Index

Abhidhāncintāmaṇi, 65

Abhinavagupta, xii, xiii, 15, 16, 19, 22, 25, 78, 89, 103, 110, 113, 114, 157, 158, 159, 163, 183, 210, 226, 232, 236, 241, 244, 245, 246, 255, 256

Abhirati. See Harītī

abhiṣeka. See initiation and consecration

ācārya, 108, 245, 331

Action Seal, 166

Aditi, 30, 46, 48, 49

Ādityas, 48, 49

ādiyāga, 106, 110, 113, 114, 302

Afghanistan, 306

Āgama Prakāśa, 84

āgama tīrtha, 134

Āgamaḍambara, 309

Āgamas, 17, 24, 79, 102, 152, 166, 251, 276. See also Mṛgendrāgama

Āgamasāra, 254

Aghoreśvarī, 8

Agni, 29, 30, 36, 40, 43, 47, 49, 201, 288, 289

agnicayana, 30

Ahir Budhnya, 233

Airborne beings, 58, 72, 164, 205. See also flight

Aja Ekapāda, 233

Ajmer, 137

ājñā, 11, 79, 80, 101, 121, 126, 244, 245, 306

ājñā cakra, 97, 100, 101, 228, 229, 246, 327

ākarṣaṇa. See attraction

akula-kula-kulākula, 19, 24, 151, 217, 228

Akulavīratanta, 105

alchemy, 67, 72, 80, 90, 91, 162, 181, 185, 197, 200. See also Kākacaṇḍeśvarīmata; Rasārṇava

alcohol, 71, 76, 77, 78, 83, 84, 85, 108, 116, 117, 118, 143, 155, 157, 232, 241, 253, 270

Allahabad, 51, 165

Āḻvārs, 4

Amanaskayoga, 81

Amarakośa, 161, 175

Ambā, 31, 32, 130. See also Jagadambā; Kuṅkuṇāmbā

Ambikā, 30, 31, 329

āmnāyas, 18, 110, 250, 276

amṛta, 84, 85; amṛti-karaṇa, 135; yogāmṛta, 177. See also kulāmṛta

anāhata cakra, 223, 228, 229, 305, 327

aṇaṅku, 129

Ananta, 180, 185, 233

ancestor cults, 21, 45, 84, 89, 203, 259

Andhra Pradesh, 115, 136, 171, 312. See also mountains: Srisailam

animal sacrifice, 8, 13, 34, 35, 52, 53, 55, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 117, 130, 191, 194, 252, 267

animals, Yoginīs as, 8, 27, 50, 58, 132, 137, 143, 189, 192, 194, 195, 205, 212. See also birds; cats; jackals; mice and rats; wolves

anugraha, 47, 195, 217, 323. See also nigraha

anuṣṭhāna, 6. See also sorcery

Apabharaṇī, 29

Apālā, 31, 87, 115

aparā. See flowers and flowering trees

Aparā, 18, 231

Apasmāra, Apasmāras, 37, 52, 53. See also epilepsy; Skandāpasmāra

Apfel-Marglin, Frédérique, 20, 85, 92

apotheosis, 180–84, 197, 201

Apsarasas. See Nymphs

Āraṇyakas, 55

Ardhanareśvarī, Ardhanarīśvara, 93, 135, 278

Aristotle, 92, 298

Arjuna, 40, 183, 201

arousal, sexual, 72, 82, 83, 100, 106, 249

Arthaśāstra, 70

Arvuda, 165, 314

Āryā, 39, 40, 46, 48, 49, 50, 192, 289

ass, 51, 231

Assam, 139, 314. See also Kāmākhyā; Kāmarūpa

Assayag, Jackie, 5, 271

Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya, 54

Aṣṭāṅgasaṃgraha, 59

astrolabe, 178, 186, 316

astronomy and astrology, 34, 49, 60, 63, 133, 175, 178, 231, 263, 316. See also lunar mansions; menstrual horoscopes; moon; planets and planetary deities; stars

Asurī, 83

aśvamedha. See Vedic ritual

Atharva Veda, 3, 33, 34, 35, 39, 68, 246, 261

attraction, 99, 117, 143, 194, 207, 209, 210, 222, 249. See also extraction

Avadhūteśvarī, 89

Avalon, Arthur, xi, xii, 221. See also Woodroffe, Sir John

āvaraṇa-devatās. See entourage deities

avyaktam, 24

Āyas Dev Nāth, 168, 169

Āyurveda, 39, 52, 224, 228. See also Bhāvaprakāśa; Caraka Saṃhitā; Hārītā Saṃhitā; Kaumarabhṛtya; Kauśika Sūtra; Kumāratantra; Suśrūta Saṃhitā

Bactria, 132

Bagchi, Prabodh Chandra, 22

bāhyāvaraṇa. See entourage deities

bakula. See flowers and flowering trees

Balapramathinī, 231

Balarāma, 41, 50, 286, 318

Bālatantra, 51

Balavikaraṇī, 231

Bali. See Indonesia

bandhūka. See flowers and flowering trees

Banerjea, J. N., 98

barha khya, 69

Bāuls, 77, 82, 105, 247, 296, 301, 332

Beings, 32, 53, 56, 57, 71, 201, 203, 252, 255, 260, 262, 265, 266

bells, 193, 207, 210

Benares, 120, 165, 203, 328

Bengal, 41, 45, 77, 165, 219, 247, 258, 268, 284, 285, 287. See also Devīkoṭa

betel, 85–90, 116–18, 247. See also tāmbūla

Bhadrakālī, 40, 117, 300

Bhagamālinī, 96, 99

Bhagavad Gītā, 2, 176, 177, 184

Bhagavatī, 69, 70, 73

Bhairava, 8, 12, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 56, 62, 63, 77, 81, 102, 103, 105, 106, 113, 137, 151, 153, 164, 166, 181, 196, 210, 213, 227, 232, 242, 244, 250, 265, 266, 307; Ākāś Bhairab, 149; Bhairavas (class of divinities), 149, 267, 323; Ekapāda Bhairava, 89; fifty-two Bhairavas, 313; Mārtaṇḍa Bhairava, 291; Pacalī Bhairava, 142, 204, 320; Svacchanda Bhairava, 153, 159, 204, 227, 320, 323

Bhairavānanda, 143

bhakti, 2–6, 52, 126, 127, 191, 258, 261, 271, 318

Bhañja kingdom, 137

Bharati, Agehananda, 85, 91, 232

Bharhut, 57, 63

Bhāskararāya, 24

Bhāvaprakāśa, 51

Bheraghat Yoginī temple, 9, 12, 110, 136–37, 142, 146, 205, 279, 290, 291, 307

Bhimbhetka, 41, 42

bhinnayoni, 109, 244

bhoga. See supernatural enjoyments

Bhṛgukaccha, 137

Bhubanesvar, 94, 97, 140, 165. See also Vaitāl Deul temple

bhūcarī, 72, 132, 164, 199

bhukti. See supernatural enjoyments

Bhūtaḍāmara Tantra, 66

Bhutan, 262, 279, 310

bhūtas. See Beings

bhūtavidyā. See demonology

bhūtnīs. See Beings

bhūt-prets. See Beings

Biardeau, Madeleine, 15

Biḍalī, Viḍalī, 53, 188, 290

Bihar, 5, 40, 148, 170. See also Mithila; Patna; Rājagṛha

bījam. See blood-seed

bindu, 121, 230, 236–45, 325, 329

bindupuṣpā, 21, 93

bindusādhanā. See sādhanā

Bird Seizers, 46

birds, Yoginīs and goddesses as, 8, 27, 33, 39–52, 55, 58, 62, 65, 132, 137, 143, 171, 189, 196, 205, 207, 212, 215, 281, 289. See also Cīḍiyānāth; crows; Kauśikī; kites; mkha’ ‘gro ma; owls; Women with Uncut Wings

Bīrs (class of divinites), 313

blood offerings. See animal sacrifice

blood-seed, 70, 73, 117

Bollywood, 85

bolt-practices, 70, 193, 227, 228

Boner, Alice, 97

Booti Siddha, 170

Brahmā, 153, 175, 177, 182, 222

brahmacārin, 84, 85

brahmahatyā, 47, 68, 255

Brahmaloka, 167, 175, 177, 182, 184, 317

brahman, 84, 175, 177, 180, 182

Brāhmaṇas, 8, 50, 234; Jaiminīya, 54; Pañcaviṃśa, 197; Śatapatha, 33, 36; Tāṇḍya, 50

brahmarandhra. See fontanel

Brahmayāmala, 17, 23, 101, 163, 248, 250, 295, 322

brahmins and brahmanic traditions, 3, 7, 12, 15, 68, 69, 108, 126, 143, 148–49, 152, 155, 157, 194, 219, 251, 255, 263, 309; Smārta Brahmins, 5, 15, 257, 276. See also royal chaplain; royal preceptor; seven: Ṛṣis

Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad. See Upaniṣads

Bṛhat Saṃhitā, 61, 175, 307

Brooks, Douglas, 1, 5

broom, 231

Brunner, Helène, 61, 252

Buchanan, Francis, 5

Buddha and Buddhas, 63, 73, 76, 83, 96, 120, 197, 205, 224, 233, 300

Buddhacarita, 197

Buddhism and Buddhist traditions, 4, 27, 29, 43, 53, 55, 57, 62–64, 66, 72, 96, 109, 116, 154, 161, 166, 175, 197, 199, 204, 220, 221, 260, 312, 318, 320, 324. See also Buddhacarita; Buddhist Tantra; Jātakas; Prajñā; Saddharma-puṇḍarika Sūtra; Zen Buddhism

Buddhist Tantra, 79, 83, 84, 87, 109, 115, 120, 133, 148, 165, 217, 224, 244, 250, 275, 279, 296, 323, 332. See also Action Seal; Buddha and Buddhas; Cakrasaṃvara Tantra; Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa Tantra; Great Seal; Hevajra Tantra; Highest Yoga Tantra; lotus: Lotus Maiden; Sekoddeśaṭīkā; Vajrapānī; Vajrayoginī; Wisdom Maiden

