Notes

Chapter 1

1Froissart, Jean, The Chronicles of England, France and Spain, ed. Geoffrey Brereton (London: Penguin, 1968), pp. 62–5.

2The French Chronicle of London, in Rogers, Clifford J., The Wars of Edward III, Sources and Interpretations (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1999), p. 85.

3MEC1586, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. Caird Fund.

4The news was delivered to the King in London by three of the Queen’s maids; Amicia de Gloucestria, Alice de Betyngfeld and Margery de Semor. They were rewarded with £200, CCR, 1341–1343, p. 467.

5Froissart, Jean, The Chronicles of England, France and Spain, p. 65.

6Le Bel, Jean, The Chronicles of Jean le Bel, 1290–1360, trans. Nigel Bryant (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2011).

7Froissart, Jean. The Chronicles of England, France and Spain, ed. Ernest Rhys (London: J.M. Dent & Co, 1906), p. 18.

8Foedera, vol. II, pp. 799–800, translated in CCR, 1330–1333, pp. 158–9.

9Le Bel, 165–8, in Rogers, Wars of Edward III, p.79.

10Ormrod, W. Mark, Edward III (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), p. 214.

11Armitage-Smith, S., John of Gaunt (s.l.: Constable, 1904), pp. 1–3.

12C47/13/6/3. The National Archives, London.

13Sumption, Jonathan, The Hundred Years War, Volume 1: Trial by Battle (London: Faber, 1990) p. 345.

14Goodman, Anthony, John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe (Harlow: Longman 1992), p. 29.

15CPR, 1343–1345, pp. 4–5.

16The Register of Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter, A.D. 1307–1326, ed. F.C. Hingeston-Randolph (s.l.: George Bell & Sons, 1892).

17Sub nomine aule scholarium Regine de Oxon (Foundation Charter, Magrath, i, 14; Cal. of Arch. iv, p. 732).

18Ormrod, W. Mark, ‘The Royal Nursery: a Household for the Younger Children of Edward III’, English Historical Review, 120 no. 486, (2005), pp. 398–415, pp. 404–5.

19Parliamentary Rolls (C65/5. RP, II.103–106).

20Hardyng, John, Chronicle: Edited from British Library MS Lansdowne 204, ed. James Simpson and Sarah Peverley (Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 2015) p. 334.

21Goodman, Anthony., John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe (Essex: Longman), p. 29.

22Knighton, Henry, Knighton’s Chronicle: 1337–1396, ed. and trans. G.H. Martin (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 101–3.

23Knighton, pp.101–3.

24Thomas Walsingham, in The Black Death, ed. Rosemary Horrox (Manchester; New York: Manchester University Press 1994), p. 154.

25Palmer, Robert C., English Law in the Age of the Black Death, 1348–1381: A Transformation of Governance and Law (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), p. 4.

26Cantor, Norman F., In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World it Made (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), p. 6.

Chapter 2

1Cushway, Graham, Edward III and the War at Sea: The English Navy, 1327–1377 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2011), p. 157.

2Le Baker, Geoffrey, The Chronicle of Geoffrey Le Baker of Swinbrook, trans. David Preest, ed. Richard Barber (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2012), p. 94.

3Ibid., p. 95.

4Froissart, Jean, Chronicles of England France and Spain, trans. and ed. Thomas Johnes (London: William Smith, 1844), p. 198.

5Le Baker, Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker, p. 60.

6Froissart, Chronicles (1844), pp. 198–9.

78 September 1350, Rotherhithe, William, son of William de Radeclif, was pardoned for burning the grange of Roger de Atherton and the deaths of three men, for good service against the Spanish at Sea. CPR, 1350, Public Record Office, p. 562.

8Black Prince’s Register, 1352, p. 54.

9Newton, Stella M., Fashion in the Age of the Black Prince: A Study of the Years 1340–1365 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1980).

10Fawtier, R., Hand-list of Additions to the Collection of Latin Manuscripts in the John Rylands Library, 1908–1920 (Aberdeen: University Press 1921), pp. 11–13.

11CCR, Edward III, Vol. 9 1349–1354, p. 248–54, reference to extensive payments being made for the running costs and garden maintenance in 1350, this is around £200 per week today.

12Black Prince’s Register, Vol. 2, p. 9.

13Le Bel, Chronicles, p. 207.

14Le Baker, Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker, p. 125.

15Le Bel, Chronicles, p. 212.

