ABBREVIATIONS
WE-HL—William Eaton Papers. The Huntington Library. San Marino, Cal. Microfilm.
LIFE—Life of the late General Eaton, ed. Charles Prentiss (Brookfield, Mass., 1813).
ASP—American State Papers Documents, legislative and executive, of the Congress of the United States . . . selected and edited under the authority of Congress, 38 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1832-1861).
BW—Naval Documents related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers (Washington, D.C., 1939-1944), 6 vols.
RAY—Horrors of Slavery, or The American Tars in Tripoli by William Ray (Troy, N.Y., 1808, Magazine of History reprint, 1911).
AZ—Letters of Antoine Zuchet, consul in Tripoli for Batavian Republique (Holland) to Department of Foreign Affairs. Nationaal Archief. The Hague. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken, 1796-1810. Access number 2.01.08. inv. nr. 356. Translation from French by Richard Zacks.
PM—William Plumer’s Memorandum of Proceedings in the United States Senate, 1803-1807 (N.Y., 1923).
PROLOGUE
2. “shame and villainies” Appendice per gli anni dal 1773 al 1799 alla Storia di Sardegna del Barone Giuseppe Manno (Capolago, 1847), p. 421. Translation: R. Zacks.
3. “Six jeunes filles . . .” Antoine Nyssen to Foreign Affairs Ministry of Republique Batave, January 21, 1799. National Archives. The Hague. inv. nr. 357A, 357, 5. Translation: R. Zacks.
3. “On these pillars, standing silent, sad, wings furled . . .” Dumas, Alexander. Impressions de Voyage (Paris, 1855), p. 222. Translation: R. Zacks.
4. “There was a huge crowd drunk with joy to see . . .” Antoine Nyssen to Foreign Affairs Ministry of Republique Batave, January 21, 1799. National Archives. The Hague. inv. nr. 357A, 357, 5. Translation: R. Zacks.
5. “had fixed his desire on her” William Eaton (Tunis) to General Marshall, December 20, 1800, WE-HL, Reel 2. (This item is reproduced by permission of The Huntington Library, San Marino, California, as are all WE-HL items.)
7. “a fleet of Quaker meeting houses would have done . . .” William Eaton (Tunis) to James Cathcart, August 8, 1802, WE-HL, Reel 2.
7. “Here I am, under the mad rays of a vertical sun . . .” William Eaton (Tunis) to Stephen Pynchon, October 12, 1799, WE-HL, Reel 2.
7. “For my part, it grates me mortally when . . .” William Eaton (Tunis) to George Hough, September 15, 1799, LIFE, p. 170.
7. “Imagination better than language can paint . . .” William Eaton (Tunis) to General Marshall, December 20, 1800, WE-HL, Reel 2.
8. “I ransomed your daughter” William Eaton (Tunis) to Antonio Porcile, April 25, 1801. ASP. Class IX, p. 328.
8. “It was impossible to apprehend that the respect . . .” William Eaton (Tunis) to James Madison, March 5, 1803, LIFE, p. 239.
9. “thief,” “violence and indignity” Ibid., p. 241.
9. “As security for the money paid by me . . .” Richard Morris to secretary of the navy, March 30, 1803, BW II, p. 384.
9. “[I hope] the hour is not too far distant . . .” William Eaton (Tunis) to Eliza Eaton, June 6, 1800, WE-HL, Reel 2.
9. “[Eaton] appeared to be a man of lively imagination . . .” Morris, Richard.
“A Defense of the Conduct of Morris during His Command in the Mediterranean” (New York, 1804), p. 88.
CHAPTER 1. TRIPOLI
11. “Would to God that the officers and crew of the Philadelphia . . .” Edward Preble (Syracuse) to secretary of the navy, BW III, p. 256.
13. “I believe there never was so depraved . . .” William Bainbridge (Tripoli) to Edward Preble, November 25, 1803, BW III, p. 176.
13. “maindeck of America” Rea, John. “A Letter to William Bainbridge Esq.” (Philadelphia, 1802), p. 1.
14. “liberty, equality, peace and plenty” RAY, p. 63.
14. “How preposterous does it appear . . .” Rea, John. “A Letter to William Bainbridge Esq.” (Philadelphia, 1802), p. 13.
15. “You tell an officer . . .” RAY, pp. 58-61.
16. “Every sail was set . . .” RAY, p. 80.
18. “fanfaronade” AZ, November 1, 1803.
18. “All sails were instantly set . . .” BW III, p. 190.
19. “barbarous negroes” Mather, Cotton. “The Glory of Goodness, . . . Barbarous Cruelties of Barbary” (Boston, 1703) as quoted in White Slaves, African Masters by Paul Baepler (Chicago, 1999), p. 62.
19. “[I] was forced to lie down in the street . . .” The Algerine Captive by Royall Tyler (New Haven, 1797), p. 125.
19. “The person is laid upon his face . . .” “A Journal of the Captivity and Sufferings of John Foss” as quoted in White Slaves, African Masters by Paul Baepler (Chicago, 1999), p. 82.
21. “I could not but notice the striking alteration . . .” RAY, p. 81.
24. “The Algerian Flag hoisted on the Main top . . .” Log of USS George Washington, BW I, p. 378.
25. “History shall tell that the United States . . .” Notes of William Eaton on a letter received from Consul Richard O’Brien, LIFE, p. 190.
25. “We all answer’d that all was done . . .” William Knight (Tripoli) to Thomas Bristoll, November 1, 1803, BW III, pp. 179-180.
26. “About four o’clock, the Eagle of America . . .” RAY, p. 82.
26. “strip of their clothes, or pillage . . .” “Rules and Regulations for the Government of the Navy.” U.S. Congress, Sixth Congress, Session I. April 23, 1800.
27. “to behave with circumspection and propriety . . .” RAY, p. 83.
27. “We sent a boat and persuaded them that it was no . . .” Ibid., p. 82.
28. “most Barbary crewmen have no other means of . . .” Caronni, Felice. Ragguaglio del viaggio in Barberia (Milan, 1806/reprint 1993), p. 78. Trans.: R. Zacks.
28. “We are treated much better than I expected” William Knight (Tripoli) to Thomas Bristoll, November 1, 1803, BW III, pp. 179-180.
29. “At the beach stood a row of armed men . . .” RAY, pp. 86-87.
CHAPTER 2. WASHINGTON CITY
31. “If the Congress do not consent . . .” William Eaton (Tunis) to Richard O’Brien, June 2, 1799, WE-HL, Reel 2.
32. “It looks like a deserted city” PM, p. 642.
34. “tall, large-boned farmer” and “good natured . . .” Augustus Foster, secretary to the British Legation, as quoted in History of the United States of America during the First Administration of Thomas Jefferson by Henry Adams (New York, 1917/1986 reprint), p. 126.
34. “loose and rambling” etc. Senator Maclay. Ibid.
35. “I am an enemy to all these douceurs . . .” Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, as quoted in American Sphinx by Joseph Ellis, p. 241.
35. “Only the Legislature . . .” Thomas Jefferson (Washington City) to William Eaton (not sent) February 8, 1804. Thomas Jefferson Papers. Library of Congress.
36. Note to auditor. James Madison to Richard Harrison. February 11, 1804, WE-HL, Reel 2.
37. “needless expenses,” “extravagances” Alexander Murray to secretary of the navy, May 7, 1802, BW II, p. 146.
38. “It may be asserted, without vanity or exaggeration . . .” and rest of speech. Petition of William Eaton to Committee of Claims, House of Representatives, February 16, 1804. ASP, Claims, vol. 1, pp. 299-307.
38. “looks very well in a veil” Journal of Henry Wadsworth, September 13, 1802, BW II, p. 273.
40. “well-founded claim for . . . service” John Cotton Smith, February 29, 1804, ASP Claims, vol. 1, p. 299.
41. “increase our force and enlarge . . .” Thomas Jefferson, National Intelligencer (Washington), March 21, 1804.
41. “Millions for Defense . . .” National Intelligencer (Washington), March 23, 1804.
41-42. “Mammoth Loaf” and “people of all classes & colors . . .” PM, pp. 179-180, and a grateful nod for all the cheese leads to Jeffrey L. Pasley of University of Missouri-Columbia.
42. “enterprise” and “The President and his Cabinet Council . . .” William Eaton (at sea) to Thomas Dwight, August 1804. Quoted in LIFE, p. 265.
42. “Although it does not accord with the general sentiments . . .” James Madison (Virginia) to William Eaton, August 22, 1802, BW II, p. 245. Same message to Cathcart.
44. “as much of a gentleman and soldier . . .” William Eaton (at sea) to Thomas Dwight, August 1804. Quoted in LIFE, p. 266.
44. “Navy Agent of the United States for the Several Barbary Regencies” William Eaton (Washington) to Eliza Danielson [undated], WE-HL, Reel 2.
CHAPTER 3. AMERICAN SLAVES IN TRIPOLI CITY
45. “I know not what will become of . . .” Edward Preble (Syracuse harbor) to his wife, December 12, 1803. Library of Congress. Manuscript Division.
46. “slight” and “indifferent morals,” etc. Simon Lucas (Tripoli) to Henry Dundas, June 5, 1794. Public Record Office, Kew, England. FO161:10.
46. “Hang the d-mned villain if you catch him!” William Eaton (Tunis) to James Cathcart, December 30, 1802, in postscript, January 6, 1803, WE-HL, Reel 2.
47. “Do you think your captain is a coward or traitor?” RAY, p. 88.
47. “The sea wasn’t choppy . . .” AZ, November 5, 1805.
49. “muffled up in blankets . . .” RAY, p. 96.
49. “walking stick . . . hard and very heavy” Ibid., p. 59.
