REFERENCES
1. A RAILWAY FOR INDIA
1 Quoted in Rajendra B. Aklekar, Halt Station India: The Dramatic Tale of the Nation’s First Rail Lines, Rupa Publications, 2014, p. 23.
2 Quoted in G. H. Khosla, A History of Indian Railways, Ministry of Railways, 1988.
3 David Thorner, ‘The Pattern of Railway Development in India’, in Ian J. Kerr (ed.), Railways in Modern India, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 81.
4 Ibid.
5 From Lord Dalhousie’s minute, quoted in W. J. Macpherson, ‘Investment in Indian Railways, 1845–1875’, Economic History Review, December 1955, p. 177.
6 Quoted in Macpherson, ‘Investment in Indian Railways’, p. 177.
7 John Keay, India: From the Earliest Civilisations to the Boom of the Twenty-First Century, Harper Press, 2010, p. 424.
8 Ian J. Kerr, Engines of Change: The Railroads That Made India, Praeger, 2007, p. 18.
9 Ibid.
10 Ian J. Kerr, Building the Railways of the Raj, Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 18.
11 Macpherson, ‘Investment in Indian Railways’, p. 181.
12 Aklekar, Halt Station India, p. 22.
13 Ibid., p. 9.
14 Quoted in Kerr, Building the Railways of the Raj, p. 32.
15 Ibid.
16 All quoted in S. N. Sharma, History of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (1853–1869), vol. 1, Nirav Enterprise, 1990, p. 6.
17 Aklekar, Halt Station India, p. 12.
18 Ibid., p. 29.
19 Ibid.
20 Overland Telegraph and Courier, 16 April 1853.
21 Illustrated London News, 4 June 1853.
22 Quoted in Sharma, History of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, vol. 1, p. 10.
23 Kerr, Building the Railways of the Raj, p. 29.
24 J. N. Westwood, Railways of India, David & Charles, 1974, p. 16.
2. BUILDING FOR INDIA
1 J. N. Westwood, Railways of India, David & Charles, 1974, p. 25.
2 Ian J. Kerr, Building the Railways of the Raj, Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 21.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid., p. 25.
5 Ian J. Kerr, ‘The Building of the Bhor Ghat Railway Incline in Western India in the mid-19th Century’, in Railroads in Historical Context: Construction, Costs and Consequences, University of Minho, 2012, p. 345.
6 Quoted in S. N. Sharma, History of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (1853–1869), vol. 1, Nirav Enterprise, 1990, p. 66.
7 Ian J. Kerr, Engines of Change: The Railroads That Made India, Praeger, 2007, p. 42.
8 Kerr, ‘The Building of the Bhor Ghat Railway Incline’, p. 353.
9 Quoted in Anthony Burton, The Railway Empire, John Murray, 1994, p. 152.
10 Kerr, Engines of Change, p. 42.
11 As described by his partner on the contract; quoted in Kerr, Building the Railways of the Raj, p. 56.
12 Quoted in Kerr, Engines of Change, p. 45.
13 Burton, The Railway Empire, p. 152.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid., p. 154.
16 Edward Davidson, The Railways of India, 1868, reprinted by Kessinger Legacy Reprints, p. 105.
17 Burton, The Railway Empire, p. 155.
18 Based on the diaries of Thomas Hardinge, quoted in Kerr, Engines of Change, p. 53.
19 Kerr, Engines of Change, p. 45.
20 The speech is reproduced in full in Ian J. Kerr (ed.), Railways in Modern India, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 68–79.
21 Kerr, Engines of Change, p. 49.
22 G. S. Khosla, A History of Indian Railways, Ministry of Railways, p. 28.
23 Civil and Military Gazette, 2 March 1887.
24 Kerr, Engines of Change, p. 48.
25 Ian J. Kerr, ‘The Dark Side of the Force: Mistakes, Mismanagement and Malfeasance in the Early Railways of the British Indian Empire’, in Roopa Srinivasan, Manish Tiwari and Sandeep Silas (eds.), Our Indian Railway: Themes in India’s Railway History, Foundation Books, 2006, p. 189.
26 See numerous such tales in my previous book, The Great Railway Revolution: The Epic Story of the American Railroad, Atlantic Books, 2013.
27 Kerr, ‘The Dark Side of the Force’, p. 188.
28 Westwood, Railways of India, p. 39.
29 Davidson, The Railways of India, p. 373.
30 Westwood, Railways of India, p. 39.
31 Burton, The Railway Empire, p. 144.
32 Kerr, Building the Railways of the Raj, p. 37.
33 Ibid.
3. CONTROLLING THE RAILWAYS
1 John Hurd, ‘A huge railway system but no sustained economic development: the company perspective, 1884–1939: some hypotheses’, in Ian J. Kerr (ed.), 27 Down: New Departures in Indian Railway Studies, Orient Longman, p. 317.
