Many voices have played a part in the development of what this book refers to as collaborative conservation, and what others refer to as partnerships, consensus groups, community-based collaboratives, watershed councils, community-based ecosystem management, grassroots ecosystem management, and coordinated resources management. The first section of this bibliography introduces some of the principal lines of thought that have contributed to the development of collaborative conservation, and lists sources where the interested reader can learn more about each area. The second section lists sources that specifically address recent developments in collaborative conservation in the United States.
This bibliography was initially developed for the Consortium for Research and Assessment of Community-Based Collaboratives, with the support of The University of Arizona’s Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy. Thanks are due to the many people whose suggestions have been incorporated into this work.
Those interested in a more comprehensive list of sources with more detailed descriptions of each subject area may want to acquire the expanded version from the Udall Center. Mail requests to Publications Editor, Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, 803 E. First St., Tucson, AZ 85719, or e-mail to udallctr@u.arizona.edu.
Many involved in collaborative conservation in the United States refer to it as an idea that originated overseas and is now being brought home. Both “participatory development” and “community-based conservation” are concepts that are widely used in the international development arena.
Ascher, William. Communities and Sustainable Forestry in Developing Countries. San Francisco: ICS Press, 1995.
Baland, Jean Marie, and Jean Philippe Platteau. Halting Degradation of Natural Resources: Is There a Role for Rural Communities? New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Chambers, Robert. Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First Last. London: Intermediate Technology, 1997.
Food and Agriculture Organization. Community Forestry Web Site. <www.fao.org>
Getz, Wayne M., Louise Fortmann, David Cumming, Johan du Toit, Jodi Hilty, Rowan Martin, Michael Murphree, Norman Owen-Smith, Anthony M. Starfield, and Michael I. Westphal. “Sustaining Natural and Human Capital: Villagers and Scientists.” Science 283 (1999): 1855–1856.
Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg Foundation. The View from Airlie: Community-Based Conservation in Perspective. New York: Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg Foundation, 1993.
Western, David, and R. Michael Wright, eds. Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conservation. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1994.
Recent research into common property management systems emphasizes the often-effective role local institutions have played in the sustainable management of natural resources in virtually all parts of the world. This research has led many to reassess the way that “the tragedy of the commons” has been used to justify state control of natural resources, and is often used to give credence to assertions that community involvement can improve the management of natural resources. Comanagement—the sharing of decision-making authority by local resource users and state and national governments—is now being broadly promoted throughout the world.
Baden, John A., and Douglas S. Noonan, eds. Managing the Commons. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998.
Berkes, Fikret, ed. Common Property Resources: Ecology and Community-Based Sustainable Development. New York: Belhaven Press, 1989.
Bromley, Daniel W., and David Feeny, eds. Making the Commons Work: Theory, Practice, and Policy. San Francisco: ICS Press, 1992.
International Association for the Study of Common Property Web Site. <www.indiana.edu/~iascp>
Ostrom, Elinor. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Pinkerton, Evelyn, ed. Co-operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1989.
Many democratic theorists promote the idea of participatory democracy, and collaborative conservation efforts are frequently used as examples of this new form of governance, which is built on Jeffersonian ideals. Procedural justice is the idea that people who participate in rule making are more likely to accept unfavorable outcomes based on those rules. Social capital—the “features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit” (Putnam 1995)—is often identified as both a prerequisite for and a product of collaborative efforts.
Barber, Benjamin. Strong Democracy. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984.
Dasgupta, Partha, and Ismail Serageldin, eds. Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1999.
DeWitt, John. Civic Environmentalism: Alternatives to Regulation in States and Communities. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1994.
Dryzek, John S. Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy, and Political Science. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Lawrence, Rick L., Steven E. Daniels, and George H. Stankey. “Procedural Justice and Public Involvement in Natural Resources Decision Making.” Society and Natural Resources 10, no. 6 (1997): 577–589.
Mathews, Forrest David. Politics for People: Finding a Responsible Public Voice. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994.
Mathews, Freya, ed. Ecology and Democracy. Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass, 1996.
Morone, James A. The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government. New York: Basic Books, 1990.
Pateman, Carole. Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge, England: University Press, 1970.
Press, Daniel. Democratic Dilemmas in the Age of Ecology. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1994.
Putnam, Robert D. “Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital.” Journal of Democracy 6, no. 1 (1995): 65–78.