51. “fresh bleeding” Ibid., p. 100.
51. “would caper, sing, jest, and look as cheerful . . .” Ibid., p. 95.
52. “enormous” Jonathan Cowdery, American Captives in Tripoli (Boston, 1806), November 8, 1804, p. 8.
52. “My Dear Susan, With feelings of distress . . .” William Bainbridge (Tripoli) to Susan Bainbridge, November 1, 1803, BW III, p. 178.
53. “mere scratch” RAY, p. 107.
54. “Thomas Prince was metamorphosed . . .” Ibid., p. 103.
55. “The boy was then brought forward . . .” Ali Bey, Travels of Ali Bey in Morocco, Tripoli, etc., 1803-1807, pp. 10-12.
55. “He . . . acted as a spy carrying . . .” RAY, p. 99.
56. “With the sacred promise of the divine . . .” AZ, December 3, 1803.
CHAPTER 4. HOME: NEW ENGLAND ROOTS
59. “[I hope] the hour is not far distant . . .” Eaton (Tunis) to Eliza, June 6, 1800, WE-HL, Reel 2.
60. Travel Diary, WE-HL, Reel 3.
60. “I love you and long to see you” Eaton (Tunis) undated, WE-HL, Reel 2.
60. “some Roman or Carthaginian Lady” Eaton (Tunis) October 13, 1799, WE-HL, Reel 2.
61. “intellectual vigor” LIFE, p. 10.
62. “FREEDOM—that sacred plant of paradise” Connecticut Gazette (New London), November 11, 1774.
62. “bake your baby into a pie” A Historical Collection from Official Records, Files &c, of the Part Sustained by Connecticut during the War of Revolution ed. Royal Hinman (Hartford, 1842), Appendix.
62. “try men’s souls . . .” Thomas Paine, “The Crisis” (1776).
63. Alumnus sketch of Gen. Wm. Eaton. New Hampshire Patriot & State Gazette (Concord, N.H., September 21, 1835). Courtesy of Dartmouth College Library.
63. “no resource but industry” Eaton (Hanover, N.H.) to Dartmouth President John Wheelock, September 5, 1789. Courtesy of Dartmouth College Library.
64. “bell-igerant” Alumnus sketch of Gen. Wm. Eaton. New Hampshire Patriot & State Gazette (Concord, N.H., September 21, 1835). Courtesy of Dartmouth College Library.
64. “pull down the proud” Library of Congress, Manuscript Division. William Eaton papers. Masonic Lodge, mm 79005184.
65. “sycamore, elm” LIFE, p. 18.
65. “danger . . . in his element” LIFE, p. 20.
65. “slept more than a hundred nights in that same wilderness” Eaton (Tunis) to Eliza, June 6, 1800, WE-HL, Reel 2.
66. Butler. LIFE, pp. 15-17.
67. “monument in mud” LIFE, p. 21.
67. “debauched, unprincipled, old batchelor” LIFE, p. 51.
68. “this elevated brute” LIFE, p. 60.
CHAPTER 5. TRIPOLI: DECATUR’S RAID
71. “I shall hazard . . .” Edward Preble to secretary of the navy, December 10, 1803, BW III, p. 258.
71. “coldest season of the year” RAY, p. 109.
72. “as cruel to our men” RAY, p. 109.
73. “Altho’ the fortune of War . . .” Preble, January 4, 1804, BW III, p. 312.
74. “About 11 o’clock . . .” RAY, p. 115.
76. “fine” black female slaves. Higgins to Preble, December 29, 1803. Malta, BW III, p. 302.
76. “The Turkish Officer alone . . .” Preble diary, December 24, 1803, BW III, p. 294.
76. “I am not without hope . . .” Thomas Jefferson to Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith, April 27, 1804. The Works of Thomas Jefferson ed. Paul L. Ford. (N.Y., 1904), vol. X, p. 77.
78. “The Captain and Crew having . . .” Preble to Tobias Lear, January 31, 1804, BW III, p. 378.
78. “the most bold and daring act of the age” Lord Horatio Nelson, as quoted in Dawn Like Thunder by Glenn Tucker, p. 283.
78. “On boarding the Frigate . . .” Preble to Decatur, January 31, 1804, BW III, p. 376.
79. “I am in hopes . . .” Ralph Izard Jr. to Mrs. Ralph Izard Sr., February 2, 1804, BW III, p. 381.
80. “The Tripolitans on board of her were dreadfully alarmed . . .” Ralph Izard Jr. to Mrs. Ralph Izard Sr., February 20, 1804, BW III, p. 416.
80. “the whooping and screaming of the enemy” Lewis Heerman, affidavit, April 26, 1828, BW III, p. 417.
80. “I immediately fired her . . .” Decatur to Preble, February 17, 1804, BW III, p. 414.
80. “were rushing from every side . . .” Lewis Heerman, affidavit, April 26, 1828, BW III, p. 417.
81. “The Americans have just partially erased . . .” AZ, February 28, 1804.
82. “Early in the morning . . .” RAY, p. 115.
83. “who to court favour” RAY, p. 116.
83. “Captain Bainbridge, however, bid us . . .” RAY, p. 116.
83. “massacred” Sidi Muhammed Dghies to William Bainbridge, March 5, 1804, BW III, p. 474.
CHAPTER 6. ALONE AT SEA
86. “finding his Brother’s troops arrive . . .” Richard Farquhar (Malta) to Thomas Jefferson, November 15, 1803, BW III, p. 222.
86. “He has all the Arabs . . .” January 17, 1804. Preble (Malta harbor) to secretary of the navy, BW III, p. 339.
86. “On the first symptoms of a reverse . . .” Eaton (aboard President) July 1804 to Colonel Dwight, LIFE, p. 265.
86. “The auxillary supplies . . .” Ibid.
87. “What terms of peace with Tripoli . . .” Thomas Jefferson, “Anas,” printed in The Works of Thomas Jefferson ed. Paul L. Ford. (N.Y., 1904), vol. 1, p. 382.
87. “Would it be believed . . .” Jefferson Himself ed. Bernard Mayo (Boston, 1932), p.104, citing “Diary Relative to Invasion of Virginia” 17:17-18.
88. “The arrangement of the presents is to form NO PART . . .” Secretary of State James Madison (Washington) to James Leander Cathcart, April 9, 1803, LIFE, p. 256; also in microfilm in Tobias Lear Papers, Clements Library and WE-HL.
89. “With respect to the ex-Bashaw . . .” Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith to Samuel Barron, June 6, 1804, BW IV, p. 152.
90. “multitudes of black skins and black coats” Eaton Travel Journal, June 7, 1804, in WE-HL.
90. “charming accomplished young lady . . .” Eaton Travel Journal, June 6, 1804, in WE-HL.
90. “He lodged in the same chamber with myself . . .” William Eaton, July 4, 1804 (aboard President), to Eliza Eaton, WE-HL.
90. “a million of dollars” secretary of state to U.S. consuls in Europe, June 2, 1804, BW IV, p. 142.
91. “UNHAPPY SLAVES . . . The horrid usage . . .” Anonymous to Samuel Barron, June 1804, BW IV, p. 203.
92. “to have his Head & Eye brows shaved . . .” John Rodgers to Samuel Barron, June 23, 1804, BW IV, p. 219.
93. “. . . evades the imputation of having embarked . . .” William Eaton (aboard President) to Colonel Dwight, July 1804, LIFE, p. 266.
94. “Though the adventure . . . be as forlorn . . .” Ibid., p. 267.
94. “We are now standing to sea before a beautiful breeze . . .” William Eaton to Eliza Eaton, July 4, 1804 (aboard President), WE-HL.
94. “Piristratides, going with some others . . .” William Eaton, Common Place Book, p. 27 in WE-HL.
97. “If this plan succeeds . . .” William Eaton, Common Place Book, August 21, 1804. p. 51 in WE-HL.
97. “The effect . . . on the ship’s people . . .” Samuel Barron (Malta harbor) to Sir Alexander Ball (copied into Eaton’s travel journal), WE-HL.
98. “The Commodore is not decided . . .” William Eaton (Malta harbor) to Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith, September 6, 1804, Eaton’s Notebook, p. 11, WE-HL.
99. Betsy story. William Eaton (Tunis) to Jonathan Harris, April 12, 1799, WE-HL.
99. “The Lord give you many days and nights of . . .” William Eaton (Tunis) to Richard O’Brien, March 25, 1799, WE-HL.
100. “transport, not a frigate” William Eaton (Tunis) to Richard O’Brien, May 11, 1800, WE-HL.
101. “sentiments of perfect gratitude . . .” William Eaton, Common Place Book, pp. 68-78, WE-HL. Also: ASP, Class IX, p. 327.
102. “The foregoing letter, written in barbarous French . . .” William Eaton, Common Place Book, p. 78, WE-HL.
102. “Whatever may be Mr. Eaton’s individual claims . . .” ASP, Class IX, p. 326.
102. “With this force, . . . it is conceived . . .” Secretary of the navy to Samuel Barron, June 6, 1804, BW IV, p. 153.
CHAPTER 7. YUSSEF
104. “If a Turk gets wounded or killed . . .” RAY, p. 130.
104. “The Commodore’s ship when standing in . . .” John Darby, BW IV, pp. 475-476.
104. “The moment . . . the Americans started firing . . .” AZ, September 1, 1804.
105. “to one gunboat without bloodshed” RAY, p. 128.
105. “The Turks told us . . .” RAY, p. 128.
107. “that she prided herself . . .” Narrative of a Ten Years’ Residence in Tripoli in Africa by Miss Tully (London, 1817), p. 232.
108. “Ah! Is this the last present . . .” Ibid., p. 233.
108. “His behaviour was mild, polite, and . . .” Ibid., p. 259.
