REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 1
Amen, D. G. 2005. Making a Good Brain Great. New York: Harmony Books.
Amen, D. G., C. Hanks, J. R. Prunella, et al. 2007. An analysis of regional cerebral blood flow in impulsive murderers using single photon emission computed tomography. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 19(3): 304–309.
Gilbert, S. 2005. Married with problems? Therapy may not help. New York Times. April 19. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/19/health/psychology/19coup.htm?_r=1&oref=slogin .
Recidivism Rates
U.S. Department of Justice. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/crimoff.htm#recidivism.
CHAPTER 2
Adams, J., C. M. Adler, K. Jarvis, et al. 2007. Evidence of anterior temporal atrophy in college-level soccer players. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 17(4): 304–306.
Feldman, H. A., I. Goldstein, D. G. Hatzichristou, et al. 1994. Impotence and its medical and psychological correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Journal of Urology 151: 54–61.
Firlik, K. Another Day in the Frontal Lobe: A Brain Surgeon Exposes Life on the Inside. New York: Random House.
CHAPTER 3
Amen, D. G., and J. Payne. Making a Good Brain Great High School Course, 2005. http://amenclinics.com/store/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=6&products_id=39.
Anderson, C. A., and K. E. Dill. 2000. Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78(4): 772–790.
Bartholow, B. D., M. A. Sestir, and E. B. Davis. 2005. Correlates and consequences of exposure to video game violence: hostile personality, empathy, and aggressive behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2005 Nov 31(11): 1573–1586.
Christakis, D. A., F. J. Zimmerman, D. L. DiGiuseppe, et al. 2004. Early television exposure and subsequent attentional problems in children. Pediatrics 113(4): 708–713.
Ding, J., M. L. Eigenbrodt, T. H. Mosley, Jr., et al. 2003. Alcohol intake and cerebral abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging in a community-based population of middle-aged adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Stroke 35(1): 16–21.
Hancox, R. J., B. J. Milne, and R. Poulton. 2004. Association between child and adolescent television viewing and adult health: A longitudinal birth cohort study. Lancet 364(9430): 257–262.
Lindstrom, H. A., T. Fritsch, G. Petot, et al. 2005. The relationships between television viewing in midlife and the development of Alzheimer’s disease in a case-control study. Brain and Cognition 58(2): 157–65.
McCann, D., A. Barrett, A. Cooper, et al. 2007. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 370(9598): 1560–1567.
Park, R. M., P. A. Schulte, J. D. Bowman, et al. 2005. Potential occupational risks for neurodegenerative diseases. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 48(1): 63–77.
Shoja, M. M., R. S. Tubbs, A. Malekian, et al. 2007. Video game epilepsy in the twentieth century: A review. Child’s Nervous System 23(3): 265–267.
Trenité, D. G. 2006. Photosensitivity, visually sensitive seizures and epilepsies. Epilepsy Research 70(Suppl. 1): S269–S279.
Wilson, G. D. http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/22/text.iq/.
Zimmerman, F. J., D. A. Christakis, and A. N. Meltzoff. 2007. Associations between media viewing and language development in children under age 2 years. Journal of Pediatrics 151(4): 364–368.
CHAPTER 4
Amen, D. G. 2000. Change Your Brain, Change Your Life. 2000. New York: Three Rivers Press.
Kessler, R. C., P. A. Berglund, O. Demler, et al. 2005. Lifetime prevalence and age of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry 62(6): 593–602.
CHAPTER 5
Multiple Vitamins
Fairfield, K. M., and R. H. Fletcher. 2002. Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: Scientific review. Journal of the American Medical Association 287(23): 3116–3126.
Fletcher, R. H., and K. M. Fairfield. 2002. Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: Clinical applications. Journal of the American Medical Association 287(23): 3127–3129.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids / Fish Oil
Appel, L. J., E. R. Miller III, A. J. Seidler, et al. 1993. Does supplementation of diet with “fish oil” reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Archives of Internal Medicine 153(12): 1429–1438.
Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: Results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. 1999. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto miocardico. Lancet 354(9177): 447–455.
Gapinski, J. P., J. V. VanRuiswyk, G. R. Heudebert, et al. 1993. Preventing restenosis with fish oils following coronary angioplasty: A meta-analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine 153(13): 1595–1601.
Hirashima, F., A. M. Parow, A. L. Stoll, et al. 2004. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment and T(2) whole brain relaxation times in bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 161(10): 1922–1924.
Stoll, A. L., K. E. Damico, B. P. Daly, et al. 2001. Methodological considerations in clinical studies of omega-3 fatty acids in major depression and bipolar disorder. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 88: 58–67.
Stoll, A. L., C. A. Locke, L. B. Marangell, et al. 1999. Omega-3 fatty acids and bipolar disorder: A review. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 60(5–6): 329–337.
Stoll, A. L., W. E. Severus, M. P. Freeman, et al. 1999. Omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 56(5): 407–112.
CHAPTER 6
ADD
Amen, D. G. 2001. Healing ADD: The Breakthrough Program That Allows You to See and Heal the 6 Types of ADD. New York: Putnam.
Benton, D., and G. Roberts. 1988. Effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation on intelligence of a sample of schoolchildren. Lancet 1(8578): 140–143.
Fletcher, R. H., and K. M. Fairfield. 2002. Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: Clinical applications. Journal of the American Medical Association 287(23): 3127–3129.
McCann, D., A. Barrett, A. Cooper, et al. 2007. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 370(9598): 1560–1567.
Pelsser, L. M., K. Frankena, J. Toorman, et al. A randomised controlled trial into the effects of food on ADHD. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids / Fish Oil
Colter, A. L., C. Cutler, and K. A. Meckling. 2008. Fatty acid status and behavioural symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents: a case-control study. Nutrition Journal 7: 8.
Johnson, M., S. Ostlund, G. Fransson, et al. Omega-3/Omega-6 fatty acids for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized placebo-controlled trial in children and adolescents. Journal of Attention Disorders.
Richardson, A. J., and P. Montgomery. 2005. The Oxford-Durham study: A randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder. Pediatrics 115(5): 1360–1366.
Sinn, N., and J. Bryan. 2007. Effect of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients on learning and behavior problems associated with child ADHD. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 28(2): 82–91.
Sinn, N., J. Bryan, and C. Wilson. Cognitive effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: A randomised controlled trial. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 75(4–5): 311–326.
