H

Hadrian, emperor accession 12, 13–14

adoption by Trajan 10–11, 12

and Antinous 19, 30–1

appointments 14–16

and army 25–6

burial and deification of Trajan 14

death 35

deification 37–8

forgiveness of debts 14

frontier fortifications 23, 25

Greek cities in Egypt 21, 29–31

mausoleum 33, 35, 38

murders of four consulars 13

palace at Tibur 27

peace with Parthia 19

philhellenism 20–2, 23, 28, 29–30

sentences of execution 33–4, 38

and succession 33, 34–6

travels 16, 18–20, 23, 26

Hadrianopolis see Adrianopolis

Hadrian’s Wall 18, 23, 40–1

Severan campaign 96–7

Hamr ibn Hadi, Lakhmid Arab prince 132

Han dynasty, China 121, 122

Hannibalianus, as king of Armenia 279, 280, 283

murder 281, 282

Hargbed, Persian noble 208

Haterius Nepos, prefect of Egypt 15

Hatra, principality 89

alliance with Rome 131–2

taken by Shapur I 134, 138, 178

Hecebolius, Christian rhetor and tutor to Julian 299

Helena, mother of Constantine 221, 272

Helena, daughter of Constantine 280

Helenopolis, Drepanum refounded as 272

Heliodorus, son of Avidius Crassus 58

Heliogabalus see Elagabal

Heliopolis, Egypt 30

M. Helvius Clemens Dextrianus, general under Commodus 65, 68

Helvius Pertinax see Pertinax, emperor Helvius Pertinax (son) 99

Heracleia, imperial mint 199

Heraclianus (Aurelius Heraclianus), praetorian prefect 171, 256

campaign against Zenobia 171, 172–3

Herennia Cupressenia Etruscilla, wife of Decius 150

Q. Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius, son of Decius 150, 154

Hermogenes, officer in Alexandria 287

Hermogenian law code 198

Hermogenianus, magister libellorum 198

Hermopolis, Egypt 30–1

Herodes Atticus, Athenian orator 20, 28, 42

Herodian, Greek historian 107, 108, 113

Herodianus, son of Odaenathus 169, 170, 171

Heruli tribe, Balkans 170, 171

Hilarius, bishop of Pictavium (Poitiers) 294

Himyar (Yemen) 275

Hindu Kush 119, 120

Hira, Arab city 132

Hispania Tarraconensis 41, 42, 249, 254

support for Albinus 86, 87

Historia Augusta 39, 107, 108, 112

homosexuality, Greek 21–2, 30–1

Hosius (Ossius), bishop of Corduba 268, 287

Hostilianus (C. Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus), caesar 150, 155