Buffalo Demon, 28, 32, 48

buka flower. See flowers and flowering trees

butter, 35, 49, 108, 120, 253

Caitanya, 86

caityas, 65

cakras, 82, 112, 124, 169, 211, 218, 220, 221, 293; eleven cakras, 225–26; five cakras, 100, 181; four cakras, 224, 239; mahācakra, 223; nine cakras, 236; six cakras, 179–80; triangles of Śrī Cakra called, 236. See also ājñā cakra; anāhata cakra; Devīcakra; Dūtī Cakra; dvādaśānta; fontanel; khecarī: Khecarī Cakra; maṇipura cakra; Mātṛ Cakra; mūlādhāra cakra; nāḍīs: nāḍīcakra; sahasrāra; Śrī Cakra; svādhiṣṭhāna cakra; viśuddhi cakra; yogic body; Yoginī: Cakra

Cakrasaṃvara Maṇḍala. See mandalas

Cakrasaṃvara Tantra, 120

cakravartin, 62, 124, 143, 160, 309

Caldwell, Sarah, 1, 5, 73, 117

Cāḷukya dynasty, 53, 126, 133, 137, 139, 173, 279, 309. See also Someśvara III

Cambodia, 285, 300

cāmis, 248

camphor, 73, 80, 87, 88

Cāmuṇḍā, 60, 88, 204, 318, 320

Caṇḍaghaṇṭā, 207

cāṇḍālī. See plants and herbs

Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa Tantra, 83, 109, 120

Caṇḍeśvarī, 56

Caṇḍī(kā), 8, 9, 74, 129, 287

Candra Mountain. See moon

Cāṅgu Nārāyaṇ temple, 139

cannabis, 108, 122

Caraka Saṃhitā, 93, 113, 225

Cāraṇas, 48, 129, 143, 151, 171, 312

Carcikā. See cats

Carstairs, G. M., 268

Caryāgīti, 27, 32, 87, 224

cats, 43, 53, 63, 189, 249, 291. See also Biḍalī

catuṣpīṭha. See pīṭhas

Caurasi. See Vārāhī temple

Ceylon. See Sri Lanka

Chandella dynasty, 12, 137, 143, 144

Charans, 19, 20, 21, 129, 148, 312

chāyāchidrāṇi, 52

childbirth, 30, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 45, 63, 66, 91, 115, 261, 270. See also conception and gestation; miscarriage

childhood diseases, 35, 41, 48, 49, 51, 52, 189

China: Chinese translations of Indian Buddhist texts, 63; cīnācāra, 76; mahācīna, 75

Chinnamastā, 139, 308

Chola dynasty, 136

chommas, 151, 226, 280, 325

Cīḍiyānāth, 171

cīnācara. See China

ciñca (tamarind). See flowers and flowering trees

Circe, 64

circles: cakras as, 194, 195, 212, 213, 220, 223, 231, 249, 250; of Mothers, 44, 136, 137, 212, 222, 291 (see also Mātṛ Cakra; Yoginī: temples); of the Nine Seizers, 62; of Tantric practitioners, 27, 30, 31, 62, 72, 82, 100, 151, 158, 166

citadel of mantras. See mantras

citipatis, 279

clan fluid. See kuladravyam

Clan Island, 77

clan mountains. See kula-parvatas

clan nectar. See kulāmṛta

Clan of the Yoginīs. See Yoginī: Kaula

Clan-born Siddhas and Yoginīs, 72, 164, 165

clans: kinship term, 11, 18–21, 127, 136, 149; Tantric lineages, 6, 7, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 76, 79, 80, 90, 93, 100, 101, 102, 103, 109, 113, 114, 124, 151, 165, 166, 223, 227, 232, 235, 250, 251, 277

clitoris, 97, 100, 300

Clothey, Fred, 5

Coburn, Thomas, 130

Coeurdoux, Father Pierre, 156, 159

conception and gestation, 20, 57, 67, 90–92, 189. See also childbirth

consecration. See initiation and consecration

cosmic egg, 167, 175, 177, 179, 181, 182, 185, 187, 200, 313; dimensions of, 164, 223, 324.

See also cosmology and cosmography; seven: sheaths of the cosmic egg

cosmogony. See sṛṣṭi

cosmology and cosmography, 164–87, 315–16. See also Brahmaloka; Jambudvīpa; mountains: Meru; Satyaloka; Siddhaloka; Tapoloka

cows, 46, 50, 54, 58, 253, 254, 255. See also kāmadhenu; Mūḷi; Surabhī

cranial vault, 100, 104, 105, 176, 177, 184, 185, 187, 200, 202, 224, 227, 231, 232, 234, 240, 244, 254

cremation grounds, 8, 10, 14, 52, 137, 143, 153, 157, 163, 193, 194, 202, 207, 209, 211, 213, 231, 232, 255, 265, 266. See also eight: Cremation Grounds

crows, 39, 53, 80, 231, 283

Cūḍāsamā dynasty, 129

cuḍels, 45; Cuḍelin Mātā 73, 294

daiva, 166

Ḍākinīs, 29, 52, 53, 62, 71, 133, 139, 142, 204, 207, 211, 228, 229, 268, 290, 296, 321, 322, 334. See also mkha’ ‘gro ma

Ḍāmarī, 228

dancing, 34, 64, 137, 143, 158, 201

Daṇḍapāṇi, 181

Dārika, 70, 117

Das, Rahul Peter, 221

Daśāvatāracarita, 154

datura, 122

Davidson, Ronald, 133

Deccan plateau, 53, 126, 139, 148, 171, 173, 312

Dehejia, Vidya, 1

Delhi, 137, 308

demonology, 35, 52, 59, 113, 252, 261, 266, 276. See also chāyāchidrāṇi

Deogarh, 44, 52

Desai, Devangana, 1, 97, 146

devadāsīs, 98, 99, 140, 270, 296–97. See also prostitutes

Devasenā, 40, 44

devayoni beings, 161, 175. See also Dryads; Gandharvas; Kinnaras; Nymphs; Protectors; Siddha demigods

Devī Māhātmya, 48, 59, 130

Devībali Pākhaṇḍ, 7

Devīcakra, 82, 223; devī cakra, 326

Devīkoṭa, 165

dhaman, 86

Dhanyaśloka, 89

dhātus, 228

Dhṛtarāṣṭṛa, 130, 283

Dhubela Archaeological Museum, 205, 273

dice play, 34, 35, 49, 61

dig-bandhana, 259

Digby, Simon, 170

digvijaya, 125

Dikkāravāsinī, 89

dīkṣā. See initiation and consecration

Dīrghajihvī, 50, 286

dissimulation, 126, 146, 150, 155, 157, 159, 263. See also secrecy

dissolution, 182

Diti, 46

Divine Daughters, 38, 53

Divine Seizers, 47, 49

divyadṛṣṭi, 251

dogs, 46, 53–54, 58, 64, 198, 253. See also Saramā; śva-graha

Donaldson, Thomas, 1, 99

Doniger, Wendy, 66, 191, 198

door guardians, 164, 166

dravyam, 7, 11, 14, 67, 74, 76, 80, 81, 84, 85, 93, 112, 118, 255, 256, 275, 295. See also kuladravyam; sadbhāva; yonitattva

dreams, 72, 196, 201, 224, 247–52, 333

drums, 193, 207, 210

Dryads, 4, 50–53, 63, 64, 64, 71, 161, 175, 199, 201; Dryad Seizers, 47. See also Female Dryads; Kalu Kumar; Sthūṇākarṇa

Dubois, Abbé Jean-Antoine, 155–58

Durgā, 7, 40, 41, 48, 125, 127, 128, 132, 139, 202, 275, 278, 291; name derived from durga, “fortress,” 132

Durgā Stotra, 40

Dūtī Cakra, 82

Dūtīs, 89, 91, 107, 110, 112–14, 142, 159, 161, 223, 275, 303, 304, 323. See also Śakti: Tantric consort

dūtīyāga, 84

dvādaśānta, 104, 181, 225, 226, 229, 230, 231, 233, 244, 325

dvārapālas. See door guardians

Dvyāśraya, 132, 133, 142, 205

Dyczkowski, Mark, 1, 79, 229, 305

Egyptian Mysteries, xiii, 194

eight: Bhairavas, 323; cakras, 223; “Clan Group of Eight” mantras, 222; Cremation Grounds, 322, 323; elements of yogic body, 251; female slaves dance in Vedic ritual, 30; forms of Jyeṣṭhā, 230; goddesses, 11, 66, 88, 135, 166; Heroes, 39; “Maternal Group of Eight,” 318; Mothers, 22, 113, 132, 136, 250, 251, 322; Śaktis in Tantric rite, 231, 249–51; Seizers, 255; sets of seed mantras, 223; supernatural powers, 222; tattvas, 230; types of kāmakalā practice, 96, 98, 241; types of Protectresses, 58; Vidyeśvaras, 231; Wisdom Group of, 222; Yoginīs, 63

eighteen: children of Harītī, 63; Divine Daughters, 53; Seizers, 46, 48, 49; Siddhas, 164

Ekānaṃśā, 4, 40, 41, 284, 319

eleven: cakras, 225–26; sites, 227

Eliade, Mircea, 197

Ellora Cave Temples, 37, 62, 291, 320

emission. See sṛṣṭi

End of the Twelve. See dvādaśānta

entourage deities, 96, 97, 140, 241, 330

epilepsy, 34, 37, 49, 54

excrements, 71, 77, 254

exorcism, 248, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264

extraction, 58, 72, 76, 104, 105, 152, 207, 209, 211, 212, 213, 215, 217, 218, 227, 229, 322; of mantras, 243. See also attraction

Father Seizers, 47

Fathers, 45

Female Dryads, 8, 29, 33, 37, 43, 45, 59, 63–66, 72, 82, 121, 162, 188, 191, 196, 198, 199, 201, 209, 228, 267, 270, 292. See also Harītī; Tāḍakā

Female Ghouls, 188

Female Seizers, 8, 29, 35, 41, 43, 50, 53, 59, 62–66, 121, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 196, 205, 321

female semen. See strī-vīrya

Females with Uncut Wings, 30

fertility and fertility rites, 20, 21, 40, 66, 67, 92, 217, 270. See also ṛtu doṣa

