1. Illich and Barry Sanders, ABC: The Alphabetization of the Popular Mind, North Point Press, Berkeley, 1988
2. “Literacy: The Medium and the Message,” Ideas, CBC Radio, 1988. (Transcript available for $10 from Ideas Transcripts, Box 500, Station A, Toronto, Ont. M5W 1E6.)
3. The Development Dictionary, ed. Wolfgang Sachs, Zed Books, London, 1992
4. “Part Moon, Part Travelling Salesman: Conversations with Ivan Illich,” Ideas, CBC Radio, 1989. (Transcript available for $20 from Ideas Transcripts, Box 500, Station A, Toronto, Ont. M5W 1E6.)
5. “Life as ldol,” Ideas, CBC Radio, 1992. (Transcript available for $5 from Ideas Transcripts, Box 500, Station A, Toronto, Ont. M5W 1E6.)
6. Illich, In the Mirror of the Past: Lectures and Addresses 1978–1990, Marion Boyars, London, 1992, p. 52
7. In the Mirror of the Past, p. 53
8. Illich, Celebration of Awareness: A Call for Institutional Revolution, Doubleday, Garden City, N.Y., 1969, p. 70
9. See pp. 198, 279–80
10. See p. 101
11. See p. 134
12. Proposal to David Ramage of McCormack Theological Seminary at the University of Chicago
13. Celebration of Awareness, p. 42
14. “Part Moon, Part Travelling Salesman: Conversations with Ivan Illich,” p. 4
15. All quotations in this paragraph are from Chapter 1.
16. The Saturday Review of Education 51 (April 20, 1968), 56–59
17. Illich, Deschooling Society, Harper and Row, New York, 1971
18. See pp. 105–107, 242–43, and Illich, Gender, Pantheon Books, New York, 1982, pp. 154–55
19. Deschooling Society, p. 43
20. Deschooling Society, p. 108
21. Raimundo Panikkar has made a parallel interpretation of another myth of two brothers, the biblical story of Jacob and Esau (Genesis 25:29–34). The story relates how Esau comes home famished from hunting and his younger brother Jacob refuses him food until Esau promises his right as the first-born to Jacob. Esau says, “I am at death’s door. What use is my birthright to me?” and swears it away. Esau and Jacob represent hunter and pastoralist, oral society and literate society, primitive and civilized, past and future. Tradition has generally concurred with the writer of Genesis, who interprets his story as showing how little Esau valued his birthright. Panikkar suggests that, as the inheritors of the brilliant future promised to Jacob, we have reason today to think better of Esau’s grounding in the present. (“History and the New Age,” Ideas, CBC Radio, pp. 3–4. Transcript available for $10 from Ideas Transcripts, Box 500, Station A, Toronto, Ont. M5W 1E6.)
22. Deschooling Society, pp. 106–108, 106, 55
23. Illich later came to see the term values as deeply colored by the economic assumption that goods are inevitably scarce. See p. 159ff.
24. Illich, Toward a History of Needs, Heyday Books, Berkeley, 1977, p. 56
25. Toward a History of Needs, p. 66
26. Toward a History of Needs, p. 60
27. Commonweal, Sept. 4, 1970, pp. 428–29
28. “The Vanishing Clergyman” was published in Celebration of Awareness.
29. Celebration of Awareness, p. 102
30. “Part Moon, Part Travelling Salesman: Conversations with Ivan Illich,” p. 5
31. Francine Du Plessix Gray, “The Rules of the Game,” The New Yorker, April 25, 1970, p. 79
32. The quotation is from the Opus Dei paper Gente, cited in Du Plessix Gray, “The Rules of the Game,” p. 62.
33. See p. 120
34. See pp. 98–99
35. Rules of the Game,” p. 91
36. See pp. 212, 213
37. Deschooling Society, p. 112
38. Illich, Tools for Conviviality, Harper and Row, New York, 1973, p. ix
39. Tools for Conviviality, p. 109
40. Leopold Kohr, The Breakdown of Nations, new ed., Routledge and Kegan Paul, London and New York, 1986
41. Tools for Conviviality, p. 84
42. Tools for Conviviality, p. 23
43. E.F. Schumacher, Small Is Beautiful (Abacus, London, 1974); Harold Adams Innis, The Bias of Communications (University of Toronto Press, 1951); and Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964).
