A History of Germany 1918-2014

Abgrenzung
Abitur
Abyssinia
academics
- emigration
- post war issues
acculturation
Ackermann, Anton (1905–73)
action theory
Adenauer, Konrad (1876–1967)
- period of office
ADGB (Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund)
Adorno, Theodor (1903–69)
Afghanistan
- Soviet invasion
agrarian bolshevism
agricultural protectionism
agriculture
- collectivization
- reorganization
Ahlen programme
air force, in Third Reich
air raids
- on Britain
- on Germany
alienation theory
Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB)
Alliance for Germany
Allies
- democratization of Germany
- denazification and re-education
- division of Germany
- economic transformation of Germany
- evacuation of Rhineland
- and political framework
- see also Britain; Soviet Union; United States of America (USA)
Alsace
Alsace-Lorraine
Aly, Götz (1947– )
Andersch, Alfred (1914–80)
Anderson, Sascha (1953– )
Angestellten (white-collar workers)
Anschluss of Austria
anti-Americanism
anti-colonial revolts
anti-communism
anti-fascist organizations
anti-Nazism
anti-Semitism
- Austria
- eliminationist
- FRG
- GDR
- Hitler’s
- Third Reich
- see also Holocaust; Jews
anti-socialist laws
anti-terrorism measures
APO (Extra-Parliamentary Opposition)
apoliticism
architecture
Ardennes
Armistice
army
- FRG
- GDR
- history
- Imperial Germany
- Nuremberg Trials (1945–6)
- Third Reich
- and Treaty of Versailles
- Weimar Republic
- see also Red Army; World War Two (1939–45)
Aryan Germans
Aryanization
atrocities
Attlee, Clement (1883–1967)
Auschwitz
Aussenlager
Austria
- Anschluss with Germany
- anti-Semitism
- army barracks
- attempted coup by Austrian Nazis (1934)
- banking crisis (1931)
- border with Hungary opened
- concentration camps
- exclusion from ‘small Germany’ (1871)
- national identity
- and Treaty of Versailles
autarky
authoritarianism
- consultative
autobahns
Axel Springer Press
Axis Powers

Baader, Andreas (1943–77)
Baader–Meinhof gang see Red Army Faction (RAF)
Baden, Prince Max von (1867–1929)
Baden-Württemberg
Bad Godesberg Programme (1959)
Bahro, Rudolf (1935–97)
- The Alternative in Eastern Europe (1977)
Balkan conflicts
Baltic States
banking
banking crisis (1931)
Barschel, Uwe (1944–87)
bartering
Barzel, Rainer (1924–2006)
Basic Law (Grundgesetz)
- amendments
- Article 23
- Article 131
- Article 146
Basic Treaty (1972)
Battle of Britain (1940)
Bauer, Gustav (1870–1944)
Bauhaus
Bausoldaten
Bavaria
- coup
- newspapers
- Republic
- resistance groups
- rural society
- social differences
- uprisings
Bavarian People’s Party (BVP)
BayerischeFreiheitsbewegung (BFB)
Baylis, T.
BDA (Bundesvereinigung der deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände)
BDI (Bundesverband der deutschen Industrie)
BDM (Bund Deutscher Mädel)
Beamten (civil servants)
Beauty of Work (Schönheit der Arbeit)
Becher, Johannes (1891–1958)
Beck, Ludwig (1880–1944)
Becker, Jurek (1937–97)
Becker, Wolfgang (1954– )
Beer Hall Putsch (1923)
Behrens, Fritz (1909–80)
Belgium
Belsen
Bełżec
Benary, Arne (1929–71)
Benjamin, Walter (1892–1940)
Berchtesgaden
Bergen-Belsen
Berghahn, Volker
Beria, Lawrenti Pawlowitsch (1899–1953)
Berlin
- culture
- demonstrations
- elections
- Four-Power Accord
- Gastarbeiter
- memorials and exhibitions
- modernization
- under Nazis
- occupation
- Olympic Games (1936)
- uprisings
- see also Berlin Republic; Berlin Wall; ‘Rome–Berlin Axis’
Berlin Appeal (1982)
Berlin Blockade (1948)
Berlin Republic
- and GDR identity
- international context
- and Nazi legacy
- social and political transformation
Berlin Treaty (1926)
Berlin University
Berlin Wall
- breaching of
- circumventing
- construction
- fall of
- mementoes
- remnants
- see also Iron Curtain
Berufsbildungsgesetz
Berufsschulen
Berufsverbot
- see also Decree Concerning Radicals (1972)
Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von (1856–1921)
Bezirke
BFB (Bayerische Freiheitsbewegung)
Bielefeld School
Biermann, Wolf (1936– )
Bildungsrat
Bild-Zeitung
birth control
birth rates
Bismarck, Prince Otto von (1815–98)
Bitburg Cemetery
Bitterfield Conference (1959)
Bizone
black market
blaue Reiter, Der
Blitzkrieg
Blomberg, Werner von (1878–1946)
blue-collar workers
Bohemia and Moravia, Protectorate of
Bohley, Bärbel (1945–2010)
Böhme, Ibrahim (1944–99)
Böll, Heinrich (1917–85)
- Ansichteneines Clowns (1963)
- Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum (1974)
- Fürsorgliche Belagerung (1979)
Bolsheviks
bolshevism
- agrarian
- fear of
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich (1906–45)
Bonn
books, burning of
Borchardt, Knut (1929– )
Borchert, Wolfgang (1921–47), Draussenvor der Tür (1947)
Bormann, Martin (1900–45)
Borsig
bourgeoisie
- see also middle classes
Brandenburg
Brandenburg, Land
Brandenburg Prison
Brandt, Willy (1913–1992)
Brauchitsch, Walther von (1881–1948)
Braun, Eva (1912–45)
Brecht, Bertolt (1898–1956)
Bremen
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918)
Breuer, Marcel (1902–1981)
Brezhnev doctrine
Britain
- culture
- currency
- economy
- education
- and European Defence Community
- and German foreign policy
- and German reunification
- knowledge of Holocaust
- military presence in FRG
- newspapers
- nuclear missiles
- occupation of Germany
- social classes
- and terrorism
- in World War Two
Britain, Battle of (1940)
Broszat, Martin (1926–89)
Browning, Christopher (1944– )
Brücke, Die
Brüning, Heinrich (1885–1970)
Brussig, Thomas (1965– )
brutalization
Buback, Siegfried (1920–77)
Buchenwald
Buna Chemical Plant
Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen (League of Protestant Churches)
Bund der Heimatvertriebenen und Entrechteten
Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM)
Bundesenquêtekommissionen
- see also Parliamentary Committees of Inquiry
Bundesrat
Bundestag
Bundesverband der deutschenIndustrie (BDI)
Bundesvereinigung der deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände (BDA)
Bund-Länder-Kommission für Bildungsplanung
Burrin, Philippe (1952– )
Bush, George Herbert Walker (1924– )
Bush, George Walker (1946– )
BVP (Bavarian People’s Party)
Byrnes, James (1879–1972)

Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, The (1920) (film)
Canaris, Wilhelm (1887–1945)
capital goods
capitalism
- FRG
- GDR
- and Nazis
- theories
carbon monoxide poisoning
Catholic Centre Party (Zentrum)
- coalition
- dissolution
Catholics
- FRG
- GDR
- post Reformation Germany
- Third Reich
- Weimar Republic
CDU see Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
Central Office of Land Justice Departments
Central State Planning Commission
Chamberlain, Neville (1869–1940)
Checkpoint Charlie
Chełmno (Kulmhof)
Chernobyl
child-care
Childers, Thomas
China
Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
- formation
- FRG
- GDR
- united Germany
- see also Christian Social Union (CSU)
Christianity
- GDR
- and Marxism
- and Nazism
- see also Catholics; Protestants
Christian Social Union (CSU)
- formation
- united Germany
- see also Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
Churchill, Winston (1874–1965)
church–state relationships
cinema
citizenship
- categories
- laws
civil servants (Beamten)
class structure
- see also bourgeoisie; Junkers; middle classes; working classes
Clay, Lucius (1897–1978)
co-determination (Mitbestimmung)
coercion, in GDR
Cold War
- and anti-communism
- and division of Germany
- end of
- ideology
- new
- tourist attractions
collective consumption
collective guilt, Germans
collectives
collectivism
- vs. individualism
collectivization, agriculture
Cologne
COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Aid)
Commerzbank
Commissar Order
communications media, in Weimar Republic
communicative competence, theory of
communism
- collapse of
- GDR
- humanistic
- Polish
- Robert Havemann
- see also anti-communism
Communist Party
- see also German Communist Party (KPD); Socialist Unity Party (SED)
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
community programmes
comradeship
concentration camps
- criminals as staff
- destruction of
- establishment
- as historical exhibits
- locations
- political dissidents
- see also extermination camps
Concerted Action (Konzertierte Aktion)
Confederation of Free German Trade Unions (FDGB)
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
Confessing Church (Bekennende Kirche)
conscientious objectors
conscription
conservatism
conservative nationalists, and Nazis
constitutional patriotism
constitutions and political framework
- FRG
- GDR
consultative authoritarianism
consumerism
consumption, collective
Control Commission
corporatism
corruption
Council of Europe
Council for Mutual Economic Aid (COMECON)
Coventry
crèches
Crimea
Critical Theory
CSCE (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe)
CSU see Christian Social Union (CSU)
cultural intelligentsia
cultural liberalization
cultural talent, emigration
culture
- FRG
- GDR
- Third Reich
- Weimar Republic
cumulative radicalization
Cuno, Wilhelm (1876–1933)
currency reform
- 1948
- 1990
- see also monetary union
Customs Union (Zollverein)
Czechoslovakia
- communism
- concentration camps
- German invasion of
- post-revolutionary
- Prague Spring (1968)
- revolutions
- Soviet invasion

Dachau
Dada
DA (Democratic Awakening)
DAF (German Labour Front)
DAG (Deutsche Angestelltengewerkschaft)
Dahrendorf, Ralf (1929–2009)
Daily Telegraph
Dallas (TV show)
Danzig (Gdansk) (Poland)
DAP (German Worker’s Party)
Darré, Walther (1895–1953)
Dawes Plan
Dawidowicz, Lucy (1915–90)
Day of Potsdam
DBB (Deutscher Beamtenbund)
DBD (Democratic Farmers’ Party of Germany)
D-Day
DDP (German Democratic Party)
decadence
- Weimar Republic
decartelization
decentralization
Decree Concerning Radicals (1972)
dehumanization
deindustrialization
demilitarization
democracy
- comparisons of
- FRG
- Hungary
- Marxist–Leninist interpretation
- occupied Germany
- opposition to
- ‘Third Way’
- Weimar Republic
Democracy Now
Democratic Awakening (DA)
democratic centralism
Democratic Farmers’ Party of Germany (DBD)
Democratic Women’s League of Germany (DFD)
democratization
- of education
- of military
Demokratische Bewegung Deutschlands
demonstrations
- FRG
- GDR
- peace
- united Germany
- Weimar Republic
- see also revolutions; uprisings
denazification
Denmark
Depression see Great Depression
détente
determinism
Deutsche Angestelltengewerkschaft (DAG)
Deutsche Bank
Deutscher Beamtenbund (DBB)
Deutscher Industrie- und Handels-Tag (DIHT)
Deutsches Frauenwerk (DFW)
Deutsche Volksunion (DVU)
Deutschkron, Inge (1922– )
Deutschnationale-Handlungsgehilfenverband
devaluation
DFD (Democratic Women’s League of Germany)
DFW (Deutsches Frauenwerk)
DGB (German Confederation of Trade Unions)
D’Hondt voting system
dictatorships, participatory
DIHT (Deutscher Industrie- und Handels-Tag)
disabled, extermination
dissent and opposition
- FRG
- GDR
divorce rates
Dix, Otto (1891–1969)
DNVP (German National People’s Party)
Döblin, Alfred (1878–1957)
dock-workers, unemployed
Dönitz, Karl (1891–1980)
Doppelbelastung
Downfall, The (2004) (film)
Dresden
Dresdner Bank
Drexler, Anton (1884–1942)
DSU (German Social Union)
Dubček, Alexander (1921–92)
Duesterberg, Theodor (1875–1950)
Dunkirk
durchherrschte Gesellschaft
Düsseldorf Agreement (1955)
Düsseldorf Industry Club
Dutschke, Rudi (1940–79)
DVP (German People’s Party)
DVU (Deutsche Volksunion)
Dynasty (TV show)

