Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
AAI. see Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
absence of good
resistance to change related to, 215
abuse
alcohol, 199–200
drug, 199–200
emotional, 199
verbal, 74
acceptance
in mindful awareness, 284–85
in overcoming resistance to change, 200–1
in therapeutic relationship, 59
action sequences
enduring, 101
acts of meaning, 29
perceptual and verbal language in relation to, 29–31
adaptation
social organ of, 55–56 see also brain
from unevolved defense to, 190–91
adaptive
defined, 202
adaptive response
from defensive action to, 190–91
Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), 239
“a dyadic state of consciousness,” 37
affective disillusionment, 215, 216
affective models
body-based, 98
affective–reflective dialogues, 169
affective safety
defined, 26
in healing process, 26–27
importance of, 26
affect regulation
in therapeutic change, 83–85
affect tolerance
from state-sharing, 25–26
windows of, 26
agreement
in PACT, 234
“aha” moments
insula in, 91
alcohol abuse
resistance to change related to, 199– 200
Alexander, F.M., 142–44
Alexander technique, 277
aliveness
self–other, 30–31
Allen, J.G., 87–88
Allen, W., 17
aloneness-togetherness, 152, 155
ambivalent attachment to bad objects
resistance to change and, 195–98
ambivalent attachment to dysfunctional defense, 186
ambivalent attachment to dysfunctionality
examples of, 199–200
analogical connectedness, 160–63
analyst–patient relationship. see patient– therapist relationship
anger
denial of, 147
“an unconstrained readiness for action,” 140
anxiety
in resistance to change, 205
anxiety disorders
hyperactivity of insula and, 89
arm movement(s)
case example, 113
in psychotherapy, 112–13
arousal tolerance, 26
assertiveness
offensive attitude of, 146
“a theory of the ‘extended mind’”, 50n
attachment
ambivalent, 186, 195–200
avoidant, 90
of avoidant person, 226
change and, 74
early, 34–35
fears of, 82
organized insecure models of, 226
in therapeutic change, 81–83
attachment challenges from childhood
defenses against, 12–13
attachment figures
factors denoting meaning infants make of interactions with, 98
attachment needs
instinct to survive and, 225–26
attachment-related interaction, 29
attachment structure
of avoidant person, 226
error correction in real time in, 229–31
attention
on body’s sensations and movements, 11
in couples therapy, 227
attitude
defensive, 145–48
offensive, 146
in reconciling emotions and feelings, 144–45
attunement
in couples therapy, 251–52
interpersonal, 283
in therapy, 282–83, 289
authenticity
in psychotherapy, 26–27
relational, 27–28
authentic relationship
engagement in, 215–16
authentic therapy
described, 27–28
autism
psychobiological development and, 232
underactive functioning of insula and, 89
automation
in dyadic system, 227–31
autonomic nervous system
deactivation of, 287
in emotions and feelings, 89
averted/avoidant gaze
salience network and, 90
avoidant attachment style
case example, 90
avoidant person
attachment structure of, 226
awareness
in change, 276–77
cocreating emergent experience of, 275–90
cultivating, 276
insula in, 91
mindful, 284–85
bad presence of, 215–16
bad objects
ambivalent attachment to, 195–98
Bateman, A., 87–88
Beck, 68
behavior(s)
goal-directed, 88
as lever of change, 56–57
“miscarriage” of, 146
nonverbal see nonverbal behavior(s)
self-sabotaging, 199–200
behaviorists
levers of change–related beliefs of, 57
being seen
perception in, 33
Beyond Subjectivity: The Transpersonal Dimension of the Psychoanalytic Encounter, 50n
beyond words, 97–125. see also sensorimotor psychotherapy perspective
bias
negative, 67, 224
Binet, A., 128
bioenergetics, 277
“blindsight,” 133
Bluhm, R.L., 158, 160
bodily aspects of sadness and depression, 140–41
bodily kinesthetic intelligence, 280
bodily sensations
directly contacting our, 138
body
change related to, 127–49
role in emotion, 11
body-based affective models, 98
body-based communications
between infants and attachment figures, 97
body-based embedded mindfulness interventions, 98
body-based therapeutic interventions
with concepts of embedded relational mindfulness and interpersonal neurology, 279
body movement(s)
focus of attention on, 11
preparatory, 111–12
body sensation(s), 138
focus of attention on, 11
bonding
pair, 227
borderline
defined, 158
borderline personality disorder
early trauma and, 155
neural functioning in persons with, 11
relational trauma and, 152–53
“bottom-up” experience, 286
“bottom-up” paradigm, 130
Bowlby, J., 272n
brain(s)
change as function of, 247
described, 54
how it works, 54
human vs. rat, 54
left hemisphere’s function, 67
in love, 250
negative bias of, 224
plasticity of see brain plasticity
purpose of, 67
right hemisphere’s function, 66–67
social, 55–60 see also social brain
stimulus–response chains in, 63–64
threat effects on, 223–25
trauma effects on, 60
understanding of, 248–49
working with two, 249–52
brain development
windows of change and vulnerability in, 77
brain in love
as merger, 250
brain plasticity, 249
in ability to change, 80
research findings related to, 79
in therapeutic change, 78–81
Bromberg, P.M., 10, 12, 17–50, 99, 102, 104, 121, 121f
Bruner, J., 29–30
Buddhism, 70
Bull, N., 139, 143, 147
care
as predictor of outcome, 83
reciprocal, 167
Carlson, E., 83
Carmichel, H., 49
Carroll, L., 66
Cartesian/cognitive (top-down) paradigm, 129–30
Casement, P., 192
cathartic expressions
of emotion, 147
causality
misconstrued by trauma survivors, 134–35
causation, 134n–35n
CEN. see chief executive control network (CEN)
central nervous system (CNS)
changes in, 79
change. see also specific types, e.g., therapeutic change
attachment and, 74
awareness in, 276–77
brain as social organ of adaptation in, 55–56
during brain development, 77
brain function in, 247
brain plasticity in, 80
case example, 66–68
causes for, 56
in children in therapeutic relationship, 167–83 see also children in therapeutic relationship
CNS–related, 79
communication in, 61
constructive introspection in, 64–66
in couples, 221–73 see also couples therapy; psychobiological approach to couples therapy (PACT)
creating lasting, 262–71
as destructive to developing mind, 73–78
difficulty of, 271–72
disrupting toxic bonds and, 263–67
dissociation and, 74
in emotional responses, 137–38
emotions and, 127–49
enhanced environmental stimuli enabling, 79
environment for creating, 55–56
experiences and, 74
as fantasy, 19
in feelings, 138–44
flexibility and, 56–58
habits and, 56–58, 247–48
in healing trauma, 60–61
idea of, 19
internal, 12