Field Guardians, 53, 71, 164

Field-born Siddhas and Yoginīs, 72, 165, 166, 222

fields and secondary fields, 10, 136, 165, 174, 213

Finn, Louise, 78

Fish-Belly, 25, 102, 104, 215, 226, 279, 325

five: cakras, 100, 181, 223, 225, 228, 326; elements, 211, 231; Essences, 254; gemstones, 108; Jewels, 254, 256; Lamps, 254, 333; mouths of Śiva, 18, 101, 277; mudrās, 82, 227; M-words, 82–84, 120, 330, 333; Nectars, 35, 209, 211, 212, 222, 333; pure products of the cow, 253; purifiers, 76; Seals, 333; streams, 101, 277; Women of the Seal, 249; Yoginīs, 164

Flaith, 32, 64

flesh. See meat

flight, power of, 7, 10, 27, 58, 65, 96, 105, 161, 167, 181, 182, 188–218, 221, 227, 248

flower, term for menstrual discharge, 78–79, 90

flowers and flowering trees, 21, 22, 24, 55, 80, 89, 103, 108, 115, 120, 155, 165, 174, 175, 192, 326; aparā, 115; bakula, 116, 117; bandhūka, 121, 305; buka, 76, 77, 108, 118, 302; ciñca (tamarind), 121; hayāri, 115; kadamba, 46, 121; khadīra, 87; kiṃśuka, 121; kṛṣṇa, 77, 108; palāśa, 118; palmyra, 304; saffron, 118; toddy palm, 117. See also plants and herbs; trees

fontanel, 179, 185, 225, 226

four: cakras, 224, 239, 325; Kula Siddhas, 103, 113; Mounds, 137, 165; states of the mind, 224, 325; vyūhas, 179

Freud, Sigmund, 215, 248, 332

Gaja-Lakṣmī, 134

Gaṇas, 48, 65, 163, 282

Gandhapūtanā. See Pūtanā

Gandharvas, 30, 33–35, 46, 48, 49, 161, 183, 198, 319; Gandharva Seizers, 47, 49; Gandharvīs, 82

Gaṇeśa, 4, 24, 36, 49, 61, 65, 167, 280; Ucchiṣṭa Gaṇeśa, 63

Gaṇeśvara temple, Khiching, 99

Gaṅgā (Ganges). See rivers

Gangdhar stone-tablet inscription, 139, 207, 209–10, 308, 321

garbhagṛha. See temple architecture

Garuḍa, 44, 280

garuḍī (female kite), 37, 288

Gaūḍavaho, 129

Gauḍiya Vaiṣṇavas, 86, 87. See also Vaiṣṇavas and Vaisnavism

gavāmayana. See Vedic ritual

Ghosts, 64, 80, 203, 204, 333

Ghoul Seizers, 47, 49

Ghouls, 32, 48, 52, 161, 175, 269

Girnar, 50, 174, 183–84, 286, 317, 318. See also mountains

Gnoli, Raniero, 1, 325

goats, 37, 38, 39, 63, 283, 294. See also Naigameṣa, Naigameya

gocaram, 24

Goetz, Hermann, 66, 144, 146, 153

Golakī Maṭh. See Bheraghat Yoginī temple

Gomanta. See Girnar

Gombrich, Richard, 6

Gonda, Jan, 122

gopīs, 86, 88

Gorakh(nāth), Gorkaṣa(nātha), 81, 177, 224, 226, 232

Gorkha kingdom, 149, 310

Goudriaan, Teun, 1

Govardhana. See mountains

grahas. See Seizers

grahīs, grahaṇīs. See Female Seizers

graphemes, 222, 223, 238, 239, 240, 244. See also bindu; visarga

Great Seal, Buddhist Tantric consort, 73, 83

Greece, possible scientific exchanges with India, 41, 60, 92, 187

Gṛhadevī, 192. See also Jarā

Gṛhya Sūtras: Baudhāyana, 231; Mānava, 39, 41

Guha, 65

Guhya(ka)s, 48, 65, 161

Gujarat, 59, 126, 129, 132, 153, 154, 173, 183. See also Bhṛgukaccha; Girnar

guṇas, 77

Gupta, Sanjukta, 1, 296, 297

guru, 6, 19, 22, 80, 88, 105, 108, 112, 123, 142, 194, 202, 220, 245, 246, 247, 251, 252, 264, 265, 266, 271, 331; guru-rāja, 125

Gwalior Archaeological Museum, 205, 308

Hākinī, 228, 229

haṃsa, 43, 211, 233, 328

Harappa. See Indus Valley civilization

Harasiddhi, 24

Haravijaya, 151

Hārītā Saṃhitā, 53

Harītī, 43, 63–64, 192, 231, 283, 291, 292, 319

Harivaṃśa, 40, 50, 52, 115, 183, 184, 207

Harper, Katherine Anne, 36

Harṣacarita, 63

haṭha yoga, 82, 200, 211, 217, 220, 221, 226–31, 234

Haṭhayogapradīpikā, 81, 254

hayāri. See flowers and flowering trees

Heesterman, Jan, 234

Heilijger-Seelens, Dorothea, 215, 223

Hevajra Tantra, 73, 83, 109, 221, 224, 303, 321

Highest Yoga Tantra, 79, 109, 217, 303

Hiltebeitel, Alf, 31

Himachal Pradesh, 57, 168, 267–68

Hiṅglāj Mātā, 77

Hippocrates, 41, 298

Hirapur Yoginī temple, 137, 190, 204, 208, 291, 321

hlādinī. See Śakti: hypostasis of the Goddess

Hoens, Dirk Jan, 237

Hollywood, 221

homa, 125

Hooykaas, C., 135

Host of Mothers, 39, 44, 47, 139, 281

householder-practitioners, 123, 124, 159, 166, 219, 253, 255, 259, 275

Hudson, Dennis, 179

human flesh, 211, 212, 253

husband-finding rite. See marriage rituals

Icchā-śakti, 164, 231, 328

ihi ceremony. See marriage rituals

Indo-European traditions, 28, 29, 32, 53, 55

Indonesia, 134, 135, 148, 236, 307, 308, 326

Indra, 31, 37, 38, 40, 68, 87, 115, 167, 222

Indus Valley civilization, 28, 29, 37, 132

initiation and consecration, 11, 21, 27, 28, 77, 79–81, 83, 85, 106, 108–9, 113, 114, 122, 133–36, 142, 148, 149, 150, 166, 184, 191, 194, 217, 220, 236, 243, 244, 245–47, 250–52, 256, 266, 274, 301. See also kulasamayin; miśraka; Narasiṃha: narasiṃha-dīkṣā; nirvāṇa-dīkṣā; sādhaka

Innately-born Siddhas and Yoginīs, 164, 165, 166

internalization, 161, 167, 187, 210, 218, 219, 251, 258, 262

Islam and Tantric traditions, 77, 170, 171, 247. See also Nizarpanthis

iṣṭa-devatā, 6

jackals, 58, 137, 189, 194, 205, 215, 216, 253, 319

Jagadambā, 129

Jagannātha temple, 85, 89, 98

Jainism and Jain traditions, 4, 29, 38, 39, 65, 66, 116, 117, 137, 142, 153, 154, 161, 167, 174–77, 183, 185, 277, 303, 309, 315–16

Jaipur, 6

Jālandhara (pīṭha), 224, 314

Jālandharnāth, 168–71, 315

Jalore, 168, 169, 314

Jambudvīpa, 174, 175

Jammu, 62

Janamejaya, 53

jāṅgha. See temple architecture: joining wall

japa, 89. See also mantras

Jarā, 63, 192, 194, 207, 231; Jarāsandha, 192, 194, 291

Jātahāriṇī, 63; Jātahāriṇīs (class of female divinities), 45, 50, 51, 189

Jātakas, 55, 64; Jayaddisa, 65; Kāliṅgabodhi, 197; Mahāmāyuri, 274; Telapatta, 64, 72; Valāhassa, 64

Jayā, 24, 278

Jayadrathayāmala, 17, 23, 163, 210, 221, 227, 232, 278, 322

Jayaratha, 84, 89, 105, 110, 112, 113, 114, 146, 236, 253, 255

jīvanmukti, 10, 15

jñāna, 25; jñāna-pravāha, 113, 161; Jñānā-śakti, 165, 166, 231; kaula-jñāna, 10, 103

Jñānārṇava, 254

Jöchle, Wolfgang, 298

Jodhpur, 168, 169, 170–71, 305, 314, 321. See also Cīḍiyānāth; Mān Singh

Jōgammas, 270, 271, 334

Jogeśvarī, 173

Joginīs, Jognīs, 45, 268; Jala-jogini, 73

Jyeṣṭhā, 40, 49, 51, 52, 54, 63, 230, 231, 285, 289, 290, 328, 329

Kachchhapaghāta kingdom, 137

Kachvaha dynasty, 6

kadamba. See flowers and flowering trees

Kadamba kingdom, 129, 139

Kādambarī, 40, 41, 129

Kadrū, 46, 48, 55, 288

Kailās. See mountains

Kākacaṇḍeśvarīmata, 17, 80, 207, 210

Kakar, Sudhir, 1, 73

Kākatīya kingdom, 136

Kākī. See crows

Kākinī, 228, 229

Kālacakra Tantra, 35, 83, 254

Kalacuri dynasty, 12, 136, 137, 142, 144, 146, 153, 173, 200, 309, 312, 325. See also Yuvarājā II

kālāgni, 226

kalās, 91, 229, 230, 232, 236, 237, 241, 245, 329; kalā-śaktis, 95, 96, 241. See also kāmakalā

Kāla-saṃkarṣaṇī, 210, 322

Kalashacal. See mountains

Kālavikaraṇī, 230

Kālī, Kālikā, 18, 24, 37, 40, 53, 93, 119, 204, 210, 230, 278, 282, 284, 296, 303, 319, 321; Kālī Yantra, 305; Twelve Kālīs, 104

Kali Yuga, 23, 103, 113, 164

Kālī-Krama. See Krama

kalpa, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184

Kalu Kumar, 294

kāma, 97, 237–40, 270, 308

Kāma Sūtra, 105

kāmaśāstra, xii. See also Kāma Sūtra

kāma-bandha. See temple architecture

kāma-bindu, 95, 100

kāmadhenu, 54

kāmakalā, 82, 91, 94–100, 140, 234–45, 329; eight types of practice, 96; kāmakalā yantra, 94–97, 98, 238

Kāmakalāvilāsa, 237–38

Kāmakaleśvara, 97, 100; Kāmakaleśvarī, 100; Mahākāmakaleśvarī, 96–97

Kāmākhyā, 89, 105–6, 204, 213, 215, 224, 230, 241, 314; Kāmākhyā Tantra, 80. See also Kāmarūpa