44. Tools for Conviviality, p. 23
45. Tools for Conviviality, p. 66
46. Tools for Conviviality, pp. 80–82
47. “Part Moon, Part Travelling Salesman: Conversations with Ivan Illich,” p. 1
48. Tools for Conviviality, p. 53
49. Illich, Limits to Medicine, Marion Boyars, London, 1976, p. 116
50. Toward a History of Needs, pp. 27, 31
51. Toward a History of Needs, p. x
52. Illich, “Body History,” The Lancet (Dec. 6, 1986): p. 1325
53. Limits to Medicine, p. 133
54. See p. 141
55. The Lancet, pp. 1325, 1326
56. Toward a History of Needs, p. 69
57. Toward a History of Needs, pp. 75–76
58. Karl Polanyi, Trade and Market in the Early Empires, with C.M. Arensberg and H.W. Pearson, Free Press, New York, 1957
59. Raimundo Panikkar, in Interculture 77, Oct./Dec. 1982, pp. 23–24, relates the following story: “I witnessed some years ago the following dialogue between a boss and an Indian worker who was privileged enough to earn 250 to 300 rupees a month. He was asking his boss in whom he had sufficient confidence and trust for a few thousand rupees loan for the marriage of his daughter. You can cut 100 rupees a month on my salary, he told his boss ... But the boss was quick in giving him arguments showing the irrationality of his demand. He told him: you cannot repay all that without being miserable for the rest of your life!... Finally the man just said, with the feeling of not being understood, ’but the marriage of my daughter is just once in a lifetime.’”
60. Illich, Shadow Work, Marion Boyars, London, 1981, p. 26
61. Shadow Work, p. 2
62. Shadow Work, p. 12
63. Illich, The Right to Useful Unemployment and Its Professional Enemies, Marion Boyars, London, 1977
64. In the Mirror of the Past, pp. 42–43
65. Shadow Work, p. 3
66. Shadow Work, p. 4
67. For an account of the shape of the “new commons” in Mexico City, see the remarks of Gustavo Esteva in “The Informal Economy,” Ideas, CBC Radio, 1990. (Transcript available for $10 from Ideas Transcripts, Box 500, Station A, Toronto, Ont. M5W 1E6.)
68. Shadow Work, p. 67
69. The story is recounted in “Vernacular Values,” Shadow Work, pp. 29–51.
70. See p. 175
71. See Polanyi, Trade and Market in the Early Empires
72. Gender, p. xi
73. Gender, p. 81
74. Gender, p. 143
75. Gender, p. 62
76. Gender, pp. 178, 177
77. Gender, pp. 35, 66
78. See p. 182
79. Gender, p. 179
80. Gender, pp. 178, 179
81. Feminist Issues: A journal of Feminist Social and Political Theory 3, no. 1 (spring 1983)
82. See pp. 169–70
83. Illich, In the Vineyard of the Text, University of Chicago Press. Forthcoming.
84. Adam Parry, ed., The Making of Homeric Verse: The Collected Papers of Milman Parry (The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1971), and Eric Have-lock, The Muse Learns to Write (Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., 1986).
85. “Literacy: The Medium and The Message,” Ideas, CBC Radio, 1988, p. 11. (Transcript available for $10 from Ideas Transcripts, Box 500, Station A, Toronto, Ont. M5W 1E6.)
86. Dom Jean Leclercq, L’Amour des Lettres et le Désir de Dieu (Aubier, Paris, 1963), quoted in Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy (University of Toronto Press, 1962), p. 89ff
87. Illich and Barry Sanders, ABC: The Alphabetization of the Popular Mind, p. 4
88. Morris Berman, “The Cybernetic Dream of the Twenty-First Century,” in The Journal of Humanistic Psychology 26, no. 2 (spring 1986): 24–51
89. See Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics (P. Owen, London, 1964); Andres Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma (Touchstone Books, New York, 1984); Steve J. Heims, The Cybernetics Group (MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1991); and Erwin Schrödinger, What Is Life? (Cambridge University Press, 1944).