16David Grummitt, The Calais Garrison: War and Military Service in England, 1436–1558 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2008), p. 1.

17Avesbury, pp. 429–31, in Rogers, pp. 151–2.

18Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 137.

19Le Bel, Chronicles, p. 119.

20Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 137.

21Ibid. p. 139.

22CPR, Edward III, 1327–1377, p. 543.

23Walsingham, Thomas, The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, 1376–1422, trans. David Preest (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2005), p. 123.

24Froissart, Chronicles (1968), p. 169.

Chapter 3

1Turner, Marion, Chaucer: A European Life (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2019), p. 48.

2CPR, 1358–1361, p. 488.

3‘Regesta 234: 1359’, in Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers Relating to Great Britain and Ireland: Volume 3, 1342–1362, ed. W.H. Bliss and C. Johnson (London: H.M.S.O., 1897), pp. 603–9.

4Constitutions of Richard de Marisco, Bishop of Durham, at the Council of Durham, 1220, in Scott, A.F., Everyone a Witness: The Plantagenet Age, Commentaries of an Era (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1975), p. 55.

5CCR, 1354–1360, membrane 28, p. 36. auditors of the account of the King’s clerk requested to ‘pay £226, 11s and 7.5d for wax, spidery, napery, linen, cloth of gold and silk for the marriage of John of Gant, Earl of Richemunde, celebrated at Redynges.’

6Holinshed, Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland Vol. 2 (Delhi: Pranava Books (1965–2007), p. 671.

7Previously, Londoners had loaned Edward a sum of £130,000 to finance his military ventures in France. Not only this, they also donated soldiers to the war effort, see the Calendar of Letter Books, ed. Reginald R. Sharpe (London: J.E. Francis, 1899–1912). Also see the Plea and Memoranda rolls which highlight the efforts made by Londoners, online at https://www.british-history.ac.uk/search/series/plea-memoranda-rolls

8Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 169.

9CCR, Edward III, 1354–1360, mb.14, ‘the King is about to cross the sea with his army for the furtherance of his French war.’

10Anonimalle Chronicle, pp. 44–5.

11Turner, Chaucer, p. 79.

12Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 173.

13Edward managed to negotiate a three-year truce for 200,000 florins at Burgundy: Gray, Thomas, Scalacronica: The Reigns of Edward I., Edward II., and Edward III. trans. Sir Herbert Maxwell (Glasgow: James MacLehose & Sons, 1907), pp. 148–59.

14Rémy Ambühl, Prisoners of War in the Hundred Years War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), p. 3.

15Turner, Chaucer, p. 70. £16 equates to around £8,000 today.

16Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 177.

17Scalacronica, pp. 148–59.

18Scalacronica, pp. 148–59, in Rogers, The Wars of Edward III, pp. 176–80.

19Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 177.

20Froissart, Chronicles (1844), p. 283.

21‘Regesta 240: 1359–1360’, in Bliss and Johnson, eds., Calendar of Papal Registers, pp. 628–32.

22King Jean’s [John’s] Letter on the Treaty of Brétigny, in Rogers, The Wars of Edward III, p. 183.

23Ormrod, Edward III, p. 407.

24Foedera, pp. 487–94.

25Hallam, E.M., Capetian France 987–1328 (London: Longman, 1983), p. 74.

26CPR, 1358–1361, p. 375. John of Gaunt was granted Hertford Castle 20 May 1360.

Chapter 4

1Statutes of the Realm, Vol. 1, pp. 366–7.

2Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 185.

3Fowler, Kenneth, The King’s Lieutenant: Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361 (London: Elek, 1969), pp. 209–21.

4Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 183.

5Ibid, p. 185.

6Somerville, Robert, History of the Duchy of Lancaster (London: Chancellor and Council of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1953), pp. 1–25.

7Bothwell, J.S., The Making of the Lancastrian Capital at Leicester: The Battle of Boroughbridge, Civic Diplomacy and Seigneurial Building Projects in Fourteenth Century England’, Journal of Medieval History, 38 no. 3, 2012, pp. 335–57.

8Walker, Simon, The Lancastrian Affinity 1361–1399 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1990), p. 8.

9Extract from the will of John of Gaunt, 1398: ‘Je ly devise un fermail d’or del veil manere, et escript les noms de Dieu en chascun part de icel fermail, la quel ma treshonoré dame et miere la Roigne’. Gaunt’s original will, dated 3 Feb 1399, was probably left at Lincoln Cathedral. A near-contemporary copy is written into the register of Bishop Henry Beaufort (at Lincoln, 1397–1405): DIOC/REG 13, fols 13v–18r.