Hungary, puszta plains 120

Huns (Xiongnu, Hunnoi, Chionitae) 121–2, 305, 309

I

Iallius Bassus, governor of Pannonia Superior 51

Iamblichus, neo-Pythagorean philosopher 299

Iazyges, Sarmatian tribe, on Danube frontier 49, 51, 56–7, 60

Iberia, Caucasian

Alani invasion 40

conversion to Christianity 275, 278

Ilium, tomb of Ajax 21

Illyricum, prefecture of 260

imperator, victory title 48–9

imperial college 193, 210, 222, 225, 263

imperium, proconsular, power of 4–5

Imru’ulqais, Lakhmid Arab prince of Hira 142, 209

alliance with Rome 209

India 119, 121, 278

conquered by Yuëzhi 125

Greek and Roman trading contacts with 127

Indus river 123, 132

Ingenuus, governor and usurper in Pannonia 165, 167

Interamna 80, 226

battle of (253) 158

Iotapianus, revolt in Syria or Cappadocia 148, 155

Iranian empire 120–1

see also Persia

Iranian language, Khotan 126

Issus, battle of (194) 83

Italica, Spain 18–19

Italy

Galerius’s reduction in status 224

Hadrian’s tours of 27

prefecture with Africa 260

C. Iulius Sallustius Saturninus Fortunatianus, last senatorial legionary legate 255–6

Iulius Valens Licinianus, senator, and coup against Decius 154

Iuthungi tribe 173, 174

and Alamanni 134–5

defeated at Mediolanum 165–6

J

jade, white (nephrite) 125

Jerusalem

Hadrian’s rebuilding 29

temple of Juppiter Capitolinus 29

Jewish rebellions

against Hadrian 29, 31–2, 33

against Trajan 12

Jews

and edict against Manichees 215

Hadrian’s ban on circumcision 29, 31

rivalry with Greeks 29

in Sasanian empire 187

John Malalas, Antiochene historian 157

Jordanes, Getica 144

Judaea 16

rebellion 31–2, 33

renamed Syria Palaestina 32

Julia Aquila Severa, vestal virgin and wife of Elagabalus 107

Julia Balbilla, friend of wife of Hadrian 28

Julia Cornelia Paula, wife of Elagabalus 106, 107

Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus 76, 88, 98, 156

and Caracalla 98–9, 102

family influence 91, 96

mater castrorum 84, 85

and secular games 94

suicide 104

Julia Maesa, sister of Julia Domna 76, 91

family of 104–5

Julia Mamaea, daughter of Julia Maesa 104, 107–8

death 111

and deposition of Elagabalus 107, 108

Julia Soaemias, daughter of Julia Maesa 98, 104–5, 107, 108

Julian (the Apostate), emperor 281, 282, 308

advance to Illyricum 307

as caesar under Constantius II 299–300

campaigns in Alamannia 301–2, 306–7

education 299

and Gaul 300, 301–2, 304–5, 306

and invasion of Persia 292, 306, 308

in Lutetia 303, 304, 306

paganism of 299–300

proclaimed emperor in Gaul 306

quinquennalia 306

relations with Constantius II 300, 302–3, 304–6

Julio-Claudian dynasty 4, 8

Julius Aurelius Zenobius, father of Zenobia 170

C. Julius Avitus Alexianus, procurator of grain supply, brother-in-law of Julia Domna 77, 81, 86, 96

Julius Bassianus, high priest of Elagabal at

Emesa, father of Julia Domna 75–6

Julius Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar) 1, 4

Julius Constantius, half-brother of Constantine 278, 282

Julius Julianus, praetorian prefect under Commodus 66, 76

Julius Laetus, general of Septimius Severus 87, 88, 89

Julius Marcellinus, governor of Egypt 173

Julius Nepotianus, usurper in Rome 288–9

Julius Pacatianus, general under Septimius Severus 86

Julius Placidianus, general of Claudius, campaign in southern Gaul 171, 172

Julius Priscus, brother of Philip I, praetorian prefect 138, 140, 142

command in Syria 143–5, 148

T. Julius Priscus, governor of Thrace 154

L. Julius Servianus, general and brother-in-law of Hadrian 10, 28, 33

C. Julius Verus Maximinus see Maximinus

C. Julius Verus Maximus, son and caesar of Maximinus I 112, 115

jurists, increasing importance 100, 109, 198

K

Kanishka, Kushan ruler 125–6

Kardir, Zoroastrian priest 177, 187, 203, 205

Khusrau II, king of Armenia 155

Khuzistan 156

Khwarezm, oasis 141, 206

Kujula Kadphises, founder of Kushan empire 125–6

Kushan empire 125–6, 186

Kushanshahr 141

L

Lactantius, Christian rhetor and historian 163, 222

on Constantine 222, 223

De mortibus persecutorum 223

on Diocletian 210

on Licinius 240, 241

on revocation of edict by Galerius 230, 231

Laetus (Q. Aemilius Laetus), praetorian prefect 67–8

and assassination of Commodus 70

execution 79

and Pertinax 77

and Septimius Severus 76

Lakhmids, kingdom 132, 142, 209

Lambaesis, Numidia 23, 25–6, 93

Lampadius (C. Ceionius Rufius Volusianus), praetorian prefect of Constantius II 297

Langobardi tribe, invasion of Pannonia 51

languages

Aramaic 126

Brahmi script 126

Greek, compared with Latin 266, 269

Pahlavi script (Parthia) 124, 129

Tocharian 125

Turkic 126

law

Classical Roman 100–1

codification 198

enforcement of 210

extension to new provinces 257

Ulpian’s clarification of 109–10

Legio VII Gemina (Léon) 18, 41

Leptis Magna 93

colonial elite 73–4

as municipium ius Latii 72–3

Punic origins 72–3

Liberius, bishop of Rome 300

Licinianus, son of Licinius 241, 242, 244

Licinius (Valerius Licinianus Licinius), emperor

defeat of Maximinus 240, 241

edict of toleration of Christians 240–1

execution 244

relations with Constantine 233, 235, 240, 241–4

retreat to Byzantium 243–4

tetrarch with Galerius 227, 231

limes, frontier fortifications 23, 25, 273, 277–8

Lollianus Gentianus, governor of Gallia Lugdunensis under Septimius Severus 87

Londinium (London), imperial mint 199

Lucilla (Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla) 44, 45, 48

marriage to Ti. Claudius Pompeianus 52–3, 55

Lucius Attidius Cornelianus, governor of Syria 47

Lucius Verus (Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus) 34, 43, 47

death and deification 52

as joint emperor with Marcus Aurelius 44–5, 51–2

and Parthian War 47, 48–9

Lugdunum, battle of (197) 87

Lugdunum (Lyons) 86–7, 199

Lutetia (Paris), Julian’s winter quarters in 303, 304, 306

Lydios, uprising in Cremna 184

M

Macellum, imperial estate 299

Macrianus, usurper in the east 165, 167–8

Macrianus (younger), usurper 165

Macrinus (M. Opellius Macrinus), emperor 103–6

M. Macrinus Vindex, praetorian prefect under Marcus Aurelius 52, 55

Maeatae tribe, Scotland 98

Q. Maecius Laetus, praetorian prefect under Severus Alexander 95, 98

magistracies 6

see also cursus honorum

magistri, officials in imperial bureaus 198, 208, 250–1, 261–2

Magnentius (Flavius Magnentius), Gallic army, usurper 288–9, 290–2

defeat and suicide 291–2, 293

Magnia Urbica, wife of Carinus 189

Magnus, plot against Maximinus I 113

Malabar coast, India, Roman traders 127

Malarichus, tribunus under Constantius 297

Mallobaudes, tribunus under Constantius 297

Mani, Persian visionary and prophet 126, 187, 203–4, 205

Manichaeism

Diocletian’s edict against 215–16

rise of 203–5

Mantennius Sabinus, prefect of Egypt 68

Mantineia, memorial to Epaminondas 21

Marcellinus, comes in Gaul 288

Marcellus, general 301–2

Marcia, concubine of Commodus 65, 67, 70, 79

Marcia Otacilia Severa, wife of Philip I 143, 147

Marciana, sister of Trajan 10, 16

Marcianopolis, Moesia 154

Marcianus, general, conspirator against Gallienus 171, 256

Marcii family 72

Marcius Turbo, praetorian prefect 14, 16, 35

Marcomanni tribe, on Danube frontier 51, 52

Commodus’s treaty with 60

Marcomannic Wars 51–2, 53, 54–5

final campaign 55

Marcus Annius Verus see Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Annius Verus (son of Marcus Aurelius) 44, 49, 53