Rescher, Nicholas. Pluralism: Against the Demand for Consensus. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Tyler, Tom R. “The Psychology of Procedural Justice: A Test of the Group-Value Model.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57, no. 5 (1989): 830–838.
Weber, Edward P. “The Question of Accountability in Historical Perspective: From Jackson to Contemporary Grassroots Ecosystem Management.” Administration and Society 31, no. 4 (1999): 451–494.
———. Pluralism by the Rules: Conflict and Cooperation in Environmental Regulation. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1998.
Williams, Bruce Alan, and Albert R. Matheny. Democracy, Dialogue, and Environmental Disputes. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1995.
This body of literature looks more closely at how existing mechanisms of public participation have functioned in environmental and natural resources planning efforts.
Behan, R. W. “A Plea for Constituency-Based Management.” American Forests 97 (1988): 46–48.
Blahna, Dale J., and Susan Yonts-Shepard. “Public Involvement in Resource Planning: Towards Bridging the Gap between Policy and Implementation.” Society and Natural Resources 2, no. 3 (1989): 209–227.
Cortner, Hanna J., and Margaret Shannon. “Embedding Public Participation in Its Political Context.” Journal of Forestry 91, no. 7 (1993): 14–16.
Gericke, Kevin L., and Jay Sullivan. “Public Participation and Appeals of Forest Service Plans: An Empirical Examination.” Society and Natural Resources 7, no. 2 (1994): 125–135.
Knopp, Timothy B., and Elaine S. Caldbeck. “The Role of Participatory Democracy in Forest Management.” Journal of Forestry 88, no. 5 (1990): 13–18.
McMullin, Steve L., and Larry A. Nielsen. “Resolution of Natural Resources Allocation Conflicts Through Effective Public Involvement.” Policy Studies Journal 19 (1991): 553–559.
Mohai, Paul. “Public Participation and Natural Resources Decision Making: The Case of the RARE II Decisions.” Natural Resources Journal 27, no. 1 (1987): 123–155.
Richard, Tim, and Sam Burns. “Beyond ‘Scoping’: Citizens and San Juan National Forest Managers, Learning Together.” Journal of Forestry 96, no. 4 (1998): 39–43.
Sample, V. Alaric. “A Framework for Public Participation in Natural Resource Decisionmaking.” Journal of Forestry 91, no. 7 (1993): 22–27.
Shands, William E. 1991. “Reaching Consensus on National Forest Use.” Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy 6, no. 3 (1991): 18–23.
Shannon, Margaret. “Building Trust: The Formation of a Social Contract.” In Community and Forestry: Continuities in the Sociology of Natural Resources, edited by Robert G. Lee, Donald R. Field, and William R. Burch Jr. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990.
Sirmon, Jeff, William E. Shands, and Chris Liggett. “Communities of Interests and Open Decisionmaking.” Journal of Forestry 91, no. 7 (1993): 17–21.
Wellman, J. Douglas, and Terence J. Tipple. “Public Forestry and Direct Democracy.” The Environmental Professional 12, no. 1 (1990): 77–86.
Collaborative conservation draws on theories of collaboration that have been developed both in the fields of organizational behavior, public administration, and community psychology and through practical experiences with collaborative processes in business, government, and nonprofit sectors.
Chrislip, David D., and Carl E. Larson. Collaborative Leadership: How Citizens and Civic Leaders Can Make a Difference. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994.
Gray, Barbara. Collaborating: Finding Common Ground for Multiparty Problems. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1989.
Huxam, Chris. Creating Collaborative Advantage. London: Sage, 1996.
London, Scott. Collaboration and Community. Pew Partnership for Civic Change. Web Site. <www.west.net/~insight/london/ppcc.htm>
Mattessich, Paul W., and Barbara R. Monsey. Collaboration: What Makes It Work—A Review of Research Literature on Factors Influencing Successful Collaboration. St. Paul, Minnesota: Amherst H. Wilder Foundation, 1992.
McCann, Joseph E. “Design Guidelines for Social Problem-Solving Interventions.” Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences 19, no. 2 (1983): 177–192.
Waddock, S. A. “Understanding Social Partnerships: An Evolutionary Model of Partnership Organizations.” Administration and Society 21, no. 1 (1989): 78–100.
