ENDNOTES
Abbreviations
ADW—Andrew Dickson White Papers, 01/02/02, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library. White was the cofounder of and first president of Cornell University.
CUTP—Cornell University Typhoid Papers Collection, 35/4/42, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
EC—Records of the Executive Committee of the Cornell University Board of Trustees, 2/5/5. The Executive Committee was made up of the members of the Board of Trustees who lived in or near Ithaca. It handled most of the business of the university.
JGS—Jacob Gould Schurman Papers, 3/4/6, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library. Schurman was president of Cornell University from 1892 to 1920 and held office during the typhoid epidemic.
MVC—Mynderse Van Cleef Papers, #3088, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library. Van Cleef was a lawyer and banker in Ithaca and a close friend of William T. Morris. He was a member of the university Board of Trustees and its Executive Committee.
Prelude: June 16, 1903
1. The average income in all American industries, excluding farm labor, in 1903 was $543. See, Scott Derks, ed., Working Americans, 1880–1999, Vol. II, The Middle Class (Lakeville, CT: Grey House, 2000), 53–54, 62.
2. President Jacob Gould Schurman of Cornell University to Andrew Dickson White, March 9, 1903; Samuel D. Halliday to Andrew D. White, March 2, 1903; Clara Newberry to Andrew Dickson White, February 27, 1903; Andrew White Newberry to Andrew Dickson White, February 22, 1903. All in ADW.
3. “Andrew D. White Talks to Seniors: Graduating Class Marches to Former President’s House,” Ithaca Daily Journal, June 16, 1903.
4. Tom Lutz, American Nervousness 1903: An Anecdotal History (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991), 18.
5. “All Evidence Goes to Prove Theory Theodore Zinck Took His Own Life,” Ithaca Daily News, June 17, 1903; “Theodore Zinck Drowns in Lake,” Ithaca Journal, June 17, 1903. The Daily News was the morning paper and the Journal the evening paper. Most details about Zinck’s drowning and the immediate aftermath come from these two articles. Zinck and his family used the original spelling of “Theodor,” including on his tombstone, but the newspapers and Surrogate Court used the Americanized spelling of “Theodore.”
6. Romeyn Berry, Behind the Ivy: Fifty Years in One University With Visits to Sundry Others (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1950), 164–65.
7. The March 9, 1903, date of Zinck’s last will and testament is found in documents filed in the proceeding In the Matter of the Estate of Theodore Zinck, deceased, in Surrogate’s Court of Tompkins County.
8. George A. Soper, “The Epidemic of Typhoid Fever at Ithaca, N.Y.” Journal of the New England Water Works Association Vol. 18, No. 4 (January 1905): 431.
9. Charles-Edward Amory Winslow, “The War Against Disease,” Atlantic Monthly (January 1903): 43–53.
10. William T. Sedgwick, “Typhoid Fever: A Disease of Defective Civilization,” introductory essay to: George C. Whipple, Typhoid Fever: Its Causation, Transmission and Prevention (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1908), xxxv.
11. “Treman’s Box,” Ithaca Daily News, June 16, 1903.
12. Charles H. Blood to John W. Dwight, May 18, 1903, Charles H. Blood Papers, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
13. Complaint, Tucker & Vinton, Inc., Plaintiff, against The Ithaca Publishing Company and Frank E. Gannett, Defendants, Supreme Court, New York County, June 16, 1903, Collection #1900, Frank E. Gannett & Caroline Werner Gannett Papers, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
Chapter 1: Ithaca and Its Kings
1. Carol U. Sisler, Enterprising Families, Ithaca, New York: Their Houses and Businesses (Ithaca: Enterprise Publishing, 1986), 11–29. Sisler’s book tells well the story of the three Treman brothers and their offspring, as well as of other prominent Ithaca families.
2. T. W. Burns, “Reminiscences, Heroic and Historic, of Early Days of the Lehigh Valley System in Southern and Central New York,” Black Diamond Express, Vol. IX, No. 1 (January 1905): 9.
3. Burns, 12.
4. “Over Half Century Ago, First Works Were Begun,” Ithaca Daily News, December 31, 1904.
5. Ibid.
6. Andrew D. White, Autobiography of Andrew Dickson White, Volume I (New York: The Century Company, 1905), 342.
7. W.G.I., “Ithaca and the Gorge,” New York Times, letter to the editor, July 11, 1872. The Fall Creek Gorge on the Cornell campus was fenced off for safety and liability reasons in 2009, making it impossible to repeat the climb today.
8. Ernest Earnest, Academic Procession: An Informal History of the American College, 1636 to 1953 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc., 1953), 144–45.
9. Cornell University president Jacob Gould Schurman to R. H. Jesse, president of the University of Missouri, JGS.
10. A. F. Weber, “Young and Wealthy: The Value of Cornell University Is $10,000,000,” Fort Wayne (Ind.) Weekly Sentinel, syndicated article, June 19, 1895.
11. Morris Bishop, A History of Cornell (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1962), 224–32.
12. Eugene Hotchkiss, “Jacob Gould Schurman and the Cornell Tradition: A Study of Jacob Gould Schurman, Scholar and Educator, and His Administration of Cornell University, 1892–1920,” (PhD diss., Cornell University, 1960), 51.
13. Freetown Historical Society, Freetown Past & Present (Freetown, PEI: Freetown Historical Society, 1985), 9.
14. Hotchkiss, “Schurman and the Cornell Tradition,” 51–52.
15. Ibid., 58.
16. “No Great Minds Here: President Schurman of Cornell Says This Country Is Intellectually Weak,” New York Times, June 21, 1901.
17. Berry, Behind the Ivy, 51.
Chapter 2: The Boys Club
1. Sisler, Enterprising Families, Ithaca, New York, 19.
2. Walter Wolcott, Penn Yan, New York (Penn Yan: Peerless Printing Co., 1915), 44; Lewis Cass Aldrich, ed., History of Yates County, N.Y. (Syracuse, N.Y.: D. Mason & Co., 1892) 190–91; entry on Daniel Morris, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, http://bioguide .congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000974 (Sept. 21, 2009).
3. Cornell University Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections occasionally displays an official copy of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution signed by the members of Congress who adopted it. The “D. Morris” signature of Daniel Morris is prominent among them.
4. William T. Morris alumni file, Collection 41/2/877, Public Affairs Records, Deceased alumni files, 1868–2008, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; “William T. Morris, Prominent Utility Owner and Former Penn Yan Resident, Died Monday,” Penn Yan Chronicle-Express, November 8, 1928.
5. Cornellian yearbooks for 1870–73 for campus activities of William T. Morris, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
6. Morris obituary, Penn Yan Chronicle-Express, November 8, 1928.
7. Records of Baldwin’s Bank of Penn Yan vs. John H. Butler impleaded [sued] with William T. Morris, Yates County Historian’s Office, Penn Yan, N.Y.
8. O. M. W. Sprague, History of Crisis Under the National Banking System (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1910 and 1968), 154, 167–68, 208–9; George E. Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt: 1900–1912 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958), 2; Alexander Dana Noyes, Forty Years of American Finance (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1909) 266–67.
9. Mowry, 2; Noyes, 284; Twelfth Census of the United States, Taken in the Year 1900, Volume IV, Part 2, Statistics of Deaths (Washington: U.S. Census Office 1902), 175.
10. City of Ithaca, Plaintiff, v. Ithaca Water Works, et al, August 3, 1906, Vol. 21, p. 22. The voluminous transcript of the post-epidemic legal proceedings in which the citizens of Ithaca sought to seize Ithaca Water Works through eminent domain can be found in Box 4 of the Mynderse Van Cleef Papers (#3088) at the Cornell University Library’s Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections. The collection also contains the Morris–Van Cleef correspondence. After this it will be referred to as the “water case transcript.”
11. William T. Morris to Mynderse Van Cleef, January 14, 1901; P. W. Bailey to Van Cleef, February 22, 1901; Morris to Van Cleef, February 23, 1901; Bailey to Van Cleef, February 28, 1901. All in MVC.
12. Mark A. Schmidt, “Patriotism and Paradox: Quaker Military Service in the American Civil War.” Written for History 480, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, April 18, 2004. Read at: http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his480/reports/civilwar.html on September 19, 2009. Edited for the Web by Jim Jones.
13. “John Brown’s Men Disinterred,” New York Times, August 29, 1899.
14. Catalogue for Five Years, Eagleswood Military Academy, Prospectus for 1866–67 (New York: John A. Grey and Green, Printers, 1866), Marcus and Rebecca Spring Collection, Stanford University Libraries.
15. Michael John Burlingham, Behind Glass: A Biography of Dorothy Tiffany Burlingham (New York: Other Press, 2002), 34–35, 37.
16. Allene M. Parker, “Eagleswood: An American Utopia in Transition, 1851–1890,” (unpublished conference presentation), 11. Parker is on the arts and sciences faculty at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Prescott, Arizona.
17. Frank Thornburg alumni file, Collection 41/2/877, Public Affairs Records, Deceased Alumni Files, 1868–2008, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; Iowa State Gazetteer and Business Directory, 1884–85 (Des Moines: R. L. Polk & Co.), 284.
18. Graham Robb, Strangers: Homosexual Love in the 19th Century (New York: Norton, 2004), 30.
19. Sisler, Enterprising Families, Ithaca, New York, 100.
20. Detailed accounts of L. L. Treman’s funeral can be found in the April 30, 1900, editions of the Ithaca Daily News and the Ithaca Daily Journal.
Chapter 3: Conflict of Interest
1. Noyes, Forty Years of American Finance, 294.
2. “For New Telephone Lines: Inter-Ocean Company to Be a Long Distance Branch of Connecting Company,” New York Times, June 29, 1901. The company changed hands several times over the years and eventually became part of the International Telephone & Telegraph Company, or ITT, in 1951.
3. Naomi R. Lamoreaux, The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 1; Noyes, 286–87; James Grant, Money of the Mind: Borrowing and Lending in America from the Civil War to Michael Milken (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1992), 18.
4. Water case transcript, August 3, 1906, Vol. 21, p. 38.
5. Water case transcript, August 3, 1906, Vol. 21, p. 23.
6. Water case transcript, August 3, 1906, Vol. 21, pp. 21, 25–26.
7. “Fraternity House Burned: Students Leaped from the Third Story Windows,” Ithaca Daily Journal, January 29, 1900; “East Hill Aroused: The Question of Ampler Fire Protection Discussed,” Ithaca Daily Journal, January 30, 1900; “Death of a Student: J. P. Lonergan’s Injuries Prove Fatal,” Ithaca Daily Journal, January 31, 1900.
8. “Fire Protection,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 8, 1900.
9. “Report of the Finance Committee of the Common Council of the City of Ithaca Upon Propositions of the Ithaca Water Works Co. to Sell Their Plant or Contract to Supply the City for a Long Term of Years” (Ithaca, N.Y., February 21, 1900), 4.
10. Ibid., 21.
11. John W. Bush to Mynderse Van Cleef, December 2, 1901, MVC.
12. William Irwin, The New Niagara: Tourism, Technology, and the Landscape of Niagara Falls, 1776–1917 (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press), 99.
13. “Two Companies Consolidated: Will Be Known as the Niagara Falls Gas & Electric Light Company,” Niagara Falls Gazette, January 3, 1900.
14. “To Tap the Trunk Sewer: Application for Permission to Do So Will Be Made to the Council Tonight by Gas and Electric Company,” Niagara Falls Gazette, January 29, 1900; “Novel Plan for Municipal Plant: Sewage Used to Turn Turbines Which Will Generate Power,” Buffalo Sunday Times, February 4, 1900.
15. Morris to Van Cleef, August 3, 1901, MVC.
16. “Pan-American Closes: Total of Eight Million People Saw Big Show in Buffalo,” Ithaca Daily News, November 4, 1901.
17. “Ithaca Did Full Share for Pan-Am: Number Who Went to Buffalo Larger than Its Population,” Ithaca Daily News, November 4, 1901.
18. Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, 1901. Found in collection #2920, Division of Rare and Manuscripts Collection, Cornell University Library.
