, 12
Manly, Milo, 19
Mansfield, Mike, 5
Marbury v. Madison, 11, 168, 231
Marshall, James, 131
Marshall, John, 11, 168, 190, 230–31, 235, 255n
Martin, William, 111–12
Mason, Crystal, 9
Mayersville Spectator, 184
Matthews, Stanley, 142–43
McAllister, Cutler, 138–39
McAllister, Hall, 137–39, 141–43, 252n
McAllister, Matthew Hall, 137–39
McAllister, Ward, 137
McCulloch v. Maryland, 190
McKenna, Joseph, 187–90
McLaurin, Anselm, 176
Memoirs of a Southern Woman (Branch), 46–47
Michigan, 27
Miller, Samuel Freeman, 67–73, 246n
Mills, Lawrence, 162, 163, 167, 172
Mills v. Green, 159–73, 215, 228, 231
Minor v. Happersett, 246n
Mississippi, 6, 8, 27, 50, 75, 148–58, 179; Charley Smith v. Mississippi, 178–79, 181, 182, 191, 216; constitution of, 149–51, 153–58, 160, 169, 175, 176, 182–90, 191–93, 195; Gibson v. Mississippi, 176–82, 191, 216; Williams v. Mississippi, 174–90, 196, 205, 215, 216, 219, 226
Mississippi River: levees on, 183, 185; slaughterhouses and, 65–73
Montgomery, Ala., 3
Montgomery, Frank Alexander, 48–49
Montgomery, Isaiah, 154
Murray, George Washington, 159, 163
Natchez Daily Democrat, 155
Nation, 83–84
National Negro Business League, 214
Naturalization Act of 1790, 26
Neal v. Delaware, 119–20, 179–80
Nebraska, 53
New Haven News, 57
New Orleans Picayune, 208
New Orleans Times-Democrat, 192, 193, 195
New York Globe, 130
New York Times, 38, 41–42, 77, 78, 91–92, 129, 166, 204–5, 207–8, 252n
New-York Tribune, 166, 209–10, 213
North American Review, 147
North Carolina, 13, 15, 16, 19, 26, 27, 50, 197–201; constitution of, 198–200; Wilmington, 12, 13, 15–19, 42, 197
Nugent, W. L., 150–51
Ohio, 27
Page, Horace, 133
Panic of 1873, 75
Parker, Cortland, 84
People’s Party, 199
Phillips, Samuel F., 125
Piedmont Headlight, 169
Pinchback, P. B. S., 42
Plessy v. Ferguson, 181–82, 190, 232, 259n
Plowden, Edmund, 127
poll taxes, 40, 54, 57, 79–80, 125, 156, 157, 159, 169, 170, 198, 205–7, 215, 218, 234
Polk, James L., 46
presidential elections: of 1788–89, 26; of 1868, 50; of 1876, 90–94; of 2016, 9
property requirements, 21–27, 54, 57, 169, 170, 186–87, 194, 196, 206, 215
Pułaski, Kazimierz, 43
Rainey, Amzi, 62
Reconstruction, 6, 12–13, 29, 42, 46, 50, 51, 52, 64, 68, 69, 71, 75, 90, 93–94, 121–22, 146, 149, 151, 152, 246n
Reconstruction Acts, 39–41, 44, 48, 194
Reconstruction amendments, 25, 74
Redeemers, 64, 72, 73, 127, 147, 149, 165, 192–93, 202, 209
reductio ad absurdum arguments, 235–36
Reed, Thomas Brackett, 147–48
Reese, Hiram, 79–81, 88; United States v. Reese, 79–89, 124–25, 226
Reid, John C., 91
Republicans, 13, 16, 34–36, 38–39, 41, 49–51, 53, 55, 56, 60–63, 74–77, 90–93, 122, 148, 152–54, 161–63, 193, 203, 220; in Kentucky, 80, 123–24; in Louisiana, 66; in North Carolina, 197–200; Radical, 32–36, 39, 43, 48, 52, 53, 57, 73, 75, 149; United States v. Reese and, 81; Williams and, 82–83
residency requirements, 156, 159, 169, 170, 198, 205
Reynolds, Burwell, 110–12, 115, 117, 118, 175
Reynolds, Lee, 110–12, 115, 117, 118, 175
Richardson, John P., III, 147
rights: civil vs. political, 106, 119; natural, 23, 25; new vs. old, 86–87
Rives, Alexander, 112–18
