When powerful opioids became available: Jane Porter and Hershel Jick, “Addiction Rare in Patients Treated with Narcotics,” New England Journal of Medicine 302, no. 2 (January 1980): 123, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7350425.
Fast-forward to 2015: International Narcotics Control Board, “Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2015,” January 2016, incb.org/incb/en/publications/annual-reports/annual-report-2015.html; Rose A. Rudd et al., “Increases in Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths—United States, 2010–2015,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65 (2016): 1445–52, doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm655051e1.
In 2016, drug overdoses caused US life expectancy: Kenneth D. Kochanek et al., “Mortality in the United States, 2016,” NCHS Data Brief, 293 (December 2017), cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db293.pdf.
about 75 percent of opioid users: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, “Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables,” September 2015, samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DetTabs2014/NSDUH-DetTabs2014.pdf.
Opioids create “junkies”: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Results from the 2014.
more than twenty years into the epidemic: Emanuel Krebs et al., “Cost-Effectiveness of Publicly Funded Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder in California,” Annals of Internal Medicine 168, no. 1 (2018), doi.org/10.7326/M17-0611; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, “National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS): 2013,” 2014, samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/2013_N-SSATS_National_Survey_of_Substance_Abuse_Treatment_Services/2013_N-SSATS_National_Survey_of_Substance_Abuse_Treatment_Services.html.
up to 90 percent of patients: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, “Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 2013. Discharges from Substance Abuse Treatment Services,” 2016, samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/2013_Treatment_Episode_Data_Set_Discharges_9_14_16.pdf.
It is a rare day: Adam Bisaga and Maria A. Sullivan, “Death by Detoxification,” Huffington Post, August 27, 2013, huffingtonpost.com/adam-bisaga-md/medication-assisted-recovery_b_3824013.html.
Chapter 1: Medical Panacea or National Nightmare?
In eastern Ohio, a police officer: CBS News, “Officer Recounts Near-Fatal Contact with Opioid After Traffic Stop,” May 17, 2017, cbsnews.com/news/fentanyl-nearly-kills-officer-chris-green-after-drug-arrest-ohio/.
Beginning in 2015: Rose A. Rudd et al., “Increases in Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths—United States, 2010–2015,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65 (2016), 1445–52, doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm655051e1.
In 2016, the number of deaths: Holly Hedegaard et al., “Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999–2016,” National Center for Health Statistics, 294, (2017), cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db294.htm; Cancer.net Editorial Board, “Breast Cancer—Metastatic: Statistics,” ASCO Cancer.net, accessed December 15, 2017, cancer.net/cancer-types/breast-cancer-metastatic/statistics.
Reported fatal overdoses: Hedegaard, Drug Overdose Deaths.
More than 42,000 died: Hedegaard, Drug Overdose Deaths.
Between 2013 and 2016: Josh Katz, “The First Count of Fentanyl Deaths in 2016: Up 540% in Three Years, New York Times, September 2, 2017, nytimes.com/interactive/2017/09/02/upshot/fentanyl-drug-overdose-deaths.html; National Center for Health Statistics, “Provisional Drug Overdose Death Counts,” January 12, 2018, cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm.
In 2009: Leonard J. Paulozzi et al., “Vital Signs: Overdoses of Prescription Opioid Pain Relievers—United States, 1999–2008,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60, no. 5, (2011), cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6043a4.htm.
In 2015: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, “Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health,” 2016, samhsa.gov/data/
Between 1999 and 2010: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Prescription Painkiller Overdoses: A Growing Epidemic, Especially Among Women,” 2013, cdc.gov/vitalsigns/prescriptionpainkilleroverdoses/index.html.
In towns hardest hit: Hedegaard, Drug Overdose Deaths
In 2015, the Centers for Disease Control: Julie Turkewitz, “The Pills Are Everywhere: How the Opioid Crisis Claims Its Youngest Victims,” New York Times, September 20, 2017, nytimes.com/2017/09/20/us/opioid-deaths-children.html.
In a seminal experiment: Abraham Wikler, “A Psychodynamic Study of a Patient During Experimental Self-Regulated Re-addiction to Morphine,” Psychiatric Quarterly 26, no. 2 (April 1952): 270–93, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14920640.