19. Isabel Dolbier Emerson scrapbook, Collection #37/5/2161, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
20. Bush to Van Cleef, June 28, 1901, MVC; “Rites for Mrs. Bush: Prominent Buffalo Club Woman Passes Away at 86,” Buffalo News, November 9, 1933.
21. McKinley’s physicians billed Congress nearly $100,000 for their losing effort to save the president, which press reports said was almost twice the amount billed by physicians attending the mortally wounded President Garfield twenty years earlier. “M’Kinley’s Doctor Bill Big,” Ithaca Daily News, October 12, 1901.
22. “Opening of Cornell: President J. G. Schurman Talks to the Students About Anarchy,” New York Times, September 28, 1901.
23. David Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie (New York: The Penguin Press, 2006), 360.
24 Ibid., 596–601.
25. “A Great Disaster: Forty-eight of Our Soldiers Fall in a Philippine Battle,” Ithaca Daily News, September 30, 1901; “Schurman Speaks on the Philippines,” Ithaca Daily News, January 11, 1902; “President Schurman Makes Reply to Opponents of Free Speech,” Ithaca Daily News, January 27, 1902; “Our Humane War,” Ithaca Daily News, April 9, 1902.
26. Bush to Van Cleef, October 7, 1901, MVC.
27. Morris to Van Cleef, October 2, 1901, MVC.
28. Solomon Stanwood Menken Scrapbook, 1890–1916, #37/5/2534, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
29. Letter, Morris to Van Cleef, October 2, 1901, MVC.
30. The amount of Ithaca Light & Water Company bonds purchased by Cornell University came to light between February 18 and 21, 1903, in articles in the Cornell Daily Sun, New York Sun, and New York Daily Tribune. Although he had ample opportunity to be heard, President Jacob Gould Schurman did not deny the accuracy of the $100,000 figure. In fact, both he and the Board of Trustees acknowledged owning “a comparatively small part of the company’s bonds” and saw nothing wrong with it.
31. “Statement of the Amount of Mortgages on the Property of the Ithaca Water Works Company,” circa 1905, MVC.
32. “Cornell Heights Historic District,” included on the City of Ithaca (N.Y.) municipal website, http://tinyurl.com/ye6tgtd (November 21, 2009).
33. “New Suburb Will Be Begun at Once: Syndicate Which Purchased Cornell Farm to Develop It,” Ithaca Daily News, November 20, 1901.
34. John W. Bush to Mynderse Van Cleef, November 13, 1901, MVC.
35. Bush to Van Cleef, December 2, 1901, MVC.
Chapter 4: Newsmen
1. “Foreign Capitalists Negotiating Purchase of Ithaca’s Waterworks,” Ithaca Daily News, October 31, 1901. Today’s reader might look askance at the wording of the headline, judging the Daily News to be a Marxist publication. But foreign meant “out of town,” and mainstream newspapers commonly used capitalists to refer to wealthy individuals who bought and sold companies. It had not yet acquired a political meaning.
2. “Sale Concluded: Ithaca Gas and Water Companies Change Ownership,” Ithaca Daily Journal, November 12, 1901.
3. James K. McGuire, The Democratic Party of the State of New York: A History of the Origin, Growth, and Achievements of the Democratic Party of the State of New York, Including a History of Tammany Hall and Its Relation to State Politics (New York: United States History Company, 1905), 391–95; “Duncan Campbell Lee,” The Shield 9 (March 1893): 5–8; “Cornell University,” New York Times, March 12, 1893.
4. “Brainard G. Smith, Herald’s Owner and Publisher, Dies,” Ridgewood (N.J.) Herald, December 12, 1930.
5. Duncan Campbell Lee to Jacob Gould Schurman, May 1, 1901, EC.
6. “Department of Elocution and Oratory, Course 23, Extemporaneous Speaking, 1897–98,” 14/13/2305, Duncan Campbell Lee Collection, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
7. “Cornell Professor Enlists: Prof. Lee, Head of the Department of Oratory, Now a Recruit,” New York Times, July 22, 1898.
8. “Two Hundred and Third Regiment, Infantry,” New York in the Spanish-American War, 1898, Part of the Report of the Adjutant-General of the State for 1900, Volume III (Albany: James B. Lyon, State Printer, 1900), 655–56.
9. New York in the Spanish-American War, 1898, Part of the Report of the Adjutant-General of the State for 1900, Volume I (Albany: James B. Lyon, State Printer, 1900) 214–50. The date and cause of death of any soldier in a New York unit is included in this list.
10. Victor C. Vaughan, A Doctor’s Memories (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1926), 389.
11. New York in the Spanish-American War, 1898, Vol. III, 737.
12. McGuire, The Democratic Party of the State of New York, 393.
13. Schurman to Lee, September 28, 1898, Letterbook, Vol. 6, p. 776, JGS. Schurman and Lee discuss the latter’s return to Ithaca, which Schurman says he confidently expects will not be later than October 15, 1898.
14. The New York Tribune, in a story about Duncan Campbell Lee on November 2, 1902, said his brief and lackluster military career became fodder for student verse, to wit: “Duke Lee is daily hoping some generous millionaire . . . Will listen to his pleadings and endow for him a chair . . . Of military science, where Duncan may declaim . . . Of his sanguinary battle against the hordes of Spain . . . Giving frequent demonstrations how his famous battle went . . . With the murderous mosquito that dared invade his tent.” Lee may have encountered a few northern mosquitoes in his brief Army service, but not the malarial variety.
15. Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie, 544–45, 550.
16. Jacob Gould Schurman, Philippine Affairs: A Retrospect and Outlook (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1902), 1–2.
17. Samuel T. Williamson, Frank Gannett: A Biography (New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1940), 32. This was Gannett’s campaign biography when he sought the Republican nomination for president in 1940, losing to Wendell Willkie, a utility executive, who went on to lose to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. One must tread carefully with this book, which regrettably (along with a 1948 update) is almost the only source of information about Gannett’s early career. Scholars would feel more comfortable with Williamson’s book if there were alternative sources to check some of its more self-serving claims on behalf of his client, some of which are disprovable.
18. Ibid., 48–49.
19. Samuel T. Williamson, Imprint of a Publisher: The Story of Frank Gannett and His Independent Newspapers (New York: Robert H. McBride & Co., 1948), 70. This is essentially the same as Williamson’s 1940 campaign biography of Gannett and may have been published in anticipation of Gannett making another run for the Republican nomination for president that year. That didn’t happen.
20. “The News Circulation,” Ithaca Daily News, January 8, 1902; letter of reference, Duncan Campbell Lee to newspaper in Terre Haute, Indiana, May 15, 1903, Collection #1900, Frank E. Gannett and Caroline Werner Gannett Papers, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
21. “Ice Trust and Tammany; State Convention Hastily Suppresses a Resolution,” New York Tribune, September 12, 1900.
22. Ibid.
23. David Hemenway, Prices and Choices: Microeconomic Vignettes, 3d ed. (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1993), Chapter 19, “The Ice Trust,” 189–90.
24. Ibid., 191–93.
25. “Ice Trust and Tammany,” New York Tribune, September 12, 1900.
26. Hemenway, Prices and Choices, 193–94.
Chapter 5: The Dam
1. “Water Analyzed: Chemist Chamot Makes an Unfavorable Report,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 12, 1902. This article mentions that Chamot followed the American Public Health Association testing protocols; American Public Health Association, “Report of the Committee on Standard Methods of Water Analysis to the Laboratory Section of the American Public Health Association, 1897,” published in Journal of Infectious Disease, Supplement #1, May 1905, 11.
2. Lauby’s Cornell Chemical Recollections, March 1972, http://www.chem.cornell.edu/history/vignettes/LaubyChamot.htm; “Poison in Wall Papers: Remarkable Results of Analysis by Dr. Chamot of Cornell,” New York Times, March 14, 1899; “Girl Accused of Murder,” New York Times, October 19, 1902; “Chemist Declares Wells Dangerous: Instructor Chamot Says All in City Should Be Condemned,” Ithaca Daily News, November 27, 1901.
3. “City Water Supply: Wells Strongly Condemned by Professor Chamot,” Ithaca Daily Journal, November 27, 1901.
4. “Board of Health Plans Campaign: Center of City Must All Be Connected with Sewer Soon,” Ithaca Daily News, October 9, 1901; “Increase Sewer Capacity: Commission Will Likely Arrange Tomorrow Night for Laying Another Pipe into Lake,” Ithaca Daily News, January 29, 1902.
5. “City’s Condition Much Improved: Health Officer Hitchcock Reviews Work of Past Year,” Ithaca Daily News, December 12, 1901.
6. John W. Hill, a prominent evangelist for water filtration who in 1901 was designing filtration plants for the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, denounced the dilution theory in his book The Purification of Public Water Supplies (New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1898), 16–17, 20–21.
7. The Ithaca Daily News provided a long account of the Ithaca Board of Health meeting in its November 27, 1901, issue. The Ithaca Daily Journal also covered the meeting and reported on it the following day. Both articles should be read to get the full flavor of what was said.
8. Report of the Geological Survey of the State of Ohio, Vol. VIII (Columbus, Ohio, January 1906), 181.
9. Water case transcript, Williams testimony, November 21, 1905, Vol. 5, 12–13.
10. Water case transcript, Vol. 5, 13–15, & Vol. 6, 162; Waterman Thomas Hewett, Cornell University: A History, Volume 2 (New York: The University Publishing Society, 1905), 338–39.
11. Helmi Raaksa, Finding Aid for Gardner Stewart Williams Papers, 1900–1945, Michigan Historical Collections, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
12. Water case transcript, Vol. 5, 103.
13. Water case transcript, Vol. 5, 15.
14. Water case transcript, Vol. 5, 16, 48.
15. Amory Prescott Folwell, Water Supply Engineering: The Designing, Construction, and Maintenance of Water-Supply Systems, Both City and Irrigation (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1900) 164–65; William T. Sedgwick, Principles of Sanitary Science and the Public Health (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1903), 246.
16. Water case transcript, Williams testimony, November 22, 1905, Vol. 6, 203–4, Vol. 8, 104.
17. Purification of the Washington Water Supply: An Inquiry Held by Direction of the United States Senate Committee on the District of Columbia (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1901), 131.
18. Folwell, Water Supply Engineering, 2–3; Allen Hazen, The Filtration of Public Water Supplies (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1895), preface to first edition, iii–iv.
19. Hill, The Purification of Public Water Supplies, 131.
20. James H. Fuertes. Water Filtration Works (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1901), 15.
21. Washington Water Supply, 22, 92; Folwell, Water Supply Engineering, 291; Whipple, Typhoid Fever, 240.
22. Hazen, The Filtration of Public Water Supplies, preface to first edition, iv.
23. Water case transcript, Williams testimony, November 21, 1905, Vol. 5, 20–21.
24. “Professor Williams’s Report,” Ithaca Daily Journal, January 28, 1902.
25. “Special Election: Taxpayers to Vote on Water Works Problem,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 6, 1902.
26. Water case transcript, Williams testimony, November 21, 1905, Vol. 5, 23; “Judge Finch’s Views: Strongly Opposed to Municipal Ownership,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 12, 1902; “Person Can Vote Once on Question: City Attorney Makes Ruling Which Will Govern Election,” Ithaca Daily News, February 23, 1903.
27. “Water Analyzed,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 12, 1902; American Public Health Association, 83. A book by Chamot and Harry W. Redfield, The Analysis of Water for Household and Municipal Purposes (Ithaca: Taylor & Carpenter, 1911) follows the AMHA protocols very closely; Hill, The Purification of Public Water Supplies, 24–25.
28. Water case transcript, Vol. 10, testimony of Thomas W. Summers, January 30, 1906, 50, 60–61.
29. Water case transcript, Williams testimony, Vol. 5, 22.
30. A Study of the Conditions Governing the Water Supply of Large Cities, a thesis presented to the College of Civil Engineering, Cornell University, by Herbert E. Fraleigh, for the degree of civil engineer, June 1902. Olin Library, Cornell University. Fraleigh’s thesis is also a useful compendium of what was taught about water filtration to Cornell engineering students at the time, and proves that the department was entirely up to date. Even the meeting in New York City in January 1901 to discuss water filtration for Washington, D.C., is mentioned. Williams knew what had to be done in Ithaca.