Marcus Annius Verus, urban prefect and consul 15, 16, 27

Marcus Aurelius Epagathus, praefectus annonae 110

Marcus Aurelius Julianus, corrector Venetiae 189

Marcus Aurelius (Marcus Annius Verus), emperor 15, 43, 56–60

adoption by Hadrian 27, 34

children 43, 44

and Danube frontier 51–2, 53–5, 56–7, 58, 59–60

death 60

and Eleusinian mysteries 58

as emperor 43, 44–55

marriage to Faustina the younger 38, 41–2, 43

Meditations 45

and Parthian War 47–9

title of caesar 43–4

Marcus Aurelius Marius, usurper 172

Marcus Ummidius Quadratus, nephew of Marcus Aurelius 43

Mardonius, grammarian and tutor of Julian 282, 299

Margiana 120, 123, 186

Margus river, battle at (284) 189

Mariades, Antiochene rebel against Decius 155

Marianus, governor of Achaea 165

Marinus Silbanniccus, revolt on Rhine 148

Marius Maximus, biographer 39, 106, 109

governor of Syria Coele 99

siege of Byzantium 80, 82

Marius Perpetuus, governor of Moesia Superior 99

marriage, networks of 10, 35, 42, 43, 241

Martialis, murder of Caracalla 103

Martius Verus, governor of Cappadocia 49, 57, 58

Massilia (Marseilles) 228

Maternus, revolt in Germania Superior 64–5

Matidia, mother-in-law of Hadrian 10, 16

Mauretania Caesariensis (Algeria) 27, 41

Mauretania Tingitania (Morocco) 23, 41, 59, 201–2

Mauri, tribes 41, 202

raids into Spain 23, 55, 59

Maxentius, son of Maximian 213, 217, 219

defeat by Constantine 235

in Rome 220, 226

as usurper 223–5

Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Maximianus), co-emperor with Diocletian 190–1

campaign in Africa 201–2

and Constantine 221–2, 225, 226–7

and edict against Christianity (303) 214

identification with Hercules 191

and Maxentius as usurper 224, 225–7

and rebellion of Carausius 191–2, 193

rebellion and death 227–8

retirement 218, 224

and succession to Diocletian 218

surrender of Severus 224

vicennalia in Rome 216–17

see also Diocletian

Maximinus I (C. Julius Verus Maximinus), emperor 111–15

appearance 112

campaigns on Rhine 113

deposition of Severus Alexander 111

invasion of northern Italy 115

lack of support 114

murdered 115

origins 111–12

and revolt in Africa Proconsularis 113–14

Maximinus II, emperor

as caesar 218, 219, 227

campaign on Persian frontier 227

defeat by Licinius 240, 241

and Maxentius 235

persecution of Christians 226, 231, 233, 239, 240

relations with Galerius 230, 231

Maximinus, relative of emperor Tacitus, in Antioch 183

Maximus, theurgist and tutor to Julian 299

Media, Parthian province 49

Mediolanum (Milan)

Aurelian at 173

church council (355) 286

Constantius II at 296

defeat of Iuthungi at 165–6

Diocletian at 190, 192

imperial palace 217, 224

Maximian at 192, 218

siege (268) 170

Melissa, tomb of Alcibiades 21

Memphis, Egypt 90

Meribanes (Mirian) III, king of Iberia 275

Meropius, philosopher 275

Merv (Mary, Antiochia Margiane) (Turkmenistan) 129, 141

Mesopotamia

army mutiny 110

Arsacid 127–8

invasion by Artabanus 103

invasion by Narseh 206–7

new province of 89–90, 128, 255

Roman fortress cities in 208

Sasanian incursions 134, 138

metropolis, status of 29

Milan, so-called Edict of (313) 240–1

Miltiades, bishop of Rome 238

Milvian Bridge, Rome, battle of (312) 235

Minervina, wife of Constantine 222, 225

mines, sacrae largitiones (administration) 198–9, 252, 262

mints 141, 199, 262

Rome 174, 199

Trier 199, 223, 298

Misiche, battle of (244) 142

Mithradates II, king of Parthia 124–5

Moesia 146, 157–8, 161

Decius’s campaign 153–4

new provinces and boundaries 176, 259, 273, 283

Moguntiacum (Mainz) 86, 134, 172, 304

Mongolia 121

Mons Seleucus, battle of (352) 291

Mucapor, Thracian guardsman 182, 183

municipium, status of 16

Mursa (Osijek) 54, 161

battle (351) 290–1

Muziris, Indian port 127

N

Naissus (Niš) 54, 161, 289–90

battle of (270) 172

Naqsh-e Rustam, Persepolis

Achaemenid shrine 133

Shapur I’s monumental inscription 140–2, 145

Narcissus, wrestler, killer of Commodus 70

Narseh, Sasanian king of Persia 202–3, 205–8, 265

treaty with Rome 207–8

naval warfare, Crispus 243

navy, equestrians as fleet prefects 251–2

Nemausus (Nîmes) 18

neokoros, city status 19

Nero, emperor 7, 8

Nerva (Marcus Coccieus Nerva), emperor 8–9

Nevitta, magister equitum 307

Nicaea 92

Nicaea, battle of (193) 82

Nicaea, council of (325), and Arian controversy 268–71

Nicagoras of Athens, priest, and Constantine’s confiscations from pagan temples 271