Sorgi, P. J., E. M. Hallowell, H. L. Hutchins, et al. 2007. Effects of an open-label pilot study with high-dose EPA/DHA concentrates on plasma phospholipids and behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nutrition Journal 6(1): 16.
Acetyl-L-Carnitine
Arnold, L. E., A. Amato, H. Bozzolo, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) in attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder: A multi-site, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 17(6): 791–802.
Bianchetti, A., R. Rozzini, and M. Trabucchi. 1992. Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in Alzheimer’s disease patients unresponsive to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Current Medical Research and Opinion 19(4): 350–353.
Bowman, B. 1992. Acetyl-carnitine and Alzheimer’s disease. Nutrition Reviews 50: 142–144.
Carta, A., M. Calvani, and D. Bravi. 1993. Acetyl-L-carnitine and Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacologic considerations beyond the cholinergic sphere. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 695: 324–326.
Moyano, D., M. A. Vilaseca, R. Artuch, et al. 1998. Plasma amino acids in anorexia nervosa. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52(9): 684–689.
Ott, B. R., and N. J. Owens. 1998. Complementary and alternative medicines for Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 11: 163–173.
Pettegrew, J. W., J. Levine, and R. J. McClure. 2000. Acetyl-L-carnitine physical-chemical, metabolic, and therapeutic properties: Relevance for its mode of action in Alzheimer’s disease and geriatric depression. Molecular Psychiatry 5: 616–632.
Plioplys, A. V., and S. Plioplys. 1997. Amantadine and L-carnitine treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuropsychobiology 35(1): 16–23.
Postiglione, A., A. Soricelli, U. Cicerano, et al. 1991. Effect of acute administration of L-acetyl-carnitine on cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic cerebral infarct. Pharmacological Research 23(3): 241–246.
Rossini, M., O. Di Munno, G. Valentini, et al. 2007. Double-blind, multicenter trial comparing acetyl-L-carnitine with placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia patients. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 25(2): 182–188.
Tempesta, E., L. Casella, C. Pirrongelli, et al. L-acetylcarnitine in depressed elderly subjects. A cross-over study vs. placebo. Drugs Under Experimental & Clinical Research 13(7): 417–423.
Thal, L. J., A. Carta, W. R. Clarke, et al. 1996. A 1-year multicenter placebo-controlled study of acetyl-L-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 47: 705–711.
Tomassini, V., C. Pozzilli, E. Onesti, et al. 2004. Comparison of the effects of acetyl-L-carnitine and amantadine for the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: results of a pilot, randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 218(1–2): 103–108.
Torrioli, M. G., S. Vernacotola, L. Peruzzi, et al. A double-blind, parallel, multicenter comparison of L-acetylcarnitine with placebo on the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in fragile X syndrome boys. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 146(7): 803–812.
Van Wouwe, J. P. 1995. Carnitine deficiency during valproic-acid treatment. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 65: 211–214.
Werbach, M. R. 2000. Nutritional strategies for treating chronic fatigue syndrome. Alternative Medicine Review 5(2): 93–108.
Zanardi, R., and E. Smeraldi. 2006. A double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial of acetyl-L-carnitine vs. amisulpride in the treatment of dysthymia. European Neuropsychopharmacology 16(4): 281–287.
DL-Phenylalanine
Baker, G. B., R. A. Bornstein, A. C. Rouget, et al. 1991. Phenylethylaminergic mechanisms in attention-deficit disorder. Biological Psychiatry 29(1): 15–22.
Beckmann, H., D. Athen, M. Olteanu, et al. 1979. DL-phenylalanine versus imipramine: a double-blind controlled study. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 227(1): 49–58.
Beckmann, H., M. A. Strauss, and E. Ludolph. 1977. DL-phenylalanine in depressed patients: An open study. Journal of Neural Transmission 41(2–3): 123–134.
Fugh-Berman, A., and J. M. Cott. 1999. Dietary supplements and natural products as psychotherapeutic agents. Psychosomatic Medicine 61: 712–728.
Meyers, S. 2000. Use of neurotransmitter precursors for treatment of depression. Alternative Medicine Review 5(1): 64–71.
Russell, A. L., and M. F. McCarty. 2000. DL-phenylalanine markedly potentiates opiate analgesia—an example of nutrient pharmaceutical up-regulation of the endogenous analgesia system. Medical Hypotheses 55(4): 283–288.
Sabelli, H. C., J. Fawcett, F. Gusovsky, et al. 1986. Clinical studies on the phenylethylamine hypothesis of affective disorder: urine and blood phenylacetic acid and phenylalanine dietary supplements. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 47: 66–70.
Walsh, N. E., S. Ramamurthy, L. Schoenfeld, et al. 1986. Analgesic effectiveness of DL-phenylalanine in chronic pain patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 67(7): 436–439.
Wood, D. R., F. W. Reimherr, and P. H. Wender. 1985. Treatment of attention deficit disorder with DL-phenylalanine. Psychiatry Research 16(1): 21–26.
GABA
Abdou, A. M., S. Higashiguchi, K. Horie, et al. 2006. Relaxation and immunity enhancement effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration in humans. Biofactors 26(3): 201–208.
Deng, S., B. J. West, A. K. Palu, et al. 2007. Noni as an anxiolytic and sedative: a mechanism involving its gamma-aminobutyric acidergic effects. Phytomedicine 14(7–8): 517–522.
Gottesmann, C. 2003. GABA mechanisms and sleep. Neuroscience 111: 231–239.
Nemeroff, C. B. 2003. The role of GABA in the pathophysiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. Psychopharmacological Bulletin 37: 133–146.
Treiman, D. M. 2001. GABAergic mechanisms in epilepsy. Epilepsia 42: 8–12.
Grape Seed Extract / Pine Bark / Pycnogenol
Chovanová, Z., J. Muchová, M. Sivonová, et al. Effect of polyphenolic extract, Pycnogenol, on the level of 8-oxoguanine in children suffering from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Free Radical Research 40(9): 1003–1010.
Dvoráková, M., D. Jezová, P. Blazícek, et al. 2007. Urinary catecholamines in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Modulation by a polyphenolic extract from pine bark (pycnogenol). Nutritional Neuroscience 10(3–4): 151–157.
Dvoráková, M., M. Sivonová, J. Trebatická, et al. 2006. The effect of polyphenolic extract from pine bark, Pycnogenol on the level of glutathione in children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Redox Report 11(4): 163–172.
Rohdewald, P. 2002. A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), an herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 40(4): 158–168.