31. Invitation to hear Lord Kelvin, with handwritten note from George S. Sheppard that he attended with William T. Morris, Laura Hosie Treman, and Mary Bott Treman, May 2, 1902, Oliver Sheppard Collection, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; “Greatest Interest in Famous Visitor,” Ithaca Daily News, May 2, 1902; “Lord Kelvin: Royal Welcome Accorded Here Yesterday Afternoon,” Ithaca Daily Journal, May 3, 1902; “Most Picturesque in all the World: That Is Lord Kelvin’s Opinion of Situation of University,” Ithaca Daily News, May 3, 1902; “The Cornell Yell,” Cornell Daily Sun, January 14, 1887.
32. Lord Kelvin’s coronation honors are mentioned in The Tribune Almanac and Political Register 1903 (New York: Tribune Associates), 44.
Chapter 6: Lives of the Students
1. Hendrik W. Van Loon, E. B. White, et al. Our Cornell (Ithaca: The Cayuga Press, 1939), 11–12.
2. Descendants of John Carlisle, Generation No. 4, http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/b/o/m/Tom—Bombaci-jr/GENE6-0004.html, accessed January 14, 2010.
3. “In Loving Remembrance: Tribute to Oliver G. Shumard,” Bethany Democrat, Bethany, Missouri, February 18, 1903.
4. “Death Ends Lengthy Career of Medical Missionary to India,” The Guardian, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, January 22, 1957. In addition to information on Dr. Zella Marie Clark’s life, the article provides details of the Clark siblings’ living arrangements at Cornell.
5. Time magazine assessed the Pulitzer Scholar program in its January 1, 1940, issue and pronounced it an overwhelming success based on interviews with 268 of the 366 living graduates.
6. “International Recognition for Arthur Dove, County Artist,” by Clyde M. Maffin, Ontario County historian, Canandaigua Messenger, Canandaigua, N.Y., December 5, 1967.
7. “Jarvis A. Wood Dead: Senior Member of Advertising Firm of N. W. Ayer & Son Was 71,” New York Times, April 10, 1925; Edd Applegate, Personalities and Products: A Historical Perspective on Advertising in America (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998), 51; Ralph M. Hower, The History of an Advertising Agency: N. W. Ayer & Son at Work, 1869–1949 (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press), 98; Jarvis A. Wood to Jacob Gould Schurman, April 16, 1903, CUTP.
8. 1880 Federal Census, Troy, N.Y., http://www.connorsgenealogy.com/troy/Troy-H6.htm, accessed January 22, 2010; Margaret Harvey, warden of Sage College, to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 3, 1903, CUTP; Ithaca’s claim to be the birthplace of the ice cream sundae is explained at http://www.visitithaca.com/Media-Services/Birthplace-of-the-Sundae.html, accessed on January 22, 2010.
9. “S. B. Newberry, Pioneer in Cement Industry, Passed Away Tuesday,” Sandusky Register, Sandusky, Ohio, November 29, 1922; “She Wants a Divorce and the Custody of Her Children,” Sandusky Daily Star, Sandusky, Ohio, June 25, 1901; “By His Own Hand: Son of Ambassador White Ends His Suffering,” Sandusky Daily Star, July 9, 1901; “Mrs. Clara White Newberry Gets an Absolute Divorce,” Sandusky Daily Star, August 15, 1901; “Ambassador White to Continue Work,” Ithaca Daily News, October 7, 1901.
10. A good summary of the long Vonnegut family history in Indianapolis can be found in History and Genealogy of Lake Maxinkuckee-Vonnegut Family, which explores the lives of the families that owned cottages around the Indiana lake. http://genwiz.genealogenie.net/lake_maxinkuckee/vonnegut/vonnegut.htm, accessed January 23, 2010. Anton Vonnegut’s election as president of the Class of 1905 is mentioned in “Junior Election,” Cornell Daily Sun, October 13, 1903.
11. Bishop, A History of Cornell, 342; “Croker Boys Quit Cornell,” New York Times, October 13, 1901; “Silver Cups for Dogs,” New York Times, February 15, 1903; “Herbert Croker Dies on a Train in Kansas,” New York Times, May 13, 1905; “Richard Croker Jr. Will Seek Estate,” New York Times, May 8, 1922.
12. Bishop, A History of Cornell, 402; Van Loon, Our Cornell, 3.
13. Bishop, A History of Cornell, 342–43, 403.
14. Berry, Behind the Ivy, 50; Bishop, A History of Cornell, 341.
15. S. Harrison, et al, a.k.a. “Merchants of Ithaca,” to President Jacob Gould Schurman of Cornell, May 9, 1902; Major William P. Van Ness to Schurman, May 10, 1902. Both letters in EC.
16. Burt G. Wilder to Emmons L. Williams, May 3, 1902, EC.
17. “Closing of Moving Pictures Tonight,” Ithaca Daily News, December 21, 1901; Berry, Behind the Ivy, 62; Emily Dunning Barringer, Bowery to Bellevue: The Story of New York’s First Woman Ambulance Surgeon (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1950), 56. Barringer describes her undergraduate years at Cornell in Ithaca before transferring to the Cornell School of Medicine’s main campus in New York City.
18. John H. Selkreg, ed., Landmarks of Tompkins County, New York, Including a History of Cornell University by Professor Waterman Thomas Hewett (Syracuse, N.Y.: D. Mason & Co., 1894), 447; Bishop, A History of Cornell, 347; Barringer, Bowery to Bellevue, 51–52, 58.
19. Eleventh Annual Report of President Schurman, 1902–1903 (Ithaca, N.Y.: published by Cornell University, 1903), xxxix; George P. Bristol to Schurman, October 12, 1902, EC.
20. “President Takes Hand in Matter: Tells the Sophomores that Underclass Strife Must End,” Ithaca Daily News, February 25, 1902.
21. “Freshmen Finally Have Their Feast: President Schurman Takes a Hand and Stops the Rioting,” Ithaca Daily News, March 1, 1902.
22. “Bryan Holds Large Crowd by Magnificent Oratory,” Ithaca Daily News, March 7, 1902; “Like Ithaca: W. J. Bryan Thinks City Pretty One,” Ithaca Daily News, March 7, 1902; “Journal Methods,” Ithaca Daily News, March 8, 1902.
23. Bishop, A History of Cornell, 346, 414.
24. “Cornell Oarsmen Sweep the River: Ithaca Crews Won All Three Races at Poughkeepsie,” New York Times, June 21, 1902.
25. “Celebrating at Ithaca,” New York Times, June 22, 1902.
26. “An Ideal City,” Ithaca Daily News, March 1, 1902.
Chapter 7: The Valley of Death
1. “Agreement Between Ithaca Water Works and the City of Ithaca,” August 25, 1902, MVC.
2. “Cornell May Get New Water Supply,” Ithaca Daily News, October 11, 1902.
3. “Dam Contract Let: New York Firm Gets the Job for $34,225,” Ithaca Daily Journal, September 11, 1902.
4. “Italians to Work on Hydraulic Dam: Local Laborers Not Willing to Accept Wages Offered,” Ithaca Daily News, September 26, 1902.
5. “Yes or No? Shall Ithaca Acquire Water Works? What Many Taxpayers Say About It,” February 22, 1902, MVC.
6. Jerre Mangione and Ben Morreale, La Storia: Five Centuries of the Italian American Experience (New York: Harper Perennial, Aaron Asher Books, 1993), xiii, 89, 131, 133, 139.
7. Articles about the Croton Dam strike can be found in newspapers all over the country in April 1900. Some the author consulted were: “Croton Dam Strike Extends: Entire Force of 700 Men Idle—The Superintendent Threatened,” New York Times, April 4, 1900; “Troops Ordered to Big Cornell Dam,” New York Times, April 16, 1900; “Carry Guns: Six Hundred Militiamen on the Way from New York City to Croton Dam,” Fort Wayne (Ind.) News, April 16, 1900; “They May Use Dynamite,” Davenport (Iowa) Daily Republican, April 17, 1900; “Victim Died: Young Sergeant Douglas Assassinated by Dagos,” The Evening Democrat, Warren, Pennsylvania, April 17, 1900; “The Italian Strikers Are Making Trouble for the Cornell Dam Contractors,” The News, Frederick, Md., April 19, 1900; “The Croton Dam Strike,” letter to New York Times, April 24, 1900.
8. Frank Harvey Eno, “The Uses of Hydraulic Cement,” Geological Survey of Ohio, Fourth Series, Bulletin No. 2, September 1904.
9. “Will Investigate Company’s Plans: People Beginning to Worry over Building Enormous Dam,” Ithaca Daily News, September 29, 1902; “Nervous Over Dam,” Ithaca Daily Journal, October 2, 1902.
10. “Business Men Ask Aldermen to Act,” Ithaca Daily News, October 14, 1902; “The People’s Forum: The Reservoir Dam,” Ithaca Daily News, October 15, 1902.
11. Ibid.; “How Volcanoes Work: Mt. Pelee Eruption (1902),” http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Pelee.html, accessed March 1, 2010.
12. “Surveyors Begin on New Reservoir,” Ithaca Daily News, March 14, 1902; “Have Begun Work on Big Reservoir,” Ithaca Daily News, April 19, 1902.
13. “Working on Dam Days and Nights: Construction of Reservoir Will Be Hurried Very Fast,” Ithaca Daily News, October 7, 1902.
14. “Will Start Work on a Second Dam: Tucker and Vinton Prepare to Build a Secondary Wall,” Ithaca Daily News, October 21, 1902.
15. “Rushing the Work on the Great Dam,” Ithaca Daily News, November 3, 1902; “Interest in the Dam,” Ithaca Daily Journal, November 10, 1902.
16. Arthur Weston, The Making of American Physical Education (New York: Appleton-Century-Croft, 1962), 33.
17. Holmes Hollister to Veranus A. Moore, February 16, 1903, CUTP. Hitchcock’s reaction reminds the author of the members of Centralia Borough Council in Pennsylvania in the 1960s. Confronted with the fact of an underground coal-mine fire moving toward their town, the Borough Council members said it was not their responsibility until the fire actually crossed the line from Conyngham Township into Centralia. By that time, it was too late to save Centralia. Today, nearly all of the town is gone. (See, David DeKok, Fire Underground: The Ongoing Tragedy of the Centralia Mine Fire [Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press, 2009].)
18. Veranus A. Moore and Emile M. Chamot to Jacob Gould Schurman, February 19, 1903, CUTP; statements of Elias J. Durand, Herbert H. Whetzel, and James M. VanHook, collected by Moore and Chamot, CUTP; water case transcript, Williams testimony, November 22, 1905, Vol. 6, 205–6, Collection #3088, MVC.
19. “Advertisements and Instructions to Bidders,” p. 9, August 12, 1902, MVC. The specifications for the dam are included in this document, which in turn is incorporated into the contract between Ithaca Water Works and Tucker & Vinton.
20. “Cornell University’s Needs,” New York Times, October 26, 1902.
21. “Magnificent Plan for the Campus Adopted by Trustees of Cornell,” Ithaca Daily News, October 27, 1902; Eve M. Kahn, “Pragmatic Visionaries,” Traditional Building, February 2007.
22. Cornell University today lists Raymond Starbuck as the head football coach for 1902, but the Cornell Alumni News of October 15, 1902, identifies William J. Warner, team captain, as holding that position. Starbuck was one of the recent Cornell graduates who assisted Warner.
23. Lars Anderson, Carlisle vs. Army: Jim Thorpe, Dwight Eisenhower, Pop Warner, and the Forgotten History of Football’s Greatest Battle (New York: Random House, 2008), 3, 19–21, 38; Waterman Thomas Hewett, Cornell University: A History, Volume 3 (New York: The University Publishing Society, 1905), 308–10.
24. J. A. Wood to Jacob Gould Schurman, president of Cornell University, April 16, 1903. Wood cites passages from his son’s diary in the letter. CUTP.