Nicocles, tutor to Julian 299

Nicomedia, council of (327–8) 272

Nicomedia (Izmit) 19, 92, 106, 199, 217

Diocletian in 218, 222

edict against Christianity (303) 214

Licinius at 240–1, 244

Nigrinianus, son of Carinus 185, 189

Nisa (Turkmenistan) 123, 124

Nisibis, Mesopotamia 88, 89–90, 103, 138

besieged 110

as trading centre 208

nomadism 120, 121

Eurasian steppe 25

and migrations 121–2, 145

Noricum, province 16, 86

Northern Asia 120

notarii

in imperial bureaucracy 261–2

as secret agents 293

Novius Rufus, governor of Hispania Tarraconensis 86, 87

Numerian, emperor 185, 188, 189

Numidia 27, 93

frontier 23, 25

O

Obii tribe, invasion of Pannonia 51

Oclatinius Adventus, praetorian prefect

and procurator in Britannia 96

and Macrinus 103

Odaenathus of Palmyra, husband of Zenobia 165, 168

defeat of Shapur 156, 165

murdered 169

Ohrmazd, cousin of Varahran II 187, 202, 205

Ohrmazd (Hormisdas), brother of Shapur II, in exile in court of Constantine 265, 278

Ohrmazd I, Sasanian king of Persia, son of Shapur I 140–1, 142, 177, 187, 202

as ruler of Armenia 155, 186

Ohrmazd II, Sasanian king of Persia 265

Ohrmazd, Zoroastrian divinity see Ahura Mazda

oligarchy

coopting of new members 6

networks of marriage 35, 43

relations with emperors 6, 7

see also equestrians; provincial elites; senators

Olympias, daughter of Flavius Ablabius 279

oracles, anti-Christian 212–13

Orbiana (Gnaea Seia Herennia Sallustia Orbiana), wife of Severus Alexander 110

Oriens, diocese of 231, 240, 259

Orphitus, rebellion in Gaul 294

Osrhoene 48, 84, 89

Ostrogotha, ‘Scythian’ king 154

Oxyrhynchus, Egypt 30

P

Pacatianus, general under Claudius 172

Paccia Marciana, wife of Septimius Severus 74–5, 76

Pacorus, as king of Armenia 47

Paikuli, Iran, Narseh’s inscription 205–6

Palmyra (Tadmor) 29, 90, 132

sacked by Aurelian 177–8

Panhellenion festival, Hadrian’s 28, 31

Pannonia 146, 252

barbarian invasions (166–7) 51–2, 53–5

Pannonia Superior 47, 76

Severus and 78, 81, 86

Papak of Fars, father of Ardashir of Persia 131

Papinian (Aemilius Papinianus), praetorian prefect and jurist 91, 95, 96, 98, 99

Papirus Dionysius, praefectus annonae under Commodus 65

Parthian empire 122–32

and Armenia 56

Arsacid dynasty 119, 123–4, 126–30

campaign by Septimius Severus 84

and Central Asia 125–7

invasions by 87

religions 128–30

rise of Sasanians 117, 119

satrapies 123, 124, 130

and steppe polities 121

temple worship 129

Trajan’s campaign 11–12, 128

see also Persia

Parthian War (161–6) 47–9

and plague 49

Parthian War, Severus’s Second (197–8) 88–90

patrimonium 82, 250–1, 254, 262

patronage, networks of 35, 74, 254, 267

Paul, apostle 3

Paul, Nicene bishop of Constantinople 286–7

Paul ‘the Chain’ (Paulus Catena) 293–4, 295–6, 299, 304

Pausanias, Description of Greece 20

Pedanius Fuscus, grandson of Hadrian’s sister Paulina 33

Pelusium, tomb of Pompey 21, 29, 90

Pentadius, court adviser 304

peregrini (non-citizen provincials) 27–8

Pergamon 19, 299

Perinthus, Thrace 19, 80, 82, 83

Persia 121

Achaemenid 123, 130, 133, 140

coins 130

Constantius II and 285, 303, 304–6

Diocletian’s treaty with (299) 208

invasion of Mesopotamia (260) 163

Roman invasion under Gordian III 134

Sasanian 130–4

see also Sasanian dynasty; Shapur I; Shapur II

Pertinax (Helvius Pertinax), emperor 53, 54, 59, 64, 71

assassination 77, 80, 81

Commodus and 62, 63

as consul 58

and praetorian guard 70, 71, 76–7

proclaimed emperor 70–1

Septimius Severus and 76–7, 81

Pescennius Niger, imperial claimant 68

challenge to Didius Julianus 78, 79, 80

death 83

war with Septimius Severus 79, 82–4

petitions

imperial system of 231, 233, 258

role of bureaucrats and 91, 208

M. Petronius Mamertinus, praetorian prefect 35, 39, 42

Petronius Sura Mamertinus, husband of Cornificia, daughter of Marcus Aurelius 55

Pharasmanes, king of Caucasian Iberia 40

Philae (Aswan) 91

Philip I (the Arab) (Julius Philippus), emperor 142–9

bureaucratic junta 149

defeat by Decius 149

and millennial secular games (248) 147–8

negotiation with Shapur I 143

as prefect 138, 140

Philip II, co-augustus 144, 147, 149

Philippopolis, Moesia 154, 157

Philippopolis, Syria 144, 154

philosophers

and persecution of Christians 213

use of Greek 266

Philostorgius, Ecclesiastical History 276

Phraates III, king of Parthia 128

Phraates IV, king of Parthia 128

Placentia (Piacenza), battle 174

plagues

160s 49–50

Balkans (270) 173

mid 200s 118

possible haemorrhagic fever (249–61) 152, 163

Platorius Nepos, governor of Germania Inferior 18

Plautilla (Fulvia Plautilla), wife of Caracalla 91, 92, 94–5

Plautius Quintillus (M. Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus), consul 43, 55, 59