Since 1939, it has sold: Alcoholics Anonymous, “A.A.’s Big Book, Alcoholics Anonymous, Named by Library of Congress as One of the ‘Books That Shaped America,’” press release, July 27, 2012, aa.org/press-releases/en_US/press-releases/aas-big-book-alcoholics-anonymous-named-by-library-of-congress-as-one-of-the-books-that-shaped-america.
Less than 10 percent: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, “National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS): 2013. Data on Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities,” Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014.
Medications have been shown: Cindy Parks Thomas et al., “Medication-Assisted Treatment With Buprenorphine: Assessing the Evidence,” Psychiatric Services 65, no. 2 (2014): 158–70, doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300256; Yih-Ing Hser et al., “Treatment Retention Among Patients Randomized to Buprenorphine/Naloxone Compared to Methadone in a Multi-site Trial,” Addiction 109, no. 1 (2014): 79–87, doi.org/10.1111/add.12333; Richard P. Mattick et al., “Buprenorphine Maintenance versus Placebo or Methadone Maintenance for Opioid Dependence,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (February 2014), doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002207.pub4; Joshua D. Lee et al., “Comparative Effectiveness of Extended-Release Naltrexone versus Buprenorphine-Naloxone for Opioid Relapse Prevention (X:BOT): A Multicentre, Open-Label, Randomised Controlled Trial,” The Lancet (2017), doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32812-X; Joshua D. Lee et al., “Extended-Release Naltrexone to Prevent Opioid Relapse in Criminal Justice Offenders,” The New England Journal of Medicine, 374 (2016): 1232–1242, doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1505409; Evgeny Krupitsky et al., “Injectable Extended-Release Naltrexone for Opioid Dependence: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicentre Randomised Trial,” The Lancet (2011), doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60358-9.
Chapter 2: Opioid Use in America: How We Got Here
researchers did come to the opinion: David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: A History of Opiate Addiction in America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982; President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2001), loc. 1230 of 4538, Kindle.
In 1969: Courtwright, Dark Paradise, loc. 2242 of 4538, Kindle. 39 “medical” treatments of heroin addiction: H. D. Kleber and C. E. Riordan, “The Treatment of Narcotic Withdrawal: A Historical Review,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 43, no. 6 (1982): 30–34, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7045089.
But overall, the methadone-based treatment: Richard P. Mattick et al., “Buprenorphine Maintenance Versus Placebo or Methadone Maintenance for Opioid Dependence,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (February 2014), doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002207.pub4; J. F. Maddux and D. P. Desmond, “Methadone Maintenance and Recovery from Opioid Dependence,” American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 18, no. 1 (1992): 63–74.
In the mid-1970s: Peter Kerr, “Growth in Heroin Use Ending as City Users Turn to Crack,” New York Times, September 13, 1986, nytimes.com/1986/09/13/nyregion/growth-in-heroin-use-ending-as-city-users-turn-to-crack.html?pagewanted=all&mcubz=0.
By comparison: NYC Health, “Health Department Releases 2016 Drug Overdose Death Data in New York City—1,374 Deaths Confirmed, a 46 Percent Increase From 2015,” June 13, 2017, www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/press/pr2017/pr048-17.page.
By 1984: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, “National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS): 2013,” 2014, samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/2013_N-SSATS_National_Survey_of_Substance_Abuse_Treatment_Services/2013_N-SSATS_National_Survey_of_Substance_Abuse_Treatment_Services.html
in 1986, and estimated 500,000: Kerr, “Growth in Heroin Use.”
approximately 5 percent of the population: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics, “2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health,” September 2016, samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-MethodSummDefsHTML-2015/NSDUH-MethodSummDefsHTML-2015/NSDUH-MethodSummDefs-2015.pdf.
Within sixteen months: KFF.org, “Global HIV/AIDS Timeline,” November 29, 2016, kff.org/global-health-policy/timeline/global-hivaids-timeline/.
Today, just over one million Americans: HIV.gov, “U.S. Statistics: Fast Facts,” December 5, 2017, hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/statistics.