109. “If a camel is necessary . . .” Avventure e Osservazioni di Fillippo Pananti sopra le coste di Barberia by Fillippo Pananti (Firenze, 1817), p. 224.
109. “The pacha usurper departed . . .” Consul Guys, as quoted in Annales Tripolitaines by L. Charles Feraud (Tunis, 1927), pp. 298-299.
110. “with expressions of joy as lively as sincere” Ibid., pp. 298-299.
110. “The Bashaw Sidy Hamed, having at best a weak understanding . . .” Simon Lucas to duke of Portland, June 30, 1795. Public Record Office, Kew, England, F.O. 76/5.
110. “very affable” “Relation envoyee au ministre de la marine, La Luzerne, par le consul de Frenace, Pellegrin” as quoted in Histoire Abregée de Tripoly de Barbarie, 1794 by Anne-Charles Froment de Champlagarde (reprint: Paris, 2001), p. 72.
CHAPTER 8. THE MISSION: EATON UNLEASHED
113. “The written orders I here hand you . . .” “Secret Verbal Orders of Barron,” September 15, 1804, WE-HL, copied into letterbook, pp. 21-22, at start of Reel 3.
114. “It seems you have wholly mistaken the intentions . . .” Eaton (Malta) to Don Antonio Porcile, October [Sept. crossed out] 20, 1804, Eaton letterbook, WE-HL, Reel 2.
114. “I request you will be pleased to cause information to be forwarded . . .” Eaton (Malta) to Secretary of State Madison, September 18, 1804, letterbook, June 1804 to February 1805, p. 23, WE-HL, Reel 3.
115. “Commodore Barron declares he does not consider any construction . . .” Eaton (Malta) to secretary of the navy, September 18, 1804, BW V, p. 33.
115. “I hope to be organizing my saracen militia on the plains of Libya . . .” Eaton (Malta) to Colonel Dwight, September 20, 1804, BW V, p. 42.
116. “the torments sufferd from bugs & fleas” Edward Preble (Messina) to Samuel Barron, October 8, 1804, BW V, p. 79.
117. “He has had no calamities in his life” Robert Southey, quoted in Perturbed Spirit: The Life and Personality of Samuel Taylor Coleridge by Oswald Doughty (Rutherford, N.J., 1981).
117. “french grass-like streaks” The Notebooks of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, vol. 2 (London, 1957-1961), item: 2191.
117. “put up the musket to the ear . . .” Ibid., item: 2228.
117. “O Sorrow & Shame!” Ibid., item: 2237.
118. “that the largest ships of war . . .” Journal of purser John Darby, U.S. Navy, BW V, pp. 81-82.
118. “an affection of the liver” John Rodgers (USS Constitution in Syracuse harbor) to secretary of the navy, November 6, 1804, BW V, p. 124.
118. “The physician Doc Cutbush has been under serious apprehensions . . .” Eaton to secretary of the navy, postscript of October 27, 1804 (Malta), BW V, p. 35.
119. “Why not an answer!” Eaton, Common Place Book, “Note Oct. 29th 1804 at Malta,” p. 92, WE-HL, Reel 3.
119. “I have sometimes seen a brave man dishonest . . .” Eaton, Common Place Book, p. 66, WE-HL, Reel 3.
119. “To secure himself in the secrecy of this disgraceful secession . . .” Eaton, WE-HL, Reel 3.
119. “Colonel Lear not to be leered at!!!” Eaton, Common Place Book, p. 67, WE-HL, Reel 3.
120. “I presume the co-operation of the Brother of the Bashaw . . .” Tobias Lear (Malta) to secretary of state, November 3, 1804, BW V, p. 116.
120. “I am so unwell to Day that I can scarcely write at all . . .” Samuel Barron (Syracuse) to John Rodgers, November 3, 1804, BW V, p. 117.
120. “If on your Arrival in Egypt it should be found necessary . . .” Samuel Barron (Syracuse) to Isaac Hull, November 10, 1804, BW V, p. 134.
121. “Commodore Barron being at present sick in . . .” Edward Preble (Syracuse) to Sir Alexander Ball, November 13, 1804, BW V, p. 140.
121. “On further consideration, I am of opinion that the supplies . . .” Eaton (Syracuse) to secretary of the navy, BW V, p. 140.
123. “I request that you will assist him and do everything . . .” Alexander Ball (Malta) to Samuel Briggs, November 16, 1804, BW V, p. 144.
123. “It was my intention to have taken along . . .” Eaton (Malta) to Samuel Barron, November 17, 1804, BW V, p. 146.
124. “It may have a good effect on his brother . . .” Samuel Barron (near Syracuse) to Tobias Lear, November 13, 1804, BW V, p. 139.
124. “I am not at all sanguine . . .” Tobias Lear (Malta) to Samuel Barron, November 20, 1804, BW V, p. 153.
CHAPTER 9. HUNTING HAMET IN EGYPT
127. “They make use of asses . . .” Travels of Ali Bey in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria and Turkey between the years 1803 and 1807 by Ali Bey. Reprint Edition (Reading, UK, 1993), vol. I, p. 316.
129. “The battlegrounds there . . . we found still covered with human Skeletons” William Eaton (Rosetta) to Isaac Hull, December 2, 1804, BW V, p. 171.
130. “The billows are generally very strong” Travels of Ali Bey in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria and Turkey between the years 1803 and 1807 by Ali Bey. Reprint Edition (Reading, UK, 1993), vol. II, p. 2.
130. “You will find in Major Missett all that can be comprized in the term of a Gentleman . . .” William Eaton (Rosetta) to Isaac Hull, December 2, 1804, BW V, p. 171.
131. “possessing dispositions congenial to the interests of the Bey’s wife.” William Eaton (Grand Cairo) to secretary of the navy, December 13, 1804, BW V, p. 186.
132. “The interior of this country being in a state of general revolt . . .” William Eaton (Alexandria) to secretary of the navy, November 28, 1804, BW V, p. 166.
132. “who restrained by no discipline ravage and murder” William Eaton (Grand Cairo) to secretary of the navy, December 13, 1804, BW V, p. 186.
133. “inhabitants oppressed and miserable” William Eaton, LIFE, p. 275. Also BW V, p. 174.
133. “In many of the villages are women for the convenience of strangers . . .” William George Browne, Travels in Africa, Egypt and Syria from the year 1792 to 1798 (London, 1799), p. 34.
133. “astonished the inhabitants” William Eaton, LIFE, p. 275. Also BW V, p. 174.
134. “The Arab camp were within half a league . . .” William Eaton (Grand Cairo) to secretary of the navy, December 13, 1804, BW V, p. 187.
135. “We passed as American officers . . .” William Eaton (Grand Cairo) to secretary of the navy, December 13, 1804, BW V, p. 187.
136. “Hundreds and thousands of lights may be seen . . .” Travels of Ali Bey in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria and Turkey between the years 1803 and 1807 by Ali Bey. Reprint Edition (Reading, UK, 1993), vol. II, p. 19.
136. “You are like the city ass . . .” William George Browne, Travels in Africa, Egypt and Syria from the year 1792 to 1798 (London, 1799), p. 86.
136. “destitute of everything but resentment . . .” Eaton (Grand Cairo) to secretary of the navy, December 13, 1804, BW V, p. 187.
137. “magnificence” Eaton (Grand Cairo) to secretary of the navy, December 13, 1804, BW V, p. 188.
137. “embroidered purple and damask cushions” Ibid.
138. “The tobacco of Turkey is the best . . .” Charles Sonnini de Manoncourt, Travels in Upper and Lower Egypt (London, 1799), p. 158.
138. “was a man of much more frankness and liberality . . .” Eaton (Demanhour) to Edward Preble, January 25, 1805, BW V, p. 301.
139. “Both taught the existence and supremacy of one God . . . nor for spoil but to vindicate our rights.” William Eaton (Grand Cairo) to secretary of the navy, December 13, 1804, BW V, p. 188.
139. “I found the means however . . .” William Eaton (Demanhour) to Edward Preble, January 25, 1805, BW V, p. 301.
140. “until the pleasure of the President shall be expressed . . .” William Eaton to Dr. Francisco Mendrici, December 13, 1804, BW V, p. 185.
140. “a letter of amnesty and permission . . .” William Eaton (Grand Cairo) to secretary of the navy, December 13, 1804, postscript. December 17, 1804, BW V, p. 189.
140. “God has ordained that you should see trouble . . .” William Eaton (Grand Cairo) to Hamet Karamanli, December 17, 1804, BW V, p. 197.
141. “I had been told that it was a delightful spot . . .” Travels of Ali Bey in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria and Turkey between the years 1803 and 1807 by Ali Bey. Reprint Edition (Reading, UK, 1993), vol. II, p. 22.
141. “Ruined temples, pyramids, and catacombs, monuments of superstition . . .” William Eaton (Grand Cairo) to John Cotton Smith, December 26, 1804, LIFE, p. 285.
141. “If Government should reprove our arrangements, we will reimburse them from the spoils of Bengazi . . .” William Eaton (Grand Cairo) to Isaac Hull, December 19, 1804, BW V, pp. 202-203.
142. “We are more perplexed with contradictory reports, than were there free presses . . .” William Eaton (Grand Cairo) to Major Missett, December 19, 1804, BW V, p. 203.
142. “view all the ladies of the village . . .” William Eaton, LIFE, p. 277. Also BW V, p. 205.
142. “They are always attended by an old man . . .” William George Browne, Travels in Africa, Egypt and Syria from the year 1792 to 1798 (London, 1799), p. 84.
143. “consist chiefly of very quick and truly astonishing movements of the loins . . .” Charles Sonnini de Manoncourt, Travels in Upper and Lower Egypt (London, 1799).