East Germany, see German Democratic Republic (GDR)
Ebert, Friedrich (1871–1925)
Ebert–Groener pact
EC (European Community)
Eckart, Gabriele (1954– ), So sehe Ick die Sache: Protokolleaus der DDR
Economic Council (Wirtschaftsrat)
economic recession (2008)
Economic System of Socialism (ESS)
economy
- Britain
- FRG
- GDR
- occupied Germany
- Third Reich
- united Germany
- Weimar Republic
ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community)
Edelweiss Pirates
Eden, Sir Anthony (1897–1977)
Edinger, L.
education
- FRG
- GDR
- Soviet zones of occupation
- Third Reich
- Weimar Republic
- western zones of occupation
- women
Education Act (1946)
EEC (European Economic Community)
Eichhorn, Emil (1863–1925)
Eigen-Sinn
Einsatzgruppen
Einstein, Albert (1879–1955)
Eisenhüttenstadt
Eisner, Kurt (1867–1919)
elections
- Britain
- FRG
- GDR
- Länder
- and racialism
- Third Reich
- united Germany
- Weimar Republic
Electoral Law (1956)
elites
- FRG
- GDR
- occupied Germany
- Polish
- schools
- Third Reich
- Weimar Republic
Elser, Georg (1903–45)
emancipation, women
Emergency Laws (1968)
emigration
- academics
- cultural talent
- East–West
- inner
- Jews
- political dissidents
- see also immigration; refugees
employment
- women
- see also unemployment
Enabling Law (1933)
Engelmann, Bernt (1921–94), Grosses Bundesverdienstkreuzmit Stern (1974)
Engels, Friedrich (1820–95)
England, see Britain
Ensslin, Gudrun (1940–77)
Entailed Farm Law
environmentalism
- see also Green Party
EOS (Erweiterte Oberschulen)
Epp, Franz Ritter von (1868–1946)
Equalization of Burdens Law (1952)
Erhard, Ludwig (1897–1977)
Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organization
Erweiterte Oberschulen (EOS)
ESS (Economic System of Socialism)
EU (European Union)
Euro, introduction of
European Advisory Committee
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
European Community (EC)
European Defence Community
European Economic Community (EEC)
European Recovery Programme, see Marshall Plan
European Union (EU)
Eurozone
‘euthanasia’ programme (1939–41)
executions
expressionism
extermination camps
- see also concentration camps
Extra-Parliamentary Opposition (APO)
extremism
- racist

FAB (Freiheitsaktion Bayern)
Fachschulen
factory community
family life
- comparisons between FRG and GDR
- occupied Germany
- Third Reich
farms
fascism
- vs. communism
- Marxist interpretations
FDGB (Confederation of Free German Trade Unions)
FDJ (Free German Youth)
FDP, see Free Democratic Party (FDP)
Fechner, Max (1892–1973)
federalism
Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)
- anti-Semitism
- army
- capitalism
- Catholics
- comparisons of society in GDR
- constitution and political framework
- culture
- democracy
- demonstrations
- dissent and opposition
- economy
- education
- elections
- elites
- family
- foreign relations
- formation
- Gastarbeiter
- middle classes
- missed opportunities
- national identity and historical consciousness
- Nazis
- neo-Nazis
- Ostpolitik
- police
- political culture
- political systems
- population
- Protestants
- refugees
- standards of living
- strikes
- trade unions
- unemployment
- working classes
- see also Adenauer, Konrad; Brandt, Willy; Erhard, Ludwig; Kohl, Helmut; Schmidt, Helmut
federal system, abolition
female participation, in labour force
feminism
fifth columnism
Fighting League for German Culture
film industry
- see also cinema
‘Final Solution’, see Holocaust
finance, international
Finland
First World War, see World War One (1914–18)
Fischer, Fritz (1908–99)
Five Year Plan (1956–60)
Flakhelfergeneration
Fleming, Gerald (1921–2006)
Flick Affair
Flossenbürg
food
- supplies
food riots
Fordism
foreigners in FRG, see Gastarbeiter
foreign exchange
Foreign Ministers Conference (1947)
Four-Power Accord (1971)
Four Year Plan
France
- and Austrian banks
- bourgeois revolution
- cultural life
- and European Defence Community
- and German reunification
- and Jews
- post-revolutionary
- revisionism
- revolutions
- and the Ruhr
- and Versailles Treaty
- and World War Two
- zone of occupation in Germany
Franco, Francisco (1892–1975)
Franco-Prussian War (1870)
Frankfurt
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurt School
Frank, Hans (1900–46)
Frauenlohngruppen
Frederick the Great (1712–86)
Free Corps (Freikorps)
Free Democratic Party (FDP)
Free German Youth (FDJ)
free markets
Freiheitsaktion Bayern (FAB)
Freisler, Roland (1893–1945)
Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939)
Friedländer, Saul (1932– )
Frings, Josef (1887–1978)
fringsen
Fritsch, Werner (1880–1939)
Fritzsche, Hans (1900–53)
Führer myth
Fukuyama, Francis (1952– )
functionalist interpretations, of Third Reich
fundamentalists (Fundis)
Funder, Anna (1966–) Stasiland (2003)
Funk, Walther (1890–1960)
further education