25. Andrew Newberry to Clara White Newberry, October 26, 1902, ADW.
26. “Work Progresses on Treman Houses,” Ithaca Daily News, November 2, 1901.
27. Minutes of the Executive Committee, Cornell University Board of Trustees, November 18, 1902, EC.
28. Dr. Edwin O. Jordan, “The Typhoid Epidemic at Ithaca,” March 14, 21, 28, and April 4, 1903, Journal of the American Medical Association, 913; “Snowfall Heavy for This Season,” Ithaca Daily News, December 5, 1902; Andrew Newberry to Andrew Dickson White, December 7, 1902, ADW.
Chapter 8: Typhoid, and How the Epidemic Began
1. “Koch’s Name for Institute,” New York Times, April 28, 1912.
2. Hermann M. Biggs, M.D., “Robert Koch and His Work,” Review of Reviews, September 1901, Volume 24, 324–27.
3. Ibid., 325.
4. “Die Bekämpfung des Typhus,” from Gesammelte Werke von Robert Koch, Zweiter Band, Erster Teil (Leipzig: Verlag von Georg Thieme, 1912), 296–305, translated by the author. The German word for typhoid, confusingly enough for English speakers, is typhus, while the German word for the very different disease English speakers call typhus is Flecktyphus. The author has long wondered whether the death of Anne Frank, long attributed to typhus, was actually due to typhoid and misunderstood by the English troops who liberated the Bergen-Belsen camp in 1945.
5. Sedgwick, Typhoid Fever, 298–99, 300–303; Frederick P. Gay, Typhoid Fever Considered As a Problem of Scientific Medicine (New York: The MacMillan Co., 1918), 53; Sedgwick, 303–4; Gay, 53.
6. Edwin O. Jordan, “The Typhoid Epidemic at Ithaca—Preview,” Journal of the American Medical Association, March 14, 1903, 267–68. The “per 100,000” statistic does not mean a city necessarily had that many people. Rather, it is a convenient way to compare apples-to-apples when judging the impact of typhoid or any disease on one city versus another.
7. “Osler Finds Nerves Chief War Problem: Typhoid Virtually Conquered through Lessons Learned in Other Great Conflicts,” New York Times, July 9, 1916.
8. In a letter of May 26, 1902, to the minister of spiritual, educational, and medical affairs, Koch wrote that his original vision for cost-sharing by municipalities and regions had proven unworkable because of the amount of work that needed to be done to fight typhoid. He asked for “substantially higher funding” and an immediate advance of fifty thousand marks. This letter is also included in Koch’s Gesammelte Werke.
9. Koch, Gesammelte Werke, 296.
10. Ibid., 299.
11. They were the villages of Waldweiler, Schillings, Heddert, and Mandern.
12. “Typhoid or Enteric Fever,” The Encyclopedia Britannica Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature, with American Revisions and Additions (Chicago: The Werner Company, 1894), 678.
13. Koch, Gesammelte Werke, 920.
14. Gay, Typhoid Fever Considered as a Problem of Scientific Medicine, 6–7, 40.
15. For example, see Gay, 27, 45, 53. The Indian research is published in “Symposium: Typhoid Fever,” Journal of the Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine, Vol. 2, Nos. 1 & 2, January-June 2001, 11–12. One tends to find typhoid research today in the countries where the disease is still a problem.
16. David D. Stewart, M.D., Treatment of Typhoid Fever (Detroit: George S. Davis, 1893), 4–5; William P. Mason, Water Supply (Considered Principally from a Sanitary Standpoint) (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1901), 70; Edwin O. Jordan, M.D., A Textbook of General Bacteriology (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, First Edition, 1908) 274–75.
17. Water case transcript, testimony of Gardner S. Williams, November 22, 1905, Vol. 6, 225–26, MVC.
18. Caterina Rizzo, et al., “Typhoid Fever in Italy, 2000–2006,” Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, Vol. 2, No. 6, December 2008, 466–68.
19. John Murray, A Handbook for Travelers in Southern Italy (London: John Murray, 1883), 94; J. Burney Yeo, M.D., “On Change of Air,” The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, Vol. 26, July-December 1889 (London: Kegan, Paul, Thench & Co.), 206.
20. George A. Soper, Report on an Epidemic of Typhoid Fever at Ithaca, N.Y., 1903 (submitted to Dr. Daniel Lewis, commissioner, Department of Health, State of New York, Albany, N.Y., June 30, 1904), 440; “Public Health: City’s Death Rate for 1901 Has Been Low,” Ithaca Daily Journal, December 21, 1901.
21. “Testimony of Olin Landreth,” Report of the Joint Committee of the Legislature to Investigate What Disposition Should Be Made as to the Sites at Yorktown, Westchester County. Transmitted to the Legislature March 12, 1918 (Albany: J. B. Lyon Company, Printer), 288–89.
22. Rev. William E. Griffis, Journal, May 18, 1901, Ithaca, to August 1, 1904 [accession 2074], William Elliot Griffis Collection, Alexander Library, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J.
Chapter 9: Denial
1. “Students Return to Take Up Work,” Ithaca Daily News, January 2, 1903.
2. “Salmonella Infections,” Merck Manual Home Edition, Second Edition, 2004, http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch190r.html, accessed May 2, 2010; Ronald L. Huckstep, Typhoid Fever and Other Salmonella Infections (Edinburgh, Scotland: E&S Livingstone Ltd., 1962), 35; Whipple, Typhoid Fever, 12.
3. Edwin O. Jordan, M.D., “The Typhoid Epidemic at Ithaca, Part 2,” Journal of the American Medical Association, March 28, 1903, 848–49.
4. Landreth, 291; Sampurna Roy, M.D., “Typhoid Fever,” Histopathology-India.net, 2009, http://www.histopathology-India.net/TyFev.htm, accessed May 3, 2010; Edwin O. Jordan, M.D., “The Typhoid Epidemic at Ithaca, Part III,” Journal of the American Medical Association, April 4, 1903, 914.
5. George A. Soper, “The Epidemic of Typhoid Fever at Ithaca, N.Y.,” presented September 15, 1904, to the New England Water Works Association, published in the Journal of the New England Water Works Association, Volume XVIII, No. 4, December 1904, 432, 438; Edwin O. Jordan, “The Typhoid Epidemic at Ithaca, Preview,” JAMA, March 14, 1903, 715; Jordan, “Ithaca, Part III,” JAMA, April 4, 1903, 915.
6. Whipple, Typhoid Fever, 103; Gay, Typhoid Fever Considered as a Problem of Scientific Medicine, 58–59; Huckstep, Typhoid Fever and Other Salmonella Infections, 44, 49; Whipple, 103.
7. “Rueteneyer (L.) on Ehrlich’s Diazo Test in Typhoid Fever,” The Medical Analectic and Epitome: A Monthly Retrospective of Progress in All Divisions of Medico-Chirurgical Practice (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1890, Vol. VII), 534.
8. Hobart Amory Hare, M.D., The Medical Complications, Accidents, and Sequelae of Typhoid or Enteric Fever (Philadelphia: Lea Brothers & Co., 1899), 37. Dr. Julius Dreschfield’s description of typhoid symptoms from A System of Medicine, edited by Clifford Allbutt, M.D., is quoted verbatim in Hare’s book.
9. The Standard Medical Directory of North America (Chicago: G. P. Engehard & Co., 1902), 4.
10. Hewett, Cornell University: A History, Volume 2, 276.
11. Hill, The Purification of Public Water Supplies, 56–57.
12. Frederick E. Turneaure and Harry L. Russell, Public Water Supplies: Requirements, Resources, and the Construction of Works (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1901), 124; Hill, The Purification of Public Water Supplies, 57.
13. Heinrich Curschman, M.D., Typhoid Fever and Typhus Fever (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1902), 425–26.
14. Lateef A. Olopoenia and Aprileona L. King, “Widal Agglutination Test—100 Years Later: Still Plagued by Controversy,” Post-Graduate Medical Journal 2000, 76: 80–84; Luzerne Coville, M.D., “Ithaca Epidemic of 1903,” Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of New York (1905), 209.
15. Huckstep, Typhoid Fever and Other Salmonella Infections, 70; Rueteneyer, 534.
16. “Grippe Prevails in This City,” Ithaca Daily Journal, January 21, 1903; “Little Typhoid Found in Ithaca,” Ithaca Daily Journal, January 22, 1903.
17. “Tie for Mayor in Ithaca: Democratic and Republican Candidates Each Receive 1,682 Votes,” New York Times, November 14, 1902; Tribune Almanac and Political Register 1903 (New York: Tribune Association), 120; “Ithaca Mayoralty Result: Close Inspection of Voting Machine Shows Democrat Received Majority,” New York Times, November 25, 1902; “Legal Notes: Question as to the Number of Votes Indicated By a Voting Machine,” New York Times, August 20, 1903; “Republican Mayor of Ithaca Resigns,” Elmira Advertiser, January 31, 1903; “Mr. Miller Wins Mayoralty of Ithaca,” New York Times, July 9, 1903.
18. “Final Exams On at Cornell,” Ithaca Daily Journal, January 23, 1903; “University Promptly Removes All Danger,” Ithaca Daily News, January 23, 1903.
19. Jordan, “Ithaca, Part III,” JAMA, April 4, 1903, 915; Bishop, A History of Cornell, 333; Hewett, Cornell University: A History, Volume 1, 338. A description of the Cornell Infirmary is contained in The Register of Cornell University for 1902–03.
20. Dean and William H. Sage to the Executive Committee of Cornell University, November 30, 1897, EC.
21. “In Loving Remembrance: Tribute to Oliver G. Shumard,” Bethany Democrat, Bethany, Mo., February 18, 1903; “Mark Twain Honored: Large Crowds at Railroad Stations Bid Him Godspeed,” Coshocton Daily Age, Coshocton, Ohio, July 8, 1902. This was a wire story carried by a number of newspapers around the country; “Class of 1902,” The Missouri Alumnus, September 1923.
22. William G. Shumard to Jacob Gould Schurman, April 15, 1903, CUTP.
23. “Many Fever Cases Reported in City: Number Suffer from Malady Which Differs from Typhoid,” Ithaca Daily News, January 26, 1903; “Local Fever,” Ithaca Daily News, January 26, 1903.
24. “Much Sickness: City Hospital Needs More Room—Many Cases at Infirmary,” Ithaca Daily Journal, January 28, 1903.
25. Ben P. Poor to Jacob Gould Schurman, April 20, 1903, CUTP.
26. Judson F. Clark to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 2, 1903, and March 18, 1903, CUTP. Judson Clark was the brother of Zella Marie and Annie Sophia Clark and was an assistant professor of forestry at Cornell.
27. “Drinking Water Should Be Boiled: So Advise City Health Authorities,” Ithaca Daily Journal, January 29, 1903; “Awaiting Report: Board of Health Not Certain About Cause of Prevailing Illness in City—Urge All to Boil Water,” Ithaca Daily News, January 29, 1903. Williams is not quoted in the Daily News story.
28. “Third Assembly: Delightful Social Event Given at Masonic Hall,” Ithaca Daily Journal, January 31, 1903. The author has warm thoughts for the newspaper clerk who typed in the names of the people at the gala so very long ago. These kinds of articles are drudgery for the writer but of great value in telling stories like this.
29. “Plea for Independence for the Filipino People: President J. G. Schurman’s Fine Address in Cooper Union,” New York Times, January 30, 1903.
30. “Philippine Problems: President Schurman and Gen. Greeley Address the Aldine Club,” New York Times, December 12, 1902; “Public School Education: Dr. Schurman of Cornell before the Twentieth Century Club,” New York Times, December 14, 1902; “Dr. Schurman to Speak in the West,” New York Tribune, December 23, 1902; “Free Trade for Filipinos,” Iowa State Press, January 14, 1903; “Favors Filipino Independence,” The Mansfield News, Mansfield, Ohio, January 17, 1903, reporting on Schurman’s speech at the University Club in Cleveland.
31. Lowell Daily Sun, Lowell, Mass., May 21, 1903.
32. “Third Assembly,” Ithaca Daily Journal, January 31, 1903.