Winer, M., and K. Ray. Collaboration Handbook: Creating, Sustaining and Enjoying the Journey. St. Paul, Minnesota: Amherst H. Wilder Foundation, 1996.
In recent decades, the field of community development has increasingly focused on how to foster the basic conditions that make for successful communities. Visioning, strategic planning, and other tools now being applied to collaborative conservation have been widely used in efforts to increase social capital, build community capacity, and improve the quality of life in communities of all sizes. On a more theoretical level, rural sociologists have helped to redefine how community well-being is assessed and to increase understanding of the dynamics of poverty, exploitation, and internal colonialism that many collaborative efforts strive to redress.
Community Development Society Web Site. <www.comm-dev.org>
Ford Foundation. Exploring Conservation-Based Development Web Site. <www.explorecbd.org>
Frentz, Irene, Sam Burns, Donald E. Voth, and Charles Sperry. Rural Development and Community-Based Forest Planning and Management: A New, Collaborative Paradigm. USDA National Research Institute Project 96-35401-3393. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas, 1999.
Howe, Jim, Edward McMahon, and Luther Propst. Balancing Nature and Commerce in Gateway Communities. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1997.
Kingsley, G. T., J. B. McNeely, and J. O. Gibson. Community Building: Coming of Age. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute, 1996.
Kusel, Jonathan. “Well-Being in Forest Dependant Communities, Part I: A New Approach.” In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, Vol. II. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, 1996.
Lee, Robert G., Donald R. Field, and William R. Burch Jr., eds. Community and Forestry: Continuities in the Sociology of Natural Resources. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990.
Moore, Carl, Gianni Longo, and Patsy Palmer. “Visioning.” In The Consensus Building Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to Reaching Agreement, edited by Lawrence Susskind, Sarah McKearnan, and Jennifer Thomas-Larmer. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 1999.
Peluso, Nancy Lee, Craig R. Humphrey, and Louise P. Fortmann. “The Rock, the Beach and the Tide Pool: People and Poverty in Natural Resource–Dependent Areas.” Society and Natural Resources 7, no. 1 (1994): 23–28.
Potapchuck, W. R., and C. G. Polk. Building the Collaborative Community. Washington, D.C.: Program for Community Problem Solving, National Civic League, 1994. Sonoran Institute Web Site. <www.sonoran.org>
A number of scholars have looked at the role of “community” in shaping our sense of social responsibility and interdependence and the way “sense of place” informs our relationship to the landscapes in which we live. Their work has been broadly influenced by theories of democracy and social capital, literary ideas about how our sense of community and place shape us, and populist interest in neighborliness and small-town self-governance. Collaborative conservation is often seen as a natural extension of this community-based vision.
Basso, Keith H. Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996.
Brandenburg, Andrea M., and Matthew S. Carroll. “Your Place or Mine? The Effect of Place Creation on Environmental Values and Landscape Meanings.” Society and Natural Resources 8, no. 5 (1995): 381–398.
Etzioni, Amitai. An Immodest Agenda: Rebuilding America before the 21st Century. New York: New Press, 1983.
Feld, Steven, and Keith H. Basso, eds. Senses of Place. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 1996.
Kemmis, Daniel. Community and the Politics of Place. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990.
Sagoff, Mark. The Economy of the Earth: Philosophy, Law, and the Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Federal agencies are often portrayed as inefficient bureaucracies, and many authors promote devolving federal powers to more local levels and/or using alternate management strategies—many of them based in free market approaches. Many of these arguments are used to justify the use of alternative, collaborative approaches.
Foundation for Research on Economics and the Environment Web Site. <www.free-eco.org>
Fretwell, Holly Lippke. Public Lands Forests: Do We Get What We Pay For? Bozeman, Montana: Political Economy Research Center, 1999.
Nelson, Robert H. Public Lands and Private Rights: The Failure of Scientific Management. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1995.
O’Toole, Randal. Reforming the Forest Service. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1988. Political Economy Research Center Web Site. <www.perc.org>
Collaborative efforts often exist in political climates where there is a sometimes uneasy coexistence of environmental values and those of so-called sagebrush rebels and wise-use advocates. Understanding wise use helps make sense of the political scene in which collaborative conservation might thrive.
Arnold, Ron. Ecology Wars: Environmentalism as if People Mattered. 1st ed. Bellevue, Washington: Free Enterprise Press, 1987.