Kāmapānacāstiram, 74

Kāmarūpa, 24, 102, 104, 106, 301, 317. See also Kāmākhyā

kāmatattva, 241–45

Kāmeśvara, 236, 237, 307, 308; Kāmeśvarī, 99, 236, 237, 241, 307

Kaṃsa, 52

Kancipuram, 98

Kandariyā Mahādeva temple. See Khajuraho

Kane, P. V., 220

Kapadia, Karin, 69

Kapālakuṇḍalā, 209, 210, 211, 227

Kāpālikas, 80, 81, 87, 96, 102, 117, 146, 151–54, 163, 196, 209, 211, 294, 311, 322; Kāpālinī (female Kāpālika), 116; “six sectarian marks” of, 83, 153, 163–64. See also Kapālakuṇḍalā

karañja. See trees

karimpana. See trees

Karmācārya (Tantric priest). See royal chaplain

Karma-Mudrā, 166

Karnataka, 165, 173, 279, 315

Karpūramañjari, 142, 154

Kārttikeya. See Skanda

Kashmir, 137, 144, 146, 151, 154, 158, 159, 192, 236, 241, 308, 330

Kaṭapūtanās. See Pūtanā

Kathāsaritsāgara, 11, 57, 60, 64, 115, 141, 152, 153, 174, 183, 184, 191, 201, 202, 204, 209, 212, 221, 308. See also “Vampire Tales”

Kathmandu Valley, 5, 18, 23, 57, 63, 69, 124, 127, 129, 139, 143, 148–50, 153, 204, 269, 270, 278, 279, 291, 306. See also Cāṅgu Nārāyaṇ temple; Nepal; Paśupatināth temple

Kātyāyanī, 40; Kātyāyanīs (class of divinities), 321

Kaulacūḍāmaṇi, 83, 98

kaulāgamā, 151

kaulagola, 154

kaula-jñāna. See jñāna

Kaulajñānanirṇaya, 17, 19, 22–26, 50, 76, 79, 82, 89, 100, 101, 102, 105, 108–10, 118, 151, 163–67, 171, 176, 179, 189, 195, 207, 209, 213, 215, 221, 222, 223, 225, 227, 228, 230, 231, 233, 253

kaulasadbhāva, 82, 100. See also sadbhāva

Kaulāvalinirṇaya, 17, 23, 74, 76, 78, 80, 84, 89, 91, 93, 115, 117, 118, 255

kaulavit, 17

Kaumarabhṛtya, 52

Kauśika Sūtra, 34, 50, 58, 59, 62, 63

Kauśikī, 40, 287

Kaviraj, Gopinath, 151, 162

kāyasādhanā, 144

Kerala, 45, 62, 64, 65, 69, 70, 72, 73, 117, 304

khadīra. See flowers and flowering trees

Khajuraho, 35, 61, 63, 97, 139, 140, 143, 146, 203, 291; Kandariyā Mahādeva temple, 61, 146, 203, 290, 309; Lakṣmaṇa temple, 61, 98, 144, 145, 146, 290, 299, 309, 310; Viśvanātha temple, 140, 144

Khan, Dominique-Sila, 77

Khaṇḍobā, 38, 173, 283

khatvāṅga, 152

khecara. See flight

khecarī, 58, 72, 132, 164, 223; Khecarī Cakra, 82; khecarī mudrā, 83, 100, 254, 300; khecarī vidyā, 202

khejaṛa. See trees

Khiching. See Gaṇeśvara temple; Kiñcakeśvarī temple

Khoḍīyār, 129, 130, 131

kiṃśuka. See flowers and flowering trees

Kiñcakeśvarī temple, Khiching, 62, 99

kings, as patrons, practitioners of Tantra, 2, 12, 19, 21, 31, 56, 102, 123–47, 198, 201, 258, 259, 261. See also Pratāp Malla; Siddhanāth; Someśvara III; Trivikramasena

Kinnaras, 48, 82, 161

Kīrtivarman, 144–46

kiss, 28, 31, 57, 73, 80, 87, 115, 272

kites, 171, 288, 321. See also garuḍī

Kloetzli, W. Randolph, 178, 186

Knipe, David, 120

Konarak, 140

Koṅkaṇa, 113, 129, 142

Krama, 11, 18, 24, 210, 275, 322, 323, 330

Kriyākālaguṇottara, 17, 59, 286

Kriyā-śakti, 165, 166, 231

Kṛṣṇa, 4, 6, 35, 40, 41, 51, 52, 85, 86, 88, 127, 139, 167, 176, 177, 183, 184, 191, 201, 261, 284, 287, 318

kṛṣṇa flower. See flowers and flowering trees

Kṛttikās, 28, 36, 40, 44, 49, 282, 292

kṣatriyas, 148

Kṣemarāja, 16, 59, 89, 152, 212, 222, 226, 241

Kṣetrapālakas. See Field Guardians

kṣetras and upakṣetras. See fields and secondary fields

kṣetra-yoginīs, 314

Kubera, 63, 65, 201, 292

Kubjā. See Kubjikā

Kubjikā, 18, 55, 82, 89, 93, 129, 130, 204, 215, 217, 227, 291, 302. See also mandalas

Kubjikā Tantras, 22, 79, 93, 100, 101, 104, 121, 152, 181, 228, 229, 244, 278, 326. See also paścimāmnāya

Kubjikāmata, 17, 23, 70, 193, 215, 221, 222, 223, 227, 229, 231, 290, 322

Kuhū, 30, 40

kula. See clans: Tantric lineages

kula prakriyā, 16, 110, 226, 273

Kula Siddhas, 103, 113

Kula Tantras, 18

kulācāra, 8

Kulacūḍāmaṇi Tantra, 23, 78, 88, 296, 318

kuladevatās, 127

kuladevīs, 20, 21, 126–29, 131, 149, 150, 306, 321

kuladharma, 8

kuladravyam, 11, 22, 80, 105. See also dravyam

Kulagahvara Tantra, 245, 255

kulāgamā, 19, 79

kulagocarā, 19, 151

kulamadyam, 117

kulāmṛta, 11, 76, 85, 91, 297

kula-mutaltevi, 129

kula-parvatas, 10, 171

kulaputras, 17, 21, 166, 222, 245

Kularatnoddyota, 93, 246

Kulārṇava Tantra, 18, 23, 105, 152, 254

kulārtham, 110

kulasamayin, 166

kulayāga, 106, 116, 250, 255, 302, 323

kulayoginī, 151

kuldevīs. See kuladevīs

Kuleśvara, 136, 196, 299; Kuleśvarī, 113, 136, 151

Kullūka Bhaṭṭa, 6

Kumāra. See Skanda

Kumāratantra, 62

Kumārī, 40, 98–99. See also Maidens

Kunaṃnamā, 33, 130, 198

kuṇḍā panth, 77

kuṇḍagolaka, 77–79, 108, 112, 115, 303. See also kaulagola

Kuṇḍalī, 230, 231, 233, 328

kuṇḍalinī, 43, 77, 82, 211, 218, 221, 226, 227, 228, 229–34, 239

kuṇḍas, 122

Kuṅkuṇāmbā, 113

Kurtz, Stanley, 32

Kushan age, 35–37, 39–41, 48–50, 52, 58–60, 188, 191, 192, 205, 282, 292, 318

Kusumā, Kusumamālinī, 227–29

kūṭastha, 177, 184, 318

Kuvaṇṇā, 64, 130, 198, 199

Kværne, Per, 134

lactation, 90, 91, 92

Lākinī, 228, 229

Lakṣmaṇa temple. See Khajuraho

Lakṣmī, 40, 41; Lakṣmī Tantra, 147. See also Gaja-Lakṣmī; Mahālakṣmī

Lalitā Sahasranāma, 151, 310

Lambakarṇī, 228

land-based beings. See bhūcarī

Leonardo da Vinci, 92

Lévi, Sylvain, 8

Levy, Robert, 123

Licchavi dynasty, 139

liṅgam, 78, 87, 101, 119, 244, 229, 233–35, 275, 291, 300, 308; bāṇ-liṅgam, 121; dehaliṅgam, 331; ekamukha liṅgam, 101; jyotirliṅgam, 173, 312; liṅgābhiṣeka, 121; liṅga-pīṭham, 95, 100; mahāliṅgam, 97; manoliṅgam, 331; pañca-mukha-liṅga, 18, 101; portable liṅgams, 300

Liṅgāyatas, 171, 173, 295

liquor. See alcohol

Lohitāyanī, 37, 46, 48, 49, 121, 282

Loka Puruṣa. See Puruṣa

Lorenzen, David, 83, 152, 153, 220

lotus: cakra or mandala as, 135, 136, 151, 218, 226, 229, 236, 250; Lotus Maiden, 115; term for woman’s nether mouth, 28, 71, 80, 115, 116, 120, 121

Lowest-born Yoginī, 165, 222

lunar mansions, 290

M-words, 83–85, 120, 220, 232, 241, 253–57. See also alcohol; maithuna; meat; mudrās

Macchanda. See Matsyendra(nātha)

Madhya Pradesh, 41, 60, 137, 140, 200, 203, 267, 308, 312. See also Bharhut; Bheraghat Yoginī temple; Bhimbhetka; Dhubela Archaeological Museum; Gwaloir; Khajuraho; Malwa; Mitauli Yoginī temple; Naresar Yoginī temple; Shahdol Yoginī temple; Ujjain

Madonna, 331

Madurai, 136

Madyapānavidhi, 304

Mahābhārata, 31, 35–63, 65, 70, 91, 121, 127, 174, 183, 184, 192, 201, 221

Mahācaṇḍeśvarī, 89

mahācīna, 75

Mahādeva, 47, 48, 171

Mahākāla, 24, 137, 165; Mahākālī, 29

Mahākaula, 25, 164

Mahālakṣmī, 29

mahāpīṭha. See pīṭhas

Maharashtra, 32, 38, 142, 148, 168, 171, 173, 306, 314. See also Ellora Cave Temples; Koṅkaṇa