for junk food junkie, 62–64
levers of, 56–57
nature and nurture working together and, 74
neurobiological substrates of, 88–92 see also intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs)
as normal part of life, 55
observing, 155–56
optimal stress in overcoming resistance to, 185–219 see also optimal stress in overcoming resistance to change
in PACT, 238–43
process of, 10–11, 53–71, 127–28
as process of vertical learning, 235–36
promoting, 56–58
in rats vs. humans, 53–54
reflexive response to, 56
reframing shame in, 68–70
resistance to, 185–219 see also resistance to change
therapeutic, 78–88 see also therapeutic change
therapeutic relationship as agent of, 58–60
trust in, 282
turning your mind into ally in, 61–62
warmth, acceptance, and positive regard in, 59
warmth and intimacy in, 155, 163
when linked to other minds, 58–60
chaos theory
in resistance to change, 202–3
chaotic
defined, 202
chaotic systems
self-organizing, 201–3 see also self-organizing chaotic systems
chief executive control network (CEN), 88
child
“oneness” between mother and, 34
childhood
attachment challenges from, 12–13
children
clinical vignettes of who they are in the world and how they related to others, 12
in therapeutic relationship, 167–83 see also children in therapeutic relationship
children in therapeutic relationship
asking questions of, 170
avoiding reciprocal conversations by, 168
change in, 167–83
communications of curiosity and empathy with, 167–83
judgmental questions asked of, 170
no assumptions of, 171
no conversation-induced shame of, 172
no evaluations of, 171–72
not-knowing curiosity in working with, 169–76
reflective functioning in, 169–70
storytelling voice for, 172
therapeutic curiosity of, 171–73
unconditional empathy in working with, 176–81 see also unconditional empathy
weaving together curiosity and empathy for, 182–83
wonder, suspense, and surprise for, 172–73
Chodron, P., 127, 148
Chomsky, 29
Claparede, 146
Client Motivation for Therapy Scale, 238
CNS. see central nervous system (CNS)
COAL (curiosity, openness, acceptance, love)
Coghill, G.E., 142
cognitive–affective divide, 87
cognitive decision-making
CEN in, 88
cognitive dissonance, 213–14, 216
cognitive meaning
in patient–analyst relationship, 33
cognitive therapists
levers of change–related beliefs of, 57
Cohn, J.F., 109
Collins, W.A., 83
Columbia University, 139
combat-ability
offensive attitude of, 146
“common sense” conviction, 128–29
“common sense” idea of consciousness, 133
communication
body-based, 97
within groups, 13
in healing trauma, 61
nonverbal, 231
prosodic, 106–9
right-brain to right-brain, 107
slowing down, 267–71
verbal, 230–31
in working with children in therapeutic relationship, 167–83
communication process
nonconscious, 25
complex
defined, 202
complex adaptive systems
mathematical model of, 12
compliment(s)
PTSD–related response to, 99
compulsion(s)
to repeat dysfunctional self-protective defenses, 261–62
repetition, 191–95, 253 see also repetition compulsion
concept of change
as fantasy, 19
conflict statements
in resistance to change therapy, 209–12
connectedness
analogical, 160–63
positive emotional, 60
connection
cocreating emergent experience of, 275–90
in establishing sense of self, 11
establishment of, 162
language of, 161–62
power of, 58–60
relational, 11
self and, 156
connectivity
new connections and patterns of, 79
connectivity alterations
within salience network, 89–91
consciousness, 276
as binary phenomenon, 133–34
“common sense” idea of, 133
on continuum, 133–34
core, 134
in cultivating mental health, 276
dyadic state of, 37
object, 157
self as form of, 155, 156
simultaneity of relationship and, 156
subject, 157, 158
constructive introspection
in change, 64–66
continuing pleasure of oneness, 35
control
habits in feeling in, 56–58
conversation(s)
curiosity in, 173–76
ordinary, 159
reciprocal, 168
in relational trauma healing, 155–56
between social speech and inner speech, 159
in working with children in therapeutic relationship, 167–83
Conversational Model, 155
conversation-induced shame
of children in therapeutic relationship, 172
conviction
“common sense,” 128–29
coordination
in mind–brain function, 159
core consciousness, 134
coregulation
antidote of, 228–29
core shame, 70
corpus callosum, 77
corrective experience
in resistance to change therapy, 215
cortex
medial, 137
couple(s)
change in, 221–46 see also couples therapy; psychobiological approach to couples therapy (PACT)
high-arousal, 224–25
social–emotional engagement in, 228
systems theory for, 221
couples therapy, 12, 221–46. see also psychobiological approach to couples therapy (PACT)
antidote of coregulation in, 228–29
attunement in, 251–52
case examples, 255–71
change in, 238–43
creating lasting change in, 262–71
danger state in, 228
defenses against attachment challenges from childhood in, 12–13
defenses recognition in, 253–55
discovering defenses in, 255–62
disrupting toxc bonds in, 263–67
effect on long-term relationships and change in both partners, 247–73
error correction in real time in, 229–31
implications for treatment, 252–62
ineffectiveness of, 221
needs in, 251
pain amplification in, 240–41
pain leveraging in moving toward secure functioning in, 242–43
pain localization in, 239–40
pressure maintenance in, 241–42
questioning of purpose for being together in, 233
secure functioning in, 231–35
slowing down communication in, 267–71
therapeutic reestablishment of attention and presence in, 227
threat in, 227–28
understanding brain as aid in, 248–49
working with two brains in, 249–52
Cozolino, L., 10, 53, 75, 168, 277
Craig, A.D., 91
Craig, J., 62
crystallization
as self-organizing chaotic system, 202
cue(s)
nonverbal, 102–5
physical, 101
cultural development
categories of, 162–63
curiosity
in conversation, 173–76
empathy with, 182–83
in group experience, 287
in mindful awareness, 284–85
not-knowing, 169–76
therapeutic, 171–73
in working with children in therapeutic relationship, 167–83
curiosity, openness, acceptance, love (COAL)
in mindful awareness, 284–85
Damasio, A.R., 89, 130–31, 154
danger state
in couples therapy, 228
Dart, R., 142
Darwin, C., 128, 132
“Darwin’s Bulldog,” 132
Davis, V., 10, 53
deactivation
of autonomic nervous system, 287
“deadened”
from feelings, 76–77
decoding
described, 102
default mode network (DMN), 91–92
described, 157–58
relational trauma effects on, 157–59
self-referential processing in, 91
defense(s)
in couples therapy, 12–13
discovering, 255–62
dysfunctional self-protective, 261–62
recognition in, 253–55
unevolved, 190–91
defensive action