plebs 3

alienated by Maximinus 112–13

bread riot (190) 65

chanting against Didius Julianus 78

riots against Macrinus 104

riots against praetorians (238) 115

Pliny the Younger, governor of Bithynia under Trajan, letters 9, 14

Plotina, wife of Trajan 10, 13, 16

Plotinus, Neoplatonist philosopher 142

Poetovio (Ptuj) 54, 161

Poland, tribes from 144, 145

Polemon of Smyrna, philosopher and sophist 19

Pompey the Great 128

Pomponius Bassus, consul with Aurelian 174

Pontius Laelianus, general of Marcus Aurelius 52, 53

Pontus 25, 162, 279

Porphyry, Neoplatonist philosopher 213, 222

postal system 260

Postumus, governor of Germania Inferior

emperor in Gaul 166–9

and Gallienus 168–9

murdered 172

rebellion 165–6

praefectus annonae, office of 65, 77, 251, 260

praeses (provincial governor) 251, 255

praetorian guard 5

auction of empire to Didius Julianus 78

dislike of Alexander 109, 110

and Gordian III 115

and Maximinus 115

mutinies 77, 110, 115

and Pertinax as emperor 70, 71, 76–7

Severus and 81, 87

and support for Maxentius 223–4

suppressed by Constantine 239–40, 260

praetorships 11, 248, 257

prefects

judicial powers 259

under tetrarchy 197–8

prefects, praetorian 259–60

equestrians 250

Hadrian’s 14–15

prefects, urban 249, 260

Hadrian’s 15

prefectures 260

Probus (Marcus Aurelius Probus), emperor 171, 183–5

Proculus, usurper 184

procurators

equestrians 251–2, 255, 256

financial 252

provinces

Diocletian’s new boundaries 196

hierarchy of 258

Verona List of 258–9

see also dioceses

provincial administration 2–3

changes 248–50, 257–9

Diocletian’s reforms 197

equestrians in 174–5

frontier garrison armies 262–3

legionary legates 249

praetorian iuridicus 249, 257

proconsuls 248–9

senatorial governors 248–9, 251, 255

and uniformity in imperial administration 257–8

provincial elites 8, 15, 28, 73–4, 254

in government 42–3, 91–2

Severan quindecimviri 94

Publius Aelius Afer, father of Hadrian 10

Publius Aelius Hadrianus see Hadrian

Pupienus (Marcus Clodius Pupienus), vigintivir, joint emperor 114–15

Q

Quadi, barbarian coalition 40, 52, 174

breaking of oath about Marcomanni 56

campaign against (179) 59–60

peace with 54–5, 60

quaestorship 3, 6, 248, 252, 257

Quartinus, plot against Maximinus I 113

Quietus, son of Macrianus, usurper 165, 168

Quijiuque (Kujula Kadphises), founder of Kushan empire 125–6

Quinquegentanae tribe, Africa 202

Quintilian, rhetorician 73

Quintillus, emperor, brother of Claudius 173

Quintus Lollius Urbicus, governor in Britain 40, 42

R

Raetia, province 16, 101, 134

Rauracum (Augst, near Basel) 295

Rausimod, Sarmatian king 243

Ravenna 79, 224

Red Sea 127, 275

Regalianus, governor and usurper in Moesia 165, 167

Regillus, praetorian prefect under Commodus 66

religions 211

bans on pagan sacrifice 271, 301

new cults 118

Parthian empire 128–30

Sasanian empire 187, 203–5

see also Christianity; Manichaeism; Zoroastrianism

res privata 262

imperial estates treasury 198, 199, 251, 254–5

Resaina, Osrhoene 140, 208

Rhine frontier

Constantine and 272, 289

instability 50, 111, 117, 134–6, 148

Julian and 302–3, 304

Maximian’s campaigns 190–2

see also Alamannia; Germania

Roman, self-identification as 3

Roman empire

Caracalla’s extension of citizenship 100–1

crisis of third century 117–19

dominance of eastern government 308–9

imperial palaces 217

meritocracy 74

move towards uniformity 152–3, 167, 210–11, 231, 247

republican 2

split between Postumus and Gallienus 166–9

structural changes 167

traders 127

unrest during Alexander’s reign 110–11

view of Parthia 127–8, 133

weakness of western government after Constantius II 308–9

see also frontiers

Roman empire, administration 153

changes under Tetarchy 195–200

Diocletian’s reforms 197–9, 209–11

domination of Christianity in 301

elites from beyond frontiers 277

magistri 198, 208, 250–1, 261–2

pay grades 252

role of equestrians 109, 250–5

structure 74, 247–64

system of regional prefects 287–8

under Aurelian 174–5

under Gallienus 166–7

withdrawal from Dacia 175–6

see also equestrians; senate

Rome, early republican 1

Rome, bishops of 300

Rome, city of

Aurelian’s new wall 175

Colosseum amphitheatre 68

column of Marcus Aurelius 55

Constantine’s buildings 237, 239

and earthquake (192) 70

forum 239

Hadrian’s mausoleum in Ager Vaticanus (Castel Sant’Angelo) 33, 38, 71

imperial mint 174, 199

link with emperors broken 192–3, 224

Maxentius’s building programme 226

renamed by Commodus 68