Galen, Clemens August Count von (1878–1946)
gassing
Gastarbeiter
- citizenship laws
- resentment towards
Gaus, Günter (1929–2004), Wo Deutschland liegt (1983)
Gemeinschaftsfremden
General Government, see Poland
General Plan for the East
genocide
- see also Holocaust
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich (1927– )
Gerasimov, Gennady (1930–2010)
Gerlach, Manfred (1928–2011)
German–Austrian customs union
German Christians (Deutsche Christen)
German Communist Party (KPD)
- after 1945
- Third Reich
- Weimar Republic
- see also Socialist Unity Party (SED)
German Confederation
German Confederation of Trade Unions (DGB)
German Democratic Party (DDP)
German Democratic Republic (GDR)
- anti-Semitism
- army
- capitalism
- Catholics
- Christianity
- coercion
- communism
- comparisons of society in FRG
- constitution and political framework
- culture
- demonstrations
- dissent and opposition
- economy
- education
- elections
- elites
- family
- foreign relations
- formation
- intellectuals
- Jews
- June 1953 uprising
- middle classes
- militarization
- missed opportunities
- national identity and historical consciousness
- neo-Nazis
- Ostpolitik
- police
- political culture
- political systems
- population
- propaganda
- Protestants
- purges
- refugees from
- social history
- socialism
- and Soviet Union
- standards of living
- strikes
- terror in
- trade unions
- Ulbricht’s period of office
- unemployment
- and US
- and Weimar Republic
- women
- working classes
- see also Honecker, Erich; revolutions, 1989; Ulbricht, Walter
German Economic Commission (Deutsche Wirtschaftskommission)
German Empire, see Imperial Germany
German Historical Museum
German history
- course of
- East German
- occupied Germany
- Third Reich
- and ‘Third Way’
- unification
- West German
German Labour Front (DAF)
German National People’s Party (DNVP)
German People’s Party (DVP)
German Prime Ministers’ meeting (Munich)
Germans
- citizenship
- collective guilt
- divided nation
- immerdagegen
- knowledge of Holocaust
- national identity
- postwar attitudes
- victim status
German Social Union (DSU)
German State Party
German Treaty (1954)
German Workers’ Party (DAP)
Gesamtschulen
Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik (GST)
Gestapo
ghettos
glasnost
Gleichschaltung
globalization
global recession
Globke, Hans (1898–1973)
Goebbels, Josef (1897–1945)
Goerdeler, Carl (1884–1945)
Goering, Hermann (1893–1946)
Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah (1959– ), Hitler’s Willing Executioners
Goodbye Lenin! (2003) (film)
Gorbachev, Mikhail (1931– )
Graf, Willi (1918–43)
Gramsci, Antonio (1891–1937)
Grand Coalition (1928–30)
Grand Coalition (1966–69)
Grand Coalition (2005–09)
Grass, Günter (1927– )
- Blechtrommel (1959)
- Der Butt (1977)
Great Depression
Greater German Reich (Grossdeutsches Reich)
Great War, see World War One (1914–18)
Greece
Green Party
Greifswald
Groener, Wilhelm (1867–1939)
Gropius, Walter (1883–1969)
Grosser, Alfred (1925– )
Grosz, Georg (1893–1959)
Grotewohl, Otto (1894–1964)
Grundschulen
Gruppe 47
GST (Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik)
Guardian
Guillaume, Günter (1927–95)
Gulf crisis
Gulf War (1991)
Gymnasien
gypsies (Sinti and Roma)
Gysi, Gregor (1948– )

Habermas, Jürgen (1929– )
Hager, Kurt (1912–98)
HAGO (Handwerks-, Handels-, und Gewerbe-Organisation)
Halder, Franz (1884–1972)
Halifax, Lord (1881–1959)
Halle
Halle-Wittenberg
Hallstein doctrine
Hamburg
Hamburg Institute for Social Research
Hanover
Harich, Wolfgang (1923–95)
Harnack, Arvid (1901–42)
Härte (hardness)
Hartz IV reforms
Harzburg Front
Hauptschulen
Hauser, Siegfried
Haussmann, Leander (1959– )
Havemann, Robert (1910–82)
Hegelian philosophy
Heil salute
Heimat
Heimat (film)
Henckel von Donnersmarck, Florian (1973– )
Henlein, Konrad (1898–1945)
heredity, Nazi views
Herrhausen, Alfred (1930–89)
Herrnstadt, Rudolf (1903–66)
Hertling, Georg von (1843–1919)
Hess, Rudolf (1894–1987)
Hesse
Hesse, Hermann (1877–1962)
Heydrich, Reinhard (1904–42)
Heym, Stefan (1913–2001)
high-tech industries
Hildebrand, Klaus (1941– )
Hillgruber, Andreas (1925–89)
Himmler, Heinrich (1900–45)
Hindenburg, Oskar von (1883–1960)
Hindenburg, Paul von (1847–1934)
Hirschfeld, Magnus (1868–1935)
historical consciousness
Historikerstreit
Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945)
- anti-Semitism
- defeat of
- economic policies
- empire in 1942
- foreign policy
- as Führer and Reich Chancellor
- and German history
- and Holocaust
- leadership style
- Mein Kampf (1925)
- plots against
- postwar perspectives
- rise of
- and World War Two
Hitler Youth (HJ)
Hochhuth, Rolf (1931– ) The Representative (1962)
Hoess, Rudolf (1900–47)
Hoffmann, Heinz (1910–85)
Holland
Holocaust
- as educational topic
- historians’ controversy
- memorials
Holocaust (TV series) (1978)
Holtfrerich, Carl-Ludwig (1942– )
Holy Roman Empire
homosexual men
Honecker, Erich (1912–94)
- corruption charges
- period of office
Honecker, Margot (1927– )
Hoover Moratorium (1931)
Höpcke, Klaus (1933– )
Horkheimer, Max (1895–1973)
Hossbach memorandum
Hoyerswerda
Huber, Kurt (1893–1943)
Hugenberg, Alfred (1865–1951)
human rights
Hungary
- Jews
- post-revolutionary
- revolutions
hyphenated identity