to adaptive response, 190–91
defensive attitude, 145–48
depression
bodily aspects of, 140–41
Descartes, R., 128–29, 132
detoxification
relational, 216
developing mind
change as destructive to, 73–78
development
brain, 77
cultural, 162–63
Dewey, J., 142
dialogue(s)
affective–reflective, 169
“digital natives,” 86
Dijkstra, K., 100
directed mindfulness, 104
discourse
prosody in, 106
discrete neuropathways
“reweighting” of, 225
disillusionment
affective, 215, 216
disrupted rhythms of psychic life
relational trauma and, 18
disruption
in triggering recovery, 185–219 see also optimal stress; optimal stress in overcoming resistance to change
disruption and repair
healing cycles of, 186–89
dissociation
change and, 74
as defense against self-destabilization, 26
from feelings, 76–77
methods of, 84–85
as nonconscious communication process, 25
paradoxical dual role of, 24–25, 32, 47
state-sharing and, 24–25
dissociative communication process
linking state-sharing and psychotherapy, 24
dissociative response(s)
to two self-states, 43–44
dissonance
cognitive, 213–14, 216
distance between interactants, 117
DMN. see default mode network (DMN)
DNA
alterations in, 80
dorsal–motor–vagal–dominated life-threat states, 224
Dreiser, T., 17, 21, 50n
“drip-drip” process of verbal abuse, 74
drug(s)
poisons vs., 203–4
drug abuse
resistance to change related to, 199–200
Duffy, E., 128
duplex self
Jamesian, 155
dyadic oneness, 38
dyadic system
antidote of coregulation in, 228–29
automation and real-time interaction in, 227–31
secure functioning in, 231–35
threat in, 223–26
dynamic psychotherapy
whole-person approach to, 73–96 see also whole-person approach to dynamic psychotherapy
dysfunctional defense(s)
ambivalent attachment to, 186
self-protective, 261–62
dysfunctionality
ambivalent attachment to, 199–200
dysfunctional self-protective defenses
overcoming compulsion to repeat, 261–62
early attachment
developmental phase of, 34–35
early life connections
in establishing sense of self, 11
early life injuries
healing of, 248–49
early relational trauma
case example, 78
impact on developing mind, 73–74
early trauma
impact on developing mind, 73–78
Edelman, G., 154
Egeland, B., 83
ego, 12
id vs., 214
Einstein, A., 132, 191
Ekman, P., 141, 142
embedded relational mindfulness
in nonverbal indicators in therapy, 104
embedded relational mindfulness and interpersonal neurology
body-based therapeutic interventions with concepts of, 279
EMDR. see eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
emotion(s)
attitude in reconciling, 144–45
autonomic nervous system in, 89
body’s role in, 11
cathartic expressions of, 147
change related to, 127–49
as damaging, 147
defined, 128–35
described, 11, 128–35
facial expression reflecting, 109–10
of fear, 146
food in distancing oneself from, 62–64
imagined situations in studying, 129–31
in inner and interpersonal lives, 10
as lever of change, 56–58
navigating, 147
repression of, 147
as scientific concept, 128
transforming terror related to, 145–48
Zen story of, 135–36
emotional abuse
resistance to change related to, 199
emotional anxiety states
secondary, 146
emotional connectedness
in healing, 60
emotional expression
felt experience vs., 128
emotional responses
creating change in, 137–38
empathic imagination, 161
empathy
curiosity with, 182–83
in therapeutic change, 85–87, 161
unconditional, 176–81 see also unconditional empathy
in working with children in therapeutic relationship, 167–83
enactment(s)
case examples, 118–22
processing of, 120–21
in sensorimotor psychotherapy perspective, 118–22
state-sharing and, 24–25
encoding
described, 102
enduring action sequences, 101
energy
pure, 140
engagement
social–emotional, 228
engagement in authentic relationship
in resistance to change therapy, 215–16
environment
as factor in change, 55–56
Erikson, E., 232
error correction in real time
in couples therapy, 229–31
in dyadic system, 229–31
“Ethology and Stress Disease,” 142
eustress
in resistance to change, 205
evolving
in overcoming resistance to change, 200–1
experience(s)
“bottom-up,” 286
change related to, 74
corrective, 215
in facial expressions, 110
felt, 128
group see group experience(s)
neuroplasticity in revealing depth of therapeutic, 10–11
past, 100
perceptual, 29
posture effects of, 100
posture of, 138–44
self as constructor and conduit of, 286–87
sequencing of, 131
subjective, 29
experiencing
somatic, 277
explicit, conscious journey
in sensorimotor psychotherapy perspective, 119–20
explicit self
verbal, 98
expression(s)
cathartic, 147
facial, 109–11
fleeting, 101
nonverbal, 119
of therapists, 119
eye(s)
narrowing of, 101
eye contact
in psychotherapy, 108–9
in trauma survivors, 108–9
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), 58
facial expression(s)
case example, 110–11
emotions reflected in, 109–10
in psychotherapy, 109–11
traumatic experience seen in, 110
Fairbairn, W.R.D., 195–98
familiarity
in pair bonding, 227
family(ies)
systems theory for, 221
fantasy
concept of change as, 19
evolution into imagination, 19
in new love, 250
fear
brain changes related to, 60
emotion of, 146
fear of missing out (FoMO), 277
feeling(s)
attitude in reconciling, 144–45
autonomic nervous system in, 89
changing of, 138–44
described, 146–47
dissociation from, 76–77
insula in mediating awareness of, 91
as lever of change, 56–57
overarousal related to, 75–76
in therapy, 283
feeling felt, 13, 275–90
described, 280–82
example of, 281
trust in, 282
feeling unsafe
adverse effects of, 287–88
Felitti, V.J., 77
felt
feeling, 13, 275–90 see also feeling felt
felt experience
emotional expression vs., 128
fight and flight strategies
HPA axis in mobilizing, 82
firing
defined, 283
Fisher, J., 279
fleeting expressions and gestures, 101
flexibility
habits and, 56–58
focus of attention
on body’s sensations and movements, 11
FoMO (fear of missing out), 277
Fonagy, P., 34, 87–88, 234
food
in distancing oneself from emotions, 62–64
Freud, S., 68, 132, 152, 186, 198, 214, 232
Friedman, H., 81
frontal cortex
gray matter volume of, 77
functioning
reflective, 169–70, 234
secure, 231–35 see also secure functioning
Gage, F.H., 79
gain
therapeutic leveraging of pain and, 212–13
Gardner, H., 279–80
gaze
averted/avoidant, 90
in persons with PTSD, 90
gene(s)
“jumping,” 79–80
gene expression, 79–80
Gerbardt, J., 17, 50n
gesture(s)
fleeting, 101
goal-directed therapy
CEN in, 88
“going-on-being,” 153, 157
going with the resistance, 207
Goldilocks principle
optimal stress and, 204–6
Goldstein, B., 13, 275, 279
good
absence of, 215
“good little soldier,” 41
Gould, E., 80