senate house 301

as symbolic capital 224, 278

temple of Capitoline Jupiter, image of Baal in 106

temple of Janus 138

temple of Vesta 70

Trajan’s Column 14

triumphal arch of Constantine 237

triumphal arch of Septimius Severus 93

Romuliana (Gamzigrad), Galerius’s palace 217

Rotomagus (Rouen) 191

battle of (288) 192

Ruricius Pompeianus, praetorian prefect of Maxentius 235

S

Sabina, wife of Hadrian 10, 16, 33

Sabinus Iulianus, praetorian prefect under Carus 189

sacrae largitiones, mining administrators 198–9, 252, 262

Saddarvazeh (Hekatompylos) 124

Saloninus Gallienus, caesar 162

as co-emperor with Gallienus 165–6

Salutius Secundus, quaestor sacri palatii of Julian 304

Salvius Julianus, jurist 62

Samosata, Syria 90

Sampsigeramus, priest, fictional opponent of Shapur I 157

Sântana-de-Mures/Černjachov culture 145, 176, 273

Saoterus, a cubiculo and lover of Commodus 61, 62

Sarmatian tribe 113, 146–7, 174, 184

Constantine and 243, 273, 274

Diocletian and 190

relocated within provinces 277

Sasanian dynasty and empire 117, 130–4, 156, 202–8, 305

civil war 186–8

claim to universal kingship 141

imperial administration 156

origins of family 130–1

power struggle with Zoroastrian priesthood 177

and Rome 141–2

silver-based economy 274

and Zoroastrianism 129–30, 177

see also Shapur I; Shapur II

Saturninus, governor of Syria 184

Scenitae Arabs 84

Scillus, tomb of Xenophon 21

Scipio Orfitus, urban prefect under Hadrian 38

Scotland, Severan campaign in 96–7

Scythians, lower Danube 146–7, 170

attack into Pontus 162–3

Decius’s campaign against 153–4

invasion of Greece 165, 170

invasion of Moesia 157–8

see also Goths

Sedatius Severianus, governor of Cappadocia under Antoninus Pius 47

Segusio (Susa) 235

L. Seius Herennius Sallustius, father-in-law of Severus Alexander 110

Seleucia (Silifke), church council (359) 286, 303, 304

Seleucia(-on-Tigris) 48, 88, 188

Seleucid dynasty 123–4

senate (and senators)

adlection to 81, 248, 253

and balance with equestrians 247–8

delegation to Septimius Severus 80

and Didius Julianus 80

executions by Commodus 62, 64, 67

Gallienus and 166–7

and Gordian III 115–16

loss of power 166–7

posts for 248–9, 257

proconsulships 167, 248–9

and provincial elites 42–3, 91–2, 254

as provincial governors 251, 255

qualifications 6, 247–8, 253

and quindecimviri sacris faciundis for secular games 94

reaction to Macrinus as emperor 103

relations with emperor 3, 16

Severus’s purges 87–8, 95

vigintivirate 74, 114–15, 166–7, 248, 257

Senecio, brother of Bassianus 242

Septicius Clarus, praetorian prefect under Hadrian 14, 16

Septimii Severi family 73

Septimius Castinus, governor of Pannonia Inferior under Septimius Severus 99

P. Septimius Geta see Geta

L. Septimius Geta (brother of Septimius Severus), governor of Moesia Inferior 67, 73

and Severus’s claim to empire 78, 79, 86

Septimius Hairanes, son of Zenobia 170

Septimius Severus, cousin of Caracalla 99

C. Septimius Severus, cousin or uncle of Septimius Severus 74

Septimius Severus, emperor 63, 71, 72–84, 96, 150

acclaimed emperor 78–9

appointments 91–2, 93–5

autobiography 95

campaign against Clodius Albinus 85–7

challenge to Didius Julianus 78–9

Commodus and 62, 88

death in Eboracum 97, 98

declaration as son of Marcus Aurelius 85, 94

early career 64, 67, 74–6

in Egypt 90–1

as emperor 80–2, 85–97

entrance into Rome 81–2

marriage to Julia Domna 76

marriage to Paccia Marciana 74–5, 76

and murder of Fulvius Plautianus 95

and murder of Pertinax 78–9, 80, 81

origins 72, 73

Parthian campaign 84

provincial reorganisations 89–90

second Parthian War 88–90

secular games (204) 94

to Africa 92–3

war with Niger 79, 82–4

Serapio, Egyptian astrologer 102–3

Serdica (Sofia) 54, 161, 262

church council (342) 285, 286, 287

treaty of (317) 242

Severianus, brother-in-law of Philip I, governor in Moesia 143, 144

Severianus, son of Severus 241

Severus Alexander (Bassianus Alexianus, son of Julia Mamaea), emperor 104, 150

and Ardashir 133

campaign in Mesopotamia 110–11

reign as golden age 109–10

senatorial appointments 109, 255

succession to Elagabalus 107–8

unrest on frontiers 110–11, 134

Severus II, emperor

death 224, 226

Galerius and 218, 225

as successor to Maximian 218, 219

surrender to Maximian 224

Severus, magister equitum in Gaul under

Julian 302–3

Sextus Erucius Clarus, urban prefect under Antoninus Pius 42

Sextus Julius Severus, governor of Britannia, commander against Bar Kokhba 32, 33, 42

