INDEX
Note
Roman nomenclature is a nightmare for indexers and alphabetisers. Not only are Roman naming patterns sometimes maddeningly complex, they also undergo a major change in the period covered by this book. When the story opens, anyone with Roman citizenship conforms to a fairly standardised three-name system (the so-called tria nomina) of praenomen, nomen and cognomen; this is fairly straightforward, but also means that identical names can appear in every generation of a particular family with all the potential for misidentification that brings. By the time we end, and really by the late third century, there is no system and much confusion. Names are either bafflingly multiple, with as many as ten elements and often no way of telling which one was primary, or so generic as to be uninterpretable – the nomen Aurelius is close to universal among the low-born emperors of the third century; in the fourth century, the nomen Flavius originally borne by the family of Constantine becomes the equivalent of our ‘Mr’ Scholarly conventions complicate matters, because it is traditional to alphabetise names under the nomen, or family name, up to Severan period or slightly later, when we can still generally tell what the nomen is. Thus Gaius Julius Caesar, the Republican dictator and adoptive father of the emperor Augustus, is alphabetised under Julius. For the later period, however, we can only occasionally discern the main nomen (what we call the diacritic nomen), which makes alphabetisation tricky. In the following index, individuals are alphabetised under the name most commonly used in the book’s text (thus C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus, a short-lived emperor of the third century, appears under Trebonianus). Where there is a heightened potential for confusion, cross-references are given.
A
ab epistulis, post of 251
Abgar of Edessa, king of Osrhoene 84, 102
Abrittus, battle of (251) 154
Acacius, bishop of Caesarea, support for creed at council of Seleucia 304
Achaea
governorship of 64, 167, 257, 258
adlectio (grant of senatorial status) 20
Adrianople (Adrianopolis), battle of (378) 293
Adrianopolis, battle of (313) 240
Adrianopolis, battle of (316) 242
Adrianopolis, battle of (324) 243–4
Aedesius, philosopher in Pergamum and tutor to Julian 299
Aelianus, usurper (possibly fictitious), in Gaul 190
Aelii, family 10
Aelius Antipater, sophist from Hierapolis and tutor of Caracalla and Geta 91–2
Aelius Aristides, orator and sophist 40
Aelius Caesar (Lucius Ceionius Commodus), adopted by Hadrian, father of Lucius Verus 33, 34
Aelius Coeranus, first Egyptian senator 92
Aemilianus (Aemilius Aemilianus), emperor (253) 158
aerarium publicum (state treasury) 14, 198–9
Africa Proconsularis, province of 73, 201, 258, 260
Africa (region)
Severus’s proscriptions 87
Agathias, Greek historian 130
Agri Decumates territory, Rhine-Danube salient 134, 173–4
Ahura Mazda (Zoroastrian divinity) 129–30
Aiacius Modestus Crescentianus, governor of Germania Superior under Caracalla 99
Akiba, Judaean rabbi during Bar Kokhba revolt 32
invasions on Rhine and Danube frontiers 111, 134–6, 162
Alani tribes, invasion of Armenia and Iberia 40
Alexander see Severus Alexander
Alexander, bishop of Alexandria, condemns theology of Arius 267
Alexander the Great 122–3, 133, 279
Alexandria
Caracalla’s massacre in 102
imperial mint 199
rebellion 177
L. Alfenus Senecio, governor of Britannia under Septimius Severus 96
Allectus, usurper in Britain, and murderer of Carausius 196, 200–1