2 Ibid.
3 Ian J. Kerr, Building the Railways of the Raj, Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 59.
4 Unnamed biographer quoted in ibid., p. 61.
5 Quoted in M. A. Rao, Indian Railways, National Book Trust, India, 1975, p. 23.
6 Edward Davidson, The Railways of India, 1868, reprinted by Kessinger Legacy Reprints, p. 102.
7 Kerr, Building the Railways of the Raj, p. 216.
8 Ibid., p. 107.
9 Davidson, The Railways of India, p. 101.
10 Daniel Thorner, ‘The pattern of railway development in India’, in Ian J. Kerr, Railways in Modern India, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 85.
11 Ibid.
12 Indian Railways, p. 23.
13 G. S. Khosla, A History of Indian Railways, Ministry of Railways, 1988, p. 82.
14 Quoted in J. N. Westwood, Railways of India, David & Charles, 1974, p. 43.
15 Quoted in Ian J. Kerr, Engines of Change: The Railroads That Made India, Praeger, 2007, p. 75.
16 Khosla, A History of Indian Railways, p. 95.
17 Jim Corbett, My India, Oxford India Paperbacks, 1952.
4. STARVING OFF THE LINE AND FIGHTING ON IT
1 The area then known as Bengal included land that now forms parts of several other states, such as Bihar and Odisha.
2 Report of the Indian Famine Commission, 1880, cmd number 2591.
3 G. S. Khosla, A History of Indian Railways, Ministry of Railways, 1988, p. 116.
4 Daniel Thorner, ‘The pattern of railway development in India’, in Ian J. Kerr, Railways in Modern India, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 86.
5 Khosla, A History of Indian Railways, p. 113.
6 Stuart Sweeney, ‘Indian Railways and Famine, 1875–1914’, Essays in Economic & Business History, vol. XXVI, 2008, p. 151.
7 Khosla, A History of Indian Railways, p. 117.
8 John Harrison, ‘The Records of Indian Railways: A Neglected Resource’, in Kerr, Railways in Modern India, p. 201.
9 Both quoted in Hareet Kumar Meena, ‘Famine in Late 19th Century Natural or Man Made’, Journal of Human and Social Research, vol. 06 (01), 2014, p. 37.
10 Sweeney, ‘Indian Railways and Famine’, p. 151.
11 Ibid., p. 153.
12 Sarah Hilaly, The Railways in Assam, 1885–1947, Pilgrims Publishing, 2007, p. 114.
13 Ibid., p. 146.
14 Ibid., p. 284.
15 Sweeney, ‘Indian Railways and Famine’, p. 152.
16 Laura Bear, Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy and the Intimate Historical Self’, Columbia University Press, 2007, p. 26.
17 Ibid., p. 26.
18 J. N. Sahni, Indian Railways: One Hundred Years, 1853–1953, Ministry of Railways, 1953.
19 Iris Wedgwood, ‘Travels in India’, Railway Gazette, 24 November 1937, p. 12–3.
20 John Hurd, ‘Railways’, in Kerr, Railways in Modern India, p. 149.
21 J. N. Westwood, Railways of India, David & Charles, 1974, p. 55.
5. LIFE ON THE LINES
1 Ritika Prasad, Tracks of Change: Railways and Everyday Life in Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, 2015, p. 5.
2 Ibid., p. 23.
3 Ian J. Kerr, Engines of Change: The Railroads That Made India, Praeger, 2007, p. 89.
4 Ibid.
5 Prasad, Tracks of Change, p. 28.
6 Laura Bear, Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy and the Intimate Historical Self, Columbia University Press, 2007, p. 46.
7 Mark Twain, Following the Equator and Anti-Imperialist Essays (1897), Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 405.
8 Ibid, p. 404.
9 Quoted in Prasad, Tracks of Change, p. 30.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid., p. 32.
12 Ibid., p. 36.
13 Ibid., p. 37.
14 Quoted in ibid., p. 38.
15 Ibid., p. 39.
16 Consulting Engineer for Railways, Bombay Government, letter of 18 July 1884, quoted in Prasad, Tracks of Change, p. 40.
17 The following quotations are all from Curzon, Viceroy of India 1898–1905: Official Printed Material on India; copies of Official Papers 1899–1906.