10See Mortimer, Ian, The Fears of Henry IV: The Life of England’s Self-Made King. Appendices Seven: The Lancastrian Esses Collar (Vintage Books: London, 2008).

11Sumption, Jonathan, The Hundred Years War, Volume 3: Divided Houses (London: Faber and Faber, 2009), p. 274.

12Goodman, p. 45.

13Chandos Herald, Life of the Black Prince by the Herald of Sir John Chandos, ed. Mildred K. Pope and Eleanor C. Lodge (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910), p. 148.

14Jones, Michael, The Black Prince (London: Head of Zeus, 2017), p. 271.

15Ayala, p. 393–4, in Villalon, L.J. Andrew, ‘Spanish Involvement in the Hundred Years War and the Battle of Nájera’ in The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus, Part 1, ed. L.J. Andrew Villalon and Donald J. Kagay (Leiden: Brill, 2005), p. 7.

16The Chronicler Pero Lopez Ayala does a fine job in enhancing Pedro’s reputation as a villain, whereas Chaucer sympathises with him in A Monk’s Tale, see Estow, Clara, Pedro the Cruel of Castile: 1350–1369, (Leiden: Brill, 1995), pp. xx–xxi.

17Vernier, Richard, The Flower of Chivalry, Bertrand du Guesclin and the Hundred Years War (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2003), p. 85.

18Villalon, ‘Spanish Involvement in the Hundred Years War’, p. 6

19JGR, 1371–1375, vol. I, no. 748 f.103b, p. 276.

20Chandos Herald, Life of the Black Prince by the Herald of Sir John Chandos, ed. Mildred K. Pope and Eleanor C. Lodge (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910), p. 153.

21Kempe, Margery, The Book of Margery Kempe, trans. Anthony Bale, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 97.

22JGR, 1372–1376, vol. I, nos. 60, 73, p. 45.

23Chandos Herald, in Jones, The Black Prince, p. 307.

24Villalon, ‘Spanish Involvement in the Hundred Years War’, p. 34.

25Ibid., p. 37.

26Ayala, 562–3 in Villalon, ‘Spanish Involvement in the Hundred Years War’, p. 48.

27Rigg, A.G., A History of Anglo-Latin Literature, 1066–1422 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 277.

Chapter 5

1Turner, Chaucer, p. 132.

2Ibid., pp.132–43.

3Green, David, Edward the Black Prince (Harlow: Longman, 2007), p. 8.

4Sumption, Jonathan, The Hundred Years War, Volume 2: Trial by Fire (London: Faber, 1999), p. 1016.

5Anonimalle Chronicle, pp. 59–61, in Rogers, The Wars of Edward III, p. 187.

6Ibid., p. 187.

7Quatre Premiers Valois, pp. 200–5, in Rogers, The Wars of Edward III, p. 186.

8Ibid., p. 186.

9Jones, The Black Prince, p. 358.

10Ibid., pp. 365–7.

11Jones, p. 367.

12C47/28/9/15: Chancery Miscellanea, diplomatic documents; Return by John, Duke of Lancaster, as to the custody of La Roche-sur-Yonne since 1370, National Archives, London.

Chapter 6

1JGR, 1371–1375, vol. II, nos. 1661, 1662, pp. 298–302.

2JGR, 1371–1375, vol. I, no. 409, p. 169.

3JGR, 1371–1375, vol. II, no. 969, pp. 47–8.

4Stamp, A.E., Chapman, J.B.W., Dawes, M.C.B. et al., ‘Inquisitions Post Mortem, Edward III, File 229’, in Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem: Volume 13, Edward III (London, 1954), no. 204, pp. 163–78.

5Ibid., no. 204, pp. 163–78.

6JGR, 1379–1383, vol. II, no. 963, p. 302.

7JGR, 1371–1375, vol. II, no. 1056, p. 82.

8Turner, Chaucer, pp. 50–1.

9JGR, 1379–1383, vol. I, no. 327, pp. 111–12.

10JGR, 1371–1375, vol. I, no. 409, p. 169.

11JGR, vol. II, no. 1607, p. 279.

12Calendar of Papal Registers Relating to Great Britain and Ireland: Volume 4, 1362–1404, Kal. Sept. St. Peter’s, Rome (f.232d.).