Amandus, admiral 243
Amandus, usurper in Gaul 190
Amida, Persian siege of 305
Ammianus Marcellinus, historian, Res Gestae 188, 263–4, 292–4
on Persian campaign (359–60) 305
on political networks 296
Amu Darya (Oxus) river 120, 123, 125
Anastasia, daughter of Constantius, married to Bassianus 213, 241
Andesina (Grand), shrine of Apollo Grannus 230
Annaei family 72
Annia Faustina, third wife of Elagabalus 107
Annia Galeria Faustina, daughter of Annius Verus, wife of Antoninus Pius 15, 34, 41
C. Annius Anullinus, governor of Africa under tetrarchs, Christian persecutor 215
and Maxentius 223
M. Annius Libo, cousin of Marcus Aurelius and governor of Syria 47, 48, 93–4
Antinoopolis, Egypt, founded by Hadrian 31
Antinous, lover of Hadrian 19, 31
church council (341) 286
Gordian III at 138
and origin of Great Persecution of Christians 212–13
taken by Shapur I 156
Valerian in 162
Antioch, battle of (218) 105–6
Antistius Burrus, brother-in-law of Commodus 64
Antoninus Pius (T. Aurelius Fulvius
Boionius Arrius Antoninus), emperor 15, 37–45
adoption by Hadrian 27, 34–5, 37
early career 37
lack of narrative sources 39–40
Apamea, oracle of Bel at 105
Aper, praetorian prefect and brother-in-law of Carus 188–9
Apharban, adviser to Persian king Narseh 208
Apodemius, agens in rebus 297
Apta (Apt) 18
besieged by barbarians 54
besieged by Maximinus 115
Aquileia, battle of (340) 284
Aquilius Felix, financial officer with triple jurisdiction under Septimius Severus 81–2
Zenobia’s invasion 173
Arabs
rise of confederacies 178
Scenitae 84
Arbitio, magister equitum of Constantius II 297
archaeology
Central Europe 135
illegal (Afghanistan and Pakistan) 125, 132, 141
Ardashir, king of Persia, first of Sasanian dynasty 110, 131–4
eastern campaigns 132
relations with Rome 133
church council (314) 238
Argentoratum (Strasbourg), battle of 302, 303
and nature of God the father and God the son (homoousios v. homoios) 269, 270, 276
Ariaric, Tervingian king 274
Ariminum (Rimini), church council (359) 286, 303–4
Arius, Egyptian priest and originator of Arian controversy 267, 268, 285
Alani invasion 40
annexed by Shapur I 155–6, 186
Arsacid kings 138
Christianity in 275
Constantius II and 285
Parthian invasions 45, 47–8, 56, 132
succession crisis (330s) 278–9, 283
army
appointment of equestrians as legates 63, 88, 167, 250, 255–6
campaign armies 159
cavalry units 256
changes to command, third century 255
distinction of field and provincial frontier armies 262–3
Hadrian’s training and discipline 25–6
and imperial protectores domestici corps 263
military role of magister officiorum 262
rebellions against Probus 184–5
reforms by Septimius Severus 88
separation of military and civilian commands 196–7, 256–7, 262–3
Septimius Severus and 82
and support for emperors 5, 290
see also praetorian guard
army units
auxilia 26
Celtae 306
I Minervia 47
II Adiutrix 47
II Augusta 100
IV Scythica 75
Petulantes 306
V Macedonica 47
VII Claudia 49
VII Gemina 41
VIII Augusta 65
XIV Gemina 78
XVI Flavia 75
XX Valeria 100
XXII Deiotariana 29
Arrian (Lucius Flavius Arrianus), historian and legate of Cappadocia under Hadrian 25, 26, 40
Tactica 26
Arrius Antoninus, proconsul of Asia accused of plotting against Commodus 64
Arsaces, son of Tiridates of Armenia, sheltered by Constantine 279
Arsacid dynasty, Parthia 119, 123–4, 126–30
use of ‘shah’ 130
Artabanus V, king of Parthia 131
Artaxata, capture of 47
Asclepiodotus, praetorian prefect of Constantius I 200–1
Asellius Aemilianus, proconsul of Asia under Septimius Severus 67, 80, 82