Kahlschlag
Kahr, Gustav (1862–1934)
Kaiserreich
Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse
Kandinsky, Wassily (1866–1944)
Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804)
Kantian philosophy
Kapp–Lüttwitz Putsch (1920)
Karlsruhe
Karski, Jan (1914–2000)
KasernierteVolkspolizei (KVP)
KB (League of Culture)
KDF (Kraft durch Freude)
Keine Experimente! 152
Keitel, Wilhelm (1882–1946)
Kershaw, Ian (1943– )
Kessler, Heinz (1920– )
Keynesianism
Khrushchev, Nikita (1894–1971)
Kiel mutiny
Kiesinger, Kurt Georg (1904–88)
kindergartens
Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig (1880–1938)
Kirsch, Sarah (1935–2013)
Kleindeutschland (small Germany)
Kleinruppin forever (2004) (film)
Kleinstaaterei
Klemperer, Victor (1881–1960)
Klier, Freya (1950– )
Klüger, Ruth (1931– )
Knaurs Gesundheitslexikon
Kocka, Jürgen (1941– )
Kohl, Hannelore (1933–2001)
Kohl, Helmut (1930– )
Kolb, Eberhard (1933– )
Kollwitz, Käthe (1867–1945)
Koonz, Claudia, Mothers in the Fatherland (1986)
Korean War (1950–53)
KPD, see German Communist Party (KPD)
Kraft durch Freude (KDF)
Krawczyk, Stephan (1955– )
Kreisau Circle
Krejci, Jaroslav (1916–2014)
Krenz, Egon (1937– )
Kristallnacht
Krupp
Krushchev, Nikita (1894–1971)
Kulmhof (Chełmno)
Kultus-Minister-Konferenz
Kunert, Günter (1929– )
Kuwait
KVP (KasernierteVolkspolizei)

labour elites
labour force, female participation
Länder
- denazification
- education policies
- under occupation
- reduction of powers
- under unification
Länderkammer
land, redistribution
land reforms
Landtage
Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossensc haften (LPGs)
Lang, Fritz (1890–1976)
Lange, Fritz (1898–1981)
Lanzmann, Claude (1925– ) Shoah
Laqueur, Walter (1921– )
Latvia
Lausanne Conference (1932)
Law No. 8 (1945)
Law on Decartelization (1957)
Law against the Formation of New Parties (1933)
Law for Liberation from National Socialism (1946)
Law for Promoting Stability and Growth (1967)
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour (1935)
Law to Reduce Unemployment (1933)
Law Relating to the Democratization of German Schools (1946)
Law Relating to the Socialist Development of Education (1959)
Law Relating to the Unified System of Socialist Education (1965)
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service (1933)
LDPD (Liberal Democratic Party of Germany)
League of Culture (KB)
League of German Maidens (BDM)
League of German Socialist Students (SDS)
League of Nations
League of Nazi Doctors
League of Nazi Lawyers
League of Nazi School-teachers
Lebensraum
Leber, Julius (1891–1945)
Left Platform
Legien, Carl (1861–1920)
Leichtlohngruppen
Leipzig
leisure, commercialization
Lengsfeld, Vera (1952–)
Leninism, see Marxism-Leninism
lethal injections
Leuschner, Wilhelm (1890–1944)
Level-of-Industry Plan (1946)
Ley, Robert (1890–1945)
liberal democracy
Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (LDPD)
Liberman, Evsei (1897–1983)
Liebknecht, Karl (1871–1919)
Linkspartei
Linz (Austria)
literature
Lithuania
Lives of Others, The (2005) (film)
Locarno Pact (1925)
Łódź Ghetto
Loeser, Franz
London, bombing of
London Declaration (1990)
LPGs (Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaften)
Lübke, Heinrich (1892–1972)
Lublin
Ludendorff, Erich (1865–1937)
Ludz, Peter Christian (1931–79)
Luther, Hans (1879–1962)
Luther, Martin (1483–1546)
Lutheranism
Lüttwitz, Walther Freiherr von (1859–1942)
Luxembourg
Luxemburg, Rosa (c.1870–1919)

Machtergreifung myth
Madagascar Plan
Maizière, Lothar de (1940– )
Malenkov, Georgy (1902–88)
Mann, Heinrich (1871–1950)
Mann, Thomas (1875–1955)
Marc, Franz (1880–1916)
Marcuse, Herbert (1898–1979)
Maria Theresa of Austria (1717–80)
marriage rates
Marshall, Barbara
Marshall, George (1880–1959)
Marshall Aid
Marshall Plan
Marxism
- and Christianity
- and fascism
- and German history
- humanistic
- neo-Marxism
Marx, Karl (1818–83)
- Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts (1844)
Marx, Wilhelm (1863–1946)
Marxism-Leninism
Mason, Tim (1940–90)
mass organizations
mass protests
mass rallies
master race
Masur, Kurt (1927– )
materialism
Mecklenburg
Mefo Bills
Meinhof, Ulrike (1934–76)
Mein Kampf (1925)
Meins, Holger (1941–74)
Memel
memorials, Holocaust
Mende, Erich (1916–98)
Mendelsohn, Erich (1887–1953)
Mengele, Josef (1911–79)
mentally handicapped, extermination
Merkel, Angela (1954– )
Michaelis, Georg (1857–1936)
microelectronic industries
middle classes
- FRG
- GDR
- Imperial Germany
- occupied Germany
- Third Reich
- Weimar Republic
- see also bourgeoisie
Middle East
Mielke, Erich (1907–2000)
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig (1886–1969)
militarism
militarization, in GDR
military education
military policies, Hitler’s
military schools
military service
Ministerrat
Ministry of Propaganda and Enlightenment
Mischlinge
Mitbestimmung
Mitläufer
Mittelbau-Dora
modernization
- and Nazism
Modrow, Hans (1928– )
Mogadishu
Mölln
Moltke, Hellmuth James (1907–45)
Mommsen, Hans (1930– )
monetary union
- European
- German
- see also currency reform
Monowitz
moral intelligentsia
Moreton, Edwina
Morgen, Der
Morgenthau Plan
Moscow Treaty (1970)
motherhood, awards
MSPD (Majority Social Democratic Party), see Social Democratic Party (SPD)
Müller, Filip (1922– )
Müller, Hermann (1876–1931)
Munich
- uprisings
Munich Beer Festival (1980)
Munich Conference (1938)
Münzer, Thomas (c.1488–1525)
Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945)