18 J. N. Westwood, Railways of India, David & Charles, 1974, p. 79.
19 Bear, Lines of the Nation, pp. 47–9.
20 Quoted in Prasad, Tracks of Change, p. 72.
21 Bear, Lines of the Nation, p. 47.
22 Quotations by William Muir, Lieutenant-Governor of North-Western Provinces, minute of 17 July 1869.
23 Bear, Lines of the Nation, p. 50.
24 Prasad, Tracks of Change, p. 78.
25 From a 1918 report on the Madras & Southern Mahratta Railway by E. S. Christie, quoted in Prasad, Tracks of Change, p. 81.
26 From internal East Indian papers, quoted in Prasad, Tracks of Change, p. 79.
6. WORKING ON THE LINE
1 Laura Bear, Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy and the Intimate Historical Self, Columbia University Press, 2007, p. 65.
2 Ibid., p. 66.
3 Ian J. Kerr, Engines of Change: The Railroads That Made India, Praeger, 2007, p. 82.
4 Ian Derbyshire, ‘Private and State Enterprise’, in 27 Down: New Departures in Indian Railway Studies, Orient Longman, 2007, p. 302.
5 Bear, Lines of the Nation, p. 66.
6 Ibid., p. 67.
7 Ibid., p. 69.
8 Ibid., p. 42.
9 David A. Campion, ‘Railway Policing and Security in Colonial India, c 1860–1930’, in Roopa Srinivasan, Manish Tiwari and Sandeep Silas (eds.), Our Indian Railway: Themes in India’s Railway History, Foundation Books, 2006, p. 138.
10 Ibid., p. 138.
11 ‘Sanitary Conditions of Railway Stations in Bengal and Punjab: Report of Committee Appointed by His Honour the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal’, India Proceedings: Public Works Department, Railways, July 1865, nos. 49–56.
12 Quoted in Bear, Lines of the Nation, p. 72.
13 Rudyard Kipling, Among the Railway Folk, 1888, available online at https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/k/kipling/rudyard/railway/chapter1.html.
14 Railway Gazette, 28 May 1913, p. 85.
15 Colonel A. A. Phillips, ‘Armoured Trains in India’, Royal United Services Institution Journal, vol. 113, p. 254.
16 Ian J. Kerr, ‘Railway Workshops and Their Labour’, in 27 Down: New Departures in Indian Railway Studies, Orient Longman, 2007, p. 249.
17 Indian Industrial Commission, 1916–18, Inspection Notes, quoted in Kerr, ‘Railway Workshops and Their Labour’, p. 237.
18 Kipling, Among the Railway Folk.
19 Ibid.
20 Quoted in Kerr, Engines of Change, p. 53.
21 Ian Derbyshire, ‘The Building of India’s Railways’, in Ian J. Kerr, Railways in Modern India, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 301.
22 Ibid., p. 301.
23 Mark Tully, ‘A View of the History of Indian Railways’, in Srinivasan, Tiwari and Silas (eds.), p. 235.
24 John Hurd in Dharma Kumar and Meghnad Desai (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of India, vol. 2, c.1751–c.1970, Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 751.
25 J. N. Sahni, Indian Railways: One Hundred Years, 1853–1953, Ministry of Railways, 1953, p. 102.
26 Bear, Lines of the Nation, p. 82.
27 Ibid.
28 Kerr, ‘Railway Workshops and Their Labour’, p. 261.
29 Bear, Lines of the Nation, p. 94.
30 Derbyshire, ‘Private and State Enterprise’, p. 303.
31 Bear, Lines of the Nation, p. 96.
7. NOT ALWAYS LOVED
1 J. N. Westwood, Railways of India, David & Charles, 1974, p. 57.
2 Visalakshi Menon and Sucheta Mahajan, ‘Indian Nationalism and Railways’, in Roopa Srinivasan, Manish Tiwari and Sandeep Silas (eds.), Our Indian Railway: Themes in Indian Railway History, Foundation Books, 2006, p. 155.
3 Quoted in Bipan Chandra, ‘Economic Nationalism and the Railway Debate, circa 1850–1905’, in Srinivasan, Tiwari and Silas (eds.), Our Indian Railway, p. 87.
4 Quoted in Chandra, ‘Economic Nationalism and the Railway Debate’, in Srinivasan, Tiwari and Silas (eds.), Our Indian Railway, p. 111.
5 Quoted in ibid., p. 115.
6 Ritika Prasad, Tracks of Change: Railways and Everyday Life in Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, 2015, p. 107.
7 Quoted in ibid., p. 109.
8 M. Saha, ‘The Great Flood in Northern Bengal’, Modern Review, vol. 32, 1922, p. 605. From Collected Works of Meghnad Saha, ed. Santimay Chatterjee, Orient Longman, 1987.