Tenenbaum, S., J. C. Paull, E. P. Sparrow, et al. 2002. An experimental comparison of Pycnogenol and methylphenidate in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Journal of Attention Disorders 6(2): 49–60.
Trebatická, J., S. Kopasová, Z. Hradecná, et al. 2006. Treatment of ADHD with French maritime pine bark extract, Pycnogenol. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 15(6): 329–335.
L-Tyrosine
Chiaroni, P., J. M. Azorin, P. Bovier, et al. 1990. A multivariate analysis of red blood cell membrane transports and plasma levels of L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan in depressed patients before treatment and after clinical improvement. Neuropsychobiology 23(1): 1–7.
Deijen, J. B., and J. F. Orlebeke. 1994. Effect of tyrosine on cognitive function and blood pressure under stress. Brain Research Bulletin 33(3): 319–323.
Gelenberg, A. J., J. D. Wojcik, W. E. Falk, et al. 1990. Tyrosine for depression: a double-blind trial. Journal of Affective Disorders 19: 125–132.
Kelly, G. S. 1999. Nutritional and botanical interventions to assist with the adaptation to stress. Alternative Medicine Review 4(4): 249–265.
Meyers, S. 2000. Use of neurotransmitter precursors for treatment of depression. Alternative Medicine Review 5(1): 64–71.
Neri, D. F., D. Wiegmann, R. R. Stanny, et al. 1995. The effects of tyrosine on cognitive performance during extended wakefulness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 66(4): 313–319.
Thomas, J. R., P. A. Lockwood, A. Singh, et al. 1999. Tyrosine improves working memory in a multitasking environment. Pharmacology Biochemical Behavior 64(3): 495–500.
Wagenmakers, A. J. 1999. Amino acid supplements to improve athletic performance. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2(6): 539–544.
SAMe
Baldessarini, R. J. 1987. Neuropharmacology of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. American Journal of Medicine 83(5A): 95–103.
Bell, K. M., et al. 1994. S-adenosylmethionine blood levels in major depression: changes with drug treatment. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Supplement 154: 15–18.
Berlanga, C., H. A. Ortega-Soto, M. Ontiveros, et al. Efficacy of S-adeno-L-methionine in speeding the onset of action of imipramine. Psychiatry Research 44(3): 257–262.
Bottiglieri, T., P. Godfrey, T. Flynn, et al. 1990. Cerebrospinal fluid S-adenosylmethionine in depression and dementia: Effects of treatment with parental and oral-adenosylmethionine. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 53: 1096–1098.
Bottiglieri, T., K. Hyland, E. H. Reynolds. 1994. The clinical potential of ademetio-nine (S-adenosylmethionine) in neurological disorders. Drugs 48(2): 137–152.
Bradley, J. D., D. Flusser, B. P. Katz, et al. 1994. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of intravenous loading with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) followed by oral SAM therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Rheumatology 21(5): 905–911.
Bressa, G. M. 1994. S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) as antidepressant: meta-analysis of clinical studies. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Supplement 154: 7–14.
Carney, M. W., B. K. Toone, and E. H. Reynolds. 1987. S-adenosylmethionine and affective disorder. American Journal of Medicine 83(5A): 104–106.
di Pavoda, C. 1987. S-adenosylmethionine in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Review of clinical studies. American Journal of Medicine 83(suppl. 5A): 60–65.
Fava, M., A. Giannelli, V. Rapisarda, et al. 1995. Rapidity of onset of the antidepressant effect of parenteral S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Psychiatry Research 56(3): 295–297.
Fava, M., J. F. Rosenbaum, R. MacLaughlin, et al. 1990. Neuroendocrine effects of S-adenosyl-L-methionine, a novel putative antidepressant. Journal of Psychiatric Research 24(2): 177–184.
Fetrow, C. W., and J. R. Avila. 2001. Efficacy of the dietary supplement S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 35(11): 1414–1425.
Fugh-Berman, A., and J. M. Cott. 1999. Dietary supplements and natural products as psychotherapeutic agents. Psychosomatic Medicine 61: 712–728.
Gaby, A. R. 1999. Natural treatments for osteoarthritis. Alternative Medicine Review 4(5): 330–341.
Gatto, G., D. Caleri, S. Michelacci, et al. 1986. Analgesizing effect of a methyl donor (S-adenosylmethionine) in migraine: An open clinical trial. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research 6: 15–17.
Glorioso, S., S. Todesco, A. Mazzi, et al. 1985. Double-blind multicentre study of the activity of S-adenosylmethionine in hip and knee osteoarthritis. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research 5: 39–49.
Jacobsen, S., B. Danneskiold-Samsoe, R. B. Andersen. 1991. Oral S-adenosylmethionine in primary fibromyalgia. Double-blind clinical evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 20: 294–302.
Konig, B. 1987. A long-term (two years) clinical trial with S-adenosylmethionine for the treatment of osteoarthritis. American Journal of Medicine 83(5A): 89–94.
Leventhal, L. J. 1999. Management of fibromyalgia. Annals of Internal Medicine 131: 850–858.
Maccagno, A., E. E. di Giorio, O. L. Caston, et al. 1987. Double-blind controlled clinical trial of oral S-adenosylmethionine versus piroxicam in knee osteoarthritis. American Journal of Medicine 83(Suppl. 5A): 72–77.
Müller-Fassbender, H. 1987. Double-blind clinical trial of s-adenosylmethionine versus ibuprofen in the treatment of osteoarthritis. American Journal of Medicine 83(Suppl. 5A): 81–83.
SAMe for depression. 1999. Medical Letter 41(1065): 107–108.
Shekim, W. O., F. Antun, G. L. Hanna, et al. 1990. S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) in adults with ADHD: preliminary results from an open trial. Psychopharmacological Bulletin 26(2): 249–253.
Tavoni, A., C. Vitali, S. Bombardieri, et al. 1987. Evaluation of S-adenosylmethionine in primary fibromyalgia. A double-blind crossover study. American Journal of Medicine 83(5A): 107–110.
Vetter, G. 1987. Double-blind comparative clinical trial with S-adenosylmethionine and indomethacin in the treatment of osteoarthritis. American Journal of Medicine 83(Suppl. 5A): 78–80.
St. John’s Wort
Anghelescu, I. G., R. Kohnen, A. Szegedi, et al. 2006. Comparison of Hypericum extract WS 5570 and paroxetine in ongoing treatment after recovery from an episode of moderate to severe depression: Results from a randomized multi-center study. Pharmacopsychiatry 39(6): 213–219.