143. “At evening an exhibition at the English house of the almee . . .” William Eaton, LIFE, p. 277. Also BW V, p. 206.
143. “I have made arrangements for paying Mess.rs Briggs the Thousand Dollars . . .” Isaac Hull (U.S. Brig Argus, Alexandria harbor) to William Eaton, December 24, 1804, BW V, pp. 214-215.
CHAPTER 10. WHITE CHRISTMAS IN TRIPOLI
145. “The American sailors, it is a pity to see them . . .” AZ, September 15, 1804.
145. “They send us to work rain or shine . . .” Letter signed by “The Philadelphia Crew” (Tripoli Prison) to “Commander and Chief of the U.S. Forces up the Mediterranean.” November 7, 1804. Manuscript Div., Library of Congress.
146. “Tota Fora” RAY, p. 151.
146. “The wardens whipped them until they were tired . . .” Jonathan Cowdery, American Captives in Tripoli (Boston, 1806), p. 25.
147. “I can’t conceive that the least benefit could derive to the U.S. . . .” William Bainbridge (Tripoli) to Dr. George Davis, U.S. consul in Tunis, December 19, 1804, BW V, pp. 199-200.
148. “In helpless servitude, forlorn . . .” RAY, p. 154.
CHAPTER 11. REELING IN HAMET
151. “I confess I do not feel altogether at my ease . . .” Eaton (Cairo) to Hull, December 29, 1804, BW V, pp. 223-224.
151. “The undertaking will be hazardous . . .” Ibid., p. 224.
152. “break his bones” Ibid., p. 224.
152. “the most respectable Christian house in Grand Cairo” Eaton (Alexandria) to Hull, February 9, 1805, BW V, pp. 341-342.
152. “Her face is like a full moon . . .” Constantin-Francois Volney, Travels through Syria and Egypt in the years 1783, 1784 and 1785 (London, 1787), p. 108.
152. “Choose a blond woman for your eyes . . .” Ibid., p. 108.
152. “what is somewhat more base . . .” Eaton (Cairo) to Hull, December 29, 1804, BW V, p. 224.
153. “Good God, when will our young men learn the weight of respect . . .” Ibid.
153. “conditionally” Eaton (Cairo) to Richard Farquhar, December 31, 1804, BW V, p. 229.
153. “approaching Cairo with imposing strides” Eaton (Cairo) to Hull, January 3, 1805, BW V, p. 252.
153. “At all events it is time to determine on something . . . in this letter.” Hull (aboard USS Argus at Alexandria) to Eaton, January 5, 1805, BW V, p. 254.
154. “wild Arabs,” “Arnaut Turks” . . . “If we fail . . . , you will do us the justice . . .” Eaton (Cairo) to Hull, January 8, 1805, BW V, p. 268.
154. “Not to give a dollar for peace . . .” Thomas Jefferson. “Anas.” The Works of Thomas Jefferson ed. Paul L. Ford (N.Y., 1904), vol. I, p. 383.
155. “To our friend, the very good friend of our Highness, . . .” Hamet Karamanli (unspecified) to William Eaton, January 3, 1805, BW V, p. 252. Also: different translation in William Eaton letterbook (August 14, 1804, to February 11, 1805), WE-HL, Reel 3. Also: slightly different in French translation on microfilm, Reel 2.
155. “I cannot but congratulate you . . .” Eaton (Cairo) to Hull, January 8, 1805, BW V, p. 268.
155. “You’re well aware that when we left Tunis . . .” Hamet Karamanli to Sheik Muhammed, son of Abdel Rahman. Italian translation enclosed in a letter from Muhammed, son of Abdel Rahman, to Dr. Francesco Mendrici, January 10, 1805, WE-HL.
156. “by drafts on Leghorn, Naples or Department of the Navy” Eaton (Cairo) to Hull, January 9, 1805, BW V, p. 270.
157. “The money that was given me by the general was very little . . .” Hamet Karamanli (Ohu’isa) to Mahmud, BW V, p. 280.
157. “We are in the desert . . .” Ibid.
159. “No Argument I could advance could at all modify . . .” Eaton (Demanhour) to Edward Preble, January 25, 1805, BW V, pp. 300-305.
160. “to prevent intruders” Ibid, p. 304.
161. “Nothing could be more amusing” Francois-Réné, comte de Chateaubriand, Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt and Barbary, during the years 1806 and 1807 (N.Y., 1814), p. 409.
161. “British spies” William Eaton notes, BW V, p. 314.
161. “[Derne & Bengazi] will be . . . an easy conquest . . .” Eaton (Demanhour) to Hull, January 29, 1805, BW V, p. 319.
162. “to clear out from this” Eaton (Demanhour) to Hull, Sunday, February 4 [3], 1805, BW V, p. 330.
CHAPTER 12. PREPARING FOR WAR: FRESH ENEMIES AND MONEY, MONEY, MONEY
165. “I will do [the expedition] on the following conditions . . .” Richard Farquhar (Alexandria) to Isaac Hull, February 12, 1805, BW V, p. 344.
166. “beyond caprice” Eaton (Alexandria) to Samuel Barron, February 14, 1805, BW V, pp. 353-354.
167. “Convention between the United States of America . . .” BW V, pp. 367-369.
168. “Neither authorized, specified nor vouched . . .” Farquhar expense accounts, WE-HL, Reel 2.
168. “If the [messenger] has not the means of touching . . .” Eaton (Alexandria) to secretary of the navy, February 13, 1805, BW V, p. 350.
169. “principally old soldiers” Eaton (Alexandria) to Barron, February 14, 1805, BW V, p. 354.
169. “the cook,” “the drummer” Richard Farquhar submitted to Eaton, February 25, 1805, WE-HL, Reel 2.
169. “I have endeavoured to perswead . . .” Richard Farquhar (Alexandria) to Eaton, February 18, 1805, BW V, p. 360.
169. “You will immediately make out your account . . .” Eaton (Alexandria) to Richard Farquhar, February 25, 1805, BW V, pp. 371-372.
170. “To our Friend and Son, Mister Fahr . . .” Hamet Karamanli (Marabout) to Richard Farquhar, February 28, 1805, BW V, p. 379.
171. “chiefly embezzled or misapplied” Eaton’s travel journal, March 3, 1805, BW V, p. 388.
171. “Roc Maltais” “Extrait des Registrer de la chancellerie du Commissariat de l’Empire francais à Alexandrie d’Egypt, 10 Ventose, 13ème année [March 1, 1805],” WE-HL, Reel 2.
171. “I am persuaded that a regular report . . .” British consul Samuel Briggs (Alexandria) to Monsieur B. Drovetti, March 5, 1805, BW V, p. 390.
172. “My reports . . . [will] require your explanations . . .” Eaton (Alexandria) to Mr. B. Drovetti, March 3, 1805, BW V, p. 388.
172. “The firm and decided conduct of Mr. O’Bannon . . .” Eaton’s travel journal, March 2, 1805, BW V, p. 384.
172. “We found . . . a supervisor of the revenue . . .” Ibid.
173. “be recognized as General, and Commander in Chief . . .” Convention between U.S. and Hamet Karamanli, BW V, p. 367-369.
173. “raised fresh demands for cash” Eaton’s travel journal, March 5, 1805, BW V, p. 391.
174. “After marching near 40 miles . . .” Pascal Peck (Malta) to unnamed officer on the Argus, July 4, 1805. Reprinted in National Intelligencer, October 9, 1805, BW V, pp. 361-363.
CHAPTER 13. THE DESERT
178. “It was not safe to do it . . .” LIFE, p. 303.
178. “The Bashaw seemed irresolute and despondent . . .” Ibid.
178. “Money, more money was the only stimulus . . .” Ibid.
179. “[They] attempted to disarm . . .” Ibid., p. 304.
179. “barren rocky plain” . . . “upon the dividing ridge between Egypt and Tripoli . . .” Ibid.
180. “Arabs” . . . “We had heretofore experienced daily losses . . .” Ibid.
180. “Masrocah” . . . “very dear” Ibid., p. 305.
181. “I now learned, for the first time, that our caravan . . . no part of their pay” Ibid.
182. “perplexing and embarrassed” . . . “impossible to move without the caravan . . .” Ibid., p. 306.
182. “I thought this an argument that urged acceleration . . .” Ibid.
182. “runner” Ibid., p. 307.
182. “one of the most hypocritical fanatics” . . . “wretched victims . . .” Ibid.
183. “an elevated stony plain” Ibid.
184. “We were the first Christians ever seen by these wild people . . .” Ibid., p. 308.
184. “Cash, we find, is the only deity of Arabs . . .” Ibid.
184. “They examined it carefully . . .” Ibid.
185. “A woman offered her daughter . . .” Ibid., pp. 308-309.
185. “were a few days march from . . .” Ibid., p. 309.
185. “You have promised much and fulfilled nothing” Ibid., pp. 309-310.
187. “firmness” . . . “to render them more manageable” Ibid., p. 311.
187. “enchanting” Ibid.
187. “had discouraged and dissuaded them” Ibid.
187. “Curiosity brought every Arab” Ibid., pp. 313-314.
188. “To the inhabitants of the kingdom of Tripoli . . .” BW V, p. 467.
189-190. “At the uttermost limits of the West . . . in proof of our fidelity and our goodwill.” Ibid., pp. 467-470.
191. “a savage independence of soul” LIFE, pp. 312-313.
191. “handful” Midshipman Pascal Peck (Malta) to unnamed recipient, July 4, 1805, BW V, p. 362.
191. “the cause of all our delays” LIFE, p. 315.
192. “Remember you are in a desert, and a country not your own” Ibid.