9 Quoted in Amitabha Bhattacharyya, ‘Meghnad Saha’s Paradoxical Story: Railways and the 1922 North Bengal Floods’, CSSP Electronic Working Paper Series, Paper No. 6, September 2015, p. 6 (available online).
10 Railway Gazette, 17 September 1923, p. 6.
11 Prasad, Tracks of Change, p. 101.
12 Ibid., p. 48.
13 Ibid., p. 196.
14 M. C. Furnell, From Madras to Delhi and Back to Bombay, C. Foster and Co., 1874, p. 124, quoted in Ian J. Kerr, ‘Reworking a Popular Religious Practice: The Effects of Railways on Pilgrimage in 19th and 20th Century South Asia’, in Ian J. Kerr, Railways in Modern India, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 317.
15 Quoted in Prasad, Tracks of Change, p. 66.
16 Kerr, ‘Reworking a Popular Religious Practice’, p. 326. Cook is rather wrongly credited with having invented the railway excursion when, in fact, there were many such excursions long before he famously first carried passengers on a temperance trip in 1841.
17 Ibid., p. 325.
18 Ibid., p. 320.
19 Mark Harrison, Public Health in British India: Anglo-Indian Preventative medicine 1859–1914, Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 97.
20 Report on Sanitary Measures in India 1875–6; with miscellaneous Information up to June 1877, vol. IX, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1877, p. 56.
21 Prasad, Tracks of Change, p. 179.
22 Harrison, Public Health in British India, p. 97.
23 Told in Ian J. Kerr, Engines of Change: The Railroads That Made India, Praeger, 2007, p. 96.
24 M. K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj, Navajivan Publishing House, 1909, reprinted 1938, p. 41 (available online).
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid., p. 42.
27 Ibid., p. 41.
28 All these quotes from Letter written by Gandhiji on third class travelling on Indian Railways, http://mkgandhimanibhavan.blogspot.co.uk/2011/02/letter-written-by-gandhiji-on-third.html
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
8. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE RAILWAY
1 Railway Gazette, 28 May 1913, p. 4.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid., 17 September 1923, p. 106.
5 Ibid., p. 106.
6 J. N. Westwood, Railways of India, David & Charles, 1974, p. 73.
7 Railway Gazette, 28 May 1913, p. 5.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid, p. 4.
10 Ibid., p. 5.
11 Ibid., p. 12.
12 Quoted in J. N. Sahni, Indian Railways: One Hundred Years, 1853–1953, Ministry of Railways, 1953, p. 25.
13 Ian J. Kerr, Engines of Change: The Railroads That Made India, Praeger, 2007, p. 124.
14 Sahni, Indian Railways, pp. 25–6.
15 Ibid., p. 26.
16 Westwood, Railways of India, p. 62.
17 Ibid., p. 64.
18 Often known simply as the Indian Railway Committee.
19 Sahni, Indian Railways, p. 28.
20 Quotations from Minute in Sahni, Indian Railways, p. 28.
21 Quoted in Sahni, Indian Railways, p. 32.
22 Railway Gazette, 17 September 1923, p. 2.
23 Ibid., p. 85.
24 Interestingly, at the time of writing in summer 2016, the Indian government announced that a third route between these two towns would be built, as the existing two were full, at a cost of 2,000 crore rupees, about £200m.
25 Kerr, Engines of Change, p. 127.
26 Railway Gazette, 17 September 1923, p. 4.
27 Rahul Mehrotra and Sharada Dwivedi, A City Icon: Victoria Terminus Bombay 1887 Now Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Mumbai 1996, Eminence Designs, 2006, p. 250.
28 845 out of 2,765.
29 Railway Gazette, 11 November 1929, p. 2.
30 Ibid.
31 Quoted in Sahni, Indian Railways, p. 37.
32 Railway Gazette, 28 May 1913, p. 2.
33 G. S. Khosla, A History of Indian Railways, Ministry of Railways, 1988, p. 338.
34 Sahni, Indian Railways, p. 123.
35 David A. Campion, ‘Railway Policing and Security in Colonial India’, in Roopa Srinivasan, Manish Tiwari and Sandeep Silas (eds.), Our Indian Railway: Themes in India’s Railway History, Foundation Books, 2006, p. 149.
36 Stuart Sweeney, Financing India’s Imperial Railways, 1875–1914, Pickering and Chatto, 2011, p. 89. The direct quotation from the report is in double quotation marks.
