1. ‘Letter to Molotov’, 19 March 1922, in Richard Pipes, ed., The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), 152–3.
2. Quoted in George Luckyj, ‘Mykola Khvylovy, a Defiant Ukrainian Communist’, in Katherine Bliss Eaton, ed., Enemies of the People: The Destruction of Soviet Literary, Theater, and Film Arts in the 1930s (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2002), 170.
3. Stanislav Kul’chyts’kyi, Holodomor 1932–1933 rr. iak henotsyd: trudnoshchi usvidomlennia (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 2008), 51.
4. Vladyslav Verstiuk, ‘Novyi etap revoliutsiino-viis’kovoho protyborstva v Ukraïni’, in Volodymyr Lytvyn, ed., Ukraïna: Politychna Istoria XX-pochatok-XXI stolitia (Kyiv: Parlaments’ke vydavnytstvo, 2007), 392–430; Iurii Shapoval, ‘Vsevolod Balickij, bourreau et victime’, Cahiers du monde russe, vol. 44, nos. 2–3 (2003), 375.
5. Lyudmyla Hrynevych, Holod 1928–1929 rr. v radians’kii Ukraïni (Kyiv: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2013), 307–8, citing TsDAVOU 2/2/40 (1921), 33, and RDVA 40442/3/2 (1920), 16, 25.
6. H. H. Fisher, The Famine in Soviet Russia, 1919–1923: The Operations of the American Relief Administration (New York: Macmillan, 1927), 497.
7. Andrea Graziosi, A New, Peculiar State: Explorations in Soviet History (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000), 75.
8. Stalin, Works, vol. 4, 311.
9. S. V. Iarov, ‘Krest’ianskie volneniia na Severo-Zapade Sovetskoi Rossii v 1918–1919 gg.’, in V. P. Danilov and T. Shanin, eds., Krest’ianovedenie. Teoriia. Istoriia. Sovremennost’, Ezhegodnik 1996 (Moscow: Aspekt Press, 1996), 134–59.
10. Both quotes in Mace, Communism and the Dilemmas of National Liberation, 67.
11. Graziosi, A New, Peculiar State, 78, citing V. Danilov and T. Shanin, eds., Krest’ianskoe vosstanie v Tambovskoi gubernii v 1919–1921 gg. Antonovshchina: Dokumenty i materialy (Tambov: Aspekt Press, 1994), 52–5.
12. DAZhO (Zhytomyr) F. R-1520/4828 (1931), 9–16.
13. Richard Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 390.
14. TsDAVOU 337/1/8085 (1929), 26.
15. Fisher, The Famine in Soviet Russia, 497.
16. Vitalii Petrovych Kyrylenko, ‘Holod 1921–1923 rokiv u pivdennii Ukraïni’ (dissertation, Mykolaivs’kyi Natsional’nyi Universytet imeni V. O. Sukhomlyns’koho, 2015), 158–60.
17. Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 411.
18. Ibid., 412.
19. R. G. Tukudzh’ian, T. V. Pankova-Kozochkina, ‘Golod 1921–1922 gg. i 1932–1933 gg. na iuge Rossii: sravnitel’no-istoricheskii analiz’, in N. I. Bondar and O. V. Matveev, eds., Istoricheskaia pamiat’ naseleniia juga Rossii o golode 1932–33: materialy nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii (Krasnodar: Isd-vo Traditsiia, 2009), 84.
20. TsDAVOU 337/1/8085 (1929), 27–8.
21. T. O. Hryhorenko, ‘Holod 1921–1923 rokiv na Cherkashchyni’, in Holod v Ukraïni u pershii polovyni XX stolittia: prychyny ta naslidky (1921–1923, 1932–1933, 1946–1947) Materialy mizhnarodnoï naukovoï konferentsiï (Kyiv: 20–21 November 2013), 38–9; Kyrylenko, ‘Holod 1921–1923 rokiv u pivdennii Ukraïni’, 101.
22. TsDAVOU 337/1/8085 (1929), 38–40.
23. Donald S. Day, ‘Woman Reveals Vast Horror of Russian Famine’, Chicago Tribune (15 August 1921), 5.
24. Patenaude, The Big Show in Bololand, 55.
25. Ibid., 59.
26. In the North Caucasus, for example, see Tukudzh’ian, Pankova-Kozochkina, ‘Golod 1921–1922 gg. i 1932–1933 gg. na iuge Rossii’, 85.