Asia, province
Greek colonial elite 42
Hadrian in 28
M. Asinius Sabinianus, proconsul of Africa under Gordian III 137
Aspasius Paternus, consul with Claudius and supporter of Gallienus 171
Asturica Augusta (Astorga) 18
Asuristan, Mesopotamia 205, 206
Athanaric, Gothic king 274
Athanasius of Alexandria, bishop 276
and council of Nicaea 268, 270
opposition to ‘Arianism’ 286, 300–1
Athens
archon (chief magistrate) 21, 66
Dionysiac Games 20
Hadrian’s building programme 21
Julian at 299
sacked 171
temple of Olympian Zeus 21, 28, 31
Atilius Aebutianus, praetorian prefect of Commodus 64
Attalus, king of Pergamum 19
Attica
barbarian invasion 54
religious rites (Eleusinian mysteries) 20, 28, 54
C. Attius Alcimus Felicianus, equestrian official under Gordian III 138
Aufidius Victorinus, provincial governor under Marcus Aurelius and urban prefect under Commodus 47, 52, 62
augusta, imperial title 10, 44
Augusta Taurinorum (Turin) 235
Augusta Vindelicum (Augsburg) 16, 134
Augustodunum (Autun) 172
and Parthia 128
succession 4
Aurelian (Marcus Aurelius Aurelianus), emperor 171, 173–8, 179–82, 183, 256
building of city wall 175, 180
campaign against Iuthungi 174
campaign against Zenobia 175, 176–7
campaign in Gaul 181
murder 182
rebellion at imperial mint (Rome) 174
and senate 174
withdrawal of administration from
Aurelius Achilleus, corrector of Domitius
Domitianus and rebel against tetrarchs 207
Aurelius Antoninus see Antoninus Pius
Aurelius Sabinianus, former soldier and equestrian procurator 256
Aurelius Victor, minor official and historian, De Caesaribus 283
Aureolus, cavalry commander 165, 171, 256
support for Gallienus 168
Ausonius, Gallic poet 291
Auxentius, disciple of and author of life of Ulfila 276
C. Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria 48, 49, 56
assassination 58
Avidius Nigrinus, consular murdered by Hadrian 33
Axum (Ethiopia), conversion to Christianity 275–6
B
Babylon 88
Alexander the Great’s conquest 123
conquered by Yuëzhi 125
Bactrian language 126
Balbinus (Decimus Caelius Balbinus), vigintivir, then joint emperor 114–15
Balkans 233
regional identity 162
see also Dacia
Balkh, Bactria 125
Ballomarius, king of Marcomanni 51, 52
banditry 96
bar Kokhba, Shimon, leader of Jewish rebellion (132–5) 32
Barbalissos, battle of (252/3) 156
Barbatio, magister militum under Constantius II 295, 302
Basil, bishop of Ancyra, support of creed at Seleucia 304
M. Bassaeus Rufus, praetorian prefect under Marcus Aurelius 52
Bassianus Alexianus see Severus Alexander
Bassianus, brother-in-law of Constantine and caesar 241–2
Bassianus, son of Septimius Severus see Caracalla
Belgica, support for Albinus 86
Beneventum (Benevento), victory arch of Trajan 26
Berenike, Red Sea coast 127
Beroea, battle of (250) 154
Bezabde, Mesopotamia 306
Black Sea 120
Bonitus, father of Silvanus 296
Bonosus, usurper 184
Bosporan kingdom (Hellenic) 153, 273
Scythians and 157
Bostra, Arabia 209
Constantius and Constantine in 219–20
Constantius’s campaign against Allectus 200–1
rebellion of Carausius 191–2, 193
Brixia (Brescia) 235
C. Bruttius Praesens, consul and urban prefect under Antoninus Pius 38, 42, 59
Buddhism, Kushan empire 125, 126
Bulla, brigand in Italy 96
Buri tribe 60
besieged by Marius Maximus 80, 82, 83
see also Constantinople
C
Caecilia Paulina, wife of Maximinus I 112
Caecilianus, bishop of Carthage 238–9
Caenophrurium, near Byzantium 182
L. Caesonius Bassus, consul with Diocletian 189
L. Caesonius Lucillus Macer Rufinianus, proconsul of Africa under Gordian III 137