grieving
in overcoming resistance to change, 200–1
Grigsby, J., 103
Gross, C.G., 80
group experience(s)
benefits of, 285–86
in cultivating awareness, 276
curiosity in, 287
mindful awareness in, 284
group psychotherapy, 13
cocreating emergent experience of connection, safety, and awareness in, 275–90
communication in, 13
mindful awareness in, 284
growth
idea of change transmuted into, 19
relational authenticity in, 27
growth of wholeness
psychotherapy as, 17–52 see also psychotherapy
habit(s)
change effects on, 247–48
flexibility and, 56–58
in maintaining safety and control, 56–58
maintenance methods for, 56
Hakomi, 277
Hall, J., 117
HALT (hungry, angry, lonely, tired) technique
in disrupting negative patterns, 63–64
hand movement(s), 112–13
Hansberry, L., 60
Harlow, H., 272n–73n
Harrigan, J., 117
Harvard University, 132
Graduate School of Education at, 279
“haven in a heartless world,” 251
Haven, T.J., 77
healing
of early life injuries, 248–49
optimal stress in provoking, 185–219 see also optimal stress; optimal stress in overcoming resistance to change
positive emotional connectedness in, 60
storytelling in, 61
therapeutic relationships in, 12
wound debridement in accelerating, 186–87
healing cycles
of disruption and repair, 186–89
healing process
affective safety in, 26–27
relationships in, 10
heartbreak
resistance to change and, 194–95
transformation of, 194–95
Hebb, D., 283
Help Me Love My Baby, 82
Hendrix, H., 268n, 273n
here-and-now exchange
nonverbal behaviors in regulating, 101
high-arousal couple, 224–25
Hilda Kirsch Children’s Clinic, 81
hippocampus, 77
Hobson, R.F., 152, 155
hope
relentless, 193–94
horizontal learning
defined, 235
HPA axis. see hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis
Hughes, D., 11–12, 167
Hughlings, J., 156
hunched shoulders
perpetually, 101
hungry, angry, lonely, tired (HALT) technique
in disrupting negative patterns, 63–64
Hunt, H., 268n
Huxley, A., 142
Huxley, T., 132
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis
in mobilizing fight and flight strategies, 82
hysteria
defined, 158
ICNs. see intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs)
id, 12
adhesiveness of, 198–99
ego vs., 214
idea of change
transmuted into “growth,” 19
“If You Won’t Leave Me I’ll Find Somebody Who Will,” 191
image(s)
in therapy, 283
imagination
empathic, 161
imagined situations
in studying emotions, 129
Imago therapy, 273n
immediate effortless awareness
insula in, 91
impingements, 152
implicit (“bottom-up”) information processing, 133
implicit knowing of self, 100
implicit procedural learning
addressing, 103
implicit relational knowing, 99–100
case example, 99–100
defined, 99
as procedural, 99
implicit self
described, 98
nonverbal, 98
as threatened, 100
impulse
“pre-movement,” 133
individuality
negotiation with otherness, 27
individual psychotherapy
cocreating emergent experience of connection, safety, and awareness in, 275–90
inertia
psychic, 198–99
information processing, 276
implicit (“bottom-up”), 133
inner
linkage with inter, 13
inner speech, 159, 162
instinct
survival, 225–26
insula
abnormal activation of, 91
disorders associated with, 89
function of, 89–91
in human awareness, 91
in immediate effortless awareness, 91
in mediating awareness of feelings, 91
right anterior, 91
integration
of mind–brain function, 159–60
process of, 13
in relational trauma healing, 155–56
integrative model of interpersonal neurobiology, 285–86
intelligence
bodily kinesthetic, 280
inter
linkage with inner, 13
interactant(s)
distance between, 117
interaction(s)
attachment-related, 29
with others, 10
real-time, 227–31
interest
reciprocal, 167
internal change
model of, 12
internal narrator, 65–66
internal struggle
in negotiating “me and not-me,” 35
interpersonal attunement, 283
interpersonal neurobiology
integrative model of, 285–86
interpersonal neurology
body-based therapeutic interventions with concepts of, 279
interpersonal/relational phenomenon, 19
inter-psychological category of cultural development, 162
intimacy
in change, 155, 163
defined, 152
in patient/analyst relationship, 27
intra-psychologic category of cultural development, 162–63
intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs), 88–92
CEN, 88
in mental functioning, 88–92
introspection
constructive, 64–66
intuition
insula in, 91
“I think therefore I am,” 132
Jackson, H.J., 11, 156–59
Jacksonian theory of self and trauma, 156–57, 160
Jamesian duplex self, 155
James, W., 11, 129–31, 133, 139, 145, 154–56, 163
Janet, P., 115–16
journey
in sensorimotor psychotherapy perspective, 119–20
judgmental questions
in working with children in therapeutic relationship, 170
“jumping genes,” 79–80
junk food junkie
change for, 62–64
Kaschak, M.P., 100
Kaufman, G., 68
Kessler, R.J., 74
kinesthetic intelligence
bodily, 280
Klein, M., 232
knowing
implicit relational, 99–100
knowledge enhancement
in resistance to change therapy, 213–14
Kurtz, R., 102–3, 106, 107, 115
Laird, J.D., 100
language
acquisition of, 29
of connection, 161–62
mastery of, 29–30
reflexive social, 65–66
in relation to acts of meaning, 29–31
right-hemispheric, 162
of self-awareness, 64–66
verbal, 29–31
Lanius, R.A., 74–75, 90–91
Lapides, F., 107
Lasch, C., 251
Lean On Me: The Power of Positive Dependency in Intimate Relationships, 272n
learning
horizontal, 235
implicit procedural, 103
vertical, 235–37 see also vertical learning
left hemisphere
function of, 67
in making things up, 230
meaning-making in, 87
in propositions, 159
in threat detection, 223–24
Levenson, E.A., 27, 30
Levine, P.A., 11, 127
Lévi-Strauss, L., 154
Libet, B., 131–33, 135
life-threat states
dorsal–motor–vagal–dominated, 224
Linehan, M.N., 158
LINE-1 (l.1) retrotransposons, 79–80
Liotti, G., 152–53
locomotion
in psychotherapy, 114–15
long-interspersed (LINE-1) retrotransposons, 79–80
long-term potentiation (LTP)
described, 239
neuroplasticity and, 238–43
long-term relationships
couples therapy effects on, 247–73 see also couples therapy
love
brain in, 250
in mindful awareness, 284–85
new, 250
romantic, 250
LTP. see long-term potentiation (LTP)
Luce, C.B., 209
Lyons-Ruth, K., 99
Mahler, M., 232, 252
Martel, Y., 145
Masterson, J., 237–38
mathematical model of complex adaptive systems, 12
matryoshka effect, 248, 253, 272n
McCartney, P., 143–44
McDougall, 146
McFarlane, A., 77
me
we vs., 282
“me and not-me”
internal struggle in negotiating, 35
meaning(s). see also specific types, e.g., cognitive meaning
acts of, 29–31
cognitive, 33
personal, 29–30
meaning-making
in left hemisphere, 87
meaning-making network, 88–91