Rockefeller, John D., 214
Roosevelt, Franklin, 197
Roosevelt, Theodore, 214, 220, 221, 226
Rosenwald, Julius, 214
Rote, Terri Lynn, 9
Rubenfeld, Jed, 249n
Sacramento Evening Bee, 204
San Francisco, Calif., 132, 189; Chinese immigrants in, see Chinese immigrants
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company, 144
Sawyer, Lorenzo, 139
Sayre Act, 200
“school-butter,” 109–10
Scott, Robert, 62
secession, 30–31, 38, 61, 69, 75, 114, 123
segregation, 11, 30, 166, 212, 235, 259n
Semi-Weekly Messenger, 199–200
Senate, U.S., 14, 24, 33, 51, 54, 55, 64, 74
Shelby County, Alabama v. Holder, 7–9
Shelton, Aaron, 110–12
Shelton, Green, 111
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 32, 45
Shiloh, Battle of, 45
Slaughter-House Cases, 65–73, 81, 104, 163, 180, 246n
slaves, slavery, 11, 24–26, 28–35, 67–69, 105, 111, 115–16, 123, 126, 146, 212, 213, 237; Emancipation Proclamation, 28, 122, 166; reparations and, 190; Thirteenth Amendment ending, 28–29, 31, 35, 67, 70, 71, 123, 124, 126
Smith, Charley, 178–79, 181, 182; Charley Smith v. Mississippi, 178–79, 181, 182, 191, 216
Smith, Wilford H., 197, 215–17, 220–28, 257n
Smith v. Allwright, 234
Social Darwinists, 226, 227, 233
Soon Hing v. Crowley, 140–42
Sotomayor, Sonia, 8
Sousa, John Philip, 209
South Carolina, 15, 26, 50, 61–64, 75, 91, 93, 147, 159–63, 189; constitution of, 160–63, 169–73, 191–93, 195, 209; Mills v. Green, 159–73, 215, 228, 231
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 4
Stanton, Edwin, 103
states: constitutions of, 40; defining, 88–89; federal authority and states’ rights, 7, 9, 33, 36, 59, 70–72; “state action,” 88–89, 118, 119
Stephens, Alexander, 33
Stevens, Thaddeus, 32–33, 35, 38
Stinson, Robert, 176
Stone, Robert, 153
Strauder, Anna, 95–108
Strauder, Katherine, 107
Strauder v. West Virginia, 95–108, 109, 117, 119, 121, 149, 179–80, 191, 249n
Strong, William, 103–5, 117–18, 120, 130
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 4
Sumner, Charles, 32, 35, 53–57, 59, 75, 76, 87
Supreme Court, ix, 6–7, 9, 10–11, 20, 25, 57, 78, 205, 208, 210, 233, 234–37; authority of, 231–32; Barbier v. Connolly, 139–40, 142; Blyew v. United States, 103–4; Brown v. Board of Education, 252n, 259n; Buck v. Bell, 228, 259n; Bush v. Gore, 168; Carter v. Texas, 215–17; Charley Smith v. Mississippi, 178–79, 181, 182, 191, 216; Circuit Court and, 85; Citizens United v. FEC, 168; Civil Rights Cases, 121–30, 146; Dred Scott v. Sandford, 28, 67, 127, 130; Fletcher v. Peck, 190; Gibson v. Mississippi, 176–82, 191, 216; Giles v. Harris, 218–33, 258n, 259n; Giles v. Teasley, 257n; Guinn v. United States, 234; Hawaii v. Trump, 252n; Marbury v. Madison, 11, 168, 231; McCulloch v. Maryland, 190; Mills v. Green, 159–73, 215, 228, 231; Minor v. Happersett, 246n; Neal v. Delaware, 119–20, 179–80; Plessy v. Ferguson, 181–82, 190, 232, 259n; political question doctrine and, 168; Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company, 144; Shelby County, Alabama v. Holder, 7–9; Slaughter-House Cases, 65–73, 81, 104, 163, 180, 246n; Smith v. Allwright, 234; Soon Hing v. Crowley, 140–42; Strauder v. West Virginia, 95–108, 109, 117, 119, 121, 149, 179–80, 191, 249n; United States v. Cruikshank, 85–89, 127; United States v. Reese, 79–89, 124–25, 226; Virginia v. Rives, 109, 121, 181; Williams v. Mississippi, 174–90, 196, 205, 215, 216, 219, 226; Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 139–45, 179–81, 186, 188–90, 224, 229