Brick, Philip D., and R. McGreggor Cawley, eds. A Wolf in the Garden: The Land Rights Movement and the New Environmental Debate. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996.
Cawley, R. McGreggor. Federal Land, Western Anger: The Sagebrush Rebellion and Environmental Politics. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993.
Dagget, Dan. “Getting Out of the Cow Business: Nevada Sagebrush Rebels Shift Gears.” Chronicle of Community 1, no. 2 (1997): 5–15.
Echeverria, John D., and Raymond Booth Eby, eds. Let the People Judge: Wise Use and the Private Property Rights Movement. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1995.
Helvarg, David. The War Against the Greens: The “Wise-Use” Movement, the New Right, and Anti-Environmental Violence. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1994.
McCarthy, James. “Environmentalism, Wise Use and the Nature of Accumulation in the Rural West.” In Remaking Reality: Nature at the Millennium, edited by Bruce Braun and Noel Castree. New York: Routledge, 1998.
Switzer, Jacqueline Vaughn. Green Backlash: The History and Politics of Environmental Opposition in the U.S. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997.
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) has its roots in international peacemaking and labor negotiations but is now commonly used in efforts to resolve environmental and natural resource policy disputes.
Amy, Douglas J. The Politics of Environmental Mediation. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.
Bingham, Gail. Resolving Environmental Disputes: A Decade of Experience. Washington, D.C.: Conservation Foundation, 1986.
Blackburn, J. Walton, and Willa M. Bruce, eds. Mediating Environmental Conflicts: Theory and Practice. Westport, Connecticut: Quorum Books, 1995.
Buckle, Leonard G., and Suzann R. Thomas-Buckle. “Placing Environmental Mediation in Context: Lessons from ‘Failed’ Mediations.” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 6, no. 1 (1986): 55–70.
Burgess, Heidi, and Guy Burgess. “Constructive Confrontation: A Transformative Approach to Intractable Conflicts.” Mediation Quarterly 13, no. 4 (1996): 305–322.
Carpenter, Susan. “Dealing with Environmental and Other Public Disputes.” In Community Mediation: A Handbook for Practitioners and Researchers, edited by Karen Grover Duffy, James W. Grosch, and Paul V. Olczak. New York: The Guilford Press, 1991.
Crowfoot, James E., and Julia Marie Wondolleck. Environmental Disputes: Community Involvement in Conflict Resolution. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1990.
Ellickson, Robert C. Order Without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1991.
Emerson, Kirk, Richard Yarde, and Tanya Heikkila, eds. Environmental Conflict Resolution in the West: Conference Proceedings. Tucson: The Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, University of Arizona, 1997.
Fisher, Roger, and William Ury. Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981.
Modavi, Neghin. “Mediation of Environmental Conflicts in Hawaii: Win-Win or Cooptation?” Sociological Perspectives 39, no. 2 (1996): 301–316.
Ozawa, Connie P. Recasting Science: Consensual Procedures in Public Policy Making. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991.
Sipe, Neil G. “An Empirical Analysis of Environmental Mediation.” Journal of the American Planning Association 64, no. 3 (1998): 275–285.
Susskind, Lawrence, and Jeffrey L. Cruikshank. Breaking the Impasse: Consensual Approaches to Resolving Public Disputes. New York: Basic Books, 1987.
Susskind, Lawrence, Sarah McKearnen, and Jennifer Thomas-Larmer, eds. The Consensus Building Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to Reaching Agreement. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 1999.
Wondolleck, Julia Marie. Public Lands Conflict and Resolution: Managing National Forest Disputes. New York: Plenum Press, 1988.
Wondolleck, Julia M., Nancy J. Manring, and James E. Crowfoot. “Teetering at the Top of the Ladder: The Experience of Citizen Group Participants in Alternative Dispute Resolution Processes.” Sociological Perspectives 39, no. 2 (1996): 249–262.
Collaborative conservation also relies heavily on ecosystem, watershed, and adaptive management approaches. The first two emphasize the need to coordinate decision making across different land ownerships and administrative boundaries, and often promote collaborative approaches as a way to achieve this goal. Adaptive management emphasizes an experimental, iterative approach to decision making.
Cortner, Hanna J., and Margaret A. Moote. The Politics of Ecosystem Management. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1999.
