4. ISIS, THE KURDS, AND TURKEY

0.    Ezgi Basaran interview with Graham Fuller, “Former CIA Officer Says US Helped Create IS,” Al-Monitor, 2 September 2014. Available online at: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2014/09/turkey-usa-iraq-syria-isis-fuller.html.

0.    On the sanctions as “genocide,” see Denis Halliday interview with David Edwards, Media Lens, May 2000, http://www.medialens.org/index.php/alerts/interviews/77-an-interview-with-denis-halliday.html. On Hans von Sponeck’s resignation, see Ewen MacAskill, “Second Official Quits UN Iraq Team,” Guardian, 15 February 2000, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/feb/16/iraq.unitednations.

0.    Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of Mass Media (1988; repr., New York: Pantheon, 2002), 37.

0.    This quote was a response to the House Intelligence Committee asking how Kissinger could justify the betrayal of the Kurds; see Daniel Schorr, “Telling It Like It Is: Kissinger and the Kurds,” Christian Science Monitor, 18 October 1996.

0.    Joost R. Hiltermann and International Herald Tribune, “Halabja: America Didn’t Seem to Mind Poison Gas,” New York Times, 17 January 2003. Available online at: http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/17/opinion/halabja-america-didnt-seem-to-mind-poison-gas.html?mcubz=1.

0.    Douglas Frantz and Murray Waas, “U.S. Loans Indirectly Financed Iraq Military,” Los Angeles Times, 25 February 1992. Available online at: http://articles.latimes.com/1992-02-25/news/mn-2628_1_foreign-policy/3.

0.    Noam Chomsky, Deterring Democracy (London: Verso, 1991), ch. 6.

0.    Micah Zenko, Between Threats and War: U.S. Discrete Military Operations in the Post–Cold War World (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2010), ch. 3.

0.    Jake Hess, interview on Democracy Now!, 23 August 2010, transcript available online at: https://www.democracynow.org/2010/8/23/exclusive_us_journalist_deported_from_turkey.

0.  Tamar Gabelnick, William D. Hartung, and Jennifer Washburn, “Arming Repression: U.S. Arms Sales to Turkey During the Clinton Administration,” Joint Report of the World Policy Institute and the Federation of American Scientists, October 1999. Available online at: https://fas.org/asmp/library/reports/turkeyrep.htm#arms.

0.  See table I ibid.

0.  “Unperson” is a Newspeak term from George Orwell’s 1984 (original ed.: London: Harvill Secker, 1949).

0.  For example, see Mohammed Omer, “Gaza’s Shejaiya Carnage at Shifa Morgue,” Middle East Eye, 20 July 2014. Available online at: http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/gazas-shejaiya-carnage-fills-shifa-morgue-1250285665.

0.  Keith Wallis, “Kurdish Oil Cargo Unloaded at Sea, Destination a Mystery,” Reuters, 21 July 2014. Available online at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-oil-kurdistan-asia-idUSKBN0G019720140731/.

0.  Sharon Behn, “Unpaid Kurdish Fighters Sign of Economic Woes,” Voice of American News, 3 September 2014. Available online at: http://www.voanews.com/a/hard-pressed-kurdistan-cannot-pay-security-forces/2944122.html.

0.  Nicholas Kristof, “Iran’s Proposal for a ‘Grand Bargain,’” New York Times, 28 April 2007. Available online at: https://kristof.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/04/28/irans-proposal-for-a-grand-bargain/.

0.  Prashad interviewed by Jessica Desvarieux for the Real News Network, 25 September 2014. Transcript available online at: http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/26430-turkish-syrian-border-a-great-hole-in-obama-s-un-speech.

0.  “Turkey Rejects U.S. Troop Proposal,” CNN, 1 March 2003. Available online at: http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/01/sprj.irq.main/.

0.  David Ignatius, “A War of Choice, and One Who Chose It,” Washington Post, 2 November 2003, B1.

0.  Catherine Collins, “U.S., Turkey Can’t Get over Iraq Question,” Chicago Tribune, 26 May 2003.

0.  Steven Erlanger and Rachel Donadio, “Greek Premier Pledges Vote in December on Debt Deal,” New York Times, 2 November 2011. Available online at: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/world/europe/greek-cabinet-backs-call-for-referendum-on-debt-crisis.html.