therapeutic encounter stimulating, 89
meaning-making therapy, 75
Meares, R., 11, 151, 152
medial pre-frontal cortex, 137
medication(s)
poisons vs., 203–4
memory(ies)
state-dependent, 228
unconscious traumatic, 153–54
working, 88
mental functioning
ICNs in, 88–92 see also intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs)
mental health
consciousness in cultivating, 276
understanding, 275–76
mental life
being aware in, 275–76
mental wellness
understanding, 275–76
Menuhen, Y., 143
microexpressions, 109–10
Mind, 281–82
mind(s)
as ally in change, 61–62
change as destructive to developing, 73–78
described, 276
linking with other, 58–60
as product of many interacting brains, 55
unity of, 151–66 see also relational trauma
mind–brain–body interface
in state-sharing, 23
mind–brain function
integration of, 159–60
mindedness
in narcissistic personality disorder, 230
one-, 230
separate, 230
mindful awareness
COAL in, 284–85
in group experience, 284
mindfulness
directed, 104
embedded relational, 104
to nonverbal indicators in therapy, 102–3
uses of, 104
mindfulness interventions
body-based embedded, 98
mindsight, 234
Mipham, S., 61
“miscarriage of behavior,” 146
mother(s)
“oneness” between child and, 34
movement(s)
arm, 112–13
body, 111–12
in denoting meaning, 98
focus of attention on, 11
hand, 112–13
preparatory, 111–12
Mrs. Stevens Hears the Mermaids Singing, 64
Muotri, A.R., 79
mutism
selective, 34
narcissism
romantic relationships and, 230
narcissistic personality disorder
awareness of separate mindedness in, 230
narrative(s)
of future events, 74
overarousal when listening to one’s own, 75
self-state, 32
somatic, 98
narrator(s)
internal, 65–66
narrowing of eyes, 101
nature and nurture
change related to, 74
nature of self, 24
“nearness of you”
described, 37
in psychotherapy, 37–40
need(s)
attachment, 225–26
of couples, 251
negative bias
of brain, 224
of right hemisphere of brain, 67
negative patterns
HALT technique in disrupting, 63–64
negativity
right hemisphere of brain and, 67
neglect
not simply, 35–37
negotiation
of individuality and otherness, 27
internal struggle with “me and not-me,” 35
self–other, 34
of self-state differences with those of others, 25
nervous system
overactivation of, 287
neural functioning
in borderline personality patients, 11
neurobiological substrates of change, 88–92. see also intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs)
neurobiology
interpersonal, 285–86
neuroception, 289
neuron(s)
making of new, 78–79
in plasticity, 79
neuropathways
“reweighting” of, 225
neuroplasticity
LTP and, 238–43
in revealing depth of therapeutic experience, 10–11
new love
as magic, 250
Newman, P., 143–44
no-fault principle
in PACT, 229–30
nonconscious communication process
dissociation as, 25
nonrecognition
in psychotherapy, 34–37
trauma of, 34–37
nonverbal behavior(s)
clear vs. confusing, 102
conscious vs. unconscious, 102
encoding and decoding in, 102
functions of, 101–2
intentional vs. unintentional, 102
observance of, 104
in regulating here-and-now exchange between people, 101
in toning down verbal message, 101
nonverbal communication
errors from, 231
nonverbal cues
as indicators, 102–5 see also nonverbal indicators in therapy
nonverbal exchanges, 97–125. see also sensorimotor psychotherapy perspective
nonverbal expressions
of therapists, 119
nonverbal implicit self
verbal explicit self vs., 98 see also explicit self; implicit self
nonverbal indicators. see also nonverbal indicators in therapy
described, 102–3
determination of, 105
processed without conscious consideration, 107
nonverbal indicators in therapy, 102–19
activation of, 103
arm movements, 112–13
being mindful of, 102–3
calling attention to, 103
determination of, 105
embedded relational mindfulness in, 104
exploration of, 103
eye contact, 108–9
facial expression, 109–11
hand movements, 112–13
locomotion, 114–15
observing, 103, 104
posture, 115–16
preparatory movements, 111–12
prosody, 105–7
proximity, 116–18
recognition of, 103
walking, 114–15
“no-pain/no-gain” approach, 190
not-knowing curiosity
in working with children in therapeutic relationship, 169–76
Nouwen, H., 147
nurture
nature and, 74
nurturing
in survival, 60
object consciousness, 157
offensive attitude
of protection, combat-ability, and assertiveness, 146
Ogden, P., 11, 12, 25–26, 97, 279, 288
one-mindedness, 230
nonpathological, 230
oneness
continuing pleasure of, 35
dyadic, 38
between mother and child, 34
openness
in mindful awareness, 284–85
in therapeutic relationship, 59
optimal stress
from defensive reaction to adaptive response in, 190–91
described, 205
Goldilocks principle and, 204–6
indirect and direct advancement of, 189–190
in provoking psychological change, 185–219 see also optimal stress in overcoming resistance to change
self-organizing chaotic systems vs., 204
optimal stress in overcoming resistance to change, 185–219
challenges in providing impetus and support to provide opportunity in, 206–8
complementary modes of therapeutic action in, 213–17
conflict statements in, 209–12
from defensive reaction to adaptive response in, 190–91
described, 204–6
grieving and evolving to acceptance in, 200–1
indirect and direct advancement of, 189–190
in psychodynamic psychotherapy, 185–219
in psychotherapeutic interventions, 209–12
sandpile model in, 206
self-organizing chaotic systems resist perturbation in, 201–3
therapeutic leveraging of pain and gain in, 212–13
otherness
negotiating, 25
negotiation with individuality, 27
outcome
cumulative history of care as predictor of, 83
overarousal
feelings and, 75–76
when listening to one’s own trauma narrative, 75
PACT. see psychobiological approach to couples therapy (PACT)
PAI. see Partner Attachment Inventory (PAI)
pain
empathy for child in, 180
living through, 147–48
storytelling in healing, 61
suffering vs., 70
therapeutic leveraging of gain and, 212–13
pain amplification
in PACT, 240–41
pain leveraging
in moving toward secure functioning, 242–43
pain localization
in PACT, 239–40
pair bonding
basis of, 227
Paracelsus, T., 203–4
paradoxical dual role of dissociation, 24–25, 32, 47
PART (presence, attunement, resonance, trust)
in therapy, 282–83, 289
Partner Attachment Inventory (PAI), 239–40
Pascal, B., 129
past
visiting, 87
past experiences
meanings of, 100
patient–analyst relationship. see patient–therapist relationship
patient–therapist relationship
cognitive meaning in, 33
intimacy in, 27
perception in, 31
power of, 17–18
as source of therapeutic action, 28
Pelletier, L.G., 238
perception, 288
defined, 29
not simply neglect in, 35–37