Caledonian tribes, Scotland 97, 98
Caligula (Gaius), emperor 7
Callistus, usurper in Syria 165, 168
Candidianus, son of Galerius 233, 241
Capelianus, governor of Numidia 114
invasion by Shapur 156
Caracalla (L. Septimius Bassianus, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus), emperor 76, 85, 86, 91
Danube frontier 101
grant of citizenship to all free inhabitants of empire 100–1, 152–3
hatred for brother 95–6, 97, 98–9
marriage to Fulvia Plautilla 92, 94–5
and secular games 94
and Severus’s war in Parthia 88
wish to emulate Alexander the Great 102–3
Carausius, general, rebellion in Britain and Gaul 191–2, 193, 195, 196, 201
Carinus, son and co-emperor of Carus 185, 188–9, 190
Carnuntum (near Vienna) 54, 55, 227
Carpathian mountains 9, 51, 120, 121, 277
Carpi tribe 146–7, 153–4, 218, 227, 273
Carpow, Perthshire 97
Carrhae, battle of (53 BC) 11, 128
Carrhae, Osrhoene 89, 102–3, 134, 138, 208
Carus (M. Aurelius Carus), emperor 185–6, 188, 189, 190
murdered 188
Cassius Dio, historian and consul 92, 108–9
on Caracalla’s Constitutio Antoninianus 100–1
on Commodus 68
on Didius Julianus 79
on Elagabalus 107
on Macrinus 103
as provincial governor 109
and Severus Alexander 108, 110
Castra Vetera (Xanten) 18
Catalaunian fields (Champagne), battle (274) 179
Cecropius, general 171
Ceionia Fabia, sister of Lucius Verus 34, 38, 43
Ceionii Commodi family 43
M. Ceionius Silvanus, cousin of Lucius Verus and consul 43
census
Diocletian’s new system 199, 207
Galerius’s (306) 224
and taxes 87, 151, 199–200, 251, 254–5
Centcelles, perhaps mausoleum of Constans 288
Central Asia 119
Sasanian expansion into 132–3, 186
Central Europe
forest zone 120
social stratification 136
Chalcedon 105
Chatti tribe, invasion of Germania Superior 45, 47
China 121
Hexi corridor 119, 120, 125, 305
and Yuëzhi 125
Chnodomarius, Alamannic king 302
Christianity and Christians amnesty (303) 216
Arian controversy 267–71, 276, 285–6
centrality of belief 237–8, 266, 270
and conformity of belief 270
council of bishops at Elvira 211
and cult of Sol Invictus (Apollo) 230
and Decius’s edict on universal sacrifice 151, 153
Diocletian’s Great Persecution 211–15
Donatist-Caecilianist controversy 238–9
enforcement of Diocletian’s edict 214–15
Greek and Latin variants 266, 308
and Manichaeism 204
orthodoxy and heresy 266, 267–8
and power of church in Late Antiquity 308–9
revocation of edict by Galerius 230–1, 241
role of Roman state after Nicaea 270
in Sasanian empire 187
Valerian’s edict on universal sacrifice 164
see also Constantine
Chrysopolis, battle of (324) 244
Cibalae, war of (316) 242
citizenship
Caracalla’s extension to all freemen in empire 100–1
Claudius Aelius Pollio, general, murderer of Macrinus 106
Claudius Atticus, father of Herodes Atticus 20, 28
Claudius Candidus, general 82, 83, 87, 89
Claudius Claudianus, governor of Dacia 86
Claudius Fronto, general 53, 54
Claudius Gallus, governor of Germania Superior 86, 87
Claudius (Marcus Aurelius Claudius), emperor 171–3, 256
death 173
Claudius Marinus Pacatianus, governor of Moesia, usurper 148–9
Claudius Maximus, governor of Pannonia Superior and proconsul of Africa 42
Ti. Claudius Pompeianus 51, 80
Claudius Pompeianus Quintianus, and Lucilla’s conspiracy against Commodus 61–2
Ti. Claudius Subatianus Aquila, prefect of Egypt under Septimus Severus 99
Cleander (M. Aurelius Cleander), freedman of Marcus Aurelius 76
control of government under Commodus 62, 63–6
Clematius, comes Orientis under Constantius II 294