13Walsingham, Thomas, The St Albans Chronicle: The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, ed. and trans. John Taylor, Wendy R. Childs and Leslie Watkiss (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003–11), p. 13.

14Thornbury, Walter, ‘The Savoy’, in Old and New London: Volume 3 (London, 1878), pp. 95–100. The Savoy Hotel is built on the same site as the original palace.

15Loftie, W.J. and White, H., Memorials of the Savoy, the Palace, the Hospital, the Chapel (London: Macmillan and Co., 1878), p. 25.

16JGR, 1372–1376, vol. II, no. 994, p. 58.

17JGR, 1372, nos. 912, 913, 914, pp. 21–22; and nos. 925, 926, 927, p. 28.

18JGR, vol. II, no. 217, p. 95. In 1372, John was running a large part of the King’s administration.

19Sumption, Divided Houses, p. 171.

20National Archives, C47/30/8/1.

21Holmes, George, The Good Parliament (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975), p. 1. The records produced for the Good Parliament that still survive to this day include 40 large folio pages.

22Saint Albans Chronicle vol. I, p. lxxv.

23Tompkins, Laura, ‘ “Said the Mistress to the Bishop”: Alice Perrers, William Wykeham and Court Networks in Fourteenth Century England’, in Ruling Fourteenth-Century England, ed. Rémy Ambühl, James Bothwell, and Laura Tompkins (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2019), pp. 205–26.

24Holmes, The Good Parliament, p. 103.

25From 1314, the Crown required all wool for export to be traded at a designated market, called ‘the Staple’. This allowed the Crown to monitor the trade and levy tax on exports.

26The Staple – the centre of the wool trade administration – was removed from Calais, meaning that the merchant community which thrived in Calais no longer separately funded its defence as a garrison. Whilst the Staple was in Calais, the merchants relied on the soldiers for safety. They paid their wages, not the Crown. When the Staple was removed, the Crown was forced to pay the Calais soldiers.

27Ormrod, W. Mark, ‘The Trials of Alice Perrers’, Speculum, 83, no. 2, 2008, pp. 366–96.

28Walsingham, The St Albans Chronicle, p. 47.

29Ibid., pp. 43–5.

30Thomas Walsingham in Jones, The Black Prince, p. 379.

31Ibid., p. 379.

32JGR, 1372–1376, vol. II, pp. 353–355. From 1376–1377, John of Gaunt was largely based at the Savoy Palace. This indicates a highly active role at court on behalf of the King.

33Walsingham, The St Albans Chronicle, p. 63.

34JGR, 1371–1375, vol. II, no. 1806, p. 352. Letter to the chancellor, John Kynvett, to help the people of Havering pay for the repair and preservation of property, otherwise they would fall into the hands of private landowners. 17 August 1376.

35E42/3 & SC8/223/11132: Special Collections, Ancient Petitions: Gaunt’s complaint to Edward III that the manors exchanged for the Earldom of Richmond were ‘ruinous and wasted’. National Archives, London. In 1377, there was an ongoing row over Richmond lands which Gaunt had exchanged for Yorkshire lands that had proved to be less lucrative. Parliament were refusing to return land to him. Indicates animosity between Gaunt and Parliament at this stage.

36Wedgewood, Josiah C., ‘John of Gaunt and the Packing of Parliament’, The English Historical Review, 45 no. 180, 1930, pp. 623–5.

37McKisack, May, The Fourteenth Century 1307–1399 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959), p. 394.

38JGR, 1371–1375, vol. II, no. 932, p. 31.

39British Library, CH 71913, confirmation of the sale of Kirkby Mallory manor to St Mary’s Abbey in Leicester.

40C143/367/3: Chancery, Inquisitions Ad Quod Damnum; ‘John Duke of Lancaster, to grant the manor of Landbeach, with the advowson of its church, and messuages and land in Cambridge, Barnwell Grantchester and Coton, to the master and scholars of Corpus Christi College Cambridge’, 43 Edward III, 1369–70, National Archives, London.

41JGR, 1371–1375, vol. I, nos. 686, 687, pp. 252–3. Grants given to Carmelite confessor, Walter Disse.

42JGR, 1371–1375, vol. II, no. 1738, p. 323.

43Walsingham, The St Albans Chronicle, p. 83.

44Ibid., p. 83.

45McKisack, The Fourteenth Century, p. 397.