in patient–analyst relationship, 31
in psychotherapy, 28–33
in relation to acts of meaning, 29–31
in seeing and being seen, 33
self-narratives and, 31–33
perception of self
shift in, 281–82
perceptual experience, 29
perpetually hunched shoulders, 101
personality development
disruption in, 152–53
personal meaning
perception and, 29–30
personal selves
thoughts and, 156–59
physical cues
in strengthening and emphasizing verbal points, 101
physical distance
between interactants, 117
negotiating, 117
Piaget, J., 232
plasticity
brain, 78–81 see also brain plasticity
poison(s)
medications vs., 203–4
polyvagal system
in mediating social engagement, 82
Porges, S.W., 82, 158, 228, 283, 287, 289
positive emotional connectedness
in healing, 60
positive regard
in therapeutic relationship, 59
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
direct gaze in persons with, 90
heightened threat sensitivity in persons with, 90–91
impact on developing mind, 75
negative response to compliments by people with, 99
salience network and, 90
subcortical alarm system activation in persons with, 83
posture
in denoting meaning, 98
of experience, 138–44
experience and self-perception impact on, 100
in psychotherapy, 115–16
potentiation
long-term, 238–43 see also long-term potentiation (LTP)
pre-frontal cortex
medial, 137
“pre-movement” impulse, 133
preparatory movement(s), 111–12
presence
in couples therapy, 227
in therapy, 282–83, 289
presence, attunement, resonance, trust (PART), 282–83, 289
pre-sense, 288
pressure maintenance
in PACT, 241–42
Prestera, H., 115
primary visual cortex, 133
private space
using own mind as, 42
procedural learning
implicit, 103
procedural memory system, 228
processing
self-referential, 91
prolotherapy, 187
proposition(s)
left hemisphere in, 159
prosodic communication
eye contact in, 108–9
right-brain to right-brain, 107
prosody
case examples, 106–7
in communication, 106
described, 105–6
in discourse, 106
in psychotherapy, 105–7
protection
offensive attitude of, 146
proto-conversation, 11, 152, 159
in right hemisphere, 160
proximity
case examples, 117–18
factors affecting preference for, 116–17
of interactants, 117
negotiating physical distance, 117
in psychotherapy, 116–18
psychic change
psychic equivalence mode, 34
psychic inertia, 198–99
psychic life
disrupted rhythms of, 152–53
psychic pain
storytelling in healing, 61
psychoanalysis
bridge between psychotherapy and, 24
as therapeutic, 27
psychobiological approach to couples therapy (PACT), 12, 221–46. see also couples therapy
agreement in, 234
antidote of coregulation in, 228–29
automation and real-time interaction in, 227–31
case examples, 222, 224–25, 227, 229, 230, 235, 239–42
change in, 238–43
coregulation in, 235–37
described, 221–23
focus on threat in, 223–26
LTP and neuroplasticity in, 238–43
moving toward secure functioning in, 237–43
no-fault principle in, 229–30
pain amplification in, 240–41
pain leveraging in moving toward secure functioning in, 242–43
pain localization in, 239–40
pressure maintenance in, 241–42
questioning of purpose for being together in, 233
secure functioning in, 231–35
self-determination theory in, 238
therapeutic alliance in, 235–37
vertical learning in, 235–37
psychobiological development
autism and, 232
symbiosis and, 232
psychodynamic psychotherapy
optimal stress as tool in, 185–219 see also optimal stress; optimal stress in overcoming resistance to change
psychodynamic therapists
levers of change–related beliefs of, 57
psychological change. see change
psychotherapeutic growth
relational authenticity and, 27
psychotherapeutic interventions
optimally stressful, 209–12
psychotherapist(s)
dangers plaguing, 87–88
factors shaping experiences of, 9–10
levers of change–related beliefs of, 56–57
psychotherapy
bridge between psychoanalysis and, 24
cocreating emergent experience of connection, safety, and awareness in, 275–90
dissociative communication process linking state-sharing with, 24
dynamic see dynamic psychotherapy
group, 13, 275–90
as growth of wholeness, 17–52
individual, 275–90
“nearness of you” in, 37–40
nonrecognition in, 34–37
perception in, 28–33
process of, 18
prosody in, 105–7 see also prosody
psychodynamic, 185–219
relational authenticity in, 27–28
as relational experience, 23
safety and authenticity in, 26–27
sensorimotor, 277–79
unbidden in, 18–26
uncertainty of, 23
psychotic core
in structurally disorganized person, 226
P3a, 158–60
P3b, 158–60
PTSD. see posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
pure energy, 140
pursuit
relentless, 186, 193–94
of unattainable, 200
putting into words therapy, 75
question(s)
for children in therapeutic relationship, 170
judgmental, 170
rage, 146
real-time interaction
“Receiving Love: Transforming Your Relationship And Letting Yourself Be Loved,” 268n
reciprocal conversations
children in therapeutic relationship avoiding, 168
reciprocal interest and care
for children in therapeutic relationship, 167
recognition
defense, 253–55
recovery
precipitating disruption in triggering, 185–219 see also optimal stress in overcoming resistance to change
redemption, 56
reflective functioning, 234
in children in therapeutic relationship, 169–70
reflexive response
to change, 56
reflexive social language (RSL), 65–66
regulation
affect, 83–85
Reichian therapy, 277
relational authenticity, 27–28
psychotherapeutic growth related to, 27
self-state in, 27–28
relational connection
who we become determined by, 11
relational detoxification, 216
relational experience
psychotherapy as, 23
relational knowing
implicit, 99–100
relational mindfulness
embedded, 104
relational trauma, 151–66
analogical connectedness and, 160–63
borderline personality disorder and, 152–53, 155
concept of self and, 154–55
described, 152
disrupted rhythms of psychic life and, 152–53
DMN effects of, 157–59
early, 73–74, 78
integration and conversation related to, 155–56
integration and right hemisphere in, 159–60
intimacy in dealing with, 152
Jacksonian theory of self and trauma in, 156–57, 160
mind–brain function effects of, 159–60
therapeutic field for, 153–54
relationship(s). see also specific types
authentic, 215–16
in healing process, 10
long-term, 241–73 see also couples therapy
narcissism and, 230
patient/analyst see patient/therapist relationship
patient/therapist see patient/therapist relationship
romantic, 230
secure functioning, 233
state of consciousness and, 156
therapeutic see therapeutic relationship(s)
relentless hope
repetition compulsion and, 193
relentless pursuit
in resistance to change, 193–94
of unattainable, 186, 200