Mahāsarasvatī, 29

mahātman, 24

Mahāvamsa, 64, 130, 198–99

Mahāvidyās, 278, 304

Mahāvrātins, 153

Mahiṣamardinī Stotra, 83

Mahmūd of Ghazni, 144

Maidens, 36, 46, 48, 53, 225

maithuna, 81, 83–85, 139–40, 220, 253, 254, 279, 333

Maitrāvaruṇa, 38

makāras. See M-words

malam, as impediment to liberation, 80

Mālatī-Mādhava, 96, 129, 209–12, 227

Mālinī, 244, 331; mālinī mantra, 246; vyomamālinī, 328

Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, 23, 231, 325

Malla dynasty, 23, 127, 132, 134, 142, 148, 278, 310. See also Pratāp Malla

Mallayya. See mountains

Mallināth, 170, 173

Mallmann, Marie-Thérèse de, 1

Malwa, 132

Mān Singh, king of Marwar, 168–71, 314

Manasā, 41

Mānasollāsa, 53, 126, 133, 142

Mānava Dharma Śāstra, 130

mandalas, 11, 24, 35, 59, 103, 113, 120, 122, 132, 134, 135, 136, 147, 150, 164, 213, 222, 223, 235, 244, 250, 252, 258, 262, 306, 313, 317; as administrative units, royal lands, 123–25, 141, 149; Cakrasaṃvara Maṇḍala, 96; Kubjikā maṇḍala, 217, 228; saṃvarta mandala, 55. See also lotus: cakra or mandala as

Mandelbaum, David, 259

maṇipura cakra, 228, 229, 327

Manonmanī, 230, 231

Manthānabhairava Tantra, 79, 90–91, 121, 291, 305, 323

Mantra-born Siddhas and Yoginīs, 164, 165, 166

Mantramahodadhi, 105, 120, 136

mantras, 6, 13, 30, 31, 34, 47, 51, 52, 66, 71, 72, 74, 76, 85, 88, 109, 117, 121, 132, 134, 140, 143, 147, 148, 150, 151, 162, 164, 166, 201, 202, 209, 212, 220, 222, 223, 226, 229, 232, 235, 242–44, 246, 247, 250–52, 259, 265, 266, 274, 322, 327, 334; citadel of mantras, 251–52, 259; mālinī mantra, 246; mantraśāstra, 243; netra mantra, 276; seed mantras (see seeds). See also extraction; Narasiṃha: Narasiṃha mantra; phonemes

Manu Smṛti, 79

margosa. See trees

Māriyammān, 56, 287

marriage rituals, 20, 21, 41, 68, 69, 86, 116, 270; husband-finding rite, 30–31, 115; ihi ceremony, 69; tāli, tying of the, 69, 293

Marwar, 168–71. See also Mān Singh

masks, 143

Masson, Jeffrey, 114

Master. See ācārya

Mataji Om Prakash Yogini, 271

Mathura, 37, 41, 50, 52, 63; Mathura Archaeological Museum, 282, 284, 287, 289

Mātṛ Cakra, 82

mātṛcakras. See circles: of Mothers

mātṛgaṇa. See Host of Mothers

Mātṛkābheda Tantra, 78, 90

mātṛ-nāmāni. See Names of the Mothers

Mātṛs. See Mothers

Mātṛsadbhāva, 81

Matsyendra(nātha), 22, 23, 25, 100, 103, 105, 113, 152, 163, 171, 226, 231, 326

matsyodara. See Fish-Belly

Mattamāyūras, 146

Maurya age, 43

McDaniel, June, 77, 202

McLuhan, Marshall, 114

meat, 46, 76, 78, 83–85, 108, 109, 118, 143, 154, 155, 159, 165, 211, 241, 253, 254. See also human flesh

medical literature. See Āyurveda

melaka, melāpa(ka), 10, 47, 77, 102, 165, 196, 213, 215, 222, 242, 323; pleasing union, 215, 217; violent union, 215, 217

menstrual horoscopes, 69

mercury, 67, 72, 80, 90, 174, 175, 186, 200

Meru. See mountains

Mhasobā, 32

mice and rats, 189, 195, 249

milk, 35, 37, 52, 54, 56, 70, 115, 191, 247, 252, 253, 330; Milk of the Yoginī, 90–93. See also pāyal

miscarriage, 48, 59, 63, 64, 267. See also childbirth

miśraka (level of Tantric initiation), 166

Mitauli Yoginī temple, 307, 308

Mithila, 7, 78

Mitrā, 39

mkha’ ‘gro ma, 62

Mohinī, 98; Mohinīs (class of female divinities), 162

moles, 280

monks and monasticism, 72, 123, 125, 133, 134, 148

moon, 30, 60, 63, 68, 77, 81, 89, 90, 91, 238, 240, 316; Moon Island, 24, 102, 104, 105, 106, 174, 175, 176, 215; Moon Mountain, 175

Mother Earth, 70

Mothers, 4, 8, 14, 19, 22, 29, 34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 48, 50, 52, 53, 60, 61, 65, 66, 91, 95, 108, 115, 139, 146, 164, 166, 188, 189, 192, 193, 196, 204, 207, 209, 213, 219, 223, 230, 231, 284, 285; Mother of Cows, 48; Mother of Dogs, 48; Mother of Plants, 46, 48; Mother Protectresses, 58, 207, 209; Mothers of all the World, 39; Mothers of Infants, 39; Mothers of the Seven Worlds, 139; Mothers of Space, 188; Mothers of the Universe, 36; Mothers of the World, 36, 37, 44, 45. See also eight: Mothers; Host of Mothers; Names of the Mothers; seven: Mothers

Mound-born Siddhas and Yoginīs, 72, 164, 165, 222

Mounds and Secondary Mounds, 10, 113, 136, 137, 161, 165, 171, 213, 275, 314, 317, 324, 325. See also pīṭhas

mountains, 4, 50, 65, 167–73, 203; Añjana, 175; Govardhana, 167; Himavān, 167; Kailās, 184, 201; Kalashacal, 69; Mallayya, 173; Meru, 81, 174, 175, 186, 316; Raivata(ka), 50, 51, 183–84, 317; Srisailam, 62, 102, 173, 312; Vindhya, 267 (see also Vindhyavāsinī); White, 37. See also Girnar; kulaparvatas

mouth, as female sexual organ, 7, 18, 27, 28, 72, 87, 88, 89, 94–122, 161, 215, 218, 240, 242, 323. See also lotus: term for women’s nether mouth; picuvaktra; pīṭhas: catuspīṭha; pīṭhas: mahāpīṭha

Mṛgendrāgama, 163

mudrās, 13, 81, 82, 84, 89, 151, 227, 295, 329; pañcamudrā, 82; vajrolī mudrā, 11, 82, 114, 215, 296

Mukhamaṇḍikā, 46, 48, 50, 58

Mukhamaṇḍitās (class of female divinities), 53

mūlādhāra cakra, 225, 228, 229, 231, 325, 327

Mūḷi, 54

Muller-Ortega, Paul, 1, 18, 243

Muṇḍamālā Tantra, 78

Murr, Sylvia, 156

Murukaṉ, 5, 167, 271

Mus, Paul, 246

mustard seeds. See seeds

Nabokov, Isabelle, 1, 247–48

nāda, 227, 325

nāḍīs, 82, 210, 220; nāḍīcakra, 96, 322. See also path of brahman

nagna-kabandhā, 115

Naigameṣa, Naigameya, 37, 38, 63, 282, 283

nakṣatras, 290

Nalavilāsa, 102, 153

Nāmadhārīs, 155

Names of the Mothers, 34–35

Nandin, Nandikeśvara, 24, 284

Nandinī, 54

Narasiṃha, 89, 127, 148; Narasiṃha mantra, 274; narasiṃha-dīkṣā, 6

Naravāhanadatta, 141, 160, 184, 201, 308, 309

Nārāyaṇa, 6

Naresar Yoginī temple, 205, 206

Nāth Jogis, 77

Nāth Siddhas, 82, 163, 168–71, 177, 179, 184, 224, 226, 296, 313. See also Āyas Dev Nāth; Gorakh(nāth); Jālandharnāth; Matsyendra(nātha); Nāth Jogis; Satyanātha; Siddhanāth

Nāthaṣoḍaśāmnāyakrama, 91

navadurgā. See nine: Durgās

navagraha. See nine: Seizers; planets and planetary deities

navanātha, 168

navarātrī, 129

Nāyaṉārs, 4

Nepal, 123, 124, 125, 127, 129, 132, 134, 142, 148, 149, 150, 168, 204, 219, 258, 262, 269. See also Gorkha kingdom; Kathmandu Valley; Licchavi dynasty; Malla dynasty; Newar society; Śāh dynasty

nether mouth. See mouth

netherworlds, 175, 186

netra mantra. See mantras

Netra Tantra, 16, 19, 23, 47, 59, 61, 72, 115, 146, 204, 219, 258, 262, 269

Neṭunalvāṭai, 127

Newar society, 69, 148–50

Nidrā, 53

nigraha, 47, 71, 215, 217, 323. See also anugraha

nīm. See trees: margosa

Nimbārkīs, 6

nine: cakras of Śrī Cakra, 236; Durgās, 61, 127, 129, 130, 132, 143, 321; Kātyāyanīs, 321; Nāthas, 168; Nights, 129; Planets, 61, 63; Seizers, 35, 38, 43, 46, 48, 60, 62, 289; Skanda-Seizers, 49

Nirṛti, 54

nirvāṇa, 83, 88

nirvāṇa-dīkṣā, 307

Niśisaṃcāra Tantra, 255

Nityā (class of goddesses), 96, 241

Nityaklinnā, 80, 96, 99

Nityānanda, 162, 313

Nizarpanthis, 77, 247

nocturnal emissions, 72–73

north: northern course of internal Yoginīs, 217, 228, 229 (see also southern course of internal Yoginīs); orientation of shrines, 61, 65, 66

Nymphs, 29, 30, 32–35, 39, 46, 48, 161, 174, 183, 198, 203, 319. See also seven: Nymphs

