The colonial city revived and aggravated the social and spatial differences between communities and created the chasm that separated the affluent from the destitute, the center from the suburbs, and French citizens from native subjects.

—Omar Carlier, “Violences”¹

I lived on the edge of an Arab neighborhood, at one of those hidden frontiers [frontières de nuit], at once invisible and almost impassable: the segregation there was as efficacious as it was subtle.

—Jacques Derrida, Monolingualism of the Other

From the banks of Africa where I was born, aided by the distance, you see better the face of Europe, and you know it is not pretty.

—Albert Camus, “Entretien sur la révolte” (February 15, 1952)