46SC1/43/81: Special Collections, Ancient Correspondence; Maud, former nurse of Philippa, his daughter, to John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster: report of evil report put out against him by friars minor and friars preachers. 1376– 1377, National Archives, London.

Chapter 7

1Ormrod, Edward III, p. 577.

2CCR, 1377–1381, 1–7.

3National Archives, C54/217, m. 45.

4National Archives, SC8/146/7271.

5The Westminster Chronicle 1381–1394, ed. L.C. Hector and B.F. Harvey (Oxford: Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1982), pp. 414–16.

6Throsby, J., Select Views in Leicestershire, from Original Drawings: Containing Seats of the Nobility and Gentry, Town Views and Ruins, Accompanied with Descriptive and Historical Relations, Volume 2 (Leicester: J. Throsby, 1790), p. 84.

7The cellar, known now as ‘John of Gaunt’s Cellar’, is still in existence underneath part of De Montfort University. The site also includes the original hall, which was in existence in John of Gaunt’s time.

8Walsingham, The St Albans Chronicle, p. 165.

9John of Gaunt’s Register, 1379–1383, ed. Eleanor C. Lodge and Robert Somerville (London: Offices of the Royal Historical Society, 1937) Camden Third Series, 56, 1–233. p. 205, note 1.

10Parliamentary Rolls, Richard II, October 1377 (C65/32. RP, III.3–29. SR, II.1–5).

11Ibid.; Saul, Nigel, Richard II (New Haven, Conn. and London: Yale Univ. Press, 1999), p. 28.

12Edward III was fourteen when he inherited the throne in 1327, however, his guardian, Roger Mortimer, was a de facto ruler rather than official regent.

13Saul, Richard II, p. 28

14Ibid., p. 2; Holmes, The Good Parliament, p. 105.

15Edwards, J.G., ‘Some Common Petitions in Richard II’s First Parliament’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 26 no. 74, 1953, pp. 200–13.

16CPR, Richard II, 1377–1381, p. 7.

17Ibid., p.7.

18National Archives, SC8/122/6051.

19Parliamentary Rolls, Richard II, October 1378, (C65/33. RP, III.32–49. SR, II.6–11).

20Ibid.

21Ibid.

22McKisack, The Fourteenth Century, pp. 404–5.

23Parliamentary Rolls, Richard II, October 1378 (C65/33. RP, III.32–49. SR, II.6–11. 13).

24Parliamentary Rolls, Richard II, November 1380, C65/36. RP, III.88–97. SR, II.16.

25Ibid.

Chapter 8

1As civil war took over important trading centres such as Ghent, cloth makers moved out of the towns and cities and began to trade elsewhere, compromising, even destroying trade with the English, for there was little demand for English wool. Lloyd, T.H., The English Wool Trade in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 225.

2Parliamentary Rolls, Richard II, November 1380, C65/36. RP, III.88–97. SR, II.16.

3Ibid.

4JGR, 1379–1383, vol. II, no. 1185, p. 374.

5JGR, 1379–1383, vol. I, nos. 31 & 32, p. 18.

6JGR, 1379–1383, vol. I, nos. 493–8, p. 161.

7Dobson, R.B., ed., The Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 (London: Macmillan, 1970), p. 155.

8Coulton, G.G., Medieval Panorama, the English Scene from Conquest too Reformation, (Cambridge: The University Press, 1943), pp. 69–80.

9Anonimalle Chronicle, in Dobson, The Peasants’ Revolt, p. 127.

10Ibid., p. 127.

11There is speculation over the involvement or even existence of Jack Straw, but Walsingham states that he came from Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk.

12Anonimalle Chronicle, in Dobson, The Peasants’ Revolt, p. 127.

13Ibid., p. 127.

14JGR, 1379–1383, vol. I, no. 529, p. 170.

15Walsingham, The St Albans Chronicle, p. 419.

16Around thirty rebels died in the cellars of the Savoy, Knighton’s Chronicle, in Dobson, The Peasants’ Revolt, p. 184.

17Walsingham, The St Albans Chronicle, p. 427.

18JGR, 1379–1383, vol. I, no. 551, p. 177.

19Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 227.

20Ibid., p. 233.

21JGR, 1379–1383, vol. I, no. 535, p. 173.

22According to Henry Knighton, John of Gaunt believed that he had been punished by God for his ongoing relationship with Katherine. Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 237.