Clodius Albinus, governor of Britannia 67, 71, 80
campaign by Severus against 85–7
as heir to Septimius Severus 79, 81, 82
senate declaration against 86
Cniva, ‘Scythian’ king 154
codex Gregorianus 198
codex Hermogenianus 198
Gothic silver 274
coinage
antoniniani of deified emperors 150
antoniniani (Philip) 143
commemorative, Marcus Aurelius 55
Constantine 223, 230, 243, 244
Danubian bronze 273
debasement (third century) 117–18, 180
Decius 150
Diocletian’s reforms 209
follis (Diocletian) 195
imperial mints 199
Julian 306
Parthia 124
Philip I 147
Probus 185
Sasanian 132
of usurpers 298
Valerian 161
Colonia Agrippensis (Cologne) 18, 162
Alamanni attack on 299
bridge across Rhine 227
Saloninus at 166
comitatus, emperor’s retinue 260–1
Commodus (Lucius Aurelius Commodus), emperor, son of Marcus Aurelius 44, 49
appointment of twenty-five consuls (190) 65, 76
court intrigues against 61–2, 64, 66
deification 88
and end of Danubian wars 59, 60–1
and execution of Cleander 65
as heir to Marcus Aurelius 41–2, 53, 57, 59
identification with Hercules 66, 68, 70
Lucilla’s conspiracy against 61–2
Marcomannic Wars 55
as princeps iuventutis 57
renaming of Rome and months 68
return to Rome 61
and Saoterus (a cubiculo) 61, 62
withdrawal from government 62
Constans, emperor, youngest son of Constantine
ban on public pagan sacrifice 271
death 288
relations with Constantius II 284–5, 287, 288
support for Nicene party 287
Constantia, daughter of Constantine 289
Constantia, daughter of Constantius I, wife of Licinius 240, 244
Constantina, eldest daughter of Constantine, wife of Flavius Dalmatius and then Gallus 280, 290, 294, 295
Constantine (Constantinus) I, emperor administrative reforms 256–7, 258–60, 262–4
as augustus 225
baptism 280
building schemes in Rome 239
campaign against Franci 227, 229–30
character 220
and Christianity 235, 236–7, 270–1, 274–7
at council of Nicaea 268–70, 271
at court of Diocletian 222
and divine revelations 230, 235–7
foundation of Constantinople 245
marriage to Fausta 225
marriage to Minervina 222, 225
and Maximian 221–2, 225, 226–7, 228
order for restitution of Christian property 223
and plans for succession 278, 279–81
plunder of pagan temples 270–1
relations with Licinius 233, 235, 240, 241–4
relations with Maxentius 228
style of government 258
and succession to Diocletian 213, 217, 218, 219
suppression of praetorian guard 239–40
tricennalia celebration 278–9, 280
war with Sarmatians 243
Constantinople
Byzantium refounded as 245, 272
Constantine’s tricennalia celebrations at 278
funding for 271
Constantinus, eldest son of Constantine, emperor 241, 242, 279
death 284
at Trier 280
Constantius I (M. Flavius Constantius), emperor 189, 193, 220–1, 256, 280
as caesar in tetrarchy 195, 196
campaigns in Britain 200–1, 219–20
and Christianity 213
and succession to Diocletian 218
Constantius II, second son of Constantine, emperor
at Antioch 280
ban on pagan sacrifice 301
conference with brothers at
death in Cilicia 307
and massacre of kinsmen 281, 282–3
relations with Julian 300, 302–3
relations with western bishops 303–4
and religious controversy 285–7, 300, 303–4
tricennalia, at Arelate 291
visit to Rome 301
and war with Persia 285, 303, 304–6
Constitutio Antoniniana, Caracalla’s edict 100–1
Coptos, Egypt 184
Corduba (Córdoba), tetrarchic palace 217
Corinth 20
Cornelia Salonina, wife of Gallienus 161
Cornelia Supera, wife of Aemilianus 158
Cornelius Anullinus, urban prefect 67, 74, 86
defeat of Niger 83
Cornelius Priscianus, ‘disturbance’ in Spain 41