192. “I have found you at the head of every commotion . . .” Ibid., pp. 315-316.
193. “fine girls and young married women” “handsome” Ibid., pp. 316-317.
194. “The women had their places near the camels . . .” Ibid., pp. 318-320.
195. “[The older women] perform the office of examining . . .” William Eaton, travel journal, WE-HL, Reel 3.
196. “wild cat” “It was cooked . . .” LIFE, p. 320.
196. “remarkable ancient castle of hewn stone” Ibid., p. 320.
197. “fetid and saline” Ibid., p. 321.
198. “This was a precious repast to our thirsty pilgrims” Ibid., p. 322.
199. “If they prefer famine to fatigue . . .” Ibid., p. 323.
200. “manual exercize” . . . “The Christians are preparing to fire on us . . .” Ibid.
201. “W’allahi . . . In the name of Allah,” Ibid.
202. “We find it almost impossible to inspire these wild bigots . . .” Ibid., p. 325.
203. “beautiful valley” Ibid., p. 325.
203. “Our situation is truly alarming” Ibid., p. 326.
204. “from pensive gloom to enthusiastic gladness” Ibid.
204. “spasms and vomiting” Ibid.
205. “Marched seven and a half miles . . .” Ibid., p. 327.
205. “No part of the animal capable of being gnawed by human tooth . . .” Frederick Horneman. The Journal of Frederick Horneman’s Travels from Cairo to Marzouk . . . 1797-1798 (London, 1802), p. 5.
205. “Marched fifteen miles . . .” LIFE, p. 327.
206. “Nothing could prevail on our Arabs to believe . . .” Ibid., p. 328.
206. “impracticable” Ibid.
207. “Language is too poor to paint the joy . . .” Ibid.
207. “When I think on our situation in the desert . . .” Pascal Peck (Malta) to unnamed officer on the Argus, July 4, 1805. Reprinted in National Intelligencer, October 9, 1805, BW V, pp. 361-363.
CHAPTER 14. TOBIAS LEAR: PEACE AT ANY COST
210. “We should not refuse to negotiate . . .” Tobias Lear (Malta) to Don Gerando Joseph de Souza, March 28, 1805, BW V, p. 463.
210. “I hope I have not acted incorrectly . . .” John Rodgers (USS Constitution off Tripoli) to Samuel Barron, April 16 or 18, 1805, BW V, p. 515.
210. “perfect inviolability” Nicholas Nissen (Tripoli) to Samuel Barron, March 18, 1805, BW V, pp. 421-423.
211. “A sincere & lasting peace . . .” Ibid.
211. “has great influence over the Bashaw” . . . “Permit me, my dear Barron . . .” William Bainbridge (Tripoli) to Samuel Barron, March 16, 1805, BW V, p. 417.
212. “I have no doubt that if a person . . .” William Bainbridge (Tripoli) to Samuel Barron, March 22, 1805, BW V, pp. 437-438.
212. “you will consider equal terms . . .” “. . . If the attack is made . . .” John Rodgers (aboard USS Constitution off Tripoli) to Tobias Lear, April 17, 1805, BW V, p. 518.
213. “I am only afraid that the Tripoline dogs . . .” John Rodgers (aboard USS Congress in Gibraltar Bay) to Minvera Denison, August 11, 1804, Rodgers Family Papers. Library of Congress. Manuscript Division.
214. “totally inadmissable” Tobias Lear (Malta) to John Rodgers, May 1, 1805, BW VI, p. 1.
214. “Now, it is a war over my personal . . .” William Bainbridge (Tripoli) to Samuel Barron, April 12, 1805, BW V, p. 505.
214. “The American prisoners—at the moment that Bashaw Yussef is forced to . . .” AZ, April 16, 1805.
215. “He will have his washing done . . .” George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, January 4, 1786. Washington Papers. Library of Congress. Quoted in The Checkered Career of Tobias Lear (Portsmouth, N.H., 1985) by Ray Brighton, p. 33.
216. “Black Sam” “a number fine dishes” “long consultation” Tobias Lear (New York) to Major Washington. William R. Perkins Library, Duke University, as quoted in The Checkered Career of Tobias Lear (Portsmouth, N.H., 1985) by Ray Brighton, p. 61.
217. “I must therefore request in explicit terms . . .” George Washington to Tobias Lear, Ibid., pp. 151-152.
217. “About ten o’clock, [Washington] made several attempts to speak to me . . .” Lear Diary, Ibid., p. 164.
218. “There are, as you well know, . . . among the several letters and papers . . .” Tobias Lear to Alexander Hamilton, Ibid., p. 171.
218. “Anglican monarchial & aristocratical” . . . “all timid men who . . .” Thomas Jefferson to Philip Mazzei, April 24, 1796, quoted by Dumas Malone, The Ordeal of Liberty, p. 257. Ibid., p. 170.
220. “hazard the goodwill of the French” Secretary of State James Madison (Washington) to Tobias Lear, January 17, 1803, Ibid., p. 192.
220. “full of lizards, spiders and many noxious insects” John Rodgers (Baltimore) to Secretary of State James Madison, June 1802, a copy in ZB file at Navy Department Library, Washington, D.C.
220. “highly patriotic” House of Representatives, Claims Committee report. February 18, 1803, as quoted in The Checkered Career of Tobias Lear (Portsmouth, N.H., 1985) by Ray Brighton, p. 194.
220. “I will fly on wings of love to your arms . . .” Tobias Lear (aboard USS Constitution in Gibraltar Bay) to Frances Lear, September 20, 1803. Tobias Lear Papers. University of Michigan. Clements Library. Microfilm.
CHAPTER 15. AN AMERICAN FLAG ON FOREIGN SOIL
223. “All was now rejoicing and mutual congratulation . . .” Pascal Paoli Peck (Malta), July 4, 1805, reprinted in National Intelligencer, October 9, 1805, BW V, pp. 361-363.
223. “He was a rough boisterous captain of the sea . . .” Edmund Quincy, as quoted in Dictionary of American Biography, vol. IX (N.Y., 1928), pp. 360-362.
224. “I cannot but applaud the energy and perseverance . . .” Samuel Barron (Malta) to Eaton, March 22, 1805, BW V, pp. 438-441.
225. “Besides the terror that Cannon impress . . .” several more quotations from the same letter. Eaton (Bomba) to Isaac Hull, April 21, 1805, BW V, pp. 527-528.
226. “unwilling to abandon an Expedition this far conducted” Presley O’Bannon (Bomba) to Isaac Hull, April 21, 1805, BW V, p. 528.
226. “I am actuated by . . . a wish to contribute generally by my . . .” Midshipman George W. Mann (on board Argus) April 21, 1805, BW V, p. 528.
226. “springing from the top of a mountain . . .” Eaton travel diary, April 23, 1805, LIFE, pp. 328-329.
227. “Marched fifteen miles over mountainous and broken ground . . .” Eaton travel diary, April 24, 1805, Ibid., p. 329.
227. “The night was passed in consultations . . .” Ibid.
228. “ten inch howitzer” . . . “could bring 800 men into battle, and he possessed all the batteries . . .” April 25, 1805, Ibid., pp. 329-330.
228. “Sir, I want no territory. With me is advancing . . .” Eaton (near Derne) to governor of Derne, April 26, 1805, Ibid., p. 337.
229. “My head or yours.—Mustifa” governor of Derne (Derne) to Eaton, April 26, 1805, Ibid. Also: BW V, p. 542.
229. “You will please send a large party down early . . .” Lieutenant John Dent (aboard USS Nautilus) to Eaton, April 26, 1805, BW V, p. 542.
232. “The fire of the enemy’s Musketry became too warm . . .” Eaton (Derne) to Samuel Barron, April 29, 1805, BW V, pp. 553-555.
233. “At about a half past 3, we had the satisfaction to see . . .” Lieutenant Isaac Hull (aboard USS Argus) to Samuel Barron, April 28, 1805, BW V, pp. 547-548.
233. “They held safe positions to catch fugitives . . .” Eaton (Derne) to Samuel Barron, May 1, 1805, postscript to April 29, 1805, letter, BW V, pp. 550-553.
234. “musket ball through the left wrist” Lieutenant Isaac Hull (aboard USS Argus) to Samuel Barron, April 28, 1805, BW V, pp. 547-548.
234. “We are in possession of the most valuable province of Tripoli” Eaton (Derne) to Samuel Barron, April 29, 1805, BW V, p. 550.
235. “military talent and firmness” . . . “to be used solely as an instrument . . .” Eaton (Derne) to Samuel Barron, May 1, 1805, postscript to April 29, 1805, letter, BW V, pp. 550-553.
235. “At all events . . . I am deeply impressed . . .” Ibid.
236. “Used exertions to draw the Governor . . .” Eaton travel diary, May 2, 1805, LIFE, p. 330.
237. “The Christians no longer respect the customs of our fathers . . .” Ibid., p. 331.
237. “At 1/2 past 9 the parties met . . .” Lieutenant Isaac Hull (aboard USS Argus) to Samuel Barron, May 17, 1805, BW VI, p. 20.
238. “Very fortunately, a shot from one of our nine pounders killed . . .” Eaton (Derne) to Samuel Barron, May 15, 1805, BW VI, p. 14.
238. “The Enemy are shamefully flogged, we have collected . . .” Eaton (Derne) to Lieutenant Issac Hull, May 13, 1805, BW VI, p. 12.
239. “You would have yielded to the Christian General . . .” Eaton travel diary, LIFE, pp. 332-333.
240. “Monsieur, Vu le desir et le courage . . .” Officers (Derne) to Eaton, May 20, 1805, WE-HL, Reel 2. Also: BW VI, p. 28.