Close to 2.5 million Americans: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, “Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health,” 2016, samhsa.gov/data/; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Survey
More than forty-two thousand people died: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Opioid Overdose,” updated October 23, 2017, cdc.gov/drugoverdose/index.html.
the CDC came out with a report: Deborah Dowell et al., “CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain—United States, 2016,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65, no. 1 (March 18, 2016): 1–49, doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1.
the overall number of patients living with OUD: Yih-Ing Hser et al., “A 33-Year Follow-Up of Narcotics Addicts,” Archives of General Psychiatry 58, no. 5 (May 2001): 503–508, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11343531; Yih-Ing Hser et al., “Long-Term Course of Opioid Addiction,” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 23, no. 2 (March–April 2015): 76–89, doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000052.
Only about 4 percent . . . and 40 percent: Alison B. Rapoport and Christopher F. Rowley, “Stretching the Scope—Becoming Frontline Addiction-Medicine Providers,” New England Journal of Medicine 377 (2017): 705–707, doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1706492; Bradley D. Stein et al., “Supply of Buprenorphine Waivered Physicians: The Influence of State Policies,” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 48, no. 1 (2015): 104–111, doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.010.
Overdoses took a dive: Mélina Fatséas and Marc Auriacombe, “Why Buprenorphine Is So Successful in Treating Opiate Addiction in France,” Current Psychiatry Reports 9, no. 5 (2007): 358–64, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17915074.
Chapter 3: Opioid Use Disorder—A Disease Like Any Other?
why do nearly 25 percent: Olga A. Vsevolozhskaya and James C. Anthony, “Transitioning from First Drug Use to Dependence Onset: Illustration of a Multiparametric Approach for Comparative Epidemiology,” Neuropsychopharmacology 41, no. 3 (February 2016): 869–76, doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.213.
Some of the key behaviors: Adapted from American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013).
By simply interacting: Holly Hagan et al., “Reduced Injection Frequency and Increased Entry and Retention in Drug Treatment Associated with Needle-Exchange Participation in Seattle Drug Injectors,” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 19, no. 3 (October 2000): 247–252, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11027894.
Chapter 4: Embracing the New Medical Approach to Treating OUD
a very high failure rate: Bobby P. Smyth et al., “Lapse and Relapse Following Inpatient Treatment of Opiate Dependence,” Irish Medical Journal 103, no.6 (June 2010): 176–79; Johan Kakko et al., “1-Year Retention and Social Function after Buprenorphine-Assisted Relapse Prevention Treatment for Heroin Dependence in Sweden: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Lancet 361, no. 9358 (February 22, 2003): 662–68, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12606177.
One third of opioid: Shane Darke et al., “Patterns of Nonfatal Heroin Overdose Over a 3-Year Period: Findings From the Australian Treatment Outcome Study,” Journal of Urban Health 84, no.2 (March 2007): 283–91, doi.org/10.1007/s11524-006-9156-0.
Half of heroin: Alexander Caudarella et al., “Non-fatal Overdose as a Risk Factor for Subsequent Fatal Overdose Among People Who Inject Drugs,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 162 (May 1, 2016): 51–55, doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.024.
Chapter 5: The Pharmacology of Opioids
reducing overdoses by at least half . . . 75 percent of those who start methadone: Shane Darke et al., “Non-fatal Heroin Overdose, Treatment Exposure and Client Characteristics: Findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS),” Drug and Alcohol Review 24, no. 5 (September 2005): 425–32, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16298837/; Catherine Anne Fullerton et al., “Medication-Assisted Treatment with Methadone: Assessing the Evidence,” Psychiatric Services 65, no. 2 (2014): 146–57, doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300235; Yih-Ing Hser et al., “Treatment Retention among Patients Randomized to Buprenorphine/Naloxone Compared to Methadone in a Multi-site Trial,” Addiction 109, no. 1 (2014): 79–87, doi.org/10.1111/add.12333; Richard P. Mattick et al., “Buprenorphine Maintenance versus Placebo or Methadone Maintenance for Opioid Dependence,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2014), doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002207.pub4.