Obeyesekere, Gananath, 1, 5, 247, 248

Obstructors, 249

Ocean of Milk, 91

O’Flaherty, Wendy Doniger. See Doniger, Wendy

Orissa, 62, 85, 92, 94–99, 118, 137, 139, 140, 204, 241, 291, 311. See also Bhubanesvar; Gaṇeśvara temple; Hirapur Yoginī temple; Jagannātha temple; Kiñcakeśvarī temple; Konarak; Ranipur-Jharial; Vaitāl Deul temple; Vārāhī temple

outcastes, 125, 155, 157, 165, 222, 255

ovallis, 113

owls, 189, 288. See also Kauśikī

padma. See lotus

Padoux, André, 1, 15, 16

palāśa. See flowers and flowering trees

pān. See betel

pañcamudrā. See mudrās

Pāñcarātras, 6, 17, 146, 274, 276

pañcasrotas. See five: streams

pañcatattva. See M-words

Paṇḍu, 130

Pāṇḍya kingdom, 127

Pāṇini, 4

Parā, 18, 121, 231

Parāparā, 18, 231

Parātriśika Vivarṇa, 18

pariahs. See outcastes

Parpola, Asko, 28, 29, 37, 132

Parry, Jonathan, 203

Pārvatī, 167, 201

paścimāmnāya, 18, 152, 313. See also Kubjikā Tantras

paśu, 14, 24, 76, 84, 195, 196, 245

Pāśupatas, 153, 154

Paśupati, 28

Paśupatināth temple, 153, 269

Patañjali, 185, 197, 220, 221

path of brahman, 81, 201, 254

Patna, 5, 40, 43

Patwardhan, M. V., 114

pāyal, 78

penis, 71, 79, 82, 89, 93, 117. See also liṅgam

Penzer, N. M., 60

Perfected Beings. See Siddhas

Perfection of Wisdom (prajñā-paramitā) teachings, 79

phonemes, 181, 227, 230–46. See also nāda

picuvaktra, 101, 121

Pinch, William, 4

piṇḍīs, 29

piśācas. See Ghouls

piśācīs. See Female Ghouls

pīṭhas, 10, 63, 65, 113, 161, 221, 224, 241, 247, 314; liṅga-pīṭham, 95, 100; pīṭhas: catuṣpīṭha, 90, 104, 298; pīṭhas: mahāpīṭha, 81; ravi-pīṭha, 63. See also Arvuda; four: Mounds; Jālandhara; Kāmākhyā; Mounds and Secondary Mounds; Pūrṇagiri; Uḍḍiyāna

pitṛs, 45

Place Called Love. See Kāmākhyā

planets and planetary deities, 34, 60–63, 69, 289

plants and herbs, 8, 49, 50, 189; cāṇḍālī, 79; rākṣasī, 79. See also betel; flowers and flowering trees; trees

pleasing union. See melaka

Pleiades. See Kṛttikās

Poḍe “sweepers.” See outcastes

poison, 33, 76

Pole Star, 318

pollen, 115, 120

possession, 13, 14, 22, 45, 51, 52, 56, 70, 88, 103, 106, 113, 124, 191, 248, 250, 251, 252, 255, 260, 264, 267, 275. See also exorcism; samāveśa

Prabodhacandrodaya, 87, 116, 143, 146, 153, 309

prajñā, 79

Prajñā (Buddhist goddess), 109

Prakṛti, 77, 80

pralaya, 182

Prapañcasāra Tantra, 323

prasāda, 101, 109, 116, 191

Pratāp Malla, king of Nepal, 148

Pratīhāra dynasty, 57, 142

pretas. See Ghosts

prostitutes, in ritual, 31, 108, 116, 117, 140, 165, 270. See also devadāsīs

Protector Seizers, 47, 49

Protectors, 52, 53, 64, 71, 161, 175, 184, 286

Protectresses, 30, 46, 48, 54, 64, 189, 192, 321; Mother Protectresses, 58; Protectress Seizers, 53

Pṛthivinārāyaṇ Śāh, 310

puberty rites, 41, 68, 69, 117. See also barha khya

Punjab, 224, 314. See also Jālandhara (pīṭha)

Purāṇas: Agni, 27, 53, 62, 65, 174, 188, 228, 290, 326; Basava, 295; Bhāgavata, 51, 86, 175, 179–85, 200, 201, 221, 224, 225; Brahmāṇḍa, 53, 58, 151, 177, 207, 209; Garuḍa, 333; Kālikā, 204, 241; Liṅga, 245; Mārkaṇḍeya, 48, 63; Matsya, 60, 64, 183; Padma, 153; Skanda, 51, 177; Varāha, 175; Vāyu, 174, 177; Virāṭa, 181; Viṣṇu, 177, 178, 186; Viṣṇudharmottara, 61

puraścaraṇa, 99

purity codes, 68, 116, 219, 253, 255–57

Pūrṇagiri, 165, 224, 314

purohita. See royal chaplain

Purūravas, 33

Puruṣa, 80, 180, 193, 313; Loka Puruṣa, 176, 185; three Puruṣas, 177

puryaṣṭaka, 332

Pūtanā, 40, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 58, 62, 189, 191, 231, 284, 287, 290, 321; Gandhapūtanā, 53; Kaṭapūtanās (class of female divinities), 53, 72; Pūtanās (class of female divinities), 53, 58, 71

pūvāṭaikkāri, 21

Rabe, Michael, 203

Rādhā, 86

Raivata, son of Revatī, 46, 48, 49–50. See also mountains

rāj guru. See royal preceptor

Rājagṛha, 64

rajapāna, 11, 76, 83, 97, 99, 106, 140, 235

rājaputras, Kaula “princes,” 113

Rajasthan, 7, 37, 56, 57, 89, 139, 142, 154, 168, 170, 267, 268, 313. See also Ajmer; Arvuda; Gangdhar stone-tablet inscription; Jalore; Jodhpur; Marwar

rājasūya. See initiation and consecration

Rājataraṅgiṇī, 137, 144, 193, 207, 209, 221

rājayoga, 81–82

Rajneesh, xiii

Rājopādhyāya brahmins. See royal chaplain

Rajput society and polity, 19–21, 126–27, 148, 168, 170, 268, 306, 312

Rākā, 30

Rākiṇī, 228, 229

Rākṣasas. See Protectors

rākṣasī. See plants and herbs

Rākṣasīs. See Protectresses

raktacandana, term for female discharge, 79. See also trees

Rām Carit Mānas, 5

Rāma, 4, 5, 6, 64, 127, 261, 271, 306

Rāmānandīs, 6, 7, 333

Rāmaṇī, 228

Rāmānuja, 153

Rāmās (class of female divinities), 53, 71

Rāmāyaṇa, 53, 64, 317

Ranipur-Jharial Yoginī temple, 137, 195, 291

Rasārṇava, 72, 73, 79, 91, 181, 182, 295

rāṣṭradevatās. See tutelary deities

Ratirahasya, 88

Ratnamālā Tantra, 246

Raudrī, 230, 231, 329

Rāvaṇa, 51, 54

retraction, 165

Revatī, 40, 46, 48–53, 58, 188, 285, 290; Revatīs (class of female divinities), 53, 189

“Revatī Kalpa,” 45, 50, 189

Rg Veda, 29, 31, 33, 36, 53, 68, 167, 198

rivers, 31, 32, 130; Gaṇgā, 32, 254; Narmada, 317; Śailoda, 174; Sarasvati, 32, 254; Yamuna, 254. See also seven: Nymphs

royal chaplain, 123, 134, 148–49, 262, 310

royal preceptor, 123, 148, 262

ṛtu doṣa, 70

Rudra, 23, 33, 36, 39, 40, 46, 47, 48, 54, 61, 96, 198; Rudrā, 39; Rudra Tryambaka, 30, 31, 280; Rudra-śakti, 230. See also Śiva

Rudrayāmala Tantra, 11, 23, 75, 221, 229, 232, 278, 322

Śābarīs (class of female divinities), 212

sacrificer’s wife. See Vedic ritual

Sadāśiva, 18, 23, 115, 204, 278

sadbhāva, 11, 26, 112, 275. See also kaulasadbhāva; kulamadyam; kulārtham; Mātṛsadbhāva; yonitattva

Saddharmapuṇḍarika Sūtra, 53

sādhaka, 123, 140, 166, 314

sādhanā, xiv, 6, 97, 105; bindusādhanā, 162; śava-sādhanā, 202, 204; yoginīsādhanā, 66

Sādhanamālā, 324

saffron. See flowers and flowering trees

Śāh dynasty, 150. See also Pṛthivinārāyaṇ Śāh

sahaj mānuṣ, 82

Sahajiyās, 86, 247

sahasrāra, 229, 232, 254, 327

Śailoda. See rivers

Śailodbhava kingdom, 139

Śaivāgamas. See Śaivasiddhānta

Śaivas and Saivism, 5, 6, 139, 146, 150, 152, 158, 159, 188, 246, 306, 307. See also brahmins: Smārta Brahmins; Kāpālikas; Mattamāyūras; Nāyaṉārs; Pāśupatas; Śaivasiddhānta; Somasiddhāntins

Śaivasiddhānta, 15, 17, 18, 24, 80, 81, 101, 146, 152–54, 158, 166, 225, 230, 231, 248, 251, 252, 253, 278, 307, 325, 328

Śākinī, 207, 228, 229; Śākinīs (class of female divinities), 53, 76, 118, 222

Śāktas and Saktism, 5, 6, 40, 59, 60, 93, 126, 139, 150, 199

Śākta-Śaiva metaphysics, 19, 23, 36

Śakti: as eighth element of a kingdom, 126; feminine energy, 22, 73, 81, 82, 86, 103, 129, 142, 226, 229, 232 (see also aṇaṅku; kuṇḍalinī); hypostasis of the Goddess, 86, 95, 96, 109, 118, 135, 162, 166, 210, 219, 241, 319 (see also Icchā-śakti; jñāna, Jñānā-śakti; kalās: kalā-śaktis; Kriyā-śakti; Nityā); name of the great Goddess, 5, 6, 8, 78, 80, 96, 97, 115, 165, 210, 230, 237, 239, 249, 303, 330 (see also Prajñā); sole mention in MBh, 39; Tantric consort, 78, 81, 84, 88, 98–99, 105, 112, 117, 118, 120, 157, 165, 166, 210, 249, 332 (see also Action Seal; Dūtīs; Great Seal; Kumārī; lotus: Lotus Maiden; Wisdom Maiden); type of yogic practice, 82