Behnke, K., G. S. Jensen, H. J. Graubaum, et al. 2002. Hypericum perforatum versus fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Advances in Therapy 19(1): 43–52.
Bjerkenstedt, L., G. V. Edman, R. G. Alken, et al. 2005. Hypericum extract LI 160 and fluoxetine in mild to moderate depression: A randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter study in outpatients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 255(1): 40–47.
Brenner, R., V. Azbel, S. Madhusoodanan, et al. 2000. Comparison of an extract of hypericum (LI 160) and sertraline in the treatment of depression: A double-blind, randomized pilot study. Clinical Therapeutics 22(4): 411–419.
Farabaugh, A., D. Mischoulon, M. Fava, et al. 2005. The relationship between early changes in the HAMD-17 anxiety/somatization factor items and treatment outcome among depressed outpatients. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 20(2): 87–91.
Fava, M., J. Alpert, A. A. Nierenberg, et al. 2005. A double-blind, randomized trial of St John’s wort, fluoxetine, and placebo in major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 25(5): 441–447.
Findling, R., N. K. McNamara, M. A. O’Riordan, et al. 2003. An open-label pilot study of St. John’s wort in juvenile depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 42(8): 908–914.
Gastpar, M., A. Singer, and K. Zeller. 2005. Efficacy and tolerability of hypericum extract STW3 in long-term treatment with a once-daily dosage in comparison with sertraline. Pharmacopsychiatry 38(2): 78–86.
Gastpar, M., A. Singer, and K. Zeller. 2006. Comparative efficacy and safety of a once-daily dosage of hypericum extract STW3-VI and citalopram in patients with moderate depression: A double-blind, randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled study. Pharmacopsychiatry 39(2): 66–75.
Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group. 2002. Effects of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) in major depressive disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 287(14): 1807–1814.
Kalb, R., R. D. Trautmann-Sponsel, and M. Kieser. 2001. Efficacy and tolerability of hypericum extract WS 5572 versus placebo in mildly to moderately depressed patients. A randomized double-blind multicenter clinical trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 34(3): 96–103.
Kasper, S., I. Anghelescu, A. Szegedi, et al. 2006. Superior efficacy of St John’s wort extract WS 5570 compared to placebo in patients with major depression: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center trial. BMC Medicine 4:14.
Kasper, S., I. Anghelescu, A. Szegedi, et al. 2007. Placebo controlled continuation treatment with Hypericum extract WS 5570 after recovery from a mild or moderate depressive episode. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 157(13–14): 362–366.
Kasper, S., and A. Dienel. 2002. Cluster analysis of symptoms during antidepressant treatment with Hypericum extract in mildly to moderately depressed out-patients: A meta-analysis of data from three randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Psychopharmacology 164(3): 301–308.
Kasper, S., A. Dienel, and M. Kieser. 2004. Continuation and long-term maintenance treatment with Hypericum extract WS 5570 after successful acute treatment of mild to moderate depression—rationale and study design. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 13(3): 176–183.
Kieser, M., and A. Szegedi. 2005. Predicting stable treatment response in patients with major depression treated with hypericum extract WS 5570/5572. Pharmacopsychiatry 38(5): 194–200.
Kobak, K., L. Taylor, G. Warner, et al. 2005. St. John’s wort versus placebo in social phobia: Results from a placebo-controlled pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 25(1): 51–58.
Kobak, K., L. Taylor, A. Bystritsky, et al. 2005. St. John’s wort versus placebo in obsessive-compulsive disorder: results from a double-blind study. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 20(6): 299–304.
Laakmann, G., et al. 1998. St. John’s wort in mild to moderate depression: The relevance of hyperforin for the clinical efficacy. Pharmacopsychiatry 31(Suppl. 1): 54–59.
Lecrubier, Y., G. Clerc, R. Didi, et al. 2002. Efficacy of St. John’s wort extract WS 5570 in major depression: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 159(8): 1361–1366.
Linde, K., M. Berner, M. Egger, et al. 2005. St John’s wort for depression: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. British Journal of Psychiatry 186: 99–107.
Linde, K., G. Ramirez, C. Mulrow, et al. 1996. St John’s wort for depression—an overview and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. British Medical Journal 313(7052): 253–258.
Moreno, R. A., C. Teng, K. Almeida, et al. 2006. Hypericum perforatum versus fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: A randomized double-blind trial in a Brazilian sample. Revista Brasileiva Psiquiatria 28(1): 29–32.
Müller, T., M. Mannel, H. Murck, et al. 2004. Treatment of somatoform disorders with St. John’s wort: A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. Psychosomatic Medicine 66(4): 538–547.
Murck, H., M. Fava, J. Alpert, et al. 2005. Hypericum extract in patients with MDD and reversed vegetative signs: reanalysis from data of a double-blind, randomized trial of hypericum extract, fluoxetine, and placebo. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 8(2): 215–221.
Philipp, M., R. Kohnen, and K. Hiller. 1999. Hypericum extract versus imipramine or placebo in patients with moderate depression: Randomized multicenter study of treatment for eight weeks. British Medical Journal 319(7224): 1534–1539.
Randov, C., J. Mehlsen, C. Thomsen, et al. 2006. The efficacy of St. John’s Wort in patients with minor depressive symptoms or dysthymia—a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Phytomedicine 13(4): 215–221.
Scrader, E. 2000. Equivalence of St John’s wort extract (Ze 117) and fluoxetine: A randomized, controlled study in mild-moderate depression. International Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 15(2): 61–68.
Shelton, R. C., M. Keller, A. Gelenberg, et al. 2001. Effectiveness of St. John’s wort in major depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 285(15): 1978–1986.
Simeon, J., M. Nixon, R. Milin, et al. 2005. Open-label pilot study of St. John’s wort in adolescent depression. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology 15(2): 293–301.
Szegedi, A., R. Kohnen, A. Dienel, et al. 2005. Acute treatment of moderate to severe depression with hypericum extract WS 5570 (St John’s wort): Randomized controlled double blind non-inferiority trial versus paroxetine. British Medical Journal 330(7490): 503.
Taylor, L., and K. Kobak. 2000. An open-label trial of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 61(8): 575–578.
Uebelhack, R., J. Gruenwald, H. Graubaum, et al. 2004. Efficacy and tolerability of Hypericum extract STW 3-VI in patients with moderate depression: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Advances in Therapy 21(4): 265–275.
van Gurp, G., G. Meterissian, L. Haiek, et al. 2002. St John’s wort or sertraline? Randomized controlled trial in primary care. Canadian Family Physician 48: 905–912.