On average, 50 percent of people on buprenorphine: Cindy Parks Thomas et al., “Medication-Assisted Treatment with Buprenorphine: Assessing the Evidence,” Psychiatric Services 65, no. 2 (2014): 158–70, doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300256; Yih-Ing Hser, Treatment Retention among Patients; Richard P. Mattick, Buprenorphine Maintenance versus Placebo.
Up to 50 percent . . . XR-naltrexone injections: Joshua D. Lee et al., “Comparative Effectiveness of Extended-Release Naltrexone versus Buprenorphine-Naloxone for Opioid Relapse Prevention (X:BOT): A Multicentre, Open-Label, Randomised Controlled Trial,” The Lancet (2017), doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32812-X; Joshua D. Lee et al., “Extended-Release Naltrexone to Prevent Opioid Relapse in Criminal Justice Offenders,” The New England Journal of Medicine 374 (2016): 1232–1242, doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1505409; Evgeny Krupitsky et al., “Injectable Extended-Release Naltrexone for Opioid Dependence: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicentre Randomised Trial,” The Lancet (2011), doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60358-9.
About 30 to 40 percent . . . actively using opioids: Joshua D. Lee, Comparative Effectiveness of.
Chapter 7: When Treating OUD Becomes a Challenge
However, initial experience with: Erin Kelty and G. Hulse, “A Retrospective Cohort Study of Obstetric Outcomes in Opioid-Dependent Women Treated with Implant Naltrexone, Oral
Methadone used to be the gold standard: S. L. Klaman, “Treating Women Who Are Pregnant and Parenting for Opioid Use Disorder and the Concurrent Care of Their Infants and Children: Literature Review to Support National Guidance,” Journal of Addiction Medicine 11, no.3 (May/June 2017): 178–90, doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000308.
In 2016: Deborah Dowell et al., “CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain—United States, 2016,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65, no. 1 (March 18, 2016): 1–49, doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1.
Another issue is that: Theodore J. Cicero et al., “Correspondence: Effect of Abuse-Deterrent Formulation of OxyContin,” New England Journal of Medicine 367 (2012): 187–89, doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1204141.
Half of all patients: L. Dhingra et al., “Epidemiology of Pain Among Outpatients in Methadone Maintenance Treatment Programs,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 128, no. 1–2 (February 1, 2013):161–65, doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.08.003.
Chapter 8: How to Encourage Your Loved One to Get Help—and How to Help Yourself
Motivational interviewing is a strategy: William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick, Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change, 3rd ed. (New York: Guilford Press, 2012).
people with a history of overdose: Shane Darke et al., “Non-fatal Heroin Overdose, Treatment Exposure and Client Characteristics: Findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study(ATOS),” Drug and Alcohol Review 24, n. 5 (September 2005): 425–32, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16298837/.
CRAFT is outlined: Robert J. Meyers and Brenda L. Wolfe, Get Your Loved One Sober: Alternatives to Nagging, Pleading, and Threatening (Center City, MN: Hazelden, 2003).
Chapter 9: Finding the Right Treatment
2.4 million people suffering from: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, “Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health,” 2016, samhsa.gov/data/.
Chapter 10: How to Support Your Loved One in Treatment and Recovery
In one study: Adam R. Winstock et al., “‘Should I stay or should I go?’ Coming off methadone and buprenorphine treatment,” International Journal of Drug Policy 22, no. 1 (2011): 77–81.
Epilogue: Overdoses as Missed Opportunities
About one in twenty: Shane Darke et al., “The ratio of non-fatal to fatal overdose,” Addiction 98 (2003): 1169–70; Albert Espelt et al., “Lethality of Opioid Overdose in a Community Cohort of Young Heroin Users,” European Addiction Research 21, no. 6 (2015): 300–306, doi.org/10.1159/000377626.
When opioid overdose victims . . . buprenorphine: Gail D’Onofrio et al., “Emergency Department–Initiated Buprenorphine/Naloxone Treatment for Opioid Dependence: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 313, no. 16 (2015): 1636–44, doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.3474.
In just three short years: Josh Katz, “The First Count of Fentanyl Deaths in 2016: Up 540% in Three Years,” New York Times, September 2, 2017, nytimes.com/interactive/2017/09/02/upshot/fentanyl-drug-overdose-deaths.html.