Cornificia (Annia Cornificia), sister of Marcus Aurelius, wife of Ummidius Quadratus 34, 43
Cornificia, daughter of Marcus Aurelius 44, 55, 99
corrector (supra-regional governor) 144, 159, 168, 249, 257
Costoboci tribe 54
Crassus, defeat at Carrhae 128
Cremna, Pisidia, uprising 184
crime, poisoned needles in Rome 67
Crispina (Bruttia Crispina), wife of Commodus 59, 61
Crispus, caesar, eldest son of Constantine 222, 241
defence of the west 242
as capital of Parthia 124
mint 141
taken by Trajan 12
cubicularii, office of 261, 282, 295–6
Cularo (Grenoble) 172
Cyrenaica, nomad incursions 171
D
withdrawal of Roman administration 175–6
Dalmatius, caesar, son of Flavius
Danube
Caracalla’s campaign 101
frontier with Goths 144–6, 273, 274
instability on frontier 111, 117, 134–6, 184
Iron Gates 273
Marcus Aurelius and frontier wars 51–2, 53–5, 56–7, 58, 59–60
see also Dacia; Moesia; Pannonia
Daphne, Antioch 47, 177, 183, 212, 273
Darius the Great 133
L. Dasumius Tullius Tuscus, governor of Pannonia Superior under Marcus Aurelius 47, 52, 53
Decebalus, king of Dacia 9
Decentius, brother and caesar of Magnentius 289, 291
Decius (C. Messius Quintus Decius Valerinus, Trajan Decius), emperor 149–54, 256–7
campaign in Moesia against Scythians 153–4
claim to succession to Severus Alexander 150
coinage 150
edict on universal sacrifice to gods 151–3
Deserters’ War (185) 65
Dexippus, Greek historian 154, 165
Diadumenianus, son of Macrinus 103, 104, 105–6
Didius Julianus, emperor 62, 78
assassination 80
defeat by Septimius Severus 79–80
dioceses
provincial financial groupings 197, 259–60
vicarii (officials) 259
Diocletian (C. Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, Diocles), emperor 117, 188–93
administrative reforms 197–9, 209–11
campaign against Carpi 218
campaign in Egypt 207
and creation of Tetrarchy 193
edict against Manichees 215–16
Edict on Maximum Prices 209–11
edict for universal sacrifice (304) 218
fighting in Syria 192
Great Persecution of Christians 211–15
identification with Jupiter 191
power-sharing with Maximian 190–1
relations with Galerius 206–7, 233
see also Constantius; Galerius; Maximian; Tetrarchy
divine revelations, Constantine’s 230, 235–7
solar halo 236
Domitia Faustina, eldest daughter of Marcus Aurelius 43, 44
Domitia Lucilla, mother of Marcus Aurelius 34
Domitia Paulina, sister of Hadrian, wife of L. Julius Servianus 10, 28, 31
Domitian, emperor 7, 8, 67, 94, 147
Domitianus, praetorian prefect 295
L. Domitius Alexander, governor of Numidia, usurper 227
L. Domitius Domitianus, usurper in Alexandria 207
Domitius Ulpianus see Ulpian Donatus, bishop of Carthage 238
Drepanum, Bithynia, refounded as Helenopolis 272
duces, provincial military commanders 197, 256, 263
Dura Europos, Syria 48, 89, 162, 178
Dynamius, and Silvanus plot 297
Dyrrachium (Dürres, Albania) 20
E
earthquake (192) 70
Eboracum (York) 222
death of Constantius at 220
death of Septimius Severus at 97
Ecbatana (Hamadan) 124
Eclectus, a cubiculo to Commodus 67
and assassination of Commodus 70
and Pertinax 77
economy
collapse of fiduciary system 181
Diocletian’s Edict on Maximum Prices 209–11
effect of Aurelian’s new currency 180–1, 185
impact of new eastern gold on 275, 308–9
and payment in kind 181
third century 118
Edessa, Osrhoene 48, 84, 89, 208
Egnatia Mariniana, wife of Valerian 161
Egnatius Victor, governor in Pannonia under Septimius Severus 99
Egypt
Caracalla in 102
Christianity in 267
defection to Severus 83
Hadrian’s Greek cities in 21, 29–31
rebellions in Alexandria (297–8) 207