33. Samuel T. Williamson, Frank Gannett, 53.
34. Lee’s presence in England during the 1901–1902 academic year is confirmed by a letter Schurman addressed to him at Oxford dated March 29, 1902, JGS. His presence in Ithaca during the 1902–1903 academic year is confirmed by a succession of news articles in which he is mentioned, including: “Fear Delivery’s Wicked Tongue: Local Democrats Show Signs of Turning From Attack, Syracuse Post-Standard, Sept. 28, 1902; “Needs of Student Life: Professor D. C. Lee Gives Interesting Talk in Barnes Hall—Tells of Oxford University,” Ithaca Daily News, Nov. 10, 1902; “Business Men’s Banquet: Arrangements Completed or Pleasant Event Tonight,” Ithaca Daily Journal, Feb. 10, 1903; and “Hill to the Front for the Presidency,” New York Times, April 14, 1903. 35. Former U.S. President George W. Bush’s great-great-grandfather, James Smith Bush, briefly taught Sunday school in the First Unitarian Church’s original building, which burned in 1893, according to a church history.
35. “Epidemic Spreads throughout the City,” Ithaca Daily News, January 31, 1903.
36. “Warning against Unboiled Water: Criminal Carelessness Alleged to Exist in City,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 24, 1903.
37. Burt G. Wilder to Andrew Dickson White, January 29, 1903, ADW.
38. “Claimed by Death,” Ithaca Daily News, February 2, 1903.
39. “Danger in Junior Week,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 2, 1903; Sisler, Enterprising Families, Ithaca, New York, 22.
40. Minutes of the Ithaca City Board of Health, February 3, 1903, Ithaca City Archives; “Fifty New Fever Cases Reported by Physicians,” Ithaca Daily News, February 3, 1903.
41. Editorial, “Fever Situation Becoming Dangerous,” Ithaca Daily News, February 3, 1903; Editorial, “The News’ Attitude on the Fever,” Ithaca Daily News, February 5, 1903.
42. Bishop, A History of Cornell, 305; Berry, Behind the Ivy, 63.
43. “Necessary Precaution,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 3, 1903.
44. “In Loving Remembrance,” Bethany Democrat, February 18, 1903.
45. “Ithaca’s Typhoid Epidemic,” New York Sun, February 6, 1903; Walter McCormick, acting mayor, and E. Hitchcock Jr., health officer, to New York Sun, February 6, 1903.
46. “Class of ’04 Gives Brilliant Prom to Largest Number Ever at Junior,” Ithaca Daily News, February 7, 1903; “Didn’t Go Home Till Morning,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 7, 1903; Shumard letter to Schurman, April 15, 1903; “In Loving Remembrance,” Bethany Democrat, February 18, 1903.
47. “Church Bells Silent: They Will Not Summon Worshipers to Service Tomorrow,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 7, 1903.
48. Ithaca Board of Health minutes, February 3 and 10, 1903, Ithaca City Archives.
49. Veranus A. Moore and Emile M. Chamot to President Jacob Gould Schurman, February 19, 1903, 4–5, Typhoid Papers, Collection #35/4/42, Department of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University.
50. Letter, Veranus A. Moore and Emile M. Chamot to President Jacob Gould Schurman, February19, 1903, 4-5, Typhoid Papers, Collection #35/4/42, Department of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University.
Chapter 10: Apocalypse
1. “Ithaca’s Typhoid Epidemic,” Philadelphia Press, February 7, 1903; “Fever Scourge Spreads; Ithaca in Great Panic,” New York Evening World, February 23, 1903; Susan E. Dufel, M.D., “CBRNE-Plague,” Medscape, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/829233-overview, accessed June 3, 2010. A typhoid epidemic, at least in the developed world, never approached the killing ferocity of bubonic plague. The “Black Death” in the pre-antibiotic era killed 40 to 60 percent of its victims, while typhoid killed 9 to 13 percent or less, depending on available treatment and luck.
2. William Budd, M.D., Typhoid Fever: Its Nature, Mode of Spreading, and Prevention (London: Longman’s, Green & Co., 1873), 2.
3. Coville, “Ithaca Epidemic of 1903,” 209; Huckstep, Typhoid Fever and Other Salmonella Infections, 187; Hare, The Medical Complications, Accidents, and Sequelae of Typhoid, 126; “Two More Deaths,” Ithaca Daily News, February 3, 1903; “Charles E. Helm,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 3, 1903.
4. Hare, The Medical Complications, Accidents, and Sequelae of Typhoid, 78–79.
5. “James C. Vinton,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 14, 1903; “Student Dies,” Ithaca Daily News, February 17, 1903.
6. Stewart, Treatment of Typhoid Fever, 13–17.
7. Hattie M. Greaves, “Nursing in Typhoid Fever,” The Trained Nurse and Hospital Review (New York: Lakeside Publishing Co., July 1906, Vol. 37, No. 1), 287–89.
8. Stewart, Treatment of Typhoid Fever, 26; Gay, Typhoid Fever Considered as a Problem of Scientific Medicine, 217; “Ernest Brand, M.D.,” British Medical Journal, Vol. 1, 1897 (London: British Medical Association), 692.
9. Stewart, Treatment of Typhoid Fever, 50; Luzerne Coville, M.D., “Typhoid Fever: With Especial Reference to Its Incubation Period and Reincubation Cycles,” New York State Journal of Medicine, Vol. 6, 1906, 117; Charles E. Page, M.D., “The Successful Treatment of Typhoid Fever,” The Arena, September 1892, 450–60.
10. Hahnemannian Monthly, Vol. 38, 1903 (Philadelphia: Homeopathic Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania), 640.
11. “Two More Dead at Ithaca: Nearly 400 Cases of Typhoid Fever in That City,” Baltimore Morning Sun, February 9, 1903; “More Than 20 New Fever Cases Being Treated by the Physicians,” Ithaca Daily News, February 11, 1903; “Typhoid Spreading in Ithaca: Another Cornell Student Dead—Nineteen New Cases in a Day,” New York Daily Tribune, February 11, 1903; Luzerne Coville, M.D., “The Cornell Infirmary,” unpublished manuscript, May 6, 1903, CUTP; “Fever Patients in City Number More Than 400,” Ithaca Daily News, February 9, 1903.
12. “To Give Euchre Party for Hospital Benefit,” Ithaca Daily News, February 6, 1903; “Fever Patients in City Number More Than 400,” Ithaca Daily News, February 9, 1903; Griffis Journal, February 11, 1903; “Open-Handed Charity: Rich and Poor Responded Nobly to the Need of the Hour,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 17, 1903.
13. James C. Bayles, M.D., “Outlook for Ithaca Growing Brighter,” New York Times, March 14, 1903; “Cornell Medical Faculty and Trustees at Odds,” New York Times, March 20, 1903; Dr. Abram Kerr to Schurman, February 18, 1903, CUTP. The prohibition on medical school involvement may have had something to do with the disputes between homeopathic and allopathic physicians. Dr. Luzerne Coville noted in his lengthy protest screed of May 6, 1903, “The Cornell Infirmary,” previously cited, that the infirmary normally hired only homeopathic nurses. The medical school was allopathic.
14. Samuel Hopkins Adams, “Typhoid: An Unnecessary Evil,” McClure’s Magazine, June 1905, 151; Coville, “The Cornell Infirmary,” Ibid.
15. “More Than 20 New Fever Cases Being Treated by the Physicians,” Ithaca Daily News, February 11, 1903.
16. In the Matter of the Estate of Edwin Besemer Deceased, Filed March 6, 1903, Tompkins County Surrogate Court, Ithaca, N.Y.; “Arthur Besemer, M.D.,” History of Rochester and Monroe County, Volume II (New York: The Pioneer Publishing Co., 1908), 1165.
17. “Funeral of Willis Dean,” Ithaca Daily News, February 20, 1903; “Stanton Griffis Marries,” Palm Beach Post, September 15, 1973.
18. “Children Safe in Local Schools: Superintendent Explains the Precautions Which Are Observed,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 26, 1903; “Warning Against Unboiled Water: Criminal Carelessness Alleged to Exist in City,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 24, 1903.
19. “Victim of Typhoid,” Ithaca Daily News, February 20, 1903; “Cesar Larrinaga,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 7, 1903; “Dr. Lewis, State Expert, Does Some More Talking,” Ithaca Daily News, February 28, 1903. “The air is filled with farewells to the dying” comes from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poem, Resignation. See, Thomas R. Lounsbury, ed. Yale Book of American Verse (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1912), Bartleby.com, 1999. www.bartleby.com/102/, accessed June 11, 2010.
20. Mentions of Louise Zinck’s illness can be found in the Ithaca Daily News editions of Feb. 18, 20, 21, 23 and 24. A brief account of her visit to a rooftop party in Syracuse, N.Y., is found in the Syracuse Sunday Herald of July 23, 1899.
Chapter 11: The Fixer
1. “Board of Health Adopts Measures to Check the Prevailing Epidemic,” Ithaca Daily News, February 4, 1903; “Water Analysis,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 2, 1903.
2. “Inspectors Officially Report on Awful Conditions along Buttermilk Creek Watershed,” Ithaca Daily News, February 17, 1903; “Health Report: Findings of City Inspector about Ithaca Water Are Sickening,” Cornell Daily Sun, February 17, 1903.
3. “The Condition of Ithaca’s Water Supply,” Editorial, Ithaca Daily News, February 17, 1903; “Prominent Business Men Speak Out against the Big Dam and Bad Water,” Ithaca Daily News, February 18, 1903.
4. “Water Company States Position,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 12, 1903. It is probably hard for any twenty-first-century reader not to think of O. J. Simpson and his search for the “real killer” after reading that quotation from Summers.
5. “Committee Begins Exploring Creeks; Canvass of City Progressing,” Ithaca Daily News, February 13, 1903; “The People’s Forum,” letter to Ithaca Daily News, February 19, 1903; “Work of Local Health Officers,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 16, 1903; “Mild Occipito-Spinal Faradization a Sure Cure of Diabetes Mellitus,” The Medical Council, Vol. 6 (Philadelphia: The Medical Council, 1901), 170.
6. See, Joel A. Tarr, “Urban Pollution: Many Long Years Ago,” American Heritage, October 1971, for the environmental impact of horses on American cities in the early twentieth century.
7. “Filth in the Streets Not Epidemic’s Cause,” Ithaca Daily News, February 10, 1903; “Find Dead Horse Near Creek’s Bed: Putrid Carcass Drained into Source of City Water Supply,” Ithaca Daily News, February 10, 1903; “Water Very Bad,” Ithaca Daily News, February 18, 1903.
8. “May Be Cause of Scourge,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 23, 1903; “Report False: Health Authorities Had Informed Journal Story Was Untrue, Yet It Was Published,” Ithaca Daily News, February 24, 1903; “Was Not Typhoid,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 24, 1903.
9. Water rental billing, May to November 1903, Ithaca Water Works to Edwin Besemer, Edwin Besemer estate file, Tompkins County Surrogate Court, Ithaca, N.Y.
10. “Swears Official of Water Company Claimed City Supply Was Not Impure,” Ithaca Daily News, February 27, 1903.
11. Richard Summers and Louisa Waterman were on the patient list printed by the Ithaca Daily News on February 18, 1903. Allen Treman is mentioned in a story in the Daily News on March 2, 1903. Charles E. Treman’s departure to Europe is mentioned in a regrets note he submitted in advance of the February 21, 1903, meeting of the Cornell Board of Trustees, Executive Committee Files, #2/5/5, Department of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; “R. T. Summers, 28, Dies Following Brief Illness,” Ithaca Daily Journal, October 5, 1923.
12. “Minor Accident: T. W. Summers Felled by a Mail Bag,” Ithaca Daily Journal, January 30, 1903; “A Gas Explosion Occurred in Hornellsville Last Evening,” Elmira Advertiser, February 3, 1903; “Explosion at Hornellsville: Accident at Plant of Hornell Gas Light Company,” Elmira Daily Gazette & Free Press, February 3, 1903.