23Walsingham, The St Albans Chronicle, p. 567.

24JGR, 1379–1383, vol. I, no. 688, pp. 221–2. In February 1382, John of Gaunt sent Katherine ten barrels of wine from Gascony as a gift.

25Ibid., no. 553, p. 177.

26Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 231.

27Ibid., p. 231.

28JGR, 1379–1383, vol. I, no. 564, p. 185.

29CPR, 1381–1385, p. 30.

30Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 289.

31CPR, 1381–1385, p. 35.

32Saul, Richard II, p. 108.

Chapter 9

1Parliamentary Rolls, Richard II, November 1381 (C65/37. RP, III.98–121. SR, II.17–23).

2In September 1381, John of Gaunt was at York Castle as part of a judicial commission, representing the King regarding the crimes committed during the uprising. National Archives, Kew, E42/303–11758189.

3CPR, 1381–1386, p. 224.

4Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 239.

5Walsingham, The St Albans Chronicle, p. 569.

6CPR, 1381–1385, pp. 125–6.

7JGR, 1379–1383, vol. I, no. 714, pp. 229–230.

8Parliamentary Rolls, Richard II, November 1381, (C65/37. RP, III.98–121. SR, II.17–23).

9Ibid.

10Jean Froissart, in The Reign of Richard II, From Minority to Tyranny 1377–97, ed. and trans. A.K. McHardy (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2012), pp. 95–6.

11The Westminster Chronicle, pp. 27–9.

12Parliamentary Rolls, Richard II, October, 1382, (C65/39. RP, III.132–143. SR, II.26–30).

13Ibid.

14Walsingham, The St Albans Chronicle, p. 493.

15Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 325.

16The Westminster Chronicle, p. 39.

17Sumption, Divided Houses, p. 504.

18Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 335.

19Sumption, Divided Houses, p. 519.

20The Westminster Chronicle, p. 69.

21Ibid., p. 69.

22Walsingham, The St Albans Chronicle, p. 725.

23Ibid., p. 217.

24Walsingham, The St Albans Chronicle, p. 727.

25The Westminster Chronicle, p. 113.

26Ibid., p. 113.

27Ibid., p. 115.

28Walsingham, The St Albans Chronicle, p. 757.

29The Westminster Chronicle, p. 123.

30There were around 14,000 men and archers on the march to Scotland, Sumption, Divided Houses, p. 548.

31Walsingham, The St Albans Chronicle, p. 763.

32Adhering to the Anglo–Portuguese treaty of 1373, English longbowmen were dispatched to aid the Portuguese in the battle.

33The crusade was made public at Saint Paul’s Cathedral on 18 February 1386, Calendar of Papal Letters, IV (1362–1404).

34Parliamentary Rolls, Richard II, October 1385, (C65/44. RP, III.203–214. SR, II. 36–7).

35Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 343.

36Dawes, M.C.B., Devine, M.R., Jones, H.E. and Post, M.J., ‘Inquisitions Post Mortem, Richard II, File 43’, in Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem: Volume 16, Richard II (London, 1974), pp. 126–31. no. 351.

37Froissart, Jean, Chroniques, ed. S. Luce, vol. 12 (Paris: SHF, 1869–1919), p. 297.

Chapter 10

1CCR, Richard II: Volume 3, 1385–1389, pp. 66–70.

2National Archives, Kew, SC1/51/26.

3National Archives, Kew. Letter to Thomas Percy under John of Gaunt’s privy seal, SC1/51/26.

4British Library. Detail of a miniature of the storming of Corunna by Broadas, from Poems and Romances (the ‘Talbot Shrewsbury book’), France (Rouen), c.1445, Royal 15 E. vi, f. 207r.

5Russell, P.E., The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Age of Edward III and Richard II (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1955), p. 432.

6Froissart, Chronicles (1968), p. 328.

7Ibid., pp. 328–9.

8Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Vol. 16, Richard II. No. 497.

9Froissart, Chronicles (1968), p. 331.

10Sumption, Divided Houses, p. 334.

11JGR, 1379–1383, vol. II, no. 1233, p. 406. The safe conduct was granted for a period of five days from 20–25 May.

12Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 343. This was the second payment from Juan Trastámara to Gaunt.

13Sumption, Divided Houses, p. 619.

Chapter 11

1The Westminster Chronicle, pp. 206–12.