Sextus Varius Marcellus, procurator in Britannia, father of Elagabalus 96, 98, 99, 104

Shapur I, Sasanian king of Persia 131, 133, 143, 170

annexation of Armenia 155–6

capture of Hatra 134, 138

capture of Valerian 163

defeat at Emesa 156–7

inscription at Naqsh-e Rustam 140–2, 145, 163

invasion of Syria 156

and Manichaeism 203–4

and rebel Mariades 156

wars against Rome 140, 142–3

Shapur II, Sasanian king of Persia 265–6

attacks on Nisibis 285, 289

campaign in Arabia 265–6

and Huns 305

invasion of Armenia 279

war with Constantine 278–9

war with Constantius II 303, 304–6

Shimon bar Kokhba, leader of Jewish rebellion (132–5) 32

Sicorius Probus, magister memoriae of Diocletian 208

Silvanus, magister militum per Gallias 290, 296–8

Singara 208, 306

Singara, battle of (344) 285

Singidunum (Belgrade) 53, 86, 161

Singilia Barba (Antequera, Málaga) 59

Sirmium, creed of 300, 303–4

Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica) 53, 161, 262

church council (351) 286

imperial centre 217, 219

Julian at 307

murder of Probus at 185

Siscia (Sisak) 161, 199

Smyrna 19

Sogdiana 120, 122, 123, 126, 186

Sosius Falco, consul 68, 77

Sossianus Hierocles, administrator under Diocletian 213

source material 7

for Constantine 220

lacking for Elagabalus 107

lacking for reign of Antoninus Pius 39

reign of Philip 144

reign of Probus 183–4

Res Gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus (from 353) 292–4

Spain

colonial elite 8

Hadrian in 18–19

military command 55

Priscianus’s ‘disturbance’ 41

see also Baetica; Hispania Tarraconensis Spasinou Charax, port 132

Split, Dalmatia, Diocletian’s palace 217, 227, 233

Spoletium, battle of (253) 158

Statilius Aemilianus, prefect of Egypt 176

Statius Priscus, governor of Moesia 45, 47–8

steppe, Eurasian 119, 120–1

peoples of 120, 121–2

Subatianus Proculus, governor of Numidia 99

succession, imperial by adoption 9, 10

hereditary 3, 4, 5

Succi Pass, Moesia 161

Sucidava, on Danube frontier 273

Suetonius Tranquillus, Hadrian’s ab epistulis 14–15, 16, 39

Sulla, and Mithradates of Parthia 127–8

Sulpicianus, prefect of vigiles and father-in-law of Pertinax 77–8

Susa, Persia 156

Sybilline Oracle, Thirteenth 142, 148

Syr Darya (Jaxartes) river 120, 123

Syria

Aurelian in 176–8

colonial elite 42

Diocletian in 192

Hadrian in 28–9, 31

legions in 5, 68, 75

Septimius Severus and 75–6, 78–9, 83, 90

Shapur and 142–4, 148, 156, 170

Strata Diocletiana fortifications 208–9, 266

see also Antioch; Emesa; Parthia; Zenobia

Syria Coele 90, 99

T

al-Tabari, Arab historian 133

Tacitus 4, 182

Tacitus (Claudius Tacitus), emperor 182–3

Taifali tribe, invasion of Balkans 273–4

Taklamakan desert 119, 120

Tarquin the Proud, last king of Rome 4

Tarraco (Tarragona) 18

Tarruttienus Paternus, praetorian prefect under Marcus Aurelius and Commodus 59, 62

Tausius, praetorian guardsman, killer of Pertinax 77

taxes 262

and Caracalla’s edict 100, 101

and census 199–200, 224, 255

exemptions from 72–3, 92–3

sacrae largitiones bureau 262

Tenagino Probus, governor of Egypt 173

Terentius Marcianus, governor of Pisidia 184

terra sigillata tableware, millennial commemorative 148

Tervingi, Gothic grouping 273, 274

Tetrarchy

administrative changes 195–200

aspiration to universal uniformity 210–11, 231

coinage 194–5

Constantine and 247

Diocletian’s creation of 193

Galerius’s concern for 231

see also imperial college

Tetricus (Gaius Esuvius Tetricus), emperor in Gaul 175, 179

Thalassius, praetorian prefect in east under Constantius II 290, 294–5

Thebes, Egypt, singing statue of Memnon 31, 90

Themistius, orator and philosopher, tutor to Julian 299

Theodora, wife of Constantius I 193, 221, 225, 280

Theophilus, governor of Syria 294–5

Thermopylae, pass at 165

Thessalonica, imperial mint 199

Tiberius Claudius Aurelius Aristobulus, praetorian prefect 189

Tiberius Claudius Candidianus, governor of Pannonia Superior 91

Tiberius, emperor 4

Tibur (Tivoli), Hadrian’s palace 27

Ticinum (Pavia) 174, 199

Tigidius Perennis, praetorian prefect under Marcus Aurelius and Commodus 59, 62–3, 76