Griffin, C. B. “Watershed Councils: An Emerging Form of Public Participation in Natural Resource Management.” Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35, no. 3 (1999): 505–518.
Grumbine, R. Edward. “What Is Ecosystem Management?” Conservation Biology 8, no. 1 (1994): 27–38.
Gunderson, Lance H., C. S. Holling, and Stephen S. Light, eds. Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and Institutions. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.
Kenney, Douglas S. “Historical and Sociopolitical Context of the Western Watersheds Movement.” Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35, no. 3 (1999): 493–503.
Kenney, Douglas, et al. The New Watershed Source Book. Boulder, Colorado: Natural Resources Law Center, University of Colorado School of Law, 2000.
Knight, Richard L., and Peter B. Landres, eds. Stewardship Across Boundaries. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998.
Kusel, Jonathan, Sam C. Doak, Susan Carpenter, and Victoria E. Sturtevant. “The Role of the Public in Adaptive Ecosystem Management.” In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, Vol. II. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, 1996.
Lee, Kai N. Compass and Gyroscope: Integrating Science and Politics for the Environment. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993.
McLain, Rebecca J., and Robert G. Lee. “Adaptive Management: Promises and Pitfalls.” Environmental Management 20, no. 4 (1996): 437–448.
Yaffee, Steven L., Ali F. Phillips, Irene C. Frentz, Paul W. Hardy, Sussanne M. Maleki, and Barbara E. Thorpe. Ecosystem Management in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1996.
Overviews of the use and development of collaborative conservation can be found in everything from political speeches and newspapers to academic publications.
American Forests. “Local Voices, National Issues.” American Forests 103, no. 4 (1998).
Bernard, Ted, and Jora Young. The Ecology of Hope: Communities Collaborate for Sustainability. Gabriola Island, B.C.: New Society Publishers, 1997.
Brendler, Thomas, and Henry Carey. “Community Forestry, Defined.” Journal of Forestry 96, no. 3 (1998): 21–23.
Carr, Deborah S., Steven W. Selin, and Michael A. Schuett. “Managing Public Forests: Understanding the Role of Collaborative Planning.” Environmental Management 22, no. 5 (1998): 767–776.
Cestero, Barb. Beyond the Hundredth Meeting: A Field Guide to Collaborative Conservation on the West’s Public Lands. Tucson, Arizona: The Sonoran Institute, 1999.
Consultative Group on Biological Diversity. A Report from Troutdale: Community-Based Strategies in Forest Stewardship and Sustainable Economic Development. San Francisco: Consultative Group on Biological Diversity, 1998.
Coughlin, Christine W., Merrick L. Hoben, Dirk W. Manskopf, and Shannon W. Quesada. “A Systematic Assessment of Collaborative Resource Management Partnerships.” Master’s Project, University of Michigan, 1999.
Dagget, Dan. Beyond the Rangeland Conflict: Toward a West That Works. Layton, Utah: Gibbs-Smith, 1995.
Daniels, Steven E., and Gregg B. Walker. “Collaborative Learning: Improving Public Deliberation in Ecosystem-Based Management.” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 16 (1996): 71–102.
Daniels, Steven E., and Gregg B. Walker. Working through Environmental Policy Conflicts: The Collaborative Learning Approach. New York: Praeger, 2000.
Fairfax, Sally, Lynn Huntsinger, and Carmel Adelburg. “Lessons from the Past: Old Conservation Models Provide New Insight into Community-Based Land Management.” Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy 14, no. 2 (1999): 84–88.
Gray, G. J., Maia J. Enzer, and Jonathan Kusel, eds. Understanding Community-Based Ecosystem Management in the United States. New York: Haworth Press, 2001.
High Country News. Index to High Country News Stories on Consensus Groups. <www.hcn.org>
Jones, Lisa. “Howdy neighbor! As a Last Resort, Westerners Start Talking to Each Other.” High Country News 28, no. 9 (1996): 1, 6–8.
Kusel, J., G. J. Gray, and M. J. Enzer, eds. Proceedings of the Lead Partnership Group, Northern California/Southern Oregon Roundtable on Communities of Place, Partnerships, and Forest Health. Washington, D.C.: American Forests/Forest Community Research, 1996.
Krueger, William C. “Building Consensus for Rangeland Uses.” Rangelands 14, no. 1 (1992): 38–40.