Vitiello, B., R. Shader, C. Parker, et al. 2005. Hyperforin plasma level as a marker of treatment adherence in the National Institute of Health Hypericum Depression Trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 25(3): 243–249.
Volz, H., H. Murck, S. Kasper, et al. 2002. St John’s wort extract (LI 160) in somatoform disorders: Results of a placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology 164(3): 294–300.
Vorbach, E., K. Arnoldt, and W. Hubner. 1997. Efficacy and tolerability of St. John’s wort extract LI 160 versus imipramine in patients with severe depressive episodes according to ICD-10. Pharmacopsychiatry 30(Suppl. 2): 81–85.
Woelk, H. 2000. Comparison of St John’s wort and imipramine for treating depression: randomized controlled trial. British Medical Journal 321(7260): 536–539.
Theanine
Bryan, J. 2008. Psychological effects of dietary components of tea: caffeine and L-theanine. Nutrition Review 66(2): 82–90.
Dimpfel, W., A. Kler, E. Kriesl, et al. 2007. Source density analysis of the human EEG after ingestion of a drink containing decaffeinated extract of green tea enriched with L-theanine and theogallin. Nutritional Neuroscience 10(3–4): 169–180.
Gomez-Ramirez, M., B. A. Higgins, J. A. Rycroft, et al. 2007. The deployment of intersensory selective attention: A high-density electrical mapping study of the effects of theanine. Clinical Neuropharmacology 30(1): 25–38.
Haskell, C. F., D. O. Kennedy, A. L. Milne, et al. 2008. The effects of L-theanine, caffeine and their combination on cognition and mood. Biological Psychology 77(2): 113–122.
Kimura, K., M. Ozeki, L. R. Juneja, et al. 2007. L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses. Biological Psychology 74(1): 39–45.
Lu, K., M. A. Gray, C. Oliver, et al. 2004. The acute effects of L-theanine in comparison with alprazolam on anticipatory anxiety in humans. Human Psychopharmacology 19(7): 457–465.
Nobre, A. C., A. Rao, and G. N. Owen. 2008. L-theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 17(Suppl. 1): 167–168.
Rogers, P. J., J. E. Smith, S. V. Heatherley, et al. 2008. Time for tea: Mood, blood pressure and cognitive performance effects of caffeine and theanine administered alone and together. Psychopharmacology 195(4): 569–577.
Zinc
Akhondzadeh, S., M. R. Mohammadi, and M. Khademi. 2004. Zinc sulfate as an adjunct to methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: A double blind and randomized trial. BMC Psychiatry 4: 9.
Arnold, L. E., H. Bozzolo, J. Hollway, et al. 2005. Serum zinc correlates with parent-and teacher-rated inattention in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology 15(4): 628–636.
Arnold, L. E., and R. A. DiSilvestro. 2005. Zinc in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology 15(4): 619–627.
Bekaroglu, M., Y. Aslan, Y. Gedik, et al. 1996. Relationships between serum free fatty acids and zinc, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 37(2): 225–227.
Bilici, M., F. Yildirim, S. Kandil, et al. 2004. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zinc sulfate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 28(1): 181–190.
Yorbik, O., M. F. Ozdag, A. Olgun, et al. 2008. Potential effects of zinc on information processing in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 32(3): 662–667.
CHAPTER 7
Amen, D. G., and L. C. Routh. 2003. Healing Anxiety and Depression. New York: Putnam.
Antidepressant Effects of Exercise
Babyak, M., J. A. Blumenthal, S. Herman, et al. 2000. Exercise treatment for major depression: Maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months. Psychosomatic Medicine 62(5): 633–638.
Blumenthal, J. A., M. A. Babyak, P. M. Doraiswamy, et al. 2007. Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine 69(7): 587–596.
Blumenthal, J. A., M. A. Babyak, K. A. Moore, et al. 1999. Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression. Archives of Internal Medicine 159(19): 2349–2356.
Brenes, G. A., J. D. Williamson, S. P. Messier, et al. 2007. Treatment of minor depression in older adults: A pilot study comparing sertraline and exercise. Aging and Mental Health 11(1): 61–68.
Kessler, R. C., P. A. Berglund, O. Demler, et al. 2005. Lifetime prevalence and age of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry 62(6): 593–602.
GABA
Abdou, A. M., S. Higashiguchi, K. Horie, et al. 2006. Relaxation and immunity enhancement effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration in humans. Biofactors 26(3): 201–208.
Cocito, L., A. Bianchetti, L. Bossi, et al. 1994. GABA 30 and phosphatidylserine in human photosensitivity: A pilot study. Epilepsy Research 17: 49–53.
Green, M. L., R. G. Green, and W. Santoro. 1988. Daily relaxation modifies serum and salivary immunoglobulins and psychophysiologic symptom severity. Biofeedback & Self Regulation 13: 187–199.
Kendell, S. F., J. H. Krystal, and G. Sanacora. 2005. GABA and glutamate systems as therapeutic targets in depression and mood disorders. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 9: 153–168.
Loeb, C., E. Benassi, G. P. Bo, et al. 1987. Preliminary evaluation of the effect of GABA and phosphatidylserine in epileptic patients. Epilepsy Research 1: 209–212.
Streeter, C. C., J. E. Jensen, R. M. Perlmutter, et al. 2007. Yoga asana sessions increase brain GABA levels: A pilot study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13: 419–426.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment
Harch, P. HOTFAST: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Acute Stroke, HBOT Online, March 11, 2003, http://www.hbot.com/Hotfast.htm.
Hopkins, R. O., L. K. Weaver, K. J. Valentine, et al. 2007. Apolipoprotein E geno-type and response of carbon monoxide poisoning to hyperbaric oxygen treatment. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 176(10): 1001–1006.
Lo, C. P., S. Y. Chen, M. C. Chou, 2007. Diffusion-tensor MR imaging for evaluation of the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in patients with delayed neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by carbon monoxide inhalation. European Journal of Neurology 14(7): 777–782.
Inositol
Barak, Y., J. Levine, A. Glasman, et al. 1996. Inositol treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: a double-blind, cross-over placebo controlled trial. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 20(4): 729–735.
Benjamin, J., J. Levine, M. Fux, et al. 1995. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of inositol treatment for panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 152(7): 1084–1086.