37 P. S. A. Berridge, Couplings to the Khyber: The Story of the North Western Railway, David & Charles, 1969, p. 228.
38 Ibid., p. 229.
39 Ibid., p. 244.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid., pp. 241–2.
9. TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE
1 John Hurd, ‘The Company Perspective’, in Ian J. Kerr (ed.), 27 Down: New Departures in Indian Railway Studies, Orient Longman, 2007, p. 340.
2 Terms of reference quoted in J. N. Sahni, Indian Railways: One Hundred Years, 1853–1953, Ministry of Railways, 1953, p. 38.
3 Quoted in Sahni, Indian Railways, pp. 37–8.
4 Iris Wedgwood, Railway Gazette, 24 November 1937, pp. 12–13.
5 Hurd, ‘The Company Perspective’, p. 346.
6 Railway Gazette, 24 November 1937, p. 22.
7 Ibid., p. 15.
8 Jawaharlal Nehru, Selected Works, vol. 7, Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 326.
9 David A. Campion, ‘Railway Policing and Security in Colonial India’, in Roopa Srinivasan, Manish Tiwari and Sandeep Silas (eds.), Our Indian Railway: Themes in India’s Railway History, Foundation Books, 2006, p. 144.
10 Ibid.
11 Ritika Prasad, Tracks of Change: Railways and Everyday Life in Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, 2015, p. 235.
12 Campion, ‘Railway Policing and Security in Colonial India’, p. 145.
13 Railway Gazette, 29 November 1939, p. 40.
14 Visalakshi Menon and Sacheta Mahajan, ‘Indian Nationalism and Railways’, in Srinivasan, Tiwari and Silas (eds.), Our Indian Railway, p. 168.
15 John Thomas, Line of Communication: Railway to Victory in the East, Locomotive Publishing Company, 1947, p. 64.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid., p. 8.
18 Ibid., p. 15.
19 Ibid., p. 17.
20 Ibid., p. 8.
21 G. S. Khosla, A History of Indian Railways, Ministry of Railways, 1988, p. 192.
22 William Dalrymple, ‘The Great Divide’, New Yorker, 29 June 2015.
23 Nisid Hajari, Midnight’s Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India’s Partition, Amberley Publishing, 2015, p. xviii.
24 Ibid., p. 167.
25 Ibid., p. 141.
26 http://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/THE_KAMOKE_MASSACRE
27 Ian J. Kerr, Engines of Change: The Railroads That Made India, Praeger, 2007, p. 134.
10. INDIAN AT LAST
1 Bill Aitken, Exploring Indian Railways, Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 246.
2 Quoted in J. N. Sahni, Indian Railways: One Hundred Years, 1853–1953, Ministry of Railways, 1953, p. 160.
3 Ibid., p. 172.
4 M. A. Rao, Indian Railways, 3rd edn, National Book Trust, 1999, p. 183.
5 Ian J. Kerr, Engines of Change: The Railroads That Made India, Praeger, 2007, p. 166.
6 J. N. Westwood, Railways of India, David & Charles, 1974, p. 140.
7 S. T. Hollins, No Ten Commandments, Arrow Books, 1958 (originally published 1954), p. 207.
8 Westwood, Railways of India, p 141.
9 David A. Campion, ‘Railway Policing and Security in Colonial India’, in Roopa Srinivasan, Manish Tiwari and Sandeep Silas (eds.), Our Indian Railway: Themes in India’s Railway History, Foundation Books, 2006, p. 151.
10 Aitken, Exploring Indian Railways, p. 237.
11 G. S. Khosla, A History of Indian Railways, Ministry of Railways, 1988, p. 361.
12 Laura Bear, Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy and the Intimate Historical Self, Columbia University Press, 2007, p. 235.
13 Mark Tully, ‘A View of the History of Indian Railways’, in Srinivasan, Tiwari and Silas (eds.), Our Indian Railway, p. 239.
14 Sudhir Kumar and Shagun Mehrotra, Bankruptcy to Billions: How the Indian Railways Transformed, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 37.
15 Expert Group on Indian Railways New Delhi, The Indian Railways Report 2001: Policy Imperatives for Reinvention and Growth, Volume 1: Executive Summary, National Council of Applied Economic Research, 2001, p. 6.
16 Kumar and Mehrotra, Bankruptcy to Billions, p. 41.
11 … AND TODAY
1 Preface by Paul Theroux, in Michael Satow and Ray Desmond, Railways of the Raj, Scolar Press, 1980, p. 6.
2 Ibid., p. 5.
3 John Hurd, ‘Railways’, in Ian J. Kerr, Railways in Modern India, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 172.
4 Bill Aitken, Exploring Indian Railways, Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 246.
5 Ibid.