90. In the Mirror of the Past, p. 177
91. See p. 172
92. Shadow Work, pp. 75–95
93. This and following quotations from In the Vineyard of the Text.
94. In the Mirror of the Past, p. 207
95. In the Mirror of the Past, p. 207
96. See p. 241
97. In the Mirror of the Past, p. 223
98. Illich, H2O and the Waters of Forgetfulness, Heyday Books, Berkeley, 1985, p. 7
99. H2O and the Waters of Forgetfulness, p. 7
100. H2O and the Waters of Forgetfulness, pp. 21, 22
101. “Declaration on Soil,” Whole Earth Review 71 (summer 1991), p. 75
102. Alasdair Maclntyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 2nd ed., University of Notre Dame Press, 1984
103. Gender, p. 5
104. See p. 276
105. In the Mirror of the Past, p. 225
106. See p. 270
107. James Lovelock, The Ages of Gaia, W.W. Norton, New York, 1988
108. In the Mirror of the Past, p. 225
109. “Part Moon, Part Travelling Salesman: Conversations with Ivan Illich,” p. 32
110. “Part Moon, Part Travelling Salesman: Conversations with Ivan Illich,” p. 31
111. “The Educational Enterprise in the Light of the Gospel,” an unpublished lecture delivered in Chicago, Nov. 13, 1988
112. Ann Freemantle is an American writer and and old friend of Illich’s.
113. Max Gluckman, Essays on the Ritual of Social Relations, Manchester University Press, 1962
114. The distinction between values and the good is developed at more length in Chapter 5.
115. John Amos Comenius, 1592–1670, was a Moravian bishop and an educational reformer and innovator.
116. Wolfgang Sachs now teaches at the Institute for Cultural Studies, in Essen. He is a close friend and collaborator of Illich’s. See The Development Dictionary, ed. Sachs (Zed Books, London, 1992); For Love of the Automobile: Looking Back into the History of Our Desires (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1992); and “The Archeology of the Development Idea,” Interculture 23, no. 4 (fall 1990).
117. The late Erich Fromm was a close friend of Illich’s and a neighbor in Cuernavaca. See Escape from Freedom (Farrar and Rhinehart, New York, 1941); Man for Himself (Rhinehart, New York, 1947); and The Art of Loving (Harper and Row, New York, 1956). He wrote the introduction to Illich’s Celebration of Awareness.
118. Herbert Gintis, “Towards a Political Economy of Education: A Radical Critique of Ivan Illich’s Deschooling Society,” Harvard Educational Review 42, no. 1 (February 1972)
119. Vicente Navarro, Medicine Under Capitalism, PRODIST, New York, 1976, PP. 103–131
120. John Ohliger and Colleen McCarthy, Lifelong Learning or Lifelong Schooling? A Tentative View of the Ideas of Ivan Illich with a Quotational Bibliography, Syracuse University Publications in Continuing Education, Syracuse, N.Y., 1971. Also available in ERIC (Educational Resource Clearinghouse), ED 049 398 (1-800-227-ERIC). John Ohliger, Bibliography of Comments on the Illich-Reimer Deschooling Theses (ERIC ED 090 145). The Third Volume, By John Ohliger, is Available In Draft Form From Basic Choices, 730 Jefferson #1, Springfield, IL 62702-4830, FOR U.S. $10 Paid in Advance.
121. Philippe Aries, Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life (Knopf, New York, 1962) and The Hour of Our Death (Random House, New York, 1981).
122. Valentina Borremans was the director of the Center for Intercultural Documentation.
123. Leopold Kohr, The Breakdown of Nations
124. A translation of Illich’s laudatio is published as the Foreword to the 1986 edition of The Breakdown of Nations.
125. D’Arcy Thompson, On Growth and Form, Cambridge University Press, 1971
126. J.B.S. Haldane, “On Being the Right Size,” in James R. Newman, The World of Mathematics, vol. 2, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1956
127. Dorothy Day, 1897–1980, cofounded The Catholic Worker. She lived much of her life at a Worker house in New York City.