Timesetheus (C. Furius Sabinius Timesetheus), praetorian prefect under Gordian III 137–8

Tineius Rufus, legionary commander against Jewish rebellion 32

Tingitania (Mauretania Tingitana) 23, 41, 59, 201–2

Tiridates II, Arsacid king in Armenia 138

Tiridates III, Arsacid king in Armenia 155, 192, 206, 208

conversion to Christianity 275, 279

Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, twin of Commodus 44

trade

Central Asia 125, 126–7

sea-borne 127, 260

through Persian Gulf 132

traditores, controversy over Christian 238, 267

Trajan Decius see Decius

Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus), emperor 7, 9–12

adoption of Hadrian 10–11, 12

conquest of Dacia 9–10, 11, 146

death 12

deification and burial by Hadrian 14

and Parthia 11–12, 128

Trajan’s Column 14

Tranquillina, wife of Gordian III 137, 144

Trapezus (Trabzon) 19

Trebonianus Gallus (C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus), emperor 154–8

defeat of and death 158

and invasion of Moesia by Scythians 157–8

and invasion of Syria by Shapur 155–7

Trier 192, 217, 241, 260, 284

Constantine at 222–3, 225–6, 227, 272

imperial mint 199, 223, 298

Maximian at 225, 226

Tungrorum (Tongres), municipium 18

Tyana, Cappadocia 176, 183

Tyre, Syria Phoenice 83, 90

U

Ulfila (Wulfila, Ulfilas), Gothic bishop 276–7

Ulpian (Domitius Ulpianus), praetorian prefect and jurist 91, 109–10

Ulpii, family 10

Ulpius Cornelianus Laelianus, rebellion in Gaul 172

Ulpius Julianus, procurator under Caracalla 103, 105

Ulpius Marcellus, legate in Britain 63

Ummidia Cornificia Faustina, granddaughter of Marcus Aurelius 43

Ummidii Quadrati family 42

Ummidius Quadratus, nephew of Marcus Aurelius 27, 34, 42–3

and Lucilla’s conspiracy against

Commodus 61–2

Uranius Antoninus of Emesa, usurper in Syria 156–7

Uranius, usurper under Severus Alexander (perhaps same as above) 110

Ursicinus, magister militum of Constantius II 295, 297–8, 301–2

Utica 27

V

Vaballathus (Septimius Vaballathus), son of Zenobia, usurper 170, 172–3

Aurelian’s campaign against 175, 176–7

Vadomarius, king of Alamanni 307

Vahunam, Persian noble 205, 206

Valens, bishop of Mursa 303

Valens, co-emperor with Licinius 293

Valens, general, augustus with Licinius 242

Valeria, wife of Galerius 195, 233, 241

Valerian (Publius Licinius Valerianus), emperor 158, 159, 161–3

capture by Shapur 163, 164–5

in Syria 162–3

Valerianus, caesar 161, 162

P. Valerius Comazon, legate of Legio III Parthica 105, 107, 108

Valerius Maximianus, naval commander of Marcus Aurelius 54

C. Valerius Pudens 78

Valerius Valerianus, general of Septimius Severus 83

Vandals, tribe 60, 173–4

Varahran I, Sasanian king 177, 187, 202

Varahran II, Sasanian king 177, 187, 202, 205

Varahran III, Sasanian king 205, 206

Varius Avitus see Elagabalus

Veh Antiok Shapur (Gundeshapur) 156

Verona, battle of (249) 149

Verona List, of provinces 258–9

Vespasian (T. Flavius Vespasianus), emperor 4–5, 7, 8

Vetranio, magister militum of Constantius, loyalist usurper 289–90

Vettius Sabinianus, governor of Pannonia Inferior 57

M. Vettulenus Civica Barbarus 43, 48

Veturius Macrinus, praetorian prefect under Didius Julianus 80, 81

vicarius, financial official of dioceses 197

Victorinus (Marcus Piavonius Victorinus), praetorian prefect 172, 175

Vienna (Vienne), Julian at 306

Viminacium (Kostolac) 54, 161, 199, 283, 284

Virius Lupus, governor of Asia 176

Vitalianus, praetorian prefect of Maximinus I 114

Vitruvius Secundus, ab epistulis of Commodus 62

Vitulasius Laetinianus, last senatorial legionary legate 255

Vologaeses III, king of Parthia 131

invasion of Armenia 45, 47

Volusianus (C. Vibius Volusianus), co-emperor 155, 158

Vulcacius Rufinus, praetorian prefect of Constans 289, 290

W

weekend, invention of 271

X

Xystus, bishop of Rome, martyrdom 164

Y

Yuëzhi peoples 125

Z

Zabdas, commander of Zenobia’s army 173

Zarathustra

Avesta 128–9

Gathas (hymns) 128, 129

Zenobia (Julia Aurelia Zenobia, Bath-Zabbai), widow of Odaenathus Aurelian’s campaign against 175, 176–7

capture 177, 179

conquest of east 170, 172–3

Zeugma 89, 90

Zoroastrianism 128–9, 130

Ahura Mazda (divinity) 129–30

and Sasanian dynasty 177, 187

temple worship 129, 203

Zosimus, Historia Nova 271