13. Veranus A. Moore and Emile M. Chamot to Jacob Gould Schurman, February 19, 1903, CUTP.
14. “Cornell to Probe Causes of Fever: President Schurman Promises That Something Will Be Done,” Ithaca Daily News, February 11, 1903; “Pres. Schurman on City’s Health: Says Emphatically There Is No Cause for Alarm,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 11, 1903.
15. Minutes of the Cornell University Executive Committee, February 16, 1903, EC; Gardner S. Williams to Jacob Gould Schurman, February 13, 1903, CUTP; “Businessmen Indignant over Water Co.’s Scheme,” Ithaca Daily News, February 17, 1903; “Campus,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 17, 1903, 3, 7.
16. “Cornell Students Want Pure Water,” Ithaca Daily News, February 17, 1903; “C. J. Schlenker Died at Cornell Today,” Batavia Daily News, Batavia, N.Y., February 17, 1903.
17. “Student Petition to the President and Board of Trustees,” February 17, 1903, Records of the Executive Committee, #2/5/5, Department of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; “Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Executive Committee,” February 17, 1903, Records of the Executive Committee.
18. “University Men Want Safeguard,” Ithaca Daily News, February 18, 1903.
19. “Common Council Gives Ithaca Chance to Own Water Works,” Ithaca Daily News, February 19, 1903; “Pure Water for Ithaca By Next September,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 19, 1903; “Filtering Plant for Cornell: City Council Accepts the Proposition Made by the University,” New York Tribune, February 19, 1903.
20. Editorial, “Let There Be No Halfway Business,” Ithaca Daily News, February 19, 1903.
21. Jacob Gould Schurman to Arthur W. Hickman, February 11, 1903, JGS; Jacob Gould Schurman to Andrew D. White, March 9, 1903, ADW.
22. “What Matters the Ten-Cent Sale?” Ithaca Daily News, February 14, 1903; “Sad, Sad Story,” Ithaca Daily News, February 16, 1903. The increase in the circulation of the Ithaca Daily News is derived from two documents. “The News Circulation,” an editorial published on January 8, 1902, says that the average daily circulation during the previous month was 2,929. A letter of recommendation written for Frank E. Gannett Jr. by publisher Duncan Campbell Lee on May 15, 1903, states the current circulation to be 4,200, or a 43 percent increase over January 1902.
23. There was clearly at least one other important student stringer, based on a vituperative letter to the Ithaca Daily Journal on February 24, 1903, written by Sidney Graves Koon, a student. Koon claimed the stringer boasted that he “owned the Associated Press” and “all of the New York papers except one.” Koon mentions that this stringer had already received his bachelor’s degree and was working on another degree, which eliminated Lynn George Wright as a candidate. Wright received his bachelor’s degree in 1903.
24. “The Death of Lynn G. Wright, Managing Editor of Printer’s Ink,” Printer’s Ink, article published in 1919. Copy of obituary found in Lynn George Wright’s alumni file at Division of Manuscripts and Archives, Cornell University Library; Constance Frick, The Dramatic Criticism of George Jean Nathan (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1972. Reissue of original Cornell University Press edition), 6–7.
25. Frank E. Gannett Jr. to Jacob Gould Schurman, February 15, 1903, CUTP; affidavit of A. T. Seaman, Watson W. Lewis, L. G. Wright, and Charles A. Stevens, reporters for the Ithaca Daily News, February 14, 1903, CUTP.
26. Jean Folkerts and Dwight L. Teeter Jr., Voices of a Nation: A History of Media in the United States (New York: MacMillan, 1989), 248; “Class of 1872, Brainard Gardner Smith,” Hamilton College Archives, Clinton, New York.
27. Alumnus, “Communication,” letter to Cornell Daily Sun, February 18, 1903.
28. “Many Students Hear President,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 19, 1903; “Cornell Will Run Boarding House for Men During Present Epidemic,” Ithaca Daily News, February 19, 1903.
29. “Goes With Bryan: Manton M. Wyvell an Enthusiastic Cornell Student,” The Sunday Herald, Syracuse, N.Y., October 28, 1900; “The Mass Meeting,” Cornell Daily Sun, February 21, 1903.
30. “A Dastardly Outrage,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 20, 1903.
31. Schurman comments on the New York Tribune in a letter to Andrew D. White of March 9, 1903. ADW.
32. “Schurman’s Statement: Reports Unfair, He Says,” New York Tribune, February 21, 1903; “A Better Outlook at Cornell,” New York Tribune, February 21, 1903.
33. “Pure Water at Cornell,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 21, 1903.
34. Coville, “Report on Cornell Infirmary,” May 6, 1903.
35. “Dr. Coville Leaves the University Because of Management of the Infirmary—Another Student Dead,” New York Times, March 20, 1903.
36. “Cornell Alumni Meet in Buffalo,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 23, 1903. Courtney said that when the student stringer had been “lying at death’s door,” clearly before the typhoid epidemic, he was taken to the student infirmary and nursed back to health by the university. This points to Lynn George Wright, who dropped out of Cornell for the 1899–1900 academic year.
37. Folkerts and Teeter, Voices of a Nation, 278; Henry R. Ickelheimer to Jacob Gould Schurman, February 25, 1903, CUTP.
38. Jacob Gould Schurman to Henry R. Ickelheimer, February 23, 1903, JGS.
39. Ickelheimer letter to Schurman of February 25, 1903.
40. “Typhoid at Ithaca,” New York Times, February 26, 1903; Schurman to Ickelheimer, February 28, 1903, JGS.
41. “J. C. Bayles Dies from Pneumonia,” New York Times, May 9, 1913; “Obituary: James C. Bayles,” The Iron Age, May 15, 1913, Vol. 91, 1213; Ickelheimer to Schurman, March 5, 1903, Typhoid Papers, Cornell University Library.
42. Telegram, Adolph S. Ochs to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 4, 1903, CUTP.
Chapter 12: Going Home
1. “Cornell’s Refugees: They Can Stay at Columbia as University Guests, Dr. Butler Says,” New York Sun, March 6, 1903; “Epidemic Spreads: Three Deaths and Eight New Cases in Ithaca Yesterday—Patients Sent Out of Town,” Rochester Herald, February 17, 1903; Columbia University in the City of New York, Annual Reports of the President and Treasurer to the Trustees, with Accompanying Documents, for the Year Ending June 30, 1903 (New York: Printed for the University, 1903).
2. Two Letters, Jarvis A. Wood to Jacob Gould Schurman, April 16, 1903, CUTP; “Student Wood Dies at Camden,” Ithaca Daily Journal, April 8, 1903.
3. “Five Cornell Men Ill with Fever at Auburn,” Ithaca Daily News, February 23, 1903; Fred A. Sieder to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 1, 1903, CUTP; “Graduate Student Dies: Paul A. Wanke Succumbs to Typhoid at His Home in Auburn,” Ithaca Daily News, February 28, 1903; “Paul Wandke Funeral Notice,” Auburn Bulletin, February 28, 1903. Cornell University spelled the name as Wanke, but his parents spelled it “Wandke.” They were German immigrants, and their son appears to have Americanized the family name.
4. “Agricultural Student Dies,” New York Times, February 22, 1903; “Death of Young Man: Charles S. Langworthy Succumbs to Typhoid Fever, Contracted at Ithaca,” Alfred Sun, Alfred, N.Y., February 25, 1903; Alfred Historical Society and Baker’s Bridge Association. “Langworthy, William Henry, of East Valley.” History of Alfred, New York (Curtis Media Corp., 1990), 220.
5. “Healer Fails to Heal the Fever: Father of Cornell Student Refuses to Call a Physician,” Ithaca Daily News, February 28, 1903; untitled and undated article about Flavia Thrall published in the Windsor Journal, Windsor, Connecticut, and found in the files of the Windsor Historical Society; “World Famous Healer, Mrs. Thrall, Is Dead: Windsor Woman Consulted by People from Many Lands,” Hartford Courant, January 24, 1910; “Overcome by Sad News,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 27, 1903.
6. Samuel D. Halliday to Andrew D. White, March 2, 1903, ADW; “Students Leaving: Exodus from Town on Account of Epidemic Continues—Said That 1,000 Have Gone Home,” Ithaca Daily News, February 17, 1903.
7. A good example of student sentiment on the danger of missing classes is found in a letter to the editor of the Cornell Daily Sun published on February 11, 1903. It is signed simply “1903.”
8. “Cornell to Probe Causes of Fever,” Ithaca Daily News, February 11, 1903.
9. “Terse Tales,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 26, 1903; “Milestones in AT&T History,” http://www.corp.att.com/history/milestones, accessed June 30, 2010.
10. “Dixon Public Library: Library History,” http://www.dixonpubliclibrary.org/history.html, accessed July 2, 2010; “The Ronald Reagan Trail: Dixon Public Library,” http://www.ronaldreagantrail.net, accessed July 2, 2010; Orris B. Dodge to Jacob Gould Schurman, February 18, 1903, CUTP.
11. G. B. Rose to Jacob Gould Schurman, February 24, 1903, CUTP; “Rose Law Firm: Our History,” http://www.roselawfirm.com/about/history_01.asp, accessed July 2, 2010; “George B. Rose Dies Today,” Hope Star, Hope, Ark., July 20, 1942.
12. Hattie E. Cochrane to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 12, 1903, CUTP. Telegram, Schurman to Cochrane, March 14, 1903, CUTP.
13. George G. Cotton to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 11, 1903, CUTP; Andrew W. Newberry to Andrew D. White, February 22, 1903, ADW. Newberry mentions the Slaterville water used at Psi Upsilon to his grandfather in the letter.
14. Mary D. Huestis to Jacob Gould Schurman, February 22, 1903, CUTP; Charles S. Francis to Schurman, March 2, 1903, CUTP; letter with attached statements, Margaret Harvey, warden of Sage College, to Schurman, March 3, 1903, CUTP.
15. Margaret Harvey to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 3, 1903, CUTP.
16. Isabel Dolbier Emerson Scrapbook, Collection #37/5/2161, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
17. Delta Gamma, Chi Chapter, The Anchora (Baltimore: Psi Chapter, Women’s College of Baltimore, editors, 1902–03), 138–39; Clarence Brett Piper, “Alpha Psi—Cornell University” (published by the Alpha Psi Fraternity, Vol. 20), 220.
18. “Cornell Loses,” Ithaca Daily News, February 28, 1903; “Cornell Hurt by the Fever,” New York Evening World, February 18, 1903; “Student Victims of Typhoid Now Number 16,” New York Sun, March 1, 1903; Hugh Jennings, “Baseball,” The 1904 Cornellian, The Yearbook of Cornell University, Being the Complete Record of the Collegiate Year 1902–1903 (Ithaca: Cornell University, 1903), 366; “Ten Cornell Students Dead: Many Hasten to Leave Ithaca and Classes Are Depleted,” Baltimore Morning Sun, February 22, 1903.
19. Jordan, A Textbook of General Bacteriology, 277.
20. Duane L. Atkyns to Jacob Gould Schurman, May 4, 1903, CUTP; Rev. Alan G. Wilson to Jacob Gould Schurman, June 4, 1903, CUTP.
21. Alice P. Nourse to Jacob Gould Schurman, April 28, 1903, CUTP.
22. O. M. Searles, secretary of the Downers Grove Board of Education, to Jacob Gould Schurman, CUTP; Alice Tisdale Hobart, Gusty’s Child (New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1959), 41–42; Jerry N. Hess, oral history interview with Dr. Edwin G. Nourse, March 7, 1972 (Independence, Mo.: Harry S. Truman Library), http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist /nourseeg.htm, accessed July 3, 2010; “Biographical Note,” Guide to the Alice Tisdale Hobart Papers, 1916–1967, University of Oregon Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, http://nwda-db.wsulibs.wsu.edu/findaid/ark:/80444/xv89611, accessed July 3, 2010.
23. “Son Better; Father Dead,” Ithaca Daily News, April 29, 1903; “Alfred Eugene Mudge,” New York Times, April 29, 1903; “A. E. Mudge Dead; Lawyer 40 Years,” New York Times, August 24, 1945.