McKinney, Matthew. “Governing Western Resources: A Confluence of Ideas.” Rendezvous: The Humanities in Montana 2, no. 2 (1999): 4–11.
Selin, Steve, and Deborah Chavez. “Developing a Collaborative Model for Environmental Planning and Management.” Environmental Management 19, no. 2 (1995): 189–195.
As interest in collaborative approaches grows, more and more handbooks and guides are written to assist people facilitating or participating in collaborative processes.
Anderson, E. William, and Robert C. Baum. “How to Do Coordinated Resource Management Planning.” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 43, no. 3 (1988): 216–220.
Clark, Jo. Watershed Partnerships: A Strategic Guide for Local Conservation Efforts in the West. Denver: Western Governors’ Association, 1997.
Cleary, C. Rex, and Dennis Phillippi. Coordinated Resource Management: Guidelines for All Who Participate. Denver: Society for Range Management, 1993.
Environmental Protection Agency. Community-Based Environmental Protection: A Resource Book for Protecting Ecosystems and Communities. EPA 230-B-96-003. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency, 1997.
Luscher, Kathy. Starting Up: A Handbook for New River and Watershed Organizations. Portland, Oregon: River Network, 1996.
Montana Consensus Council. Resolving Public Disputes: A Handbook on Building Consensus. Helena, Montana: Montana Consensus Council, 1998.
Moote, Margaret A. The Partnership Handbook. <www.ag.arizona.edu/partners>, 1996.
Oregon State University Extension Service. Watershed Stewardship: A Learning Guide. Corvallis: Oregon State University Extension Service, 1998.
Paulson, Deborah D., and Katherine M. Chamberlin. Guidelines and Issues to Consider in Planning a Collaborative Process. Laramie: Institute for Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, 1998.
Tarnow, K., P. Watt, and D. Silverberg. Collaborative Approaches to Decision Making and Conflict Resolution for Natural Resource and Land Use Issues: A Handbook for Land Use Planners, Resource Managers and Resource Management Councils. Salem: Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development, 1996.
Case studies provide an excellent way of understanding how collaborative conservation is developing on the ground, and many more are being written each year.
Braxton Little, Jane. “The Feather River Alliance: Restoring Creeks and Communities in the Sierra Nevada.” Chronicle of Community 2, no. 1 (1997): 5–14.
———. “The Whiskey Creek Group: Where Consensus Is Not a Goal and the Forest Service Is Not the Devil.” Chronicle of Community 3, no. 3 (1999): 5–11.
Callister, Deborah Cox. Community & Wild Lands Futures: A Pilot Project in Emery County, Utah. Salt Lake City: Coalition for Utah’s Future Project 2000, 1995.
Cestero, Barb. “From Conflict to Consensus? A Social and Political History of Environmental Collaboration in the Swan Valley, Montana.” Masters Thesis, University of Montana, 1997.
Chasteen, Bonnie. “Conscience, With a Price Tag: Eco-labels and Niche Brands Help Proven Stewards Stay on the Land.” Chronicle of Community 3, no. 2 (1999): 15–24.
Chisholm, Graham. “Tough Towns: The Challenge of Community-Based Conservation.” In A Wolf in the Garden: The Land Rights Movement and the New Environmental Debate, edited by Philip D. Brick and R. McGreggor Cawley. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1996.
Covert, John, and Sarah Van de Wetering. “Saving the Ranch, Saving the Land: Ranchers and Conservation Buyers Seek Alternatives to Subdividing.” Chronicle of Community 2, no. 3 (1998): 17–25.
Daniels, Steven E., Gregg B. Walker, Matthew S. Carroll, and Keith A. Blatner. “Using Collaborative Learning in Fire Recovery Planning.” Journal of Forestry 94, no. 8 (1996): 4–9.
Duane, Timothy P. “Community Participation in Ecosystem Management.” Ecology Law Quarterly 24, no. 4 (1997): 771–797.
Hasselstrom, Linda. “Rising from the Condos: Community Land Trust and Longtime Residents Team Up to Ensure Affordable Housing in Jackson, Wyoming.” Chronicle of Community 2, no. 3 (1998): 5–16.
House, Freeman. Totem Salmon: Life Lessons from Another Species. Boston: Beacon Press, 1999.