Swayne, Noah, 72
taxes, 26, 27; poll, 40, 54, 57, 79–80, 125, 156, 157, 159, 169, 170, 198, 205–7, 215, 218, 234; property, 155, 169, 170, 186–87, 206
Texas, 8, 50; Carter v. Texas, 215–17
Thomas, Clarence, 7
Thompson, Mrs. Joseph, 211
three-fifths rule, 31
Tilden, Samuel, 90–93
Tillman, Benjamin R. “Pitchfork Ben,” 15, 160–64, 166–70, 214, 235
Tillman, John, 161
Treasury Department, 190
Tung Hing Tong (Chinese Laundrymen’s Guild), 137, 139
Tweed, William Magear “Boss,” 90
Union Leagues (Loyal Leagues), 41, 49
United States v. Cruikshank, 85–89, 127
United States v. Reese, 79–89, 124–25, 226
University of Virginia, 113–14
Up from Slavery (Washington), 214
Vardaman, James K., 154, 214, 235
Vermont, 27
Vermont Watchman, 204
Vicksburg Commercial Herald, 185
Victoria, Queen, 214
Virginia v. Rives, 109, 121, 181
voter registration, 6, 80–81, 119, 125, 126, 152, 162–64, 169–71, 189–90, 195, 200, 205–7, 226, 234; reregistration requirements, 8, 157, 159–60, 206, 218; special coverage areas and, 5–6, 7
voter suppression, 9, 147–48, 159–61, 163, 234–35; eight-box ballot, 147, 159; grandfather clauses, 193–95, 198, 199, 204–7, 215, 220, 221, 223, 234–35; literacy tests, 5, 35, 40, 54, 57, 150, 156–57, 169, 170, 186–87, 189, 191, 194, 196, 198, 206, 215, 234; in Mississippi, 148–58; poll taxes, 40, 54, 57, 79–80, 125, 156, 157, 159, 169, 170, 198, 205–7, 215, 218, 234; property requirements, 21–27, 54, 57, 169, 170, 186–87, 194, 196, 206, 215; reregistration requirements, 8, 157, 159–60, 206, 218; residency requirements, 156, 159, 169, 170, 198, 205; temporary registration, 205–6
voting fraud, 16, 75, 89, 91, 147–50, 159, 162, 195, 201, 208; ballot box stuffing, 16, 91, 147, 148, 162, 201
Voting Rights Act of 1965, 5–6, 190, 232
Waite, Morrison R., 81, 83–85, 87–88, 102, 120, 121, 125, 144–45, 166
Wallace, George, 3
Walthall, Edward C., 150
Washington, Booker T., 196–97, 211–15, 217, 218–24, 226, 227, 235
Washington, D.C., 53
Washington Evening Star, 178–79
Welles, Gideon, 83
Wheeling Daily Intelligencer, 95, 108
Wheeling Daily Register, 95
White, Edward Douglass, 179
White Declaration of Independence, 16
white supremacists, 6–7, 13, 14, 31, 38, 50, 60, 61, 64, 67, 72, 74–75, 89, 150, 159, 161, 164, 168, 191–92, 195–97, 203, 204, 210, 227, 233, 234–35, 237; Ku Klux Klan, 3, 43–50, 52, 58–64, 80, 127; Redeemers, 64, 72, 73, 127, 147, 149, 165, 192–93, 202, 209; Red Shirts, 15–16, 161
Williams, George, 80, 82–83, 92
Williams, Henry, 174–76, 182, 185; Williams v. Mississippi, 174–90, 196, 205, 215, 216, 219, 226
Wilmington, N.C., 12, 13, 15–19, 42, 197
Wilson, Woodrow, 197
Wisconsin, 27
women: voting by, 26, 27, 155–56; white, and black men, 14, 219
Woodward, C. Vann, 122
Yankee from Olympus (Bowen), 227
yellow fever, 66