24. Jacob Gould Schurman to Stewart L. Woodford, March 6, 1903, JGS.
25. Rev. William L. O’Hara to Jacob Gould Schurman, February 21, 1903, CUTP.
Chapter 13: The Man Who Saved Ithaca
1. “‘Typhoid Mary’ Has Reappeared: Human Culture Tube, Herself Immune, Spreads the Disease Wherever She Goes,” New York Times, April 4, 1915; George A. Soper, “Typhoid Mary,” The Military Surgeon, Vol. XLV, July 1919, No. 1, p. 14.
2. “As to Sanitation: Observations of Dr. George A. Soper of Matters Pertaining to Health in Texas,” Galveston Daily News, Galveston, Texas, May 9, 1901.
3. “The City Is to Be Cleaned,” Galveston Daily News, October 3, 1900; “As to Sanitation,” Ibid.
4. “Dr. G. A. Soper Dies; Fought Epidemics,” New York Times, June 18, 1948.
5. Frederick C. Curtis, M.D., “Typhoid Fever at Ithaca,” Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the New York State Department of Health, 1903.
6. “Daniel Lewis, M.D., Ph.D.,” The Alfred University, Vol. IV, No. 4, May 1892 (Alfred Centre, N.Y.: The Trustees of Alfred University), Alfred University Archives, Herrick Memorial Library; “The State Board of Health: Dr. Daniel Lewis of New York Was Re-elected President,” New York Times, May 12, 1899; “State Health Commissioner: Dr. Daniel Lewis of the Former State Board of Health Appointed,” New York Times, March 1, 1901.
7. Samuel Hopkins Adams, “Typhoid: An Unnecessary Evil,” McClure’s Magazine, June 1905, 145–56; “Infirmary Visited: Dr. Lewis Satisfied—Condition of Fever Patients,” Cornell Daily Sun, February 27, 1903.
8. Adams, op cit.
9. “Health Board States Wherein Danger Lies,” Ithaca Daily News, February 27, 1903.
10. “To Make Up Lost Time,” New York Tribune, February 26, 1903.
11. “Attitude Changed on Return of Men: President Schurman Won’t Say It Is Safe for Students Here,” Ithaca Daily News, February 28, 1903.
12. “Some Students Are Returning,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 3, 1903.
13. “Dr. Lewis, State Expert, Does Some More Talking: Says Our Health Board Has Been a Little Slow,” Ithaca Daily News, February 28, 1903.
14. Dr. Daniel Lewis to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 3, 1903, CUTP.
15. Jacob Gould Schurman to Dr. Daniel Lewis, March 5, 1903, JGS; “Ithaca’s Typhoid Epidemic,” New York Sun, February 27, 1903; “Lessons of the Ithaca Epidemic,” Medical Record: A Weekly Journal of Medicine and Surgery, Vol. 64, 1903, 639–40.
16. “Fever Worse in Ithaca: Seven New Cases and Another Death Alarm Authorities,” Passaic Daily News, Passaic, N.J., February 27, 1903; “Dr. George H. Soper Here to Investigate Epidemic,” Ithaca Daily News, March 4, 1903.
17. Chart, “Disinfectants Prepared by the Board of Health,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 9, 1903.
18. “Will Spend Money to Stop Epidemic: Common Council Takes Warning and Acts Promptly,” Ithaca Daily News, March 5, 1903; “Money to Fight Fever Epidemic,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 5, 1903; “Health Officers Working for City,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 7, 1903; “Disinfectants Prepared by the Board of Health,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 9, 1903; Soper, “The Epidemic of Typhoid Fever at Ithaca,” 442.
19. “Health Officers,” Ibid. “Two More Deaths at Ithaca,” New York Times, March 8, 1903; “Getting Control of Typhoid,” New York Tribune, March 8, 1903.
20. “To Disinfect the City Water Mains,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 9, 1903. Water case transcript, Oct. 19, 1905, Vol. 4, p. 51.
21. Shirley Clarke Hulse, “Reminiscences of a Field Engineer,” Civil Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 5, May 1944.
22. Cornell University Board of Trustees minutes, March 19 and April 19, 1903, Division of Manuscripts and Archives, Cornell University Library.
23. “To Disinfect the City Water Mains,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 9, 1903.
24. “Large Meeting of Physicians,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 9, 1903.
25. “Ithaca’s Typhoid Fever Epidemic,” New York Times, March 11, 1903.
26. Ibid.
27. “Citizens Protest against Article: Physicians Point to Errors in Statement of Mr. Bayles,” Ithaca Daily News, March 12, 1903.
28. “Great Injustice Done to the City,” Ithaca Daily News, March 10, 1903.
29. Soper, “The Epidemic of Typhoid Fever at Ithaca,” 44530.
30. Urotropin entry, Online Encyclopedia, http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/TUM_VAN/UROTROPIN_hexamethylenetetramin.html, accessed July 14, 2010. The Online Encyclopedia incorporates articles from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
31. The letters to Walter Stevenson Finlay Jr. are contained in his scrapbook, Collection 37/5/1888, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library. One of Finlay’s relatives, George D. Finlay Sr., was a director of the P. Lorillard Tobacco Company. Another relative, Winifred Finlay Fosdick, George’s daughter, shot her children and herself to death in 1932. She was said to suffer from progressive paranoia. Her brother-in-law was Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick, longtime pastor of Riverside Church in New York City.
32. Soper, “The Epidemic of Typhoid Fever at Ithaca,” 445.
33. “Typhoid Situation: Dr. Soper Says Ithaca Will Be Safe in Summer—Epidemic Declining,” Cornell Daily Sun, March 30, 1903; Office of the President to Unnamed Cornell University Student, March 27, 1903, Typhoid Papers, Collection #35/4/42, Division of Manuscript and Archives, Cornell University Library.
34. “Cremate Garbage to Destroy Germs,” Ithaca Daily News, March 11, 1903; “Comments by Shirley Clarke Hulse,” Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 1905, Vol. 54, 327.
35. Soper, “The Epidemic of Typhoid Fever at Ithaca,” 444; Cornell Board of Trustees minutes, April 19, 1903, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; “Extension of Sewer Systems: An Improvement to Stop Drainage into Six Mile Creek,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 16, 1903.
36. “Nearly Thousand Had the Typhoid: Dr. Soper Compiles Figures in Regard to Recent Epidemic,” Ithaca Daily News, May 7, 1903; “Was Truly a Great Epidemic,” Ithaca Daily News, May 8, 1903.
37. “Musical Comedy Star of The Billionaire Infected While Playing in Ithaca,” New York Evening World, April 30, 1903.
38. “Epidemic Scare Is Fast Abating: More Than Half of Absentee Students Have Returned,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 25, 1903.
39. Cornell Infirmary patient roster for April 1, 1903, CUTP; Cornell Board of Trustees Executive Committee records, April 2, 1903, Collection #2/5/5, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; Earl Blough leave request, April 15, 1903, EC.
40. Walter S. Lenk to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 25, 1903, Cornell University Board of Trustees, EC.
41. John C. Gifford, On Preserving Tropical Florida, Compiled and with a Biographical Sketch by Elizabeth O. Rothra (Coral Gables, Fla.: University of Miami Press, 1972) 3, 23–24.
42. Cornell University Board of Trustees minutes, April 19, 1903, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; mortality rates from typhoid in the 1902–1903 time frame in large American cities come from charts in “The Role of Public Health Improvements in Health Advances: The 20th Century United States,” by David Cutler and Grant Miller, http://www.economics.harvard.edu /faculty/cutler/files/cutler_miller_cities.pdf, accessed July 15, 2010.
43. “Dr. Alice Potter a Victim of Fever,” Ithaca Daily News, May 2, 1903; Deborah Bruch Bucki writes about Dr. Matthew D. Mann’s controversial treatment of President McKinley in her article, “A History of the Century House: 100 Lincoln Parkway in Buffalo, New York,” http://www.buffaloah.com/a/linc/100/hist/index.html, accessed July 15, 2010; Dr. Alice Potter’s will is on file in Tompkins County Surrogate Court, Ithaca, N.Y.; “Pass Resolutions,” Ithaca Daily News, May 6, 1903.
44. “Infirmary Reports During Fever Epidemic,” CUTP.
45. The 1904 Cornellian, The Year Book of Cornell University, Being the Complete Record of the Collegiate Year 1902–1903 (Ithaca: Cornell University, 1903), 162.
Chapter 14: The Man Who Saved Cornell University
1. Warren S. Barlow medical claim, CUTP; Howard C. Smith to Edith M. Fox, regional historian, Cornell University Library, March 19, 1952, Howard C. Smith Reminiscence, Collection #42/2/m.317, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
2. In 1903 it was still possible to teach with only a high school education, so Odell’s course of being a high school teacher for ten years and then going off to college was not as odd as it may seem in the twenty-first century. Mrs. D. D. Hammond to Jacob Gould Schurman, February 26 and March 4, 1903, CUTP; James P. Howe, University of Chicago Law School, to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 22, 1903, CUTP217217.
3. Editorial, Cornell Daily Sun, March 27, 1903; “Large Subscription,” Cornell Daily Sun, March 28, 1903.
4. Dean Thomas F. Crane to President Schurman, March 18, 1903, CUTP.
5. “Will Build Palace of Peace: Carnegie Negotiating for an Estate at The Hague,” New York Sun, February 21, 1903; “Carnegie Aids an Old Friend,” New York Sun, February 16, 1903.
6. George G. Cotton to Andrew Carnegie, with handwritten Carnegie note to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 23, 1903, JGS; “History of the Solvay Public Library,” http://www.solvaylibrary.org/Solvay%20Process/splhistory.htm, accessed July 22, 2010.
7. Joseph Frazier Wall, Andrew Carnegie (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 419.
8. Jacob Gould Schurman to Andrew Carnegie, April 1, 1903, JGS; minutes of the Executive Committee of the Cornell University Board of Trustees, April 6, 1903, EC; Caroline G. A. Slater to Jacob Gould Schurman, April 7, 1903, CUTP; form letter about Carnegie offer from Jacob Gould Schurman, April 7, 1903, CUTP; “Opens His Wallet: Carnegie Asks That Money be Returned to Other Donors,” Times-Democrat, Lima, Ohio, April 15, 1903; R. A. Franks, president, Home Trust Company, Hoboken, N.J., to Jacob Gould Schurman, April 25, 1903, EC.
9. Jacob Gould Schurman, Eleventh Annual Report of President Schurman, 1902–1903 (Ithaca: Cornell University, 1903), 5.
10. Homer S. Sackett to Jacob Gould Schurman, May 1, 1903, Typhoid Papers, Cornell University Library.
11. Hannah Spencer to Jacob Gould Schurman, April 22, 1903, CUTP.
12. Jarvis A. Wood to Jacob Gould Schurman, April 16, 1903, CUTP.
13. Editorial, Oakland Tribune, Oakland, California, April 16, 1903.
14. “Pay the Doctor Bills,” Ithaca Daily News, May 20, 1903.
15. Minutes of the Executive Committee of Cornell University, February 14, 1905, EC. New York was actually the first state to adopt a compulsory workers’ compensation law in 1910, but it was overturned as unconstitutional by the courts. The state then adopted a constitutional amendment and passed a new compulsory law in 1913. See, http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/fishback.workers.compensation, accessed August 4, 2010. The purpose of workers’ compensation laws was to eliminate fault from the system. In return for the worker giving up his right to bring a lawsuit, the employer agreed to pay his medical expenses and about two-thirds of his wages or survivor benefits if he died.
Chapter 15: Retribution
1. “Person Can Vote Once on Question: City Attorney Makes Ruling Which Will Govern Election,” Ithaca Daily News, February 23, 1903.
2. “Water Company’s Plans,” Ithaca Daily Journal, February 26, 1903.
3. “Large Vote Cast for Water Works,” Ithaca Daily News, March 2, 1903; “People Vote on Water Ownership: Sexes Meet on Equal Terms at the Polls,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 2, 1903; “Overwhelming Victory,” Ithaca Daily News, March 3, 1903; the number of taxpayers in Ithaca is found in “Petition Worded Satisfactorily,” Ithaca Daily News, March 27, 1903.