128. Joseph P. Fitzpatrick, S.J., Puerto Rican Americans: The Meaning of Migration to the Mainland, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1987
129. Uwe Pörksen, a medievalist and linguist, is a friend and collaborator of Illich’s. He is a professor at the University of Freiburg and the author of Plastikwörter: Die Sprache Einer Internationalen Diktatur (Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart, 1988). The book is unavailable in English. For a digest of the argument in English, see Pörksen, “Scientific and Mathematical Colonization of Colloquial Language,” Biology Forum 81, no. 3 (1988), pp. 381–100.
130. Daniel Berrigan is an American Jesuit who was then just becoming known for his work in draft resistance and other radical political causes.
131. The organization was called the Catholic Inter-American Cooperation Program (CICOP).
132. A fuller account of these events is given in a profile of Illich by Francine Du Plessix Gray called “The Rules of the Game,” which appeared in The New Yorker, April 25, 1970.
133. This refers to a papal encyclical called Sollicitudo rei social is, which was released in February 1988.
134. Raymond Hunthausen is the archbishop of Seattle.
135. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, 1729–1781, was a German dramatist and critic.
136. The poem appears in Robert Lowell, For Lizzie and Harriet, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 1973.
137. Energy and Equity was published by Marion Boyars in England and Harper and Row in the U.S., in 1974. A draft appeared in Le Monde in 1973.
138. See Bicycle Technology, CIDOC Antologia: B6, Cuernavaca, 1973
139. Jean Robert is a long-time friend and associate of Illich’s. Swiss-born and trained as an architect, he now works mainly on the archaeology of modern perceptions of time and space. For a recent article, see “Production” in The Development Dictionary (see note 116).
140. Illich’s friend Gustavo Esteva describes himself as a deprofession-alized intellectual and nomadic story-teller. He left a career in business and government to help found ANADEGES, a network of citizens’ groups in Mexico. His article “Development” is in The Development Dictionary (see note 116) and he was featured on CBC Radio’s Ideas, “The Informal Economy,” November 1990. (Transcript available for $10 from Ideas Transcripts, Box 500, Station A, Toronto, Ont. M5W 1E6.)
141. Illich, Tools for Conviviality, p. 83
142. Jean Marie Domenach is the publisher of Esprit in Paris.
143. Joseph Needham et al., Science and Civilization in China, 7 volumes in 15 parts, Cambridge University Press, 1954
144. Donna J. Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, Routledge, New York, 1991
145. Illich’s friend Costas Hatzikeriaku is a mathematician and a former colleague at the Pennsylvania State University.
146. “The Rebirth of Epimethean Man” in Deschooling Society
147. Robert Brungs, S.J., is the founder of the Institute of Theological Encounter with Science and Technology, at the University of St. Louis.
148. Dirk von Boetticher is a friend who has collaborated with Illich in studying the social construction of “life.” He is currently studying medicine in Heidelberg.
149. Robert J. Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Pyschology of Genocide, Basic Books, New York, 1984
150. This refers to a conversation between Illich and Berrigan.
151. See “The Right to Dignified Silence,” in In the Mirror of the Past
152. Marguerite Yourcenar, Memoirs of Hadrian, Farrar, Straus and Young, New York, 1955
153. The word visible here refers to the accessibility of texts as tools. The point is developed at length in Chapter 8.
154. Barbara Duden, The Woman Under the Skin, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1991. A second book, Woman’s Body as Public Space, was published in Germany in 1991 (Der Frauenleib als Offentlicher Ort, Luchterhand, Hamburg) and is currently being translated into English.
155. O. Lottin, “La doctrine morale des mouvements premiers de l’appetit sensitif aux XIIème et XIIIème siècles,” in Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen-age VI (1931), pp. 49–173
156. William Arney and Bernard Bergen, Medicine and the Management of Living: Taming the Last Great Beast, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1984
157. Robert Kugelmann, Stress: The Nature and History of Engineered Grief, Praeger, New York, 1992
158. Aline Rousselle, Porneia: On Desire and the Body in Antiquity, Oxford University Press, New York, 1988
159. Giulia Sissa, Greek Virginity, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1990
160. John McKnight, an old friend of Illich’s, is the director of the Urban Affairs Institute at Northwestern University in Chicago. His definition of care as “the mask of love” occurs in his article “Professionalized Service and Disabling Help,” in Illich, Irving Zola, John McKnight, Jonathan Caplan, and Harley Shaiken, Disabling Professions, Marion Boyars, London, 1977.