Napoleon I (1769–1821)
National Assembly
national community, Third Reich
- economy
- radicalization
- society and culture
national consciousness
National Constituent Assembly
National Democratic Party of Germany (NDPD)
National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD)
NationaleVolksarmee (NVA)
National Front
national identity
nationalism
- see also national identity
nationality principle
National Socialist Factory Cell Organization (NSBO)
National Socialist Frauenwerk (NSF)
National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)
- anti-Semitism
- consolidation of power
- defeat of
- economic policies
- FRG
- GDR
- legacies
- mass extermination and Holocaust
- radicalization
- rise of
- and society and culture
- and Weimar culture
- in World War Two
- see also denazification; German Worker’s Party (DAP); Hitler, Adolf; neo-Nazis; Third Reich
National Socialist League of German Students
Nationalzeitung, Die
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
navy
Nazi Party, see National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)
Nazi–Soviet Pact (1939)
NDPD (National Democratic Party of Germany)
Nebenverfassung
neo-Keynesianism
neoliberalism
neo-Marxism
neo-Nazis
- FRG
- GDR
NES (New Economic System)
Neues Deutschland
Neurath, Konstantin von (1873–1956)
New Beginning
‘New Course’
New Economic System (NES)
New Forum
new objectivity
New Plan (1934)
New School of Social Research
newspaper industry
New York
Niemöller, Martin (1892–1984)
Niethammer, Lutz (1939– )
Night of Broken Glass (1938)
Night of the Long Knives (1934)
Nischengesellschaft
Nolte, Ernst (1923– )
non-defence committees
‘normalization’
Normandy landings
North Africa
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
North-Rhine Westphalia
Norway
NPD (National Democratic Party of Germany)
NSBO (National Socialist Factory Cell Organization)
NSDAP, see National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)
NSF (National Socialist Frauenwerk)
nuclear missiles
numerus clausus
Nuremberg Laws (1935)
Nuremberg Trials (1945–6)
NVA (NationaleVolksarmee)

Pabst, Georg Wilhelm (1885–1967)
Palast der Republik
Papen, Franz von (1879–1969)
paramilitary organizations
Paris
Paris Conference (1921)
Paris Treaties
Parliamentary Committees of Inquiry
see also Bundesenquêtekommissionen
participatory dictatorships
Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS)
- see also Socialist Unity Party (SED)
passive resistance
‘pastoralization’
patriotism, constitutional
peace initiatives
Pearl Harbor
peasants
Peasants’ War (1525)
People’s Court
People’s Encyclopaedia (1939)
perestroika
Persia, Shah of (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) (1919–80)
Persian Gulf
Persil certificates
Pétain, Philippe (1856–1951)
Pfaffenhofener Kurier
phoney war
photographs
Picht, Georg (1913–82), Die deutsche Bildungskatastrophe
Pieck, Wilhelm (1876–1960)
pillarization of society
planning intelligentsia
Plauen
Plenzdorf, Ulrich (1934–2007), Die neuen Leiden des jungen W. (1972)
Plötzensee jail
pluralism
Pöhl, Karl-Otto (1929– )
Poland
- church–state relationships
- communism
- concentration camps
- German invasion of
- ghettos
- Polish–German frontier
- revolutions
- Versailles Treaty
Poles, slave labour
police
- FRG
- GDR
Polish resistance movement
political conformity
political culture
political dissidents, see dissent and opposition
political framework, Allies and
political systems and constitutions, see constitutions and political framework
pollution
Pomerania
Ponto, Jürgen (1923–77)
population, differences in FRG and GDR
Posen (Poznań)
Potsdam, Garrison Church
Potsdam Agreement (1945)
Prague
Prague Spring (1968)
presidents, roles
pressure groups
Preuss, Hugo (1860–1925)
Probst, Christoph (1919–43)
propaganda
- GDR
- Nazi
- Soviet Union
property ownership
proportional representation
protectionism, agricultural
Protestants
- FRG
- GDR
- occupied Germany
- post Reformation Germany
- Third Reich
- unified Germany
- Weimar Republic
Prussia
psychology
publishing industry
purges
- GDR
- Soviet Union
- Third Reich