Carey, P. D., J. Warwick, B. H. Harvey, et al. 2004. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in obsessive-compulsive disorder before and after treatment with inositol. Metabolic Brain Disease 19(1–2): 125–134.
Chengappa, K. N., J. Levine, S. Gershon, et al. 2000. Inositol as an add-on treatment for bipolar depression. Bipolar Disorders 2(1): 47–55.
Fux, M., J. Benjamin, and R. H. Belmaker. 1999. Inositol versus placebo augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A double-blind cross-over study. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2(3): 193–195.
Fux, M., J. Levine, A. Aviv, et al. 1996. Inositol treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 153(9): 1219–1221.
Gelber, D., J. Levine, and R. H. Belmaker. 2001. Effect of inositol on bulimia nervosa and binge eating. International Journal of Eating Disorders 29(3): 345–348.
Levine, J. 1997. Controlled trials of inositol in psychiatry. European Neuropsychopharmacology 7(2): 147–155.
Levine, J., A. Aviram, A. Holan, et al. 1997. Inositol treatment of autism. Journal of Neural Transmission 104(2–3): 307–310.
Levine, J., Y. Barak, M. Gonzalves, et al. 1995. Double-blind, controlled trial of inositol treatment of depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 152(5): 792–794.
Levine, J., I. Goldberger, A. Rapaport, et al. 1994. CSF inositol in schizophrenia and high-dose inositol treatment of schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology 4(4): 487–490.
Levine, J., A. Mishori, M. Susnosky, et al. 1999. Combination of inositol and serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of depression. Biological Psychiatry 45(3): 270–273.
Nemets, B., B. Talesnick, R. H. Belmaker, et al. 2002. Myo-inositol has no beneficial effect on premenstrual dysphoric disorder. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 3(3): 147–149.
Nemets, B., A. Mishory, J. Levine, et al. 1999. Inositol addition does not improve depression in SSRI treatment failures. Journal of Neural Transmission 106(7–8): 795–798.
Nierenberg, A. A., M. J. Ostacher, J. R. Calabrese, et al. 2006. Treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a STEP-BD equipoise randomized effectiveness trial of antidepressant augmentation with lamotrigine, inositol, or risperidone. American Journal of Psychiatry 163(2): 210–216.
Palatnik, A., K. Frolov, M. Fux, et al. 2001. Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 21(3): 335–339.
Seedat, S., and D. J. Stein. 1999. Inositol augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 14(6): 353–356.
Kava Kava
Attele, A. S., J. T. Xie, C. S. Yuan. 2000. Treatment of insomnia: an alternative approach. Alternative Medicine Review 5(3): 249–259.
Basch, E., C. Ulbricht, P. Hammerness, et al. 2002. Kava monograph. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy 2(4): 65–91.
Boerner, R. J., and S. Klement. 2004. Attenuation of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal side effects by Kava special extract WS 1490. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 154(21–22): 508–510.
Boerner, R. J., H. Sommer, W. Berger, et al. 2003. Kava-Kava extract LI 150 is as effective as Opipramol and Buspirone in Generalised Anxiety Disorder—an 8-week randomized, double-blind multi-centre clinical trial in 129 out-patients. Phytomedicine 10(Suppl. 4): 38–49.
Brinker, F. 1998. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions (2nd ed.). Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical.
Cagnacci, A., S. Arangino, and A. Renzi, et al. 2003. Kava-Kava administration reduces anxiety in perimenopausal women. Maturitas 44(2): 103–109.
Connor, K. M., V. Payne, and J. R. Davidson. 2006. Kava in generalized anxiety disorder: Three placebo-controlled trials. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 21(5): 249–253.
Cropley, M., Z. Cave, J. Ellis, et al. 2002. Effect of Kava and Valerian on human physiological and psychological responses to mental stress assessed under laboratory conditions. Phytotherapy Research 16(1): 23–27.
De Leo, V., A. La Marca, D. Lanzetta, et al. 2000. Assessment of the association of Kava-Kava extract and hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of postmenopause anxiety. Minerva Ginecologica 52(6): 263–267.
De Leo, V., A. La Marca, G. Morgante, et al. 2001. Evaluation of combining kava extract with hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of postmenopausal anxiety. Maturitas 39(2): 185–188.
Gastpar, M., and H. D. Klimm. 2003. Treatment of anxiety, tension and restlessness states with Kava special extract WS 1490 in general practice: A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind multicenter trial. Phytomedicine 10(8): 631–639.
Herberg, K. W. 1993. Effect of Kava-Special Extract WS 1490 combined with ethyl alcohol on safety-relevant performance parameters. Blutalkohol 30(2): 96–105.
Lehrl, S. 2004. Clinical efficacy of kava extract WS 1490 in sleep disturbances associated with anxiety disorders. Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Journal of Affective Disorders 78(2): 101–110.
Pittler, M. H., and E. Ernst. 2003. Kava extract for treating anxiety. Cochrane Database of Systatic Reviews Issue 1. Art. No.: CD003383. DOI: 10. 1002/14651858. CD003383.
Scherer, J. 1998. Kava-kava extract in anxiety disorders: an outpatient observational study. Advances in Therapy 15(4): 261–269.
Thompson, R., W. Ruch, and R. U. Hasenohrl. 2004. Enhanced cognitive performance and cheerful mood by standardized extracts of Piper methysticum (Kava-kava). Human Psychopharmacology 19(4): 243–250.
Volz, H. P., and M. Kieser. 1997. Kava-kava extract WS 1490 versus placebo in anxiety disorders—a randomized placebo-controlled 25-week outpatient trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 30: 1–5.
Wheatley, D. 2001. Kava and valerian in the treatment of stress-induced insomnia. Phytotherapy Research 15(6): 549–551.
Witte, S., D. Loew, and W. Gaus. 2005. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of the acetonic kava-kava extract WS 1490 in patients with non-psychotic anxiety disorders. Phytotherapy Research 19(3): 183–188.
Ketogenic Diet for Epilepsy and Other Psychiatric Disorders
Farasat, S., E. H. Kossoff, D. J. Pillas, et al. 2006. The importance of parental expectations of cognitive improvement for their children with epilepsy prior to starting the ketogenic diet. Epilepsy & Behavior 2006 8(2): 406–410.
Kang, H. C., Y. J. Kim, D. W. Kim, et al. 2005. Efficacy and safety of the ketogenic diet for intractable childhood epilepsy: Korean multicentric experience. Epilepsia 46(2): 272–279.
Ketogenic diet may be effective for drug-resistant epilepsy. 2008. Expert Review Neurotherapeutics 8(6): 869–871.