2Scott, Sir Walter, ed., A Collection of Scarce and Valuable Tracts, on the Most Interesting and Entertaining Subjects: But Chiefly Such as Relate to the History and Constitution of These kingdoms: Selected from an Infinite Number in Print and Manuscript, in the Royal, Cotton, Sion, and Other Public, as Well as Private, Libraries: Particularly that of the Late Lord Somers, Volume 1 (London: T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1809), p. 21.

3The Westminster Chronicle, pp. 212–14.

4Walsingham, The St Albans Chronicle, p. 823.

5Ibid., p. 837.

6Knighton’s Chronicle, pp. 420–4.

7Walsingham, The St Albans Chronicle, p. 839.

8C65/47, m.8.

9National Archives, DL 28/3/2.

10Eulogium, pp. 366–7 in McHardy, The Reign of Richard II, p. 212.

11Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 144.

12Parliamentary Rolls, Richard II, January 1390, (C65/49. RP, III.257–273. SR, II.61–75).

13Gaunt visited Aquitaine in 1390 to deal with the concerns of Gascons over the separation of Gascony from the English crown, and to manage some of the administration himself, National Archives SC8/176/8790.

14Turner, Chaucer, p. 414.

15Edinburgh University Library, MS 183/f. 135v[1] dated 5 March, 1391/92 at Lincoln.

16South of the Dordogne, Charles VI was willing to restore all the land originally surrendered at Brétigny, except for Quercy. North of the river, Charles VI offered Péigord, southern Saintonge and the county of Angoulême. Sumption, Divided Houses, p. 783.

17Froissart, in McHardy, The Reign of Richard II, no. 132, p. 259.

18The Westminster Chronicle, p. 451.

19Ibid., p. 457.

20Knighton’s Chronicle, p. 545.

21Froissart, Chronicles (1968), p. 394.

22Ibid., pp. 395–6.

23Given-Wilson, Chris, Henry IV (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2017), p. 77.

24The National Archives, Kew, E364/36 rot.H.

Chapter 12

1CPR 1391–1396, p. 688; CCR, 1392–1396, pp. 518–27.

2Issues of the Exchequer, trans. Devon, 259; adapted. In McHardy, The Reign of Richard II, no. 159, p. 304.

3BL Harley MS, 3988 ff39r-40d.

4Parliamentary Rolls, Richard II, January 1397, C65/56. RP, III.337–346. SR, II.92–94.

5Ibid. On 4 February 1397, the Beauforts were legitimised in Parliament.

6Froissart, Chronicles (1874), pp. 638–40.

7Rotuli Parliamentorum, vol. iii, pp. 378–9.

8The Monk of Evesham, Vita Ricardi Secundi, 137–51, in Chronicles of the Revolution, 1397–1400: the Reign of Richard II, trans. and ed. Chris Given-Wilson (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993), p. 54.

9Ibid., p. 58.

10‘Richard II: September 1397, Part 2’, in Parliament Rolls of Medieval England, ed. Chris Given-Wilson, Paul Brand, Seymour Phillips, et al. (Woodbridge: Boydell Press; London: National Archives, 2005), British History Online

11Given-Wilson, Chronicles of the Revolution, p. 109.

12Ibid., p. 110.

13Traison et Mort (trans. B. Williams), 117–27, 146–9, in Given Wilson, Chronicles of the Revolution, p. 104.

14Froissart, Chronicles (Mme Ve. J. Renouard: Paris, 1873) p. 663.

15Bennett, M., Richard II and the Revolution of 1399 (Stroud: Sutton, 1999), p. 132.

16McNiven, Peter, ‘The Problem of Henry IV’s Health, 1405–1413’, The English Historical Review, 100 no. 397, 1985, pp. 747–72; Skelton, John, A Treatise on the Venereal Disease and Spermatorrhœa (Leeds: Samuel Moxon, printer, 1857), p. 12.

17Froissart, Chronicles (1873), p. 676.

18Given-Wilson, Chronicles of the Revolution, p. 122.

19Kirkstall Chronicle, 121–5, in Given-Wilson, Chronicles of the Revolution, pp. 132–5.

20Translation of a French Metrical History of the Deposition of King Richard the Second, ed. and trans. John Webb, 55–176; Collection des Chroniques Nationales Français, ed. J. A. Buchon, (Paris: Verdière, 1826), 341–415, in Given-Wilson, Chronicles of the Revolution, p. 139.

21Adam Usk, 174–86, in Given-Wilson, Chronicles of the Revolution, p. 157.