CHAPTER 16. MALTA: DISEASED LIVER AND COLD FEET
243. “I have never disguised from myself . . .” Samuel Barron (Malta) to John Rodgers, May 22, 1805, BW VI, p. 31.
244. “want of energy and military talents . . .” Samuel Barron (Malta) to Tobias Lear, May 18, 1805, BW VI, pp. 22-23.
245. “in a few days” . . . “Altho’ I cannot, Sir, agree . . .” Tobias Lear (Malta) to Samuel Barron, May 19, 1805, BW VI, p. 24.
245. “The letter I have written to Mr. Eaton . . .” Samuel Barron (Malta) to Lieutenant Isaac Hull, May 19, 1805, BW VI, p. 24.
246. “would not discredit the character which our . . .” Samuel Barron (Malta) to Eaton, May 19, 1805, BW VI, pp. 25-26.
247. “Tuesday May 21, 1805—Employ’d as yesterday & in making visits to my acquaintances . . .” Tobias Lear diary, as copied for A. W. Whipple in the 1840s; manuscript formerly in Dudley Stoddard Collection in New York, as quoted in The Checkered Career of Tobias Lear by Ray Brighton (Portsmouth, N.H., 1985), p. 250.
248. “He has no respectability attached to his character . . .” February 3, 1804, BW III, p. 386.
249. “the importance of the Intelligence” Samuel Barron (Malta) to John Rodgers, May 26, 1805, BW VI, p. 49.
CHAPTER 17. TRIPOLI: FEAR
251. “Yesterday there arrived here from Derne . . .” AZ, May 23, 1805.
252. “It was apparent to the most indifferent observer that . . .” William Wormley (Washington) to Stephen Bradley, February 16, 1806, BW VI, pp. 373-374.
252. “They stopped through fatigue, and asked their driver . . .” Diary entry May 23, 1805. Jonathan Cowdery, American Captives in Tripoli (Boston, 1806), pp. 30-31.
252. “This is true but no more than what . . .” RAY, p. 159.
252. “The Bashaw was so much agitated at the news of the approach of his brother . . .” Diary entry May 24, 1805. Jonathan Cowdery, American Captives in Tripoli (Boston, 1806), p. 31.
CHAPTER 18. TRIPOLI HARBOR: LEAR TO THE RESCUE
253. “I shall, my dearest love, give you a detail of my situation . . .” Tobias Lear (aboard USS Essex) to Fanny Lear, May 25, 1805. Lear Papers. Clements Library at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Microfilm.
254. “At about 11 A.M., the smallest [frigate] came near in . . .” Jonathan Cowdery, American Captives in Tripoli (Boston, 1806), pp. 31-32.
255. “would put aside in toto” Tobias Lear (aboard USS Constitution in Syracuse harbor) to Secretary of State James Madison, July 5, 1805, BW VI, pp. 159-162.
256. “They returned at evening with the joyful news . . .” Jonathan Cowdery, American Captives in Tripoli (Boston, 1806), pp. 31-32.
256. “Both Turks and Christians were all anxiously . . .” Ibid., p. 32.
256. “The Turks began to think . . .” Ibid., p. 32.
257. “I told the Sp Consul, to prevent unnecessary delay . . .” Tobias Lear (aboard USS Constitution in Syracuse harbor) to Secretary of State James Madison, July 5, 1805, BW VI, pp. 159-162.
258. “Thus stands the business at present . . .” Tobias Lear (Tripoli harbor) to Fanny Lear, May 25-30, 1805. Lear Papers. Clements Library at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Microfilm.
258. “My dearest Fanny, I have not much time for my own amusement . . .” Ibid.
258. “I have declared that I will not recede one inch from it . . .” Ibid.
258. “How things will turn out is yet uncertain” John Rodgers (aboard USS Constitution off Tripoli) to Samuel Barron, May 30, 1805, BW VI, p. 64.
259. “I told him the business had already been protracted . . .” Tobias Lear (on board USS Constitution in Syracuse harbor) to Secretary of State James Madison,
July 5, 1805, BW VI, pp. 159-162.
CHAPTER 19. DERNE: DEFIANCE
261. “Why don’t he come and take it?” Eaton travel journal, LIFE, p. 334.
261. “We want nothing but cash to break up our enemy’s camp . . .” Ibid.
262. “Five o’clock, P.M. Overwhelmed with the Scyroc . . .” Ibid.
263. “So piercing was the heat . . .” Ibid.
265. “They [perhaps feared] that we were an advanced party aiming to draw . . .” Eaton (Derne) to Samuel Barron, May 29, 1805, Ibid., p. 350.
265. “A Mirabout (saint) who has experienced some charities . . .” Eaton travel journal, Ibid., p. 335.
265. “He must be held as unworthy of further support . . .” Samuel Barron (Malta) to William Eaton, May 19, 1805, BW VI, p. 25.
266. “You would weep, Sir, . . . were you on the spot, to witness . . .” Eaton (Derne) to Samuel Barron, May 29, 1805, LIFE, pp. 349-361.
CHAPTER 20. TRIPOLI: PEACE? FREEDOM? HONOR?
270. “unreasonable” Report of Danish consul, Nicholas Nissen, June 10, 1805, BW VI, pp. 103-105.
271. “We stood in under the batteries . . .” Hezekiah Loomis, steward (aboard USS Vixen off Tripoli). Journal. June 1, 1805.
271. “it was more for the sake of peace than anything else . . .” Tobias Lear (aboard USS Constitution off Tripoli) to Fanny Lear, June 2, 1805. Lear Papers. Clements Library at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Microfilm.
272. “Christian dog” Life and Services of Commodore Bainbridge by Thomas Harris (Philadelphia, 1837), p. 122.
272. “I did not much desire this commission . . .” Report of Danish consul, Nicholas Nissen, June 10, 1805, BW VI, pp. 103-105.
273. “nothing has really been paid for peace” Ibid.
273. “who were so overjoyed that many of them shed tears” Jonathan Cowdery, American Captives in Tripoli (Boston, 1806), pp. 32-33.
274. “[Nissen] will be on board again this evening when I trust the business . . .” Tobias Lear (aboard USS Constitution off Tripoli) to Fanny Lear, June 2, 1805. Lear Papers. Clements Library at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Microfilm.
274. “This demand seemed severe to the Pacha . . .” Report of Danish consul, Nicholas Nissen, June 10, 1805, BW VI, pp. 103-105.
274. “Our business is so far finished . . .” John Rodgers (USS Constitution off Tripoli) to Samuel Barron, June 3, 1805 (Rodgers almost always uses a nautical time frame, that is, June 3 begins at noon on what landlubbers are calling June 2), BW VI, p. 78.
275. “quite honorable but not corresponding to my own ideas” John Rodgers (aboard USS Constitution in Tunis Bay) to Minerva Denison, August 21, 1805. Rodgers Family Papers. Manuscript Division. Library of Congress.
275. “If the Bashaw would consent to deliver up our Countrymen . . .” Ibid.
275. “We had a glance at them as they passed our prison . . .” RAY, p. 162.
275. “[Nissen] said the Bashaw would never agree to the article . . .” Tobias Lear (aboard USS Constitution off Tripoli) to Fanny Lear, June 5, 1805. Lear Papers. Clements Library at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Microfilm.
276. “It is peace” Life and Services of Commodore Bainbridge by Thomas Harris (Philadelphia, 1837), p. 123.
276. “He came onb.d again with the article signed by the Bashaw” Tobias Lear (aboard USS Constitution off Tripoli) to Fanny Lear, June 5, 1805. Lear Papers. Clements Library at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Microfilm.
277. “I was met by thousands of people . . .” Ibid.
277. “I found [him] a sensible, liberal and well-informed man” Tobias Lear (aboard USS Constitution in Syracuse harbor) to Secretary of State James Madison, July 5, 1805, BW VI, pp. 159-162.
278. “The intoxication of Liberty & Liquor . . .” Tobias Lear (Tripoli) to John Rodgers, June 4, 1805, BW VI, p. 82.
278. “He paid me many compliments . . .” Tobias Lear (aboard USS Constitution in Syracuse harbor) to Secretary of State James Madison, July 5, 1805, BW VI, pp. 159-162.
279. “The sailors who go off sh.d not be permitted to come on shore . . .” Tobias Lear (Tripoli) to John Rodgers, June 4, 1805, BW VI, p. 83.
279. “The manner in which [peace] has been made . . .” Tobias Lear (aboard USS Constitution off Tripoli) to Fanny Lear, June 5, 1805. Lear Papers. Clements Library at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Microfilm.
280. “I will not evacuate Derne until I receive an answer . . .” John Rodgers (quoting Dent) (aboard USS Constitution off Tripoli) to Tobias Lear, BW VI, p. 83.
281. “[I] have to desire that no farther hostilities by the forces . . .” John Rodgers (aboard USS Constitution off Tripoli) to William Eaton, June 6, 1805, BW VI, p. 91.
281. “I found the heroic bravery of our few countrymen at Derne . . .” Tobias Lear (Tripoli) to William Eaton, June 6, 1805, BW VI, p. 92.
CHAPTER 21. FROM A KINGDOM TO BEGGARY?
283. “to chastise a perfidious foe rather than . . .” William Eaton (Derne) to Samuel Barron, May 29, 1805, ongoing, LIFE, p. 352.
284. “During the alarm, a detachment from the garrison . . .” Ibid., p. 357.
284. “I have . . . to inform you that the Argus & Hornet . . .” Isaac Hull (aboard Argus off Derne) to William Eaton, June 4, 1805, BW VI, p. 84.
285. even if he had to sell his wardrobe. William Eaton (Derne) to Samuel Barron, May 29, 1805, ongoing, LIFE, p. 357 (slight rewording, since this was a translation of an Arabic report).