Kim do, Y., and J. M. Rho. 2008. The ketogenic diet and epilepsy. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 11(2): 113–120.
Kossoff, E. H., L. C. Laux, R. Blackford, et al. 2008. When do seizures usually improve with the ketogenic diet? Epilepsia 49(2): 329–333.
Kossoff, E. H., H. Rowley, S. R. Sinha, et al. 2008. A prospective study of the modified Atkins diet for intractable epilepsy in adults. Epilepsia 49(2): 316–319.
Kossoff, E. H., Z. Turner, and G. K. Bergey. 2007. Home-guided use of the ketogenic diet in a patient for more than 20 years. Pediatric Neurology 36(6): 424–425.
Kossoff, E. H., Z. Turner, R. M. Bluml, et al. 2007. A randomized, crossover comparison of daily carbohydrate limits using the modified Atkins diet. Epilepsy & Behavior 10(3): 432–436.
Levy, R., and P. Cooper. 2003. Ketogenic diet for epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systatic Reviews issue 3. Art. No.: CD 001903. DOI 10.1002/1461858. CD001903.
Martinez, C. C., P. L. Pyzik, and E. H. Kossoff. 2007. Discontinuing the ketogenic diet in seizure-free children: recurrence and risk factors. Epilepsia 48(1): 187–190.
Neal, E. G., H. Chaffe, R. H. Schwartz, et al. 2008. The ketogenic diet for the treatment of childhood epilepsy: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurology 7(6): 500–506.
Sampath, A., E. H. Kossoff, S. L. Furth, et al. 2007. Kidney stones and the ketogenic diet: Risk factors and prevention. Journal of Child Neurology 22(4): 375–378.
Wiznitzer, M. 2008. From observations to trials: The ketogenic diet and epilepsy. Lancet Neurology 7(6): 471–472.
Autism
Evangeliou, A., I. Vlachonikolis, H. Mihailidou, et al. 2003. Application of a ketogenic diet in children with autistic behavior: pilot study. Journal of Child Neurology 18(2): 113–118.
Behavior
Murphy, P., S. S. Likhodii, M. Hatamian, et al. 2005. Effect of the ketogenic diet on the activity level of Wistar rats. Pediatric Research 57(3): 353–357.
Pulsifer, M. B., J. M. Gordon, J. Brandt, et al. Effects of ketogenic diet on development and behavior: preliminary report of a prospective study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 43(5): 301–306.
Bipolar Disorder
El-Mallakh, R. S., and M. E. Paskitti. 2001. The ketogenic diet may have mood-stabilizing properties. Medical Hypotheses 57(6): 724–726.
Yaroslavsky, Y., Z. Stahl, and R. H. Belmaker. 2002. Ketogenic diet in bipolar illness. Bipolar Disorders 4(1): 75.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids / Fish Oil and Depression
Conklin, S. M., S. B. Manuck, J. K. Yao, et al. High omega-6 and low omega-3 fatty acids are associated with depressive symptoms and neuroticism. Psychosomatic Medicine 69(9): 932–934.
Conklin, S. M., P. J. Gianaros, S. M. Brown, et al. 2007. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake is associated positively with corticolimbic gray matter volume in healthy adults. Neuroscience Letters 421(3): 209–212.
Frangou, S., M. Lewis, J. Wollard, et al. 2007. Preliminary in vivo evidence of increased N-acetyl-aspartate following eicosapentaneoic acid treatment in patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychopharmacology 21(4): 435–439.
Freeman, M. P., J. R. Hibbeln, K. L. Wisner, et al. 2006. Randomized dose-ranging pilot trial of omega-3 fatty acids for postpartum depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 113(1): 31–35.
Freeman, M. P., J. R. Hibbeln, K. L. Wisner, et al. 2006. Omega-3 fatty acids: Evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67(12): 1954–1967.
Grenyer, B. F., T. Crowe, B. Meyer, et al. 2007. Fish oil supplementation in the treatment of major depression: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 31(7): 1393–1396.
Hallahan, B., J. R. Hibbeln, J. M. Davis, et al. 2007. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with recurrent self-harm. Single-centre double-blind randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 190: 118–122.
Hibbeln, J. R. 2002. Seafood consumption, the DHA content of mothers’ milk and prevalence rates of postpartum depression: A cross-national, ecological analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders 69(1–3): 15–29.
Hirashima, F., A. M. Parow, A. L. Stoll, et al. 2004. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment and T(2) whole brain relaxation times in bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 161(10): 1922–1924.
Jazayeri, S., M. Tehrani-Doost, S. A. Keshavarz, et al. 2008. Comparison of therapeutic effects of omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid and fluoxetine, separately and in combination, in major depressive disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 42(3): 192–198.
Lin, P. Y., and K. P. Su. 2007. A meta-analytic review of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of antidepressant efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68(7): 1056–1061.
Locke, C. A., and A. L. Stoll. 2001. Omega-3 fatty acids in major depression. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 89: 173–185.
Nemets, H., B. Nemets, A. Apter, et al. 2006. Omega-3 treatment of childhood depression: A controlled, double-blind pilot study. American Journal of Psychiatry 163(6): 1098–1100.
Rogers, P. J., K. M. Appleton, D. Kessler, et al. 2008. No effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (EPA and DHA) supplementation on depressed mood and cognitive function: A randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition 99(2): 421–431.
Stoll, A. L., K. E. Damico, B. P. Daly, et al. 2001. Methodological considerations in clinical studies of omega 3 fatty acids in major depression and bipolar disorder. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 88: 58–67.
Stoll, A. L., C. A. Locke, L. B. Marangell, et al. 1999. Omega-3 fatty acids and bipolar disorder: A review. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids 60(5–6): 329–337.
Stoll, A. L., W. E. Severus, M. P. Freeman, et al. 1999. Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 56(5): 407–412.
Wozniak, J., J. Biederman, E. Mick, et al. 2007. Omega-3 fatty acid monotherapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: A prospective open-label trial. European Neuropsychopharmacology 17(6–7): 440–447.
Valerian
Balderer, G., and A. A. Borbély. 1985. Effect of valerian on human sleep. Psychopharmacology 87(4): 406–409.
Coxeter, P. D., P. J. Schluter, H. L. Eastwood, et al. 2003. Valerian does not appear to reduce symptoms for patients with chronic insomnia in general practice using a series of randomised n-of-1 trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 11(4): 215–222.
