1 By Umashankar Joshi, himself a Jnanpith Award–winning Gujarati writer and then president of the Sahitya Akademi, in a speech delivered on 31 July 1980 at the FICCI Auditorium, New Delhi.
2 Namwar Singh, Premchand aur Bharatiya Samaj [in Hindi: Premchand and Indian Society] (New Delhi: Rajkamal Prakashan, 2010), p.113. (My translation)
3 See Amrit Rai, Premchand: A Life, tr. from the Hindi by Harish Trivedi (New Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1982).
4 Quoted in Rai, Premchand, p. 74.
5 Quoted in Rai, Premchand, p. 104. For a fuller discussion, see Harish Trivedi, ‘The Urdu Premchand, the Hindi Premchand’ (1984); reprinted in Literary Culture and Translation: New Aspects of Comparative Literature, eds. Dorothy M. Figueira and Chandra Mohan (New Delhi: Primus, 2017).
6 For dates and titles of Urdu and Hindi publications of Premchand I have throughout followed Kamal Kishore Goyanka, Premchand ki Kahaniyon ka Kalkramaanusar Adhyayan [in Hindi; Premchand’s Short Stories: A Chronological Study], (Delhi: Nataraj Prakashan, 2012), pp. 108–94.
7 John Keats to Benjamin Bailey, 22 November 1817, www.john-keats.com/briefe/221117.htm, accessed 8 November 2017.
8 Premchand, ‘Kahani-1’ (The Short Story-1) and ‘Upanyas’ (The Novel), both in Kuchh Vichar: Sahitya aur Bhasha Sambandhi [in Hindi: Some Thoughts on Literature and Language] (Allahabad: Saraswati Press, 1973), pp. 38–50.
9 Edward Said, On Late Style: Music and Literature against the Grain (New York: Pantheon Books, 2006).
10 Both the stories are collected in Premchand, Kafan [in Hindi: The Shroud] (Allahabad: Hans Prakashan, 1973), pp. 32–47, 79–95.
11 M. Asaduddin, ‘Premchand in English Translation: The Story of an “Afterlife”’, in Premchand in World Languages: Translation, Reception and Cinematic Representations, ed. M. Asaduddin (New Delhi: Routledge, 2016), pp. 40–41.
12 Harish Trivedi, ‘Premchand in English: One Translation, Two Originals’, in Premchand in World Languages, ed. M. Asaduddin (New Delhi: Routledge, 2016), pp. 15–39.