repair
disruption and, 186–89
repetition compulsion, 253
described, 191–92
relentless hope and, 193
in resistance to change, 191–93
resilient sense of self, 284
resistance, 253
going with, 207
resistance to change
adhesiveness of id and, 198–99
alcohol abuse in, 199–200
ambivalent attachment to bad objects and, 195–98
ambivalent attachment to dysfunctionality and, 199–200
anxiety in, 205
chaos theory in, 202–3
drug abuse in, 199–200
emotional abuse in, 199
engagement in authentic relationship in, 215–16
eustress in, 205
heartbreak and, 194–95
knowledge enhancement in therapy for, 213–14
optimal stress in, 185–219 see also optimal stress; optimal stress in overcoming resistance to change
presence of bad in, 215–16
provision of corrective experience in therapy for, 215
pursuit of unattainable love object in, 200
relentless hope in, 193–94
repetition compulsion in, 191–93
self-organizing chaotic systems in, 202–3
self-sabotaging behavior and, 199–200
resonance
in therapy, 282–83, 289
response
adaptive, 190–91
response(s)
reflective, 56
retrotransposons
LINE-1, 79–80
“reweighting” of discrete neuropathways, 225
rhythms of psychic life
disrupted, 152, 153
right-brain to right-brain prosodic communication, 107
right-brain to right-brain state-sharing, 24–25
right hemisphere
function of, 66–67
in language of connectedness, 162
in mind–brain function, 159
negativity and, 67
potential language that is abbreviated and emotional in, 160
proto-conversation in, 160
survival and, 67
in threat detection, 223
right-hemisphere
language in, 162
“right-hemisphere modality,” 107
risk
insula in, 91
Rogers, C.R., 53, 59
Rolfing, 277
romantic love, 250
romantic relationships
narcissism and, 230
Roosevelt, E., 55, 209
Rosenthal, R., 117
RSL. see reflexive social language (RSL)
Sacks, O., 133
sadness
bodily aspects of, 140–41
safe
habits in feeling, 56–58
“safe but not too safe” negotiation of individuality and otherness, 27
“safe surprises,” 23, 26
example of, 45
safety
in activating social engagement system, 288
affective, 26–27
cocreating emergent experience of, 275–90
in psychotherapy, 26–27
salience network, 88–91
averted/avoidant gaze and, 90
case example, 90
connectivity alterations within, 89–91
connectivity disturbances within, 89–91
described, 88–89
insula in, 89–91
PTSD and, 90
therapeutic encounter stimulating, 89
salvation, 56
sandpile model
paradoxical impact of stress and, 206
sandplay trays
in helping patients explore their inner world, 81
Sarton, M., 64
Saturday Night Live, 191
Schnall, S., 100
Schore, A.N., 23–26, 32, 47, 49, 74, 81–82, 85–87, 93, 109, 152, 159, 160
secondary emotional anxiety states, 146
secure functioning
in couples therapy, 231–35
defined, 233
in dyadic creatures, 232–34
in dyadic system, 231–35
moving toward, 237–43
in PACT, 231–35
pain leveraging in moving toward, 242–43
theory of mind in, 234–35
secure functioning relationships, 233
seeing
perception in, 33
Seidel, J., 58
selective mutism, 34
self
complexity of, 157
concept of, 154–55
connection and, 156
as constructor and conduit of experience, 286–87
defined, 154
emerging of, 157
explicit, 98
as form of consciousness, 155, 156
implicit, 98, 100
Jacksonian theory related to, 156–57, 160
Jamesian duplex, 155
nature of, 24
neural basis of, 154
as one-person system, 155
sense of see sense of self
shift in perception of, 281–82
thoughts and, 156–59
words as window into, 154–55
self-awareness
language of, 64–66
self-continuity
perceived as threatened, 99
self-destabilization
dissociation as defense against, 26
self-determination theory
in PACT, 238
self-narratives
perception and, 31–33
self-organizing
defined, 202
self-organizing chaotic systems
examples of, 202
optimal stress in overcoming resistance to change and, 201–3
in resistance to change, 202–3
in resistance to perturbation, 201–3
stressors vs., 204
self–other aliveness, 30–31
self–other negotiation, 34
self–otherness
evolution of, 49
state-sharing and, 22–24
self-perception
posture effects of, 100
self-protection
against trauma, 83–85
self-protective defenses
dysfunctional, 261–62
self-referential processing
DMN in, 91
self-reflection
as cherished retreat from demands and chaos of outer world, 65
self-sabotaging behavior
resistance to change related to, 199–200
self-state(s), 10
case examples, 118–22
described, 40
multiple, 43–44
in relational authenticity, 27–28
in sensorimotor psychotherapy perspective, 118–22
structure of, 36
of therapists, 119
self-state communion, 24
self-state context, 27
self-state fluidity, 36
self-state narratives
in paradoxical dual role of dissociation, 32
self-state perspective
affect tolerance from, 25–26
Selye, H., 205
sensation(s)
bodily, 138
focus of attention on, 11
in therapy, 283
sensations, images, feelings, thoughts (SIFT)
in therapy, 283
sense of self
connections with each other early in life in establishing, 11
determination of, 100
resilient, 284
sense of shame
reframing, 68–70 see also shame
sensorimotor psychotherapy, 277–79
sensorimotor psychotherapy perspective, 97–125
explicit, conscious journey in, 119–20
functions of nonverbal behavior in, 101–2
implicit knowing of self in, 100
implicit relational knowing in, 99–100
nonverbal indicators in therapy in, 102–18 see also nonverbal indicators; nonverbal indicators in therapy
self-states and enactment in, 118–22
separate mindedness
in narcissistic personality disorder, 230
sequencing of experience
studies of, 131
shame
conversation-induced, 172
core, 70
managing, 70
reframing, 68–70
suffering due to, 70
understanding, 68–70
value of, 69
Shedler, J., 86–87
Sheldrake, R., 50n
Sherrington, C., Sir, 142
Shopenhauer, 132
shoulders
perpetually hunched, 101
Sieff, D.F., 85, 280, 282–83
Siegel, D.J., 9, 85, 234, 275
SIFT (sensations, images, feelings, thoughts)
in therapy, 283
Skinner, B.F., 57
social brain
in adaptation, 55–56
in attuning to mental activities of others, 59–60
flexibility and, 56–58
habits and, 56–58
implications of having, 58–60
social–emotional engagement, 228
social engagement
polyvagal system in mediating, 82
social engagement system
as “online” from birth, 82
safety in activating, 288
socialization
dissociatively co-created form of, 36
social language
reflexive, 65–66
social organ of adaptation
brain as, 55–56
social speech, 159
social status schema, 277
Socrates, 33, 70
solitude
as cherished retreat from demands and chaos of outer world, 65
Solomon, M., 9, 12–13, 230, 247, 272n
somatic experiencing, 277
basis of, 138
somatic markers, 130–31
somatic narrative, 98
“Speak! That I May See You,” 33
speech