racialism
racial purity
racism, Nazis
- see also anti-Semitism
racist extremism
radicalization
- cumulative
- Third Reich
Radikalenerlass, see Decree Concerning Radicals (1972)
radio
Raeder, Erich (1876–1960)
RAF, see Red Army Faction (RAF)
Rahmenplan
Ranke, Leopold von (1795–1886)
Rapallo complex
Rapallo Treaty (1922)
rapprochement
Raspin, G. (d.1977)
Rassenkunde
Rathenau, Walther (1867–1922)
Ravensbrück
Reagan, Ronald (1911–2004)
realists
Realschulen
rearmament
- 1950s
- under Hitler
recentralization
Rechtsstaat
Red Army
Red Army Faction (RAF)
Red Orchestra
re-education
Reformation
Reformfreudig
refugees
- FRG
- GDR
- occupied Germany
- see also emigration; immigration
Reich, Jens (1939– )
Reich Citizenship Law (1913)
Reich Food Estate
Reichsbank
Reichsbürgergesetz
Reich Security Main Office (RSHA)
Reichskonkordat (1933)
Reichskristallnacht (1938)
Reichslandbund
Reichsrat, abolition
Reichsstatthalter
Reichstag
Reichswehr
Reichwein, Adolf (1898–1944)
Reinhard Action
‘Reinhardt Programmes’
religion
- see also Catholics; Christianity; Jews; Protestants
Remarque, Erich Maria (1898–1970)
remilitarization
Rentenmark
reparations
- after World War One
- after World War Two
Republican Party (Republikaner)
resistance, in Third Reich
reunification, attempts
- see also unification of Germany
revisionism
revolutions
- 1917
- 19–25
- 1989
- bourgeois
- June Uprising (1953)
- see also demonstrations; uprisings
Rheinland-Pfalz
Rhineland
- demilitarized
- evacuation of
- and French
- remilitarization (1936)
Ribbentrop, Joachim von (1893–1946)
Richter, Hans Werner (1908–93)
rights
- citizen
- human
- trade union
Rilke, Rainer Maria (1875–1926)
Robbins Report (1963)
Robertson, Sir Brian (1896–1974)
Röhm, Ernst (1887–1934)
Romania
Rome
Rome, Treaty of (1957)
‘Rome–Berlin Axis’
Rommel, Erwin (1891–1944)
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882–1945)
Rosh, Lea (1936– )
Rostock
RSHA (Reich Security Main Office)
Ruf, Der
Ruhr
- after 1945
- French occupation
Ruhr lock-out (1928)
rural society
Rusch, Claudia (1971– ), Meinefreie deutsche Jugend (2003)
Russia
- German military schools
- post-1917
- revolution (1917)
- tsarist
- see also Soviet Union
Ruttmann, Walter (1887–1941)

SA
Saar
Saarland
Sachsenhausen
SAGs (Soviet joint-stock companies)
sailors’ mutiny (1918)
Saxony
Scandinavia
Schabowski, Günter (1929– )
Schacht, Hjalmar (1877–1970)
Scheel, Walter (1919– )
Scheidemann, Philipp (1865–1939)
Schengen agreement (1995)
Schindler, Oskar (1908–74)
Schindler’s List (1993) (film)
Schirach, Baldur von (1907–74)
Schirdewan, Karl (1907–98)
Schleicher, Kurt von (1882–1934)
Schleswig-Holstein
Schleyer, Hanns-Martin (1915–77)
Schmidt, Helmut (1918– )
Schmorell, Alexander (1917–43)
Schoenbaum, David (1935– )
Scholl, Hans (1918–43)
Scholl, Sophie (1921–43)
Scholtz-Klink, Gertrud (1902–99)
Schönberg, Arnold (1874–1951)
Schönherr, Albrecht (1911–2009)
Schönhuber, Franz (1923–2005)
Schröder, Gerhard (1944– )
Schulpforta
Schulte, Eduard (1891–1966)
Schulze, Rainer (1952– )
Schulze-Boysen, Harro (1909–42)
Schumacher, Kurt (1895–1952)
Schuschnigg, Kurt (1897–1977)
Schutzstaffel (SS)
- ban on
- and Christianity
- graves
- and Holocaust
- powers
- reunions
Schwerin
science research
scorched earth policies
SD (Sicherheitsdienst)
SDS (League of German Socialist Students)
Second World War, see World War Two (1939–45)
secularization
SED, see Socialist Unity Party (SED)
Seeckt, Hans von (1866–1936)
Seghers, Anna (1900–83)
Selbmann, Fritz (1899–1975)
Seldte, Franz (1882–1947)
self-sufficiency
September 11 terrorist attack
Seven Year Plan
- (1959–65)
- (1962–70)
Seyss-Inquart, Arthur (1892–1946)
Shoah, see Holocaust
Shoah (film)(1985)
Sicherheitsdienst (SD)
Siemens
Silesia
Simmel, Georg (1858–1918)
Simon Wiesenthal Centre
‘Sinatra Doctrine’
Sitzkrieg
Slansky, Rudolf (1901–52)
slave labour
Slovakia
SMAD (Soviet Military Administration)
Sobibór
social Darwinism
social democracy
Social Democratic Party (SPD)
- FRG
- GDR
- Imperial Germany
- occupied Germany
- Third Reich
- united Germany
- Weimar Republic
- see also Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD); Socialist Unity Party (SED)
social history
- GDR
- Germany
socialism in GDR
Socialist Reich Party (SRP)
Socialist Unity Party (SED)
- and 1989 revolution
- formation
- under Honecker
- purges
- role and organization
- under Ulbricht
- united Germany
- see also Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS)
socialization
- of youth
social–liberal coalition
social market economy
social mobility
social reality, interpreted
social revolutions
social sciences
Solidarity
Solingen
Sonderweg
Sonnenallee (1999) (film)
‘Sovietization of the Public School System in East Germany’ (1951)
Soviet joint-stock companies (SAGs)
Soviet Military Administration (SMAD)
Soviet Union
- collapse of
- and Czechoslovakia
- division of Germany
- and GDR
- Nazi–Soviet Pact
- occupation of Germany
- reunification of Germany
- and Weimar Republic
- World War Two
- see also Cold War; Russia
Spandau Prison
Spanish Civil War (1936–9)
Spartacus League
SPD, see Social Democratic Party (SPD)
specialization
special schools
Speer, Albert (1905–81)
spheres of influence, and division of Germany
Spiegel, Der
Spiegel Affair
Spielberg, Steven (1946– )
Spiessbürger
Spitzengespräch (1978)
Spreegurken
SRP (Socialist Reich Party)
SS, see Schutzstaffel (SS)
Staatsrat
Staatssicherheit (Stasi )
- depictions
- disbandment
- informers
Stahlhelm
Stalin, Joseph (1879–1953)
- and Hitler
- purges
- and reunification
Stalingrad, Battle of
Stalinism
Stalinization
Stalinstadt
Stammheim
standards of living
- FRG
- GDR
- Imperial Germany
- occupied Germany
Stasi, see Staatssicherheit (Stasi)
Stauffenberg, Claus Schenck Count von (1907–44)
Steininger, Rolf (1942– )
sterilization
Stinnes, Hugo (1870–1924)
Stinnes–Legien agreement (1918)
Stolpe, Manfred (1936– )
Stolpersteine
Stoph, Willi (1914–1999)
Strasser, Gregor (1892–1934)
Strauss, Franz-Josef (1915–88)
Streicher, Julius (1885–1946)
Strength Through Joy (Kraft durch Freude) programme
Stresa Front
Stresemann, Gustav (1878–1929)
strikes
- FRG
- GDR
- Imperial Germany
- occupied Germany
- Third Reich
- unified Germany
- Weimar Republic
structuralism
Strukturplan für das Bildungswesen (1970)
student movement
Stunde Null (zero hour)
Sturmabteilung (SA)
Stuttgart
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Sudeten German Party
Sudetenland
survival work
Switzerland
Sympathiegemeinschaft
Systemvergleich

