Introduction
Internet use facts are from: Nielsen Online, July 2009; Center for the Digital Future, University of Southern California report, November 2008; PEW Internet and American Life Project, 2007– 2008; and South Coast Today, June 1, 2009.
Cyberbullying facts are from: The Cyber Safety and Ethics Initiative/Rochester Institute of Technology Report, November 2008; www.wiredsafety.org; and www.pewinternet.org.
Quote from Professor Juvonen is from: Juvonen, Jaana, and Elisheva Gross. “Extending the School Grounds? Bullying Experiences in Cyberspace.” Journal of School Health 78 (September 2008): 496.
Part I: Cyberbullying and the Law
Quote from the Supreme Court of Wisconsin is from: State ex rel. Dresser v. District Board of School District No. 1, 135 Wis. 619, 116 NW 232 (1908). The suspension would end when the girls apologized and each paid the school a 40-cent fine.
Quote from the U.S. Supreme Court is from: West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943).
The following court cases are referenced:
In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967); Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969); Wood v. Strickland, 420 U.S. 308 (1975); Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser, 478 U.S. 675 (1986); Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S. 260 (1988); Morse v. Frederick, 127 S.Ct. 2618 (2007).
Quote from U.S. Supreme Court is from: Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844 (1997).
The Interstate Communications Law is from: 18 United States Code 875(c) (1948).
The Protecting Children in the 21st Century Act is from: 47 United States Code 157, Section 101; Public Law 110-385.
The California 2008 law regarding foster children is from: California Health and Safety Code Sec. 1529.2 and Welfare and Institutions Code Sec. 16003.
Chapter 1
Featured case: Justin Swidler v. Bethlehem Area School District, 807 A.2d 847 (Pennsylvania, 2002).
Fighting words case: Chaplinsky v. State of New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942).
Chapter 2
Featured case: Zachariah Paul v. Franklin Regional School District, 136 F.Supp.2d 446 (Pennsylvania, 2001).
Email facts and safety tips are from: PEW Internet and American Life Project, 2009.
Chapter 3
Featured case: Justin Layshock v. Hermitage School District, 2007 West Law 2022096 (Pennsylvania, 2007).
Social networking stats are from: Minnesota College of Education and Human Development, 2008; and PEW Internet and American Life Project, October 24, 2007.
Chapter 4
Featured case: A.B. v. State of Indiana, 885 N.E.2d 1223 (Indiana Supreme Court, 2008).
MySpace study details are from: Moreno, Megan A., and others. “Reducing At-Risk Adolescents’ Display of Risk Behavior on a Social Networking Web Site.” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 163:1 (January 2009).
Social networking safety tips are from: Kaplan Education, 2008.
Chapter 5
Featured case: Avery Doninger v. Lewis Mills High School, 527 F.3d 41 (2nd Circuit Court of Appeals, Connecticut, 2008).
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act information is from: 20 U.S. Code Sec. 1232g.
Fact about blogging is from: PEW Internet and American Life Project, 2009.
Facts about the benefits of blogging are from: Miami Herald, November 9, 2008; PEW Internet and American Life Project, April 24, 2008; and Professor Nenagh Kemp, University of Tasmania, Australia, 2008.
Quote from Justin Reich is from: Reich, Justin. “Turn Teen Texting Toward Better Writing.” Christian Science Monitor (May 13, 2008).
Chapter 6
Featured case: Ian Michael Lake v. State of Utah, 61 P.3d 1038 (Utah Supreme Court, 2002).
Facts in “Have You Googled Yourself Lately?” are from: Epstein, Dina. “Have I Been Googled? Character and Fitness in the Age of Google, Facebook and YouTube.” 21 Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 715 (Summer, 2008).
Chapter 7
Featured case: Gregory Requa v. Kent School District, 92 F.Supp.2d 1272 (Washington, 2007).
Fact about New York cell phone ban is from: Price v. New York City Board of Education, 16 Misc.3d 543 (2008).
Sexting facts are from: Teenage Research Unlimited survey, October 2008; The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children report, December 2008.
Reminders to avoid sexting are adapted in part from: CosmoGirl.com, October 2008.
Chapter 8
Featured case: Jon Coy v. Canton City Schools, 205 F.Supp.2d 791 (Ohio, 2002).
Facts in “Cyberbullying Is on the Rise” are from: University of New Hampshire’s Crimes Against Children Research Center (2008); Public Health Agency of Canada, 2009; Microsoft Canada and Youthography Internet Safety Survey, February 2009; and University of Queensland, 2008.
Chapter 9
Featured case: Joshua Mahaffey v. Waterford School District, 236 F.Supp.2d 779 (Michigan, 2002).
Chapter 10
Featured case: Nick Emmett v. Kent School District, 92 F.Supp.2d 1088 (Eastern District, Washington, 2000).
Chapter 11
Featured case: Aaron Wisniewski v. Weedsport Central School District, 494 F.3d 34 (2nd Circuit Court of Appeals, New York, 2007). Appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court was denied on March 31, 2008: 128 S.Ct. 1741.
IM and texting facts are from: PEW Internet and American Life Project, 2009; Upfront Magazine, October 20, 2008; and the U.S. Justice Department, February 2009.
Chapter 12
Featured case: State v. Joshua Mortimer, 542 S.E.2d 330 (North Carolina, 2001).
Chapter 13
Featured case: Jack Flaherty Jr. v. Keystone Oaks School District, 47 F.Supp.2d 698 (W.D. Pa., 2003).
Quote from Thierry Guedj is from: Brown, Edward. “Cyberbullying on the Rise, on Campus,” BU Today Web exclusive: www.bu.edu/bostonia/web/cyberbullying (accessed September 1, 2009).
Chapter 14
Featured case: Ryan Dwyer v. Oceanport School District, unpublished opinion, U.S. Dist. Ct. New Jersey, March 31, 2005.
Chapter 15
Featured case: Justin Boucher v. School District of Greenfield, 134 F.3d 821 (1998).
Fact about cybercheating is from: The Josephson Institute of Ethics in California.
Information about government white hat hackers is from: e-School News, May 2, 2009.
Chapter 16
Featured case: United States v. Lori Drew, Case No. CR-08-582-GW, U.S. District Court (California, 2008).
Closing Statement
Quote is from: Avery Doninger v. Niehoff, 2009 West Law 1364890, U.S. District Court (Connecticut, May 2009).