1. Quoted in Adams, Bolsheviks in the Ukraine, 299–300.
2. Bulgakov, The White Guard, 301.
3. N. Sukhogorskaya, ‘Gulyai-Polye in 1918’, Nestor Makhno Archive, accessed 2016, http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/personal/personal2.htm.
4. Leon Trotsky, ‘Report to the Plenum of the Kharkov Soviet of Workers’, Cossacks’ and Peasants’ Deputies, 14 June 1919’, in How the Revolution Armed: The Military Writings and Speeches of Leon Trotsky, vol. 2 (London: New Park Publications, 1979), 278.
5. Peter Arshinov, The History of the Makhnovist Movement (1918–1921), trans. Fredy and Lorraine Perlman (London: Freedom Press, 1974), 87–8.
6. Ibid., 273, quoting the pamphlet, ‘Comrades in the Red Army!’, from June 1920.
7. Stephen Velychenko, Painting Imperialism and Nationalism Red: The Ukrainian Marxist Critique of Russian Communist Rule in Ukraine (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015), 177, citing TsDAHOU 57/2/398/12.
8. Heifetz, The Slaughter of the Jews in the Ukraine, 59.
9. Adams, Bolsheviks in the Ukraine, 149–51.
10. M. Kubanin, Makhnovshchina: Krest’ianskoe dvizhenie v stepnoi Ukraine v gody grazhdanskoi voiny (Leningrad: Priboi, 1927), 65–6; see also Adams, Bolsheviks in the Ukraine, 151–2.
11. Kubanin, Makhnovshchina, 68–9.
12. Adams, Bolsheviks in the Ukraine, 299–300.
13. Graziosi, Bol’sheviki i krest’iane, 148.
14. Shlikhter, ‘Bor’ba za khleb na Ukraine’, 106.
15. Rubl’ov and Reient, Ukraïns’ki vyzvol’ni zmahannia, 199–210; Graziosi, Stalinism, Collectivization and the Great Famine, 21–4.
16. Richard Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union, 1917–1923 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), 137.
17. Heinrich Epp, ‘The Day the World Ended: December 7, 1919, Steinbach, Russia’, trans. D. F. Plett, Preservings: Newsletter of the Hanover Steinbach Historical Society, no. 8, part 2 (June 1996), 5–7. Available at http://www.plettfoundation.org/preservings/past-issues, accessed 2017.
18. Michael Palij, The Anarchism of Nestor Makhno, 1918–1921: An Aspect of the Ukrainian Revolution (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1976), 187; Rubl’ov and Reint, Ukraïns’ki vyzvol’ni zmahannia, 211–12.
19. Graziosi, Bol’sheviki i krest’iane, 147.
20. John Ernest Hodgson, With Denikin’s Armies, Being a Description of the Cossack Counter-Revolution in South Russia, 1918–1920 (London: Temple Bar, 1932), 54–5.
21. Rubl’ov and Reient, Ukraïns’ki vyzvol’ni zmahannia, 214–18.
22. Epp, ‘The Day the World Ended’, 5–7.
23. Hodgson, With Denikin’s Armies, 54–5.
24. Nizhnik, ‘Poka Reserv’.
25. Ibid.
26. Graziosi, Stalinism, Collectivization and the Great Famine, 24.
27. Volodymyr Serhііchuk et al., Pohromy v Ukraïni 1914–1920: vid shtuchnykh stereotypiv do hirkoï pravdy, prykhovuvanoï v radians’kykh arkhivakh (Kyiv: Vyd-vo im. Oleny Telihy, 1998), 62–3, citing TsDIAUK 1439/1/1552/226.
28. Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2016), 530.
29. Oleg Budnitskii, Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites, 1917–1920 (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 225.
30. Serhiichuk, Pohromy v Ukraïni, 20–1.
31. Hodgson, With Denikin’s Armies, 54–5.
32. Henry Abramson, A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in Revolutionary Times, 1917–1920 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 157.
33. Heifetz, The Slaughter of the Jews in the Ukraine, 37.
34. Ibid., 49; for an analysis of the attitudes of the Central Rada and the Directorate towards the Jews, see T. P. Makarenko, ‘Evreis’ki pohromy v dobu Ukraïns’koï Revoliutsiï’, Naukovi Pratsi Istorychnoho fakul’tetu Zaporiz’koho Natsional’noho Universytetu XXXV (2013), 116–19.
35. Serhiichuk, Pohromy v Ukraïni, 26–30; Richard Pipes, ed., The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 117.
36. Nahum Gergel, ‘The Pogroms in Ukraine in 1918–1921’, YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science 6 (1951), 245.
37. Heifetz, The Slaughter of the Jews in the Ukraine, 235–6.
38. Sergei Ivanovich Gusev-Orenburgskii, Kniga o Evreiskikh pogromakh na Ukraine v 1919 g. (Petrograd: Z. I. Grzhebina, 1920), 118–21.
39. Ibid., 119–20.
40. Serhiichuk, Pohromy v Ukraïni, 118–19.
41. Le Comité Commémoratif Simon Petliura, Documents sur les Pogroms en Ukraine et l’assassinat de Simon Petliura à Paris (Paris: Librairie du Trident, 1927); Henry Abramson, A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in Revolutionary Times, 1917–1920 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 157.
42. Jan Borkowski, ed., Rok 1920: Wojna Polsko-Radziecka we wspomnieniach i innych dokumentach (Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1990), 128–9.
43. Jozef Piłsudski and Mikhail Nikolaevich Tukhachevskii, Year 1920 and its Climax: Battle of Warsaw During the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–1920 (London: Piłsudski Institute of London, 1972), 13.
44. For a full account, see Adam Zamoyski, Warsaw 1920: Lenin’s Failed Conquest of Europe (London: Harper Perennial, 2009).
45. Borys, The Sovietization of Soviet Ukraine, 293–5.
46. Graziosi, Stalinism, Collectivization and the Great Famine, 22–3.
47. The words of Grigorii Petrovskii, quoted in Terry Martin’s Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press), 78.