285. “who would devour his family and lands” William Eaton (Derne) to Samuel Barron, May 29, 1805, LIFE, p. 358.
286. “Be assured, Sir, we only want cash and a few marines . . .” Ibid., p. 358.
286. “Had some conversation with [Eaton] . . . first good opportunity” Isaac Hull, logbook of the USS Argus, June 9, 1805, BW VI, p. 103.
287. “energy & talent” “means & resources” Samuel Barron (Malta) to Eaton, May 19, 1805, BW VI, p. 25.
287. “He answers that, even with supplies it would be fruitless for him to attempt . . .” William Eaton (Derne) to Samuel Barron, May 29, 1805, ongoing, LIFE, p. 361.
288-289. “about half a gunshot” . . . “springs” . . . “warmly” . . . “keeping up a brisqu fire” Isaac Hull, logbook for USS Argus, June 9, 10, 1805, BW VI, pp. 101, 107.
289. “though frequently charged, the Bashaw lost not . . .” William Eaton (Derne) to Samuel Barron, May 29, 1805, ongoing, LIFE, p. 360.
290. “very heavy sea” Isaac Hull, logbook for USS Argus, June 10, 1805, BW VI, p. 107.
290. “I was under very great apprehension for her safety . . .” Ibid., BW VI, p. 108.
292. “[I] have to desire that no farther hostilities by the forces . . .” John Rodgers (aboard USS Constitution off Tripoli) to Eaton, June 6, 1805, BW VI, p. 91.
292. “The Americans will use all means . . .” Article 3 of treaty, BW VI, p. 81.
292. “Aunt Lear” William Eaton (Springfield, Mass.) to Edward Preble, February 3, 1806, BW VI, p. 360.
292. “Could this not have been exchanged for 200 . . .” and subsequent Eaton quotes on that and the following page. Eaton (aboard Franklin in Mediterranean) to secretary of the navy, August 9, 1805, BW VI, pp. 213-219.
293. “requiring of you to withdraw the American forces from Derne . . .” Hugh Campbell (aboard USS Constellation off Derne) to Eaton, June 12, 1805, BW VI, p. 111.
294. “I doubt the propriety of showing . . .” Eaton (Derne) to Hugh Campbell, June 12, 1805, BW VI, p. 111.
295. “astonishment” Eaton (aboard USS Constellation off Derne) to John Rodgers, June 13, 1805, BW VI, pp. 116-117.
296. “My name shall be written in blood on the walls of Tripoli . . .” John Rodgers’s remark, heard by Eaton in May 1804, BW VI, p. 145.
296. “In a few minutes more, we shall loose sight . . .” and the rest of Eaton quotes. Eaton (aboard USS Constellation off Derne) to John Rodgers, June 13, 1805, BW VI, pp. 116-117.
CHAPTER 22. TRIPOLI: LEAR PAYS
299. “Finding that the translation of two copies of the Treaty into Arabic . . .” Tobias Lear (Tripoli) to Fanny Lear, June 6, 1805. Tobias Lear Papers. William Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Microfilm.
299. “Within twenty four hours after I landed . . .” Tobias Lear (Tripoli) to William Higgins, naval agent at Malta, June 6, 1805, BW VI, p. 95.
300. “What misery has this Bashaw caused by his behavior!” AZ, June 8, 1805.
301. “No pretence of any periodical tribute or further payment of any denomination . . .” James Cathcart (Leghorn) to secretary of state, May 5, 1803. Consular Letters, Tripoli. National Archives. Microfilm M466, Roll 2.
302. “No Consular present is mentioned in the Treaty . . .” Tobias Lear (aboard USS Constitution in Syracuse harbor) to secretary of state, July 5, 1805, BW VI, pp. 159-162.
303. “In case of future war . . . , captives on each side . . .” Convention between United States and Hamet Caramanly, February 23, 1805. “Treaties and other International Acts of the United States of America,” ed. by Hunter Miller, p. 553.
303. “The Prisoners captured by either party shall not be made slaves” Treaty of Peace and Amity. Ibid., pp. 543, 546.
303. “On my arrival here [Farfara] like a pusillanimous scoundrel . . .” James L. Cathcart (Tripoli) to William Eaton, August 12, 1799. Tripoli: First War with the United States, Inner History by James Cathcart (LaPorte, Ind., 1901), p. 63.
304. “Whereas his Excellency the Bashaw of Tripoli has well grounded . . .” Secret article, BW VI, p. 82.
305. “Although this matter might seem of very little importance . . .” Nicholas Nissen (Tripoli) Official Report. June 10, 1805, BW VI, pp. 103-105.
306. “They carried a present . . .” AZ June 24, 1805.
306. “Mr. Lear never opposed a single demand; never evaded a . . .” “Correspondence and documents relative to the attempt to negotiate for the release of the American captives at Algiers” (Washington, 1816) by Mordecai Noah, p. 96.
306. “I was therefore obliged to make it appear . . .” Tobias Lear (aboard the USS Constitution in Syracuse harbor) to secretary of state, July 5, 1805, BW VI, pp. 159-162.
307. “to be divided among marine captains, first and second . . .” ASP, Class X, vol. 2, p. 26.
307. “dark features of the subject . . .” John Rodgers (aboard USS Constitution off Tripoli) to chargé d’affaires, Beaussier, June 20, 1805, BW VI, p. 128.
308. “I have finished all our affairs . . . much to my satisfaction . . .” Tobias Lear (aboard USS Constitution in Malta harbor) to Fanny Lear, June 24, 1805. Tobias Lear Papers. William Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Microfilm.
CHAPTER 23. WOUNDED AND RESTLESS
309. “detestable” Ralph Izard Jr. (Syracuse) to Mrs. Ralph Izard Sr., February 2, 1804, BW III, p. 382.
310. “Had you any boats . . .” Court Enquiring into the Loss of the U.S. Frigate Philadelphia, BW III, pp. 189-194.
311. “I cannot forbear expressing . . .” Hamet Karamanli (Syracuse) to William Eaton, June 29, 1805, BW VI, p. 144.
311. “hold [himself] responsible” Eaton (Syracuse) to John Rodgers, July 3, 1805, BW VI, p. 153.
312. “a pay roll, with a statement . . .” John Rodgers (aboard USS Constitution in Syracuse harbor) to William Eaton, July 3, 1805, BW VI, pp. 154-155.
312. “that Singular expedition” John Rodgers (aboard USS Constitution in Syracuse harbor) to secretary of the navy, July 6, 1805, BW VI, p. 165.
313. “If it was double the Sum . . .” John Rodgers (USS Constitution in Syracuse harbor) to secretary of the navy, July 6, 1805, BW VI, p. 167.
313. “agreeable to the treaty . . . I urged the measure . . .” William Eaton (Washington) to Senator Stephen Bradley, February 16, 1806, BW VI, p. 371.
314. “Recently, the Bashaw tired himself to the point of exhaustion . . .” AZ, June 24, 1805.
314. “for which aspersion he would call on him . . .” William Bainbridge (aboard USS President off Malta) to Lieutenant David Porter, July 10, 1805, BW VI, p. 174.
315. “Tell him if I do not hear from him . . .” Ibid.
315. “call for mercy on bended knees” Rodgers to secretary of the navy. Report of July 7 to September 1, 1805, BW VI, p. 261.
315. “appropriations to foreign intercourse” James Madison as quoted in Dawn Like Thunder by Glenn Tucker (Indianapolis/NY, 1963), p. 430.
CHAPTER 24. HOMECOMING
317. “I am yet at sea but a pilot boat . . .” William Eaton (off coast) to Sarah E. Danielson, November 1805, WE-HL, Reel 3.
319. “With heartfelt joy, I announce . . .” Salem Register, August 29, 1805, reprinted in National Intelligencer, September 4, 1805.
319. “by the intrepid spirit of our countryman . . .” Boston Gazette, August 29, 1805.
319. “This event [the peace treaty] is said to have been accelerated by the success . . .” New Hampshire Gazette, September 3, 1805.
319. “The Public are anxious to learn . . .” Poulson’s Daily Advertiser (Philadelphia), September 6, 1805.
320. “Our servants, Tom, Bob, Jim, Albert . . .” Washington Federalist, September 11, 1805.
321. “Cambyses and Alexander traversed . . .” National Intelligencer (Washington), September 25, 1805.
321. “Madam, I love you much but I love glory more” Richmond Enquirer, October 4, 1805.
321. “a distinguished officer and patriot” National Intelligencer, November 20, 1805.
321. “General Eaton—May each American when required . . .” Richmond Enquirer, November 19, 1805.
321. “a bare-faced prodigality of praise” Charles Prentiss, LIFE, p. 441.
321. “GENERAL WILLIAM EATON. This brave and meritorious . . .” Richmond Enquirer, November 15, 1805.
323. “The United States—Tho’ peace is its policy . . .” National Intelligencer, December 5, 1805.
323. “I believe it will be no difficult task . . .” William Eaton (Washington City) to James Madison, November 27, 1805, ASP, Class IX: Claims, p. 325.
324. “The people of the United States . . .” Richmond Enquirer, December 10, 1805.
324. “The FEDERAL UNION . . .” Ibid.
324. “The President was in an undress . . .” PM, p. 333.
325. “energetic & warlike” PM, p. 339.
325. “I congratulate you . . .” “Draft of the Fifth Annual Message” in Works of Thomas Jefferson ed. Paul L. Ford, vol. X, pp. 192-193.
326. “His company was gratifying . . .” PM, p. 339.
327. “It is impossible for me to undertake . . .” William Eaton to secretary of the navy, December 5, 1805, BW VI, p. 315.
328. “mean pusillanimous selfish conduct of Lear” PM, p. 350.