4. Jacob Gould Schurman to David Roe Jr., February 12, 1903, JGS; Jacob Gould Schurman to Latin Prof. H. C. Elmer, February 28, 1903, JGS; Jacob Gould Schurman to Henry R. Ickelheimer, March 6, 1903, JGS; Jacob Gould Schurman to Rev. C. H. Parkhurst, March 2, 1903, JGS; Jacob Gould Schurman, to Mr. Palmer, February 28, 1903, JGS.
5. R. S. Tarr, “Artesian Well Sections at Ithaca, N.Y.,” The Journal of Geology, Vol. 12, No. 2 (February-March 1904), 69–82; Robert H. Thurston to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 5, 1903, CUTP.
6. Editorial, “Pure Water in City Mains in Two Week’s Time,” Ithaca Daily News, March 3, 1903; “Seeking Pure Water Supply: Committee of 100 Proceeding with Much Energy,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 3, 1903; Editorial, “Now for Pure Water,” Ithaca Daily Journal, March 3, 1903.
7. Jared Treman Newman to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 4, 1903, CUTP; “Pure Water for Ithaca,” New York Times, March 12, 1903; “Water Plant for Ithaca,” New York Times, March 24, 1903.
8. Jared Treman Newman to Jacob Gould Schurman, March 25, 1903, CUTP.
9. The typhoid case of Stewart’s wife is mentioned in “New York Legislature: Five Republicans Bolt the Leadership of Senator Raines,” New York Times, February 25, 1903; “A Health Department Bill,” Elmira Advertiser, February 6, 1903; editorial, “For the Public Health,” New York Tribune, March 10, 1903.
10. Water case transcript, Williams testimony, January 2, 1906, Vol. 8, p. 9.
11. William T. Morris to the Finance Committee of the Board of Trustees of Cornell University, April 15, 1903, EC.
12. Minutes of the Cornell University Board of Trustees, April 19, 1903, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
13. “Pushing Work Hard in the Six Mile Gorge,” Ithaca Daily News, April 27, 1903.
14. Cornelius Vermeule to the Committee of 100, March 21, 1903, CUTP.
15. Mayor George W. Miller to William T. Morris, April 28, 1903, MVC; Water Works Company States Selling Price,” Ithaca Daily News, May 6, 1903; “Water Company Meets New Board,” Ithaca Daily Journal, May 6, 1903; Ithaca Water Board minutes, May 5, 1903, Ithaca City Archives.
16. “Alderman Howell Opposes the Dam,” Ithaca Daily Journal, May 21, 1903; “Common Council Says Stop the Dam,” Ithaca Daily Journal, May 27, 1903.
17. Editorial, “An Insult to Public Intelligence,” Ithaca Daily News, April 29, 1903.
18. Editorial, “Will the Water Company Be Fair,” Ithaca Daily News, May 2, 1903.
19. Editorial, “Nothing Less Than an Outrage,” Ithaca Daily News, May 28, 1903.
20. Henry Woodward Sackett, The Law of Libel: What Every Tribune Employee Is Expected to Know about It; How to Guard against Libel Suits; and How to Be Prepared to Defend Them When Brought (New York: The Tribune Association, 1885), 6.
21. Complaint, Tucker & Vinton, Inc., Plaintiffs, against the Ithaca Publishing Company and Frank E. Gannett, Defendants, Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County, June 16, 1903, Frank E. Gannett & Caroline Werner Gannett Papers, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; editorial, “We Shall Know the Facts,” Ithaca Daily News, June 20, 1903.
22. Henry W. Sackett to Mynderse Van Cleef, July 24, 1903, MVC.
23. “Beautiful Society House Damaged by the Flames: Chi Phi Members Lose Large Amount of Goods,” Ithaca Daily News, May 18, 1903; “Fire Damages Chi Phi House: Loss Estimated at Fifteen Thousand Dollars,” Ithaca Daily Journal, May 18, 1903.
24. “Will Rebuild Chi Phi House,” Ithaca Daily Journal, May 19, 1903.
25. Charles H. Blood to John W. Dwight, May 18, 1903, Charles H. Blood Papers, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; “Cornell’s Second Varsity Crew Wins, Pennsylvania Second, Harvard Third,” Ithaca Daily News, June 1, 1903.
26. Minutes of the Cornell University Executive Committee, May 12, 1903, EC; Minutes of the Cornell University Board of Trustees, June 17, 1903, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
27. Samuel Hopkins Adams, “Typhoid: An Unnecessary Evil,” McClure’s Magazine, June 1905, 152.
28. Hotchkiss, “Jacob Gould Schurman and the Cornell Tradition,” 208–11.
Epilogue: Getting Away with Murder
1. “Many Students at Cornell,” New York Times, September 26, 1903.
2. “Schurman Tells of Cornell Gain,” Syracuse Herald, Syracuse, N.Y., October 7, 1907.
3. “Campus Supplied with Pure Water: Carnegie Filtration Plant Now in Operation,” Ithaca Daily Journal, May 29, 1903.
4. “Pure Water for Ithaca,” New York Times, August 24, 1903; “Penalty for Drinking Filtered Water: Ithaca Householders May Have to Break Law to Avail Themselves of New Plant,” New York Tribune, August 30, 1903. The headline referred to a municipal ordinance enacted during the epidemic that levied a $50 fine on anyone who drank city water without boiling it first; Emile M. Chamot to William T. Morris, October 10, 1903, CUTP.
5. Dorothy Harris, History of Ithaca’s Water & Sewer Systems (Ithaca: City of Ithaca, 1956), 4, 6; Tarr, “Artesian Well Sections at Ithaca, N.Y.,” 69, 69n.
6. William T. Morris to Mynderse Van Cleef, June 29, 1904, MVC; Ithaca Water Works to Ithaca Water Board, July 12, 1904, MVC.
7. Nathan Mathews Jr. to William T. Morris, October 21, 1905, MVC. Mathews wrote to Morris because the expert witnesses in the case, including Allen Hazen and Gardner S. Williams, were upset by a flip remark Morris made to the effect that they should seek their witness fees from the city of Ithaca, or in other words, work on a contingency basis and only be paid in the event of a victory. Morris gave in and agreed to pay them from his company accounts.
8. “Examiner’s Report of the Tompkins County National Bank, April 16–17, 1907,” and letter, Robert H. Treman to William B. Ridgley, Comptroller of the Currency, May 8, 1907, Record Group 101, U.S. Comptroller of the Currency, National Archives, College Park, Md.
9. Final ruling, water case, December 27, 1906, Jared Treman Newman Papers, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; Nathan Mathews Jr. to Mynderse Van Cleef, January 5, 1907, MVC; Mathews to Van Cleef, January 30, 1907, MVC.
10. Jacob Gould Schurman to Samuel D. Halliday, January 26, 1907, JGS.
11. Minutes of the Cornell University Executive Committee, January 22, 1907, 192, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; final settlement, water case, February 23, 1907, MVC; Sisler, Enterprising Families, Ithaca, New York, 23; minutes of the Ithaca Water Board, September 9, 1907, Ithaca City Archives.
12. Charles H. Blood to William T. Morris, April 29, 1903, Charles H. Blood Papers, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; Jared Treman Newman to Cornell University Executive Committee, December 13, 1904, EC.
13. Editorial, Journal of the American Medical Association, March 28, 1903, 852.
14. See Chapter 8.
15. Soper, “The Epidemic of Typhoid Fever at Ithaca,” 437, 442; Robert H. Thurston to President Schurman and the Executive Committee, September 20, 1902, EC. Thurston’s letter refers to “the unusual frequency and magnitude of the summer rains” in the summer of 1902.
16. Adams, “Typhoid: An Unnecessary Evil,” McClure’s Magazine, June 1905, 150–52; Samuel Hopkins Adams to Jacob Gould Schurman, April 1, 1905, EC; Emmons L. Williams to Samuel Hopkins Adams, April 5, 1905.
17. Hewett, Cornell University: A History; Berry, Behind the Ivy; Bishop, A History of Cornell; David L. Schiller, “The Social History of the 1903 Ithaca Typhoid Fever Epidemic: A Study of Anger and Action,” submitted for History 435, Cornell University, Spring Term 1973.
18. “Light Company Changes Hands,” Ithaca Daily Journal, June 9, 1903. Brush Electric Company of Cleveland eventually became a part of General Electric Company.
19. Charles Nodder, Report of the Examination of the Accounts and Records of Associated Gas & Electric Co. as of Dec. 31, 1929, Vol. 1, p. 29 (Washington, D.C.: Federal Trade Commission); Associated Gas & Electric Certificate of Incorporation, March 17, 1906, Archives of the New York Public Service Commission, Albany, N.Y.
20. At one of them, in a debate before the Chamber of Commerce in Elmira, N.Y., on May 3, 1907, Hughes, a future chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, uttered his famous remark that the U.S. Constitution “is what the judges say it is.” See, Addresses and Papers of Charles Evans Hughes, Governor of New York, 1906–08 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908), 139.
21. Merlo J. Pusey, Charles Evans Hughes, Vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 202, 226; Robert F. Wesser, Charles Evans Hughes: Politics and Reform in New York, 1905–1910 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967), 167, 169.
22. FTC Report, Vol. 4, 29–31; Barbara H. Brock, author of The Development of Public Utility Accounting in New York (East Lansing: Graduate School of Business Administration, Michigan State University, 1981), p. 91, says that New York’s 1907 Public Service Law regulated only local utility operating companies, not holding companies like Associated Gas & Electric. Donald C. Baldwin, author of Capital Control in New York (Menasha, Wis.: The Collegiate Press, 1920), p. 9, says the 1907 law “essentially” banned gas and electric holding companies.
23. Jacob Gould Schurman to William T. Morris, May 31, 1907, JGS.
24. William T. Morris to Mynderse Van Cleef, May 2, 1906, MVC.
25. FTC, Vol. 4, p. 31.
26. Samuel T. Williamson, Imprint of a Publisher, 79.
27. W. Emerson Barger, “Examiner’s Report of the First National Bank of Ithaca,” August 29, 1905, R.G. 101, U.S. Comptroller of the Currency, National Archives, College Park, Md.; Frank E. Gannett vs. Ithaca Publishing Company, January 22, 1907, Onondaga County Supreme Court, Syracuse, N.Y.
28. The story about Duncan Campbell Lee and the country newspaper owners was printed in the New York Tribune of January 12, 1907.
29. Interview with Nancy Lee Gluck, Nokesville, Va., April 19, 1996. Mrs. Gluck, who died at age ninety-nine in 2003, married into the family that discovered the long-missing half of the original manuscript of Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn in a trunk in the attic of their Los Angeles home around 1991. www.nytimes.com/1992/08/02/books/arts-artifacts-more-huck-finn-adventures-to-buffalo-via-hollywood.html.
30. Ibid.; “Last Request of Hill Alumnus Carried Out by Classmates of ’91,” Utica Daily Press, August 8, 1945, Hamilton College Archives.
31. David C. Tomlinson, a later owner of the Van Wagener Mansion, provided information on the history of the house in an e-mail to the author, May 18, 2004.
32. Robert H. Treman to Mynderse Van Cleef, May 1, 1918, MVC; William T. Morris to Mynderse Van Cleef, May 6, 1918, MVC; Morris Tracy to Mynderse Van Cleef, December 19, 1918, MVC.
Afterword: The Conquest of Typhoid
1. George A. Soper, “The Discovery of Typhoid Mary,” British Medical Journal, January 7, 1939.
2. Keith Christman, “The History of Chlorine,” http://www.waterandhealth.org/drinkingwater/history.html, accessed August 11, 2010.
3. Frank Carey, “New Soil-Derived Drug Proves to Be the Only Enemy of Rickettsia,” Associated Press, June 27, 1948; Frank Carey, “Doctor Takes Big Chance as He Shows New Wonder Drug’s Effect on Typhus,” Associated Press, July 19, 1948.
4. William E. Lawrence, “Wonder Drug, Foe of Plagues, Is Made Artificially in Quantity,” New York Times, March 27, 1949.