Roman garrison 29
senators from 92
uprising (172) 56
uprising at Coptos 184
Elagabal, cult of 75–6, 104, 156
Elagabalus (Varius Avitus, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus), emperor arrival in Rome 106
assassination 108
imposition cult of Elagabal on Rome 106–7
marriage to Annia Faustina 107
marriage to Julia Aquila Severa (vestal virgin) 107
marriage to Julia Cornelia Paula 106, 107
parentage 104
proclamation as emperor 105
Marcus Aurelius and Commodus and 58
elites see equestrians; provincial elites; senators
Elvira, Spain, council of bishops (c.300) 211
Emesa, battle (271) 177
Diocletian at 192
home of god Elagabal 75–6, 177
emperors
civilis princeps and tyrants 7
equestrian military commands 256–7
erased from memory 89, 99, 108, 121, 150, 189
household staff 261
and imperial protectores domestici corps 263
increasing reliance on equestrians 249–50
personal bodyguards 263
relationship with populace 101
reliance on familia Caesaris 249–50
destruction of temple of Artemis 158
adlection to senate 81, 248, 253
administrative posts 137–8, 250–1
as army legates 63, 88, 250, 255–6
as chief ministers of state 254
cursus honorum career path 250, 252, 253–4
and Diocletian’s reforms 200
domination of government 63, 118, 166–7, 247
from Leptis Magna 73
professionalisation 254
in provincial administration 174–5, 255
and provincial governors 257–8
qualifications 6, 247–8, 253–4
Ethiopia (Axum), conversion to Christianity 275–6
Eugenius, magister officiorum of Constans 288
Eunapius, Greek historian 271
eunuchs, in imperial household 63, 261, 295
Eurasian steppe, nomads 25
Eusebia, wife of Constantius II 300
Eusebius of Caesarea, bishop 213, 283
and council of Nicaea 268
ecclesiastical history 233, 268, 278, 283
Life of Constantine 283
Eusebius of Nicomedia, bishop 269, 270, 276, 280, 282
as bishop of Constantinople 286
and Nicene creed 269
Eusebius, praepositus sacri cubiculi of Constantine and Constantius II 282, 295–6
Eustathius of Antioch, bishop 268
Eustathius of Pergamum, philosopher 305–6
Eutropia, half-sister of Constantine 288–9
Exsuperius of Narbo, rhetor and tutor 280
Ezana, king of Axum 275
F
Fabius Cilo, urban prefect and consul under Septimius Severus 91, 93, 99
and campaign against Albinus 86
occupation of Perinthus 80, 82
Fabius Titianus, praetorian prefect of Gaul 288
fabricae (state factories) 262
Fadilla, daughter of Marcus Aurelius 44, 55
Faltonius Restitutianus, procurator of Mauretania 137, 138
Fanum, battle 174
Farasan Islands, Red Sea, Roman garrisons 127
Fars province, Parthia (Persia) 130, 131, 186
origin of Sasanian dynasty 131
Fausta, daughter of Maximian and wife of Constantine 225, 226, 241
Faustina (Annia Galeria Faustina), wife of Antoninus Pius 15, 34, 41
Faustina (the younger), wife of Marcus
as augusta 44
death and deification 58
as mater castrorum 55
and rumour of death of Marcus Aurelius 57
Felix of Apthungi, bishop 238
financial administration 14, 262
Diocletian’s reforms 198–9, 262
Firmus, corrector of Egypt 176
fiscus (emperor’s treasury) 14, 95, 198
see also patrimonium; res privata Flavian dynasty 4, 8
Flavius Ablabius, praetorian prefect of Constantine 279, 284
Flavius Dalmatius, half-brother of Constantine 279, 280, 282
Flavius Genialis, praetorian prefect of Didius Julianus 80
Flavius Juvenalis, praetorian prefect of Septimius Severus 81
Flavius Polemius, consul 283
Flavius Ursus, consul 283
Florianus (M. Annius Florianus), praetorian prefect, proclaimed emperor 183
Constantine’s campaign 227, 272