inner, 159, 162
social, 159
Sroufe, L.A., 83
“standing in the spaces,” 32
Stark, M., 12, 185
startle
physical sensation of, 136
startle reaction, 91
state(s)
danger, 228
dorsal–motor–vagal–dominated life-threat, 224
state-dependent memory, 228
statement(s)
conflict, 209–12
state of consciousness
simultaneity of relationship and, 156
state-sharing, 49
case example, 40–49
described, 22–25
dissociation and enactment and, 24–25
dissociative communication process linking psychotherapy with, 24
mind–brain–body interface in, 23
process of, 42–49
right-brain to right-brain, 24–25
self–otherness and, 22–24
“staying the same while changing,” 19
Steuwe, C., 90
Stevens, D., 103
Stevenson, J., 152
Still Face experiments
of Tronick, 115
stimulus–response chains
stimulus–response patterns
disruption of, 56
Sting, 143–44
storytelling
in healing psychic pain, 61
storytelling voice
for children in therapeutic relationship, 172
Strack, F., 142
stress
optimal, 185–219 see also optimal stress; optimal stress in overcoming resistance to change
sandpile model and paradoxical impact of, 206
structurally disorganized person
psychotic core in, 226
structure(s)
self-state, 36
subcortical alarm system
PTSD in activation of
subject consciousness, 157, 158
subjective experience, 29
suffering
pain vs., 70
shame as cause of, 70
superego, 12, 67
surprise
of children in therapeutic relationship, 172–73
survival
right hemisphere of brain and, 67
survival instinct
threat detection and attachment needs in, 225–26
suspense
of children in therapeutic relationship, 172–73
“switched off”
from feelings, 76–77
symbiosis
psychobiological development and, 232
systems theory
for couples, 221
for families, 221
Tatkin, S., 12, 221, 239
Tennes, M., 50n
terror
brain changes related to, 60
transforming, 145–48 see also transforming terror
terror-panic, 146
“The Alexander Method,” 142–44
The Attitude Theory of Emotion, 139
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 128
The Life of Pi, 145
“The Nearness of You,” 38
“the nearness of you,” 50n
theory of mind
in dyadic system, 234–35
in PACT therapy, 234–35
in secure functioning, 234–35
therapeutic action(s)
described, 97
patient–therapist relationship as source of, 28
therapeutic alliance
in PACT, 235–37
therapeutic change
affect regulation in, 83–85
attachment in, 81–83
empathy in, 85–87
fostering, 78–88
meaning-making in, 87–88
plasticity of brain in, 78–81
therapeutic curiosity
of children, 171–73
therapeutic empathy
in working with children in therapeutic relationship, 176–81 see also unconditional empathy
therapeutic experience(s)
neuroplasticity in revealing depth of, 10–11
therapeutic relationship(s)
as agent of change, 58–60
change in children related to, 167–83 see also children in therapeutic relationship
at heart of healing, 12
therapeutic response
stereotypic, 161
therapist(s). see also specific types, e.g., psychotherapist(s)
dangers plaguing, 87–88
nonverbal expressions of, 119
self-states of, 119
The Science of the Art of Psychotherapy, 25
The Shadow of the Tsunami, 38, 40–49
The Use of the Self, 142–43
thought(s)
as lever of change, 56–57
self and, 156
in therapy, 283
threat
brain effects of, 223–25
in couples therapy, 227–28
detection of, 223–25 see also threat detection
in dyadic system, 223–26
hypothalamic-mediated, 224
to implicit self, 100
to narcissistic person, 230
threat detection
areas involved in, 223–25
instinct to survive and, 225–26
threat sensitivity
in persons with PTSD, 90–91
Tinbergen, N., 142
tolerance
affect, 25–26
arousal, 26
“top-down” paradigm
Cartesian/cognitive, 129–30
“top-down” processing, 129–30, 286
toxic bonds
disrupting, 263–67
transformation, 56
transforming terror, 145–48
transposons, 79
trauma
anxiety vs., 35–36
brain changes related to, 60
default mode network effects on, 157–59
described, 35–36
early, 73–74, 78
healing, 60–61
Jacksonian theory related to, 156–57, 160
relational, 151–66 see also relational trauma
self-protection against, 83–85
trauma narrative
overarousal when listening to one’s own, 75
trauma of nonrecognition, 34–37
trauma survivors
causality misconstrued by, 134–35
eye contact as frightening for, 108–9
traumatic experience
in facial expressions, 110
traumatic memory(ies)
unconscious, 153–54
traumatic memory system, 153–54
Trevarthen, C., 11, 152, 159
Tronick, E.Z., 37, 98, 109
Still Face experiments of, 115
trust
in change, 282
in feeling felt, 282
in therapeutic relationship, 59
in therapy, 282–83, 289
Tsu, L., 56
Tymanski, R., 87
unattainable
relentless pursuit of, 186, 200
uncertainty
becoming comfortable with, 286
insula in, 91
of psychotherapy, 23
unconditional empathy
case examples, 178–81
characteristics of, 177–78
for children in therapeutic relationship, 176–81
unconscious traumatic memory
system of, 153–54
unevolved defense
to adaptation, 190–91
unity of mind
fostering of, 151–66 see also relational trauma
University of California Medical School, San Francisco, 131
University of Western Ontario, 74–75
University of Würzburg, Germany, 142
unsafe
feeling, 287–88
“use your words,” 171
van der Kolk, B., 85–87, 91
ventral vagal complex, 109
verbal abuse
verbal communication
errors from, 230–31
verbal explicit self
nonverbal implicit self vs., 98 see also explicit self; implicit self
verbal language
in relation to acts of meaning, 29–31
verbal points
physical cues in strengthening and emphasizing, 101
vertical learning
change as, 235–36
defined, 235
in PACT, 235–37
Virgil, 133
visiting past in therapy
timing for, 87
visual cortex
primary, 133
vulnerability
during brain development, 77
Vygotsky, L.S., 159, 162
walking
in psychotherapy, 114–15
warmth
in change, 155, 163
in therapeutic relationship, 59
Washington, N., 49
we
me vs., 282
Wegner, D.M., 132–33
wellness
mental, 275–76
wholeness
psychotherapy as growth of, 17–52 see also psychotherapy
whole-person approach to dynamic psychotherapy, 73–96
case example, 83–87
fostering therapeutic change by, 78–88 see also therapeutic change
neurobiological substrates of change in, 88–92 see also intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs)
who we become
relational connection in, 11
Wilkinson, M., 10–11, 73
windows of affect tolerance, 26
Winnicott, D.W., 50n, 152, 153, 215, 234, 237
wiring
defined, 283
wonder
of children in therapeutic relationship, 172–73
“wonder of we”, 249
working memory
CEN in, 88
World Trade Center tragedy survivor
transformation of terror in, 145–48
wound debridement
in accelerating healing, 186–87
Wundt, W., 132
Zen “teaching story,” 135–36
Zevon, W., 191
Zwaann, R.A., 100