Diaper, A., and I. Hindmarch. 2004. A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of two doses of a valerian preparation on the sleep, cognitive and psychomotor function of sleep-disturbed older adults. Phytotherapy Research 18(10): 831–836.
Dominguez, R. A., R. L. Bravo-Valverde, B. R. Kaplowitz, et al. 2006. Valerian as a hypnotic for Hispanic patients. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 6(1): 84–92.
Donath, F., S. Quispe, K. Diefenbach, et al. 2000. Critical evaluation of the effect of valerian extract on sleep structure and sleep quality. Pharmacopsychiatry 33(2): 47–53.
Francis, A. J., and R. J. Dempster. 2002. Effect of valerian. Valeriana edulis, on sleep difficulties in children with intellectual deficits: randomised trial. Phytomedicine 9(4): 273–279.
Kuhlmann, J., W. Berger, H. Podzuweit, et al. 1999. The influence of valerian treatment on “reaction time, alertness and concentration” in volunteers. Pharmacopsychiatry 32(6): 235–241.
Morin, C. M., U. Koetter, C. Bastien, et al. 2005. Valerian-hops combination and diphenhydramine for treating insomnia: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Sleep 28(11): 1465–1471.
Müller, S. F., and S. Klement. 2006. A combination of valerian and lemon balm is effective in the treatment of restlessness and dyssomnia in children. Phytomedicine 13(6): 383–387.
Poyares, D. R., C. Guilleminault, M. M. Ohayon, et al. 2002. Can valerian improve the sleep of insomniacs after benzodiazepine withdrawal? Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 26(3): 539–545.
Vitamin D and Depression
Armstrong, D. J., G. K. Meenagh, I. Bickle, et al. 2007. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with anxiety and depression in fibromyalgia. Clinical Rheumatology 26(4): 551–554.
Berk, M., K. M. Sanders, J. A. Pasco, et al. 2007. Vitamin D deficiency may play a role in depression. Medical Hypotheses 69(6): 1316–1319.
Gloth, F. M., III, W. Alam, and B. Hollis. 1999. Vitamin D vs. broad spectrum phototherapy in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 3(1): 5–7.
Jorde, R., K. Waterloo, F. Saleh, et al. 2006. Neuropsychological function in relation to serum parathyroid hormone and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. The Tromsø study. Journal of Neurology 253(4): 464–470.
Wilkins, C. H., Y. I. Sheline, C. M. Roe, et al. 2006. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with low mood and worse cognitive performance in older adults. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 14(12): 1032–1040.
CHAPTER 8
Mayo Clinic Staff, MayoClinic.com, January 12, 2007, http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161.
Gingko biloba
Burns, N., J. Bryan, and T. Nettelbeck. 2006. Ginkgo biloba: no robust effect on cognitive abilities or mood in healthy young or older adults. Human Psychopharmacology 21(1): 27–37.
Carlson, J., J. Farquhar, E. DiNucci, et al. 2007. Safety and efficacy of a ginkgo biloba–containing dietary supplement on cognitive function, quality of life, and platelet function in healthy, cognitively intact older adults. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 107(3): 422–432.
Dodge, H., T. Zitzelberger, B. Oken, et al. 2008. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of ginkgo biloba for the prevention of cognitive decline. Neurology 70(19): 1809–1817.
Elsabagh, S., D. Hartley, O. Ali, et al. 2005. Differential cognitive effects of ginkgo biloba after acute and chronic treatment in healthy young volunteers. Psychopharmacology 179(2): 437–446.
Hartley, D., L. Heinze, S. Elsabagh, et al. 2003. Effects on cognition and mood in postmenopausal women of 1-week treatment with Ginkgo biloba. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 75(3): 711–720.
Kennedy, D., P. Jackson, C. Haskell, et al. 2007. Modulation of cognitive performance following single doses of 120 mg Ginkgo biloba extract administered to healthy young volunteers. Human Psychopharmacology 22(8): 559–566.
Kennedy, D., C. Haskell, P. Mauri, et al. 2007. Acute cognitive effect of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract complexed with phosphatidylserine. Human Psychopharmacology 22(4): 199–210.
Kennedy, D., A. Scholey, and K. Wesnes. 2000. The dose-dependent cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers. Psychopharmacology 151(4): 416–423.
Kennedy, D., A. Scholey, and K. Wesnes. 2001. Differential, dose dependent changes in cognitive performance following acute administration of a Ginkgo biloba / Panax ginseng combination to healthy young volunteers. Nutritional Neuroscience 4(5): 399–412.
Le Bars, P. L. 2003. Magnitude of effect and special approach to Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in cognitive disorders. Pharmacopsychiatry 36(Suppl. 1): S44–S49.
Le Bars, P. L. 2003. Response patterns of EGb 761 in Alzheimer’s disease: influence of neuropsychological profiles. Pharmacopsychiatry 36(Suppl. 1): S50–55.
Le Bars, P. L., and J. Kastelan. 2000. Efficacy and safety of a Ginkgo biloba extract. Public Health Nutrition 3(4A): 495–499.
Le Bars, P. L., M. M. Katz, N. Berman, et al. 1997. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. North American EGb Study Group. Journal of the American Medical Association 278(16): 1327–1332.
Le Bars, P. L., M. Kieser, and K. Z. Itil. 2000. A 26-week analysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 11(4): 230–237.
Le Bars, P. L., F. M. Velasco, J. M. Ferguson, et al. 2002. Influence of the severity of cognitive impairment on the effect of the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychobiology 45(1): 19–26.
Mazza, M., A. Capuano, P. Bria, et al. 2006. Ginkgo biloba and donepezil: a comparison in the treatment of Alzheimer’s dementia in a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. European Journal of Neurology 13(9): 981–985.
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Huperzine A
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Melatonin
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Phosphatidylserine
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Vinpocetine
Balestreri, R., L. Fontana, and F. Astengo. 1987. A double-blind placebo controlled evaluation of the safety and efficacy of vinpocetine in the treatment of patients with chronic vascular senile cerebral dysfunction. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 35(5): 425–430.
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CHAPTER 9
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CHAPTER 11
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CHAPTER 12
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Abramson, L. Y., M. E. P. Seligman, and J. D. Teasdale. 1978. Learned helplessness in humans—critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87: 49–74.
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CHAPTER 15
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CHAPTER 16
Berns, G. 2006. Satisfaction: Sensation Seeking, Novelty, and the Science of Finding True Fulfillment. New York: Henry Holt.
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CHAPTER 17
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