KenCairn, Brett. “Peril on Common Ground: The Applegate Experiment.” In A Wolf in the Garden: The Land Rights Movement and the New Environmental Debate, edited by Philip D. Brick and R. McGreggor Cawley. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1996.
Krist, John. “Seeking Common Ground: Water Lubricates Armistice among Traditional Foes in California.” Chronicle of Community 3, no. 3 (1999): 12–23. Moote, Margaret A., Mitchel P. McClaran, and Donna K. Chickering. “Theory in Practice: Applying Participatory Democracy Theory to Public Land Planning.” Environmental Management 21, no. 6 (1997): 877–889.
Richard, Tim, and Sam Burns. Ponderosa Pine Forest Partnership: Forging New Relationships to Restore a Forest. Durango, Colorado: Fort Lewis College Office of Community Services, 1998.
Shelly, Steve. “Making a Difference on the Ground: Colorado’s Ponderosa Pine Partnership Shows How It Can Be Done.” Chronicle of Community 3, no. 1 (1998): 37–39.
Smith, Melinda. “The Catron County Citizens’ Group: A Case Study in Community Collaboration.” In The Consensus Building Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to Reaching Agreement, edited by Lawrence Susskind, Sarah McKearnan, and Jennifer Thomas-Larmer. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 1999.
Snow, Donald. “Strong Foundations: Can the Beacons Project Save Montana’s Small Towns?” Chronicle of Community 1, no. 3 (1997): 13–23.
Sturtevant, V. E., and J. I. Lange. Applegate Partnership Case Study: Group Dynamics and Community Context. Ashland: Southern Oregon State College (for the U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station), 1995.
Van de Wetering, Sarah. “Doing It the Moab Way: A Public Land Partnership at Sand Flats (UT).” Chronicle of Community 1, no. 1 (1996): 5–16.
———. “A Seamless Canyon: Zion National Park and Springdale, Utah, Discover the Powers of Partnership.” Chronicle of Community 3, no. 2 (1999): 5–14.
———. “‘Enlightened Self-Interest’: Wyoming Experiments with Coordinated Resource Management.” Chronicle of Community 1, no. 2 (1997): 17–25.
Wolf, Tom. “Bienvenidos a San Luis: A Colorado Town Melds Faith with Community Activism, but Its Goals Remain Elusive.” Chronicle of Community 2, no. 1 (1997): 15–25.
Many criticisms of collaborative conservation are now being raised. Most come from environmental activists who perceive collaborative efforts as inefficient and/or as dangerous attempts to assert local—often industry—control over natural resources.
Blumberg, Louis, and Darrell Knuffke. “Count Us Out: Why the Wilderness Society Opposed the Quincy Library Group Legislation.” Chronicle of Community 2, no. 2 (1998): 41–44.
Britell, Jim. Essays #10–12. <www.britell.com>
Coggins, George C. “Regulating Federal Natural Resources: A Summary Case against Devolved Collaboration.” Ecology Law Quarterly 25, no. 4 (1998): 602–610.
Coglianese, Cary. “The Limits of Consensus.” Environment 41, no. 3 (1999): 28–33.
Kenney, Douglas S. Arguing About Consensus: Examining the Case Against Western Watershed Initiatives and Other Collaborative Groups Active in Natural Resources Management. Boulder: Natural Resources Law Center, University of Colorado School of Law, 2000.
Leach, Melissa, Robin Mearns, and Ian Scoones. “Challenges to Community-Based Sustainable Development.” Institute of Developmental Studies Bulletin 28, no. 4 (1997): 4–14.
McCloskey, Michael. “Local Communities and the Management of Public Forests.” Ecology Law Quarterly 25, no. 4 (1999): 624–629.
———. “The Skeptic: Collaboration Has Its Limits.” High Country News 28, no. 9 (1996): 7.
McLain, Rebecca J., and Eric Jones. Challenging “Community” Definitions in Sustainable Natural Resources Management: The Case of Wild Mushroom Harvesting in the USA. Gatekeeper Series no. 68. London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 1997.
Southern Utah Wilderness Association. “Why One Advocacy Group Steers Clear of Consensus Efforts.” High Country News 26, no. 10 (1994).
Interest in evaluating collaborative conservation—both in terms of assessing its effectiveness and in terms of identifying facilitating and inhibiting factors—is growing.
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