Germania Inferior 135
freedmen, influence of 63, 249
Africa 93
fortifications 23, 25, 273, 277–8
Marcus Aurelius and 45, 47, 50, 51–2, 53–60
warfare between client tribes on 50–1
see also Danube; Rhine
Fronto, orator, tutor to Marcus Aurelius 26, 39, 42
Frumentarius, Christian missionary 275
Fulvius Plautianus, praetorian prefect 86, 87, 89, 91
rift with Severus 93
Furius Victorinus, praetorian prefect 47, 52
G
Gaiso, comes in Gaul 288
Gaius Erucius Clarus, consul designate 68
Galeria Lysistrate, freedwoman and concubine of Antoninus Pius 41
Galerius (C. Galerius Maximianus), emperor 226, 227
as caesar in tetrarchy 195, 196
and Diocletian’s Great Persecution of Christians 211–14, 215, 216, 226
relations with Constantine 222–3
relations with Maximinus 230, 231
revocation of edict against Christians 230–1, 241
rivalry with Constantius 213–14
and succession to Diocletian 217–18, 219, 225–7
Galla, wife of Julius Constantius, mother of Gallus 290
Gallia, prefecture of 260
Gallia Narbonensis, province, colonial elite 8, 28, 42
Gallienus (P. Licinius Egnatius Gallienus), son and co-emperor of Valerian 159
co-emperor with Valerian 161
defeat of Iuthungi at Mediolanum 165–6
deification 171
and Postumus’s Gallic empire 166–9
restoration of freedom to Christian church 164
and state administration 166–7, 256
Gallus (C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus) see Trebonianus Gallus
Gallus (Flavius Gallus), son of Julius Constantius 281, 282
as caesar to Constantius II 290, 294–6
games
for marriage of Caracalla 92
millennial secular (248) 147–8
Natalis Urbis (Parilia) 147
plebeian (192), Commodus and 68
secular (204) 94
Gandhara, Indus river at 123
Garamantes tribe, on Tripolitanian frontier 93
Garda, Lake 171
Gaudentius, court adviser of Constantius II 304
Aurelian and 177, 179, 181, 190
conspiracy against Constans 288–9
Postumus’s ‘Gallic empire’ 168–9, 171–2, 175
and rebellion of Carausius 191–2, 193
see also Gallia Narbonensis
M. Gavius Maximus, praetorian prefect under Hadrian and Antoninus Pius 35, 39, 43, 44
Gennobaudes, king of Franci 192
George, bishop of Cappadocia 299
George Syncellus, Greek historian 130
Germania Inferior
Franci tribes 135
Hadrian’s improvements in 18
Maternus’s revolt 65
mutiny at Moguntiacum 134
see also Alamannia; Francia
Gessius Marcianus, father of Severus Alexander 104, 108
Geta (P. Septimius Geta), co-emperor with Caracalla 76, 94
murder 99
relations with Caracalla 95–6, 97, 98
and secular games 94
and Severus’s war in Parthia 88–9
Gilan, Persian province 186, 206
gladiators
Caracalla’s appearance with 99
Commodus’s appearance with 66–7, 68, 70
recruited into legions 53
Gnaeus Domitius Philippus, prefect of vigiles under Gordian III 138
Gnaeus Julius Verus, general in Britannia 41, 42, 48
M. Gnaius Licinius Rufinus, a libellis of Gordian III 138
Gordian I (M. Antonius Gordianus Sempronius), proclaimed emperor 113–14
Gordian II, co-emperor 114
Gordian III, emperor 115–16, 137–8, 142–3, 150
deification 144
government by equestrian officials 137–8
and invasion of Persia 134
Goths (Scythians) 144–6, 176, 184, 273
Claudius’s defeat of (270) 172, 229
Constantine’s war against 272–4
conversion to Christianity 276–7
formation of royal dynasties 243
manipulation of 65
Gratianus, magister militum 293
Greece
see also Achaea; Athens; Attica
Greek culture, Roman view of 21–2
Gregorian law code 198
Gregory the Illuminator, bishop of Cappadocia 275
Greuthungi, Gothic grouping 273
Grumbates, king of Chionitae (‘Huns’) 305