Śakti Cakra, 88

Śakti Ucchiṣṭa, 296

Śaktibhedakaula, 25

sakty poudja (śakti pūjā), 155

Śakuna, 33

śakuni. See birds

Śakunī, 33, 40, 50, 53

śakuni-graha, 46

samādhi, 170, 180

samāveśa, 14

Samayacāra Tantra, 78

saṃhāra, 165

sampradāya, 112

saṃyama, 185, 318

sanātana dharma, 5

Sanderson, Alexis, 1, 8, 21, 153, 158, 163, 194, 196, 213, 234

Sandhimān, Sandhimati, 192–94, 209

Śaṅkara, 63, 97, 162, 173, 271

Śaṅkaradigvijaya, 81

Śaṅkaravijaya, 162

Saṅkaṭā, 63

Śaṅkhinī, 228

Śānti Kalpa, 34, 35

saptamātṛka. See seven: Mothers

Śāradātilaka, 23

Saramā, 46, 50, 53

Sarasvati. See rivers

Śārṅgadhara Paddhati, 200

Ṣaṣṭhī, 40, 41, 58, 192, 284, 285

Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa. See Brāhmaṇas

Ṣaṭcakranirūpaṇa, 221, 324

Sātī Āsarā. See seven: Nymphs

Satyaloka, 167, 175, 177

Satyanātha, 162, 313

Sāyaṇa, 34

secrecy, 113, 126, 155–59, 161, 243–44. See also dissimulation

seeds: mustard, 49, 202, 286, 320; seed mantras, 223, 279, 313, 314, 317; sesame, 51

Seizers, 34, 35, 52, 60, 61, 62, 72, 147, 255. See also Bird Seizers; Divine Seizers; Dryads: Dryad Seizers; Father Seizers; Female Seizers; Gandharvas: Gandharva Seizers; Ghoul Seizers; nine: Seizers; Protector Seizers, Siddha Seizers; Skanda-Seizers

Sekoddeśaṭīkā, 83

self-sacrifice, 191, 193, 196, 211, 213, 228. See also bolt-practices

Sergent, Bernard, 28

serpents, 25, 41, 43, 46, 48, 50, 55, 185, 189, 195, 211, 230, 231, 233, 249, 288. See also Ahir Budhnya; Ananta

Śeṣa. See serpents

sesame seeds. See seeds, sesame

seven: cakras, 221; dhātus, 228; Mothers, 32, 40, 45, 49, 59, 60, 61, 65, 127, 166, 188, 314, 318, 320; Nymphs, 32, 289; Ṛṣis, 36, 40, 43, 163; sheaths of the cosmic egg, 181, 185; Sisters, 29, 129, 173, 191, 289; worlds, 182

Shahdol Yoginī temple, 137, 307

Sharma, R. K., 136, 153, 154

Shaw, Miranda, 120

Shulman, David, 8, 54

siddh puruṣ, 170

Siddha Cakra, 113, 303, 332

Siddha demigods, 160–87, 227; Kula Siddhas 103, 113; Siddha Nāthas, 91. See also Siddhas: as mountain gods

Siddha Kaula, 25, 105, 163, 313

Siddha maidens, 183, 203

Siddha Seizers, 47

siddhagati, 180

siddhakṣetra, 174

Siddhakūṭa, 174

Siddhaloka, 167, 175, 176, 182, 185, 200

Siddhāmṛta Kaula, 25

Siddhanāth, 168, 173, 302

Siddhāntaśekhara, 252

Siddhapura, 175

Siddharāja, 133, 142, 173

Siddhas: Booti Siddha, 170; human, 10, 18, 22, 48, 74–76, 83, 105, 106, 108, 110, 113, 142, 154, 160–87, 195, 199, 211, 215, 242, 244, 251; as mountain gods, 167–74, 183–84; with names ending in -pāda, 164, 242, 313, 314. See also Clan-born; Field-born; Innately-born; Mantra-born; Mound-born; Siddha demigods; Sittars; six: groups of Siddhas; Womb-Born

Siddhayogeśvarīmata, 17, 23, 121, 163, 322

Siddheśvara, 142, 161, 168, 171, 173, 302, 312, 314; Siddheśvara Kaula, 25

Siddhilakṣmī, 322

siddhis. See supernatural powers

Śilāhāra kingdom, 142

Silburn, Lilian, 1, 16, 25, 116, 233

Śilpa Prakāśa, 94–97, 100, 241

śilpa śāstra. See temple architecture

Sinīvālī, 30, 40

Śiśupala, 130

Sītā, 54

Śītalā, 51, 55, 56, 63, 66, 121, 191

Śītapūtanā, 46, 48, 49, 51, 58

Śītavātā (“Cooling Breeze”), 53

Sittars, 75

Śiva, 4, 8, 12, 19, 21, 23, 28, 36, 37, 41, 47, 48, 49, 51, 61, 62, 65, 66, 78, 80, 81, 87, 95, 96, 97, 101, 104, 105, 109, 112, 118, 119, 122, 126, 127, 135, 137, 151, 153, 154, 161, 163, 165, 167, 171, 177, 184, 193, 195, 201, 209, 213, 214, 215, 223, 229, 230, 233, 234, 237, 239, 240, 245, 251, 252, 270, 307, 311, 315, 319, 321, 330; śivāmbu (Śiva-Water), 76, 118; Śivasūtra, 251

Śivā, 89; Śivās (class of female divinities), 222

Śivadūtī, 319

Śivanārāyaṇ, 5

six: āmnāyas, 18; cakras, 179–80, 217, 221, 226, 228–29, 322; circles, 209; goddesses, 217, 327; groups of Śaktis, 222; groups of Siddhas, 165; heads of Skanda and Ṣaṣṭhī, 41; kula and kulākula goddesses, 228; Mothers, 279; mouths of Śiva, 101; practices of Tantric sorcery, 222, 262; secret places, 226; sites, 200, 224; types of Śaktis, 165; Yoginīs, 228, 279

sixteen: channels, 210; kalās, 91, 236, 241, 298; kalā-śaktis, 241; Nityā goddesses, 96; Siddhas, 164, 165, 166; Virile Heroes, 151

sixty-four: sequence of, 108, 222–23, 307; Yoginīs: 11, 104, 129, 165, 188, 189, 222, 223, 250, 313

Skanda, 4, 24, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 45–50, 61, 63, 65, 91, 129, 139, 192, 283, 289; Guha, 65; Kārttikeya, 50, 102, 104, 106; Kumāra, 39, 46, 49, 54, 65, 282. See also Khaṇḍobā

Skandamātā, 40

Skandāpasmāra, 46, 48, 54, 58, 285

Skanda-Seizers, 45, 48, 49, 54, 58, 60, 62

skulls, 202–4, 212, 213, 256

slab altars, 50, 65

Slusser, Mary, 1, 61

smallpox, 51, 56, 59, 63, 66, 231. See also Māriyammān; Śītalā

Smara-Dahana, 135

Smārta Brahmins. See brahmins and brahmanic traditions

Smith, Frederick, 29

soma, 87, 115

Somaśambhupaddhati, 248–52, 332

Somasiddhāntins, 146, 153

Somavaṃśi kingdom, 12, 137

Someśvara III, Cāḷukya king, 53

Sontheimer, Gunther, 171

sorcery, 13, 19, 33, 59, 141, 162, 202, 209, 221, 222, 228, 260, 262–65, 269, 320. See also attraction; uccāṭana; vaśīkaraṇa; witches and witchcraft

soteriology, 80, 174–79

southern course of internal Yoginīs, 217, 228. See also north: northern course of internal Yoginīs

spies and espionage, 146, 150, 153

śrāddha rites. See ancestor cults

Śrauta Sūtras, 16, 38; Āpastamba, 280; Āśvalayana, 16; Mānava, 33

Śrī, 24, 32, 40, 41, 64

Sri Lanka, 57, 64, 198, 199, 248, 293, 294, 298

Śrībhāṣya, 153

Śrīcakra, 124, 135, 235–37, 241

Śrīkaṇṭha, 23, 151, 278

Śrīmatottara Tantra, 53, 71, 136, 221, 228, 229, 313

Śrīnāth, 24, 89, 168, 169

Srisailam. See mountains

Śrīvaiṣṇavas, 179

Śrīvidyā, 15, 95, 96, 99, 196, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239, 241, 242, 245

sṛṣṭi, 23, 165

Staal, Frits, 28

stars, 29, 34, 36, 44, 62, 63, 69, 316. See also Apabharaṇī; Kṛttikās; Pole Star

sterility, 270

Sthūṇākarṇa, 31

Strickmann, Michel, 1, 134, 248, 261

strī-vīrya, 77, 92. See also śukradevī

subtle body. See yogic body

Sudras, 155, 157

śukradevī, 21, 93. See also strī-vīrya

sulfur, 67, 80, 90, 91

sun, 62, 63, 69, 238, 240, 316

supernatural enjoyments, 10, 14, 15, 74, 124, 161, 164, 248, 251, 255

supernatural powers, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 22, 71, 73, 77, 80, 90, 108, 120, 124, 139, 143, 164, 173, 181, 183, 185, 199, 200, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 218, 220, 221, 225, 227, 250, 254. See also flight

Surabhī, 46, 54

Sūrya. See sun

Sūryā, daughter of the Sun, 68

Suśruta Saṃhitā, 39, 43, 49, 50, 51, 52, 59, 60, 79

suṣumṇā. See path of brahman

Sutherland, Gail Hinich, 45, 66, 199

Svacchanda Tantra, 23, 153, 181, 183, 223, 313

svādhiṣṭhāna cakra, 228, 229, 231, 327

śva-graha, 34, 54

Svāhā, 36, 40, 43, 47

Swāmīnārāyaṇ sect, 126, 305

Śyāmarahasya, 78

Tāḍakā, 64

Taittirīya Saṃhitā, 34, 55, 84

Taleju, 127, 129, 132, 134, 142, 149, 150, 306, 310, 322

tāli, tying of the. See marriage rituals

Tambs-Lyche, Harald, 3, 20, 21, 126, 127

tāmbūla, 87–88. See also betel

Tamil Nadu, 4, 14, 15, 21, 45, 54, 69, 73, 74, 75, 98, 127, 129, 137, 167, 236, 248, 271, 274, 275, 282, 292, 306, 321. See also Kancipuram; Madurai; Pāṇḍya kingdom; Vaikuṇṭha Perumal temple

tantra prakriyā, 16, 226

Tantrāloka, 15, 16, 78, 83, 84, 89, 103, 105, 110, 113, 116, 146, 157, 158, 163, 183, 221, 224, 226, 236, 246, 253, 254, 255

tantra-mantra, 5, 261, 262

Tantrasadbhāva, 17, 23, 163, 221, 222, 230, 233

Tantraśāstra, 15, 16, 276

“Tantric sex,” xi–xiv, 14, 73, 100, 109, 258, 303

“Tantrism,” 16

tapas, 180

Tapoloka, 182

Tārā, 76, 89, 128, 296

Tāranātha, 314

tattvas, 237, 240

temple architecture, 94–98, 136, 203, 23; garbha gṛha, 94, 136; joining wall, 96–97, 299, 309; kāma-bandha, 96–97; vimāna, 94, 96, 203; vīra-mandira, 97