T4 programme
Taut, Bruno (1880–1938)
Taylor, A. J. P. (1906–90)
Taylorism
Teheran
television
Terezin (Theresienstadt)
terror
- balance of
- GDR
- Third Reich
terrorism
- global
- Red Army Faction (RAF)
Thälmann, Ernst (1886–1944)
Thatcher, Margaret (1925–2013)
Theresienstadt (Terezin)
Thielbeer, Siegfried (1944– )
Third Reich
- consolidation of power
- defeat
- economy and society
- functionalist/intentionalist interpretations
- legacies
- radicalization
- role of in history
- society and culture
- see also denazification; Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945); National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)
‘Third Way’
Thirty Years War (1618–48)
Thousand Year Reich
Thuringia
Thyssen, Fritz (1873–1951)
Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)
Times, The
Tisch, Harry (1927–95)
Todesmühlen (1945) (film)
totalitarianism
trade agreements
trade unions
- FRG
- GDR
- Imperial Germany
- occupied Germany
- Third Reich
- Weimar Republic
- see also strikes
Treblinka
trench warfare
Tribüne
Tripartite Pact (1940)
Trivialliteratur
Trott, Adam von (1909–44)
Truman, Harry (1884–1972)
Truman Doctrine
Trümmerfrauen, concept of
Turkey
Turkish immigrants
Übelhör, Friedrich

Ukraine
Ulbricht, Walter (1893–1973)
- and dissent
- economic policies
- period of office
unemployment
- FRG
- GDR
- Third Reich
- unified Germany
- Weimar Republic
- women
UNESCO
unification of Germany
- 1871
- 1990
- early failure
- see also Berlin Republic; reunification, attempts
United Kingdom (UK), see Britain
United Nations (UN)
United States of America (USA)
- 9/11
- anti-Americanism
- culture
- and Dachau
- Dawes Plan
- eugenics
- and GDR
- and German cultural talent
- and German inflation
- hyphenated identity
- Iraq War
- isolationism
- military presence in FRG
- occupation of Germany
- production methods
- and reunification
- and Soviet Union
- and unified Germany
- and Vietnam War
- World War Two
- Young Plan (1929)
- see also Cold War
universities
- denazification
- FRG
- GDR
- Third Reich
Untermenschen
uprisings
- Arab Spring
- Hungary (1956)
- June 1953
- in occupied Germany
- Third Reich
- Weimar Republic
- see also demonstrations; revolutions
urbanization
USA, see United States of America (USA)
USPD (Independent Social Democratic Party)
USSR, see Soviet Union

Wallraff, Günter (1942– ), Ganz Unten (1985)
Wall Street Crash (1929)
Walser, Martin (1927– )
Wandel, Paul (1905–95)
Wandervogel movement
Wannsee Conference (1942)
war crimes trials
Warsaw Ghetto
Warsaw Pact
Warsaw refugees
Warsaw Treaty (1970)
Wartburg Castle
Weber, Max (1864–1920)
Wehler, Hans-Ulrich (1931–2014)
Wehrmacht
Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann
Wehrverfassung
Weill, Kurt (1900–50)
Weimar
Weimar Republic
- collapse of
- comparisons with FRG political framework
- constitution and Treaty of Versailles
- formation of
- and GDR
- origins of
- political unrest and economic chaos
- society and culture
- stabilization
Weizsäcker, Ernst von (1882–1951)
Wels, Otto (1873–1939)
Wende, die
Wessis
West Germany, see Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)
Westphalia, Peace of (1648)
West Prussia, see Prussia
Wetzler, Alfréd (1918–88)
white-collar workers
White Rose (resistance group)
Wiesenthal, Simon (1908–2005)
Wilhelm II (1859–1941)
Wilhelmine Germany, see Imperial Germany
Wilhelmshaven
Wilson, Harold (1916–95)
Winter Relief Fund (WHW)
Wirth, Joseph (1879–1956)
Wirtschaftspartei
Wolf, Christa (1929–2011)
Wolf’s Lair
Wollenberger, Vera (1952– )
Wollweber, Ernst (1898–1967)
women
- comparisons of family life in FRG and GDR
- education
- emancipation
- employment
- GDR
- politicization
- Third Reich
- as Trümmerfrauen
- unified Germany
- Weimar Republic
Workers’ Committees
working classes
- FRG
- GDR
- Imperial Germany
- occupied Germany
- Third Reich
- Weimar Republic
- see also blue-collar workers
Works Constitution Law (1952)
World War One (1914–18)
World War Two (1939–45)
- see also Holocaust
Wowereit, Klaus (1953–)