161. Freimut Duve is an editor and a friend of Illich’s. He represents a Hamburg riding in the Bundestag.
162. Rosalind Schwartz, Women at Work, Institute of Industrial Relations Publications, UCLA, Los Angeles, 1988
163. George Grant, Time as History, CBC, Toronto, 1969
164. Susan Sontag, On Photography, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 1977
165. Michael Ignatieff, The Needs of Strangers, Chatto and Windus, The Hogarth Press, London, 1984
166. René Girard, Deceit, Desire and the Novel: Self and Other in Literary Structure, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1977
167. William Leiss, The Limits of Satisfaction: An Essay on the Problem of Needs and Commodities, University of Toronto Press, 1976
168. This refers to the parable of the Samaritan, Luke 10:26–37.
169. Andres Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma, Touchstone Books, New York, 1984
170. Von Werlhof’s thesis is summarized in Illich, Gender, p. 65.
171. Yvonne Verdier, Façon de dire, façons de faire: La laveuse, la couturière, la cuisinière, Gallimard, Paris, 1979
172. Arnold Gehlen, Man in the Age of Technology, Columbia University Press, New York, 1980
173. G.E.R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle, Norton, New York, 1971
174. David Lowenthal, The Past Is a Foreign Country, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985
175. Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchicus: An Essay on the Caste System, University of Chicago Press, 1970
176. Louis Dumont, From Mandeville to Marx: Genesis and Triumph of Economic Ideology, University of Chicago Press, 1977
177. See note 166
178. Karl Polanyi et al., Trade and Market in the Early Empires, Free Press, New York, 1957. See also The Great Transformation, Beacon Press, Boston, 1957.
179. In conversation with Illich. See Teodor Shanin, Russia as a “Developing Society”, Macmillan, London, 1985.
180. Elie Halevy, The Growth of Philosophical Radicalism, Kelly Reprint, Clifton, N.J., 1972
181. Michel Foucault, A History of Sexuality, vol. I, Random House, New York, 1978
182. For an introduction to Goodman’s writings, see Growing Up Absurd: Problems of Youth in the Organized Society (Vintage Books, New York, 1960); People or Personnel (Random House, New York, 1968); and New Reformation: Notes of a Neolithic Conservative (Random House, New York, 1970).
183. Gender, p. 158. See also Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Seabury Press, New York, 1970
184. John Holt was a friend who spent time with Illich in Cuernavaca. He was the author of a number of books on education, including Escape from Childhood (E.P. Dutton, New York, 1974) and Teach Your Own (Dell, New York, 1981), and he founded an association for the families of unschooled children called Growing Without Schooling (2269 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Mass. 02140). Letters from Holt to Illich are included in A Life Worth Living, ed. Susannah Sheffer, Ohio State University Press, Columbus, 1990.
185. Gerhart Ladner, The Idea of Reform, Gannon, Santa Fe, N.M., 1970
186. One of Goody’s principal works is The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983
187. See note 160
188. Robert Mackey and Carl Mitchum, Bibliography of the Philosophy of Technology, published as a special supplement to Technology and Culture 14, no. 2 (April 1973) and as a hardbound volume by the University of Chicago Press. Reprint with author index, Ann Arbor, WI: Books on Demand CBI, 1985. Mitchum is a colleague of Illich’s at the Pennsylvania State University, where he directs the Science, Technology and Society Program. The book I have listed is only one of his many bibliographic essays on the philosophy of technology.
189. Lynn White, Medieval Technology and Social Change, Oxford University Press, New York, 1962
190. Richard Southern, The Seven Ages of the Theatre, Hill and Wang, New York, 1963
191. In the Vineyard of the Text
192. Walter Ong, S.J., Oraiity and Literacy: The Technologization of the Word, Methuen, London, 1982
193. Ludolf Kuchenbuch is a professor of history at the University of Hagen, Germany.
194. Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man, University of Toronto Press, 1962
195. Vicente Huidobro, Tout à coup, Editions au Sans Pareil, Paris, 1925. The lines come from poem #11.
196. Adam Parry, ed., The Making of Homeric Verse: The Collected Papers of Milman Parry, The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1971. Albert Lord, The Singer of Tales, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1960.