Templeman, David, 314, 324

Tibet, 262, 267

Tithiḍākinīkalpa, 62, 290

Tiwari, J. N., 34

Toḍala Tantra, 83, 296

toddy palm. See flowers and flowering trees

tongue, 57, 74, 75, 78, 109, 117, 118, 199, 232, 233, 254, 332

tree divinities, 55–58, 70, 72. See also Dryads; Female Dryads; Vaṭayakṣiṇidevī; Vṛddhikās; Vṛkṣakās

trees, 27, 33, 47, 57, 58, 65, 104, 117, 121, 174, 193, 198, 199, 267, 270; aśvatthā, 293; jack, 285; karañja, 46; karimpana, 65; khejaṛa, 56; margosa, 56, 121, 170, 315; raktacandana, 57. See also flowers and flowering trees

Trika, 16, 18, 59, 81, 99, 152, 154, 159, 196, 226, 231, 234, 241, 254. See also Abhinavagupta; Aparā; Mātṛsadbhāva; Parā; Parāparā

trikūṭi, 177, 184, 185

Tripurāsundarī, 18, 93, 235, 238, 239, 329

Trivikramasena, 141

tutelary deities, 21, 126, 127, 139, 262. See also kuladevatās; kuladevīs

uccāṭana, 99

Uḍḍiyāna, 165, 224, 314, 324

Ujjain, 137, 165, 279, 314

Umā, 8, 24, 47, 135

Universal Man. See Puruṣa: Loka Puruṣa

Unnamed. See Kubjikā

untouchables. See outcastes

Upaniṣads: Bṛhadāraṇyaka, 69, 201, 246; Bṛhat Saṃnyāsa, 253; Chāndogya, 201, 220, 317; Kauśītaki, 201, 246; Maitri, 180, 317; Māṇḍukya, 325; Praśna, 201; Yogaśikha, 81

upāsanā, 6

Urban, Hugh, xiii

“urban society,” 3, 126

urine, 71, 77, 253, 254, 255

Urvaśī, 33

utkrānti, 215, 227, 326

utkṛṣṭa. See extraction

utopias, 125, 147

utsavas, 154, 211, 251

Uttar Pradesh, 44, 49, 137, 267. See also Allahabad; Benares; Mathura

Uttarakurus, 174, 175, 316

Vaikuṇṭha Perumal temple, 98

Vaiṣṇavas and Vaisnavism, 2, 5, 6, 7, 36, 97, 139, 144, 152, 153, 155, 188, 274, 290, 301, 312; sectarian marks of, 6. See also Āḻvārs; Nāmadhārīs; Nimbārkīs; Rāmānandīs; Sahajiyās; Śrīvaiṣṇavas; Vallabhīs

Vaiṣṇo Devī, 29

Vaitāl Deul temple, 97

vajra. See penis

vajrācārya, 133, 142

vajrapadma, 71

Vajrapānī, 134

vajrapuṣpa, 78

Vajrayoginī, 120, 217

Vajreśvarī, 89

vajrolī mudrā. See mudrās

Vallabhīs, 6

Vāmā, 230, 231, 233, 328, 329

“Vampire Tales,” 141, 308

Vampires, Vampiresses, 48, 53, 71–73, 117, 141, 202, 203, 204, 205

van Buitenen, J. A., 45

Vārāhī temple, Caurasi, 96–99, 139, 299

Varanasi. See Benares

Varuṇa, 28, 117

vaśīkaraṇa, 99

Vasiṣṭha, 54, 75, 76

Vāsudeva, 179

Vāsugupta, 251

Vaṭayakṣiṇidevī, 57

Vātūlanātha Sūtra, 242

Vaudeville, Charlotte, 89

Vedānta, 220, 271

Vedic literature and traditions, 6, 28–32, 40, 49, 54, 68, 87, 115, 121, 130, 150, 152, 193, 234, 246. See also Atharva Veda; Ṛg Veda

Vedic ritual, 217, 256, 257; aśvamedha, 30, 31; gavāmayana, 30; sacrificer’s wife in, 30–31, 197; vājapeya, 197

vetālas. See Vampires

Vibhīṣana, 53

Viḍālī. See Biḍalī

vidyā, 180, 235

Vidyādharas, 48, 141, 160, 161, 174, 175, 181–84, 309

Vidyādharīs, 57, 83, 141, 160, 201, 203, 317

Vijayā, 24, 278

Vijñāna Bhairava Tantra, 152

Vikaṭākṣī, 130

Vinatā, 44, 45, 46, 48, 50, 55, 58

Vināyaka, 65, 103; Vināyakas (class of divinities), 48, 52

Vindhyavāsinī, 53, 115, 129, 191, 287, 304

violent union. See melaka

Vīrabhadra, 49, 61, 282

vīrācāra, 142

vīrakrīḍā, 142

vīras. See Virile Heroes

Vīraśaivas. See Liṅgāyatas

Vīrāvalī Tantra, 253

Virile Heroes, 7, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 22–24, 47, 73–75, 98, 99, 123, 133, 142, 160, 162, 165–66, 191, 193, 194, 195, 203, 211, 218, 250, 253, 256, 323; as demigods, 164, 173; fifty-eight, 165, 222. See also Bīrs

Vīrs. See Virile Heroes: as demigods

Virūpākṣī, 130

vīrya, 10, 17, 71, 87, 92

Viśākha, 38, 41, 283, 285

visarga, 238, 239, 240, 245

Viṣṇu, 4, 7, 28, 41, 52, 89, 127, 139, 146, 154, 155, 178, 179, 180, 185, 186, 201, 288; as mahāyogin, 185, 222, 266

viśuddhi cakra, 228, 229, 325, 327

Viśvāmitra, 54

Viśvanātha temple. See Khajuraho

Vṛddhikās, 48, 55

Vṛkṣakās, 55, 280, 286

Vṛṣṇi triads, 4, 41

Vṛtra, 68

vulva, 18, 28, 29, 71, 74, 78–83, 87, 89, 93, 95, 97, 101, 104, 106, 115–17, 120, 121, 134, 135, 181, 191, 218, 229, 238–39, 244, 249, 250, 294, 300, 327. See also lotus; mouth; pīṭhas: catuṣpīṭha; pīṭhas: mahāpīṭha; vajrapadma

vyūhas, 179

warrior goddesses, 127, 129, 132. See also Durgā

Weber, Albrecht, 45

Weber, Max, 234

Weinberger-Thomas, Catherine, 20

Whitney, William Dwight, 34, 261

wind, 198, 201, 207, 209, 210

wine, 73, 89, 154, 159

Wisdom Maiden, 79

witches and witchcraft, 10, 25, 27, 30, 31, 55, 67, 68, 123, 191, 193, 194, 198, 199, 204, 205, 212, 213, 215, 265, 267, 268, 269

wolves, 58, 193, 194

Womb-born Siddhas and Yoginīs, 164

Women with Uncut Wings, 33

Woodroffe, Sir John, xii, 1, 6, 16

Yājñavalkya Smṛti, 91, 318

Yakas, Yakkas. See Dryads

Yākinī, 228, 229

Yakkhinīs. See Female Dryads

Yakṣa Mothers. See Female Dryads

Yakṣas. See Dryads

Yakṣīs, Yakṣiṇīs. See Female Dryads

yantras, 106, 122, 210, 235, 238, 242. See also Kālī: Kālī Yantra; kāmakalā: kāmakalā yantra; Yoginī: Yantra

Yātudhānas, 48

Yellammā, 270, 334

yoga, early definitions and forms of, 27, 80, 81, 168, 173, 180, 194, 195, 201, 221, 311, 318, 322

Yoga Sūtras, 220. See also Patañjali

yogeśvarīs, 137, 144, 211, 212, 221, 322

yogic body, 161, 169, 179, 184, 211, 219–34, 254, 326. See also ājñā cakra; anāhata cakra; cakras; cranial vault; dvādaśānta; fontanel; haṃsa; kuṇḍalinī; maṇipura cakra; mūlādhāra cakra; nāḍīs; path of brahman; sahasrāra; svādhiṣṭhāna cakra; trikūṭi; viśuddhi cakra

yogic practice, early forms of, 82, 83, 100, 162, 176, 182, 185, 200, 218, 220, 227, 239. See also bolt-practices; haṭha yoga; saṃyama; utkrānti

yogin, early definitions of, 77, 97, 108, 123, 134, 170, 177, 178, 181, 184, 185, 200, 201, 221, 234, 324, 326; Avañcaka Yogis, 154; Kula Yogis, 154; yogīśvaras, 180

Yoginī: Cakra, 82, 133, 215, 228, 299, 306, 326; etymology of in Netra Tantra, 195; Kaula, 22, 103, 105, 163, 247, 326; Sequence, 222, 313; temples, 12, 25, 51, 62, 136–42, 146, 161, 204, 213, 215, 218, 222 (see also Bheraghat Yoginī temple; Hirapur Yoginī temple; Khajuraho; Mitauli Yoginī temple; Naresar Yoginī temple; Ranipur-Jharial; Shahdol Yoginī temple); temples with eighty-one niches, 136, 307; Yantra, 94, 95

yoginī-bindu, 95

yoginīdaśa. See astronomy and astrology

Yoginīhṛdaya, 237, 240

Yoginīpura. See Delhi

yogurt, 171

yoni. See vulva

Yoni Tantra, 23

yoni-abhiṣecaṇa, 99, 134

yonipūjā, 106, 109, 110

yonisalila, 102

yonitattva, 11, 303

Youths, 38, 46, 48

Yuvarājā II, Kalacuri king, 136, 142, 144, 146

Zen Buddhism, 294, 295

Zvelebil, Kamil, 74, 75