328. “a man of little mind—jealous—cowardly . . .” Ibid.
329. “I am arrested here and put under . . .” William Eaton (Philadelphia) to Edward Preble, December 30, 1805, BW VI, p. 328.
329. “The cooperation of the exile was to cost no more than 20,000 dollars . . .” Thomas Jefferson’s note, December 30, 1805. Thomas Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress.
CHAPTER 25. JEFFERSON VS. EATON
331. “The result of my investigation . . .” PM, pp. 453-455.
332. “concerted operations by those who have a common enemy” and following quotes from same speech. ASP Class I, vol. 2, p. 695.
333. “The [documents] clearly show the imprudence & folly of Lear . . .” PM, p. 372.
334. “justice which you have so richly merited . . .” BW VI, p. 349.
334. “In the bonds of wedlock, you have . . .” William Eaton (Leghorn) to Eliza Eaton, February 13, 1802, WE-HL, Microfilm, Reel 2.
335. “with a view of helping Aunt Lear . . .” William Eaton (Springfield) to Edward Preble, February 3, 1806, BW VI, p. 360.
335. “If government do you the justice . . .” Edward Preble (Portland) to Eaton, February 8, 1806, BW VI, p. 364.
335. “undaunted courage and brilliant services so . . .” Richmond Enquirer, March 18, 1806.
335. “I moreover believe that general Eaton could have marched . . .” Lieutenant William Wormley testimony for Bradley Committee, February 19, 1806, BW VI, p. 374.
336. “We have a bold and enterprising sergeant-at-arms . . .” John Randolph in House of Representatives, January 7, 1806, as quoted in PM, p. 368.
336. “Nothing will satisfy that man but the throne of God” Rufus King, as quoted in PM, p. 539.
337. “Perhaps no man’s language was ever so apparently . . .” PM, p. 518.
337. “I listened to the exposition . . .” LIFE, p. 399.
337. “integrity and the attachment to the Union” Thomas Jefferson, as quoted by William Eaton, during his Burr deposition, January 26, 1807, LIFE, p. 401.
337. “I never have done a single act or been concerned . . .” Thomas Jefferson, April 15, 1806, in “Anas,” The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1, p. 392.
338. “dictated every measure, paralyzed every military operation by land . . .” Bradley Report. Annals of Congress, 9th Congress, 1st Session, pp. 185-188, BW VI, p. 391.
339. “The sense of honor, justice and indignation against baseness . . .” William Eaton (Washington City) to Edward Preble, March 21, 1806, BW VI, p. 398.
339. “report was circulating with much industry . . .” PM, pp. 465-471.
341. “uncandid” Ibid., p. 473.
342. “to the first Monday in December next” Senate Journal, April 9, 1806.
342. “There is too many—We have too much noise” PM, p. 458.
342. “William Eaton Esq (alias the Arab Genl)” Ibid., p. 479.
343. “to submit to the drudgery” Ibid., pp. 448-449.
343. “After 4 O’Clock . . .” Ibid., pp. 482-483.
344. “temporary relief” Senate Journal, April 21, 1806.
344. “The money paid for the redemption of an Italian girl . . .” PM, pp. 494-495.
345. “Congress has just closed a long and uneasy session . . .” Thomas Jefferson (Washington City) to John Tyler, April 26, 1806, Thomas Jefferson Papers at Library of Congress.
CHAPTER 26. BURR, BOTTLE, AND SIX FEET UNDER
347. “I am Eaton no more” Eaton (Brimfield) to Humbert, January 15, 1810, quoted in LIFE, p. 425.
347. “You will not take it unkind . . .” Darius Munger (South Brimfield) to Eaton, May 28, 1806, WE-HL, Reel 2.
347. “Tea parties, turkey suppers, apple bees, husking bees, . . .” Quoted in “Historical Celebration of the Town of Brimfield” by Reverend Charles Hyde (Springfield, 1879).
348. “The Great I” as in “A Reply to the Address Written by the Great I” Ibid.
348. “I have already refused . . .” Eaton (Brimfield) to Joseph Williams, October 16, 1806, WE-HL, Reel 2.
349. “the first formal intelligence received by the Executive . . .” Eaton deposition, Washington City, January 26, 1807. Quoted in LIFE, p. 402.
349. “to have him strictly watched and on committing any overt act . . .” Thomas Jefferson, “Anas” in The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1, p. 401.
349. “Wm Eaton . . . was . . .” PM, p. 550.
349. “the deranged state . . .” William Eaton (Brimfield) to General Stephen Bradley, November 17, 1806. Eaton Papers at Rauner Special Collections. Courtesy of Dartmouth College Library in Hanover, NH.
350. “hurricane,” “the strongest wind . . .” PM, p. 603.
350. “You cannot bring back to me nine years of active life . . .” William Eaton (Washington) to Committee of Claims, February 9, 1807, quoted in LIFE, p. 406.
352. “Acco.t of the Chev. Porcilla for the redemption . . .” Treasury Roll no. 19140. “Statement of the Acc.t of William Eaton” National Archives. Microfilm M235. Roll 58.
353. “The once redoubted Eaton has dwindled down . . .” Harman Blennerhassett from his “Papers” (p. 315) as quoted in History of the United States of America during the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson by Henry Adams (N.Y., 1986 reprint), p. 921.
354-357. “Concerning any fact which may go to prove . . .” Trial testimony taken from ASP, Class X Misc., vol. 1, pp. 493-496.
359. “In the depth of my miseries . . .” Hamet Karamanli (Syracuse) to “Their Most Serene Highnesses,” February 18, 1807, ASP, House of Representatives, 10th Congress, 1st Session, Foreign Relations: Vol. 3, pp. 26-29.
359. “The danger of the American prisoners in Tripoli?” Eaton (Washington), November 9, 1807, WE-HL, Reel 2.
360. “Have we then an Emperor . . .” Eaton (Washington) November 18, 1807. Notebook. Ibid.
361. “How it has happened that . . .” Thomas Jefferson. Confidential Message. ASP. Senate, Foreign Relations: vol. 2, no. 192, pp. 695-724, Tripoli.
362. “his influence and resources . . . were so small . . .” Tripoli—Hamet Caramalli, December 18, 1807, ASP, House of Representatives, 10th Congress, 1st Session, Foreign Relations: vol. 3, pp. 26-29.
363. “govern his glass” and “at such times, his wit was out” LIFE, p. 409.
363. “His Excellency Thomas Jefferson . . .” William Eaton (Boston) to Thomas Jefferson, January 26, 1808. Thomas Jefferson Papers. Library of Congress.
364. “Having lost the hope of the restitution of my family . . .” Hamet (Syracuse) to General Eaton, September 30, 1807, contained in William Eaton (Boston) to Thomas Jefferson, February 12, 1808. Thomas Jefferson Papers. Library of Congress.
364. “On meeting with Hamet Bashaw . . .” Ibid.
365. “the cursed slow poison” LIFE, p. 436.
366. “His domestic and financial concerns preyed upon his mind . . .” LIFE, pp. 409-410.
366. “Brave, great and experienced men may sometimes find it necessary to . . .” William Eaton to Lieutenant Fitz Babbit, August 14, 1808, LIFE, p. 410.
367. “Every sigh of Hamet Bashaw sinks deeply . . .” Eaton to General Bradley, undated, placed in late 1808. WE-HL, Reel 2.
368. “irregular and capricious, sometimes treating them with affability . . .” LIFE, pp. 445-446.
368. “I dwelt on the certainty of speedy ruin . . .” Ibid, p. 443.
369. “Fortune has reversed her tables . . .” Eaton (Brimfield) to Humbert, January 15, 1810, LIFE, p. 425.
369. “I am crippled in health & fortune . . .” Eaton (Brimfield) to Ebeneezer Eaton, January 2, 1809, WE-HL, Reel 2.
369. “Our country is gone to the devil . . .” J. Dunham to Eaton, March 15, 1811, WE-HL, Reel 2.
369. “For in that position, I am prone . . .” LIFE, p. 426.
369. “Your long absence from communication with the . . .” Ibid., p. 440.
370. “Gen. EATON, the hero of Derne, and the victim of sensibility . . .” Boston Centinel, June 12, 1811.
370. “brave, impulsive and generous” . . . “hot chivalry” . . . “widely known name” Quoted in “Historical Celebration of the Town of Brimfield” by Reverend Charles Hyde (Springfield, 1879).
EPILOGUE
371. “I am at last in our dear little cabin . . .” Tobias Lear (aboard USS Constitution) to Fanny Lear, March 6, 1807. Lear Papers. William R. Clements Library. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Microfilm.
371. “a gold watch with diamonds, a diamond solitaire, etc.” “Expenses of Intercourse with the Barbary Powers,” ASP, “Miscellaneous,” vol. 2, p. 32.
372. “Our treaty is known to all the world and our public faith pledged . . .” Dr. George Davis (Tripoli) to secretary of state, June 2, 1807. Consular Letters, Tripoli, Microfilm no. 466, Roll 2. All quotes from this section on Hamet from Davis’s series of letters, 1807-1809.
374. “My hat prevented the blow . . .” Richard B. Jones (Tripoli) Journal Entries submitted to secretary of state. Consular Letters, Tripoli. National Archives. Microfilm no. 466, Roll 2.
375. “In recognition of the service of his father” From Dictionary of American Biography, as quoted in ZB File of “Samuel Barron” in U.S. Navy Library, from letter, April 5, 1936.
380. “Biologically, as well as psychologically, he was thin-skinned” American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson by Joseph Ellis (N.Y., 1996), p. 274.
380. “I suppose we can do little with the Dey . . .” Thomas Jefferson (Monticello) to Tobias Lear, June 19, 1813. Thomas Jefferson Papers. Library of Congress.