197. Morris Berman, Coming To Our Senses: Body and Spirit in the Hidden History of the West, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1989
198. Thomas Luckmann, The Invisible Religion, Macmillan, New York, 1970
199. Christopher Dawson, The Formation of Christendom, Sheed and Ward, New York, 1967
200. Gaston Bachelard, Water and Dreams: An Essay on the Imagination of Matter, The Dallas Institute of Humanities and Culture, Dallas, 1983
201. In 1992, four years after this interview was recorded, I again discussed with Illich the question he raised in H2O and the Waters of Forgetfulness. A Dutch friend, Reginald Luijf, had read the present book in manuscript and told me that the brief exchange between Illich and me about H2O had not settled the question that was troubling him. Luijf is also a friend of Illich’s and a scholar with a deep interest in the work of Gaston Bachelard. He wanted to know whether Illich was saying that industrialization had actually changed the inner being of water or only disabled our perception of it. When his son Joscha sits down by a fountain, he wondered, is he still able to dream? I put this question to Illich, and he answered that it was something that he wanted to consider, not give a judgement about. However, he said that he was more inclined today to think that “perhaps the waters of the Ganges that are still bathed in every morning at sunrise for the purpose of purification have lost that power.” And yet, I responded, when I raised the question of whether baptism might cease to be efficacious because of the change in water, you said a violent no. “The theologian spoke,” he answered, “the post-twelfth-century theologian. But by now in 1992 I wonder if God might not have to redeem us by fire because we have done away with water.”
202. Thomas Berry, The Dream of the Earth, Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, 1988
203. See note 129
204. Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl are great volcanic mountains that command the valley in which Illich lives in Mexico.
205. John 11:25
206. Illich’s friend Bob Mendelsohn was a Chicago paediatrician. See Robert S. Mendelsohn, Confessions of a Medical Heretic, Contemporary Books, Chicago, 1979
207. Ludwik Fleck, Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, eds. Thomas Trenn and R.K. Merton, with a Foreword by Thomas Kuhn, Chicago, 1979, and Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Press, 1962
208. David Cayley, The Age of Ecology, James Lorimer, Toronto, 1991, pp. 115–125
209. Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker is the former chancellor of the University of Kassel, in Germany, and now the director of the Institute for Climate and Environment, in Wuppertal.
210. See note 117
211. Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, Harper and Row, New York, 1961
212. Carolyn Merchant, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution, Harper and Row, San Francisco, 1980
213. Harvey Cox, The Secular City, Macmillan, New York, 1966
214. Hypertext refers to the internal integration of information systems. From any word one can proceed directly to another linked word or concept. This makes possible an unprecedented kind of “reading,” which reduces text to data.
215. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross, On Death and Dying, Macmillan, New York, 1969
216. Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages, E. Arnold and Co., London, 1924
217. Will Herberg is a sociologist and Martin Marty a theologian. Illich came into contact with them in the 1950s through Joseph Fitzpatrick at Fordham University, and they influenced his thinking about the social function of religion. See particularly Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology, Doubleday, Garden City, N.Y., 1955
218. Eudo C. Mason, Rilke, Oliver and Boyd, London, 1963, p. 19
219. Jacques Derrida, “Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences,” in The Structuralist Controversy, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1970
220. See Gaia: A Way of Knowing, ed. William Irwin Thompson (The Lindisfarne Press, Great Barrington, Mass., 1987); James Lovelock, The Ages of Gaia (W.W. Norton, New York, 1988); and David Cayley, The Age of Ecology (James Lorimer, Toronto, 1991), pp. 163–182
221. Hans Jonas, The Imperative of Responsibility, University of Chicago Press, 1984
222. Illich’s friend Nils Christie is a Norwegian criminologist. See Limits to Pain (Norwegian University Press, Oslo, 1981) and Beyond Loneliness and Institutions (Norwegian University Press, Oslo, 1989).
223. This incident is mentioned in Nils Christie’s forthcoming book, Crime Control as Industry: A New Gulag? He cites Corrections Digest, Nov. 27, 1991.