27. This is the observation of Bertrand Patenaude in The Big Show in Bololand, 27.
28. TsDAHOU 1/6/29 (1922), 30.
29. Ibid., 27–30.
30. Ibid., 39–41.
31. Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 416.
32. Patenaude, The Big Show in Bololand, 55.
33. Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 417.
34. Ibid., 418–19.
35. Fisher, The Famine in Soviet Russia, 535.
36. In fact, there were two Ukrainian famine committees. The first, set up in the spring of 1921, contained several prominent non-Bolshevik politicians. It was quickly dissolved and replaced with a more reliably pro-Soviet famine committee. See O. M. Movchan, ‘Komisii ta komitety dopomohy holuduiuchym v USRR’, in Entsyklopediia istoriï Ukraïny, V. A. Smolii et al., eds., vol. 4 (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 2003–13), 471–3.
37. Stanislav Kul’chyts’kyi and O. M. Movchan, Nevidomi storinky holodu 1921–1923 rr. v Ukraïni (Kyiv: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 1993), 26.
38. Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 45, 302–3.
39. TsDAHOU 1/20/397 (1929), 1–2.
40. G. V. Zhurbelyuk, ‘Metodyka istoryko-pravovykh doslidzhen problemy holodu 1921–23 rr. v Ukraïni: Rozvinchannia Mifiv’, in Hryhorenko, Holod v Ukraïni u pershii polovyni XX stolittia, 53.
41. Fisher, The Famine in Soviet Russia, 263.
42. Patenaude, The Big Show in Bololand, 96–9; Fisher, The Famine in Soviet Russia, 250.
43. TsDAHOU 1/6/29/ (1929), 56.
44. O. I. Syrota, ‘Holod 1921–1923 rokiv v Ukraïni ta ioho ruinivni naslidky dlia ukraïns’koho narodu’, in Holod v Ukraïni u pershii polovyni XX stolittia: prychyny ta naslidky (1921–1923, 1932–1933, 1946–1947), 146.
45. TsDAHOU 1/6/29 (1929), 6; see also Patenaude, The Big Show in Bololand, 101.
46. The American Joint Distribution Committee online archives, Records of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee of the Years 1921–1932, Folder 76, file NY_AR2132_00855, Minutes of the Meeting of the European Executive Council, 12 November 1921.
47. Ibid., Folder 49, File NY_AR2132_04249, Letter on behalf of J. H. Cohen.
48. Fisher, The Famine in Soviet Russia, 271–5.
49. Ibid., 266.
50. See, for example, Zhurbeliuk, ‘Metodyka istoryko-pravovykh doslidzhen’ problemy holodu 1921–1923 rr. v Ukraïni’, 51–8; also Kul’chyts’kyi, Holodomor 1932–1933 rr. iak henotsyd, 140–70.
51. Kyrylenko, ‘Holod 1921–1923 rokiv u pivdennii Ukraïni’, 118–29.
52. TsDAHOU 1/6/29 (1929), 36–9.
53. Ibid., 16–17.
54. Pipes, ed., The Unknown Lenin, 152–3.
55. Ibid.
56. Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 411.
57. Kyrylenko, ‘Holod 1921–1923 rokiv u pivdennii Ukraïni’, 130–9.
58. Patenaude, The Big Show in Bololand, 197–8.
59. Iurii Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost 1932–1933: svidchennia tykh, khto vyzhyv, vol. 6 (Kyiv: Kyievo-Mohylians’ka Akademiia, 2008), 599.
60. V. A. Smolii et al., ‘Ukraïnizatsiia’ 1920–1930-kh rokiv: peredumovy, zdobutky, uroky (Kyiv: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2003), 15.
61. Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 369.
62. Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 33, 62.
63. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, 78–9.
64. Hennadii Yefimenko, ‘Bolshevik Language Policy as a Reflection of the Ideas and Practice of Communist Construction, 1919–1933’, The Battle for Ukrainian: A Comparative Perspective, eds. Michael S. Flier and Andrea Graziosi (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 2017), 173.
65. Yefimenko, ‘Bolshevik Language Policy’, 170.
66. Ibid.
67. Ball, Russia’s Last Capitalists, 45–8.
68. Borys, The Sovietization of Soviet Ukraine, 249–50.
69. Shevelov, The Ukrainian Language in the First Half of the Twentieth Century, 86.
70. Mace, Communism and the Dilemmas of National Liberation, 197–8.
71. Smolii, ‘Ukraïnizatsiia’ 1920–1930-kh rokiv, 28, citing Desiatyi s’ezd RKP(b): Stenog. Ochtet. – M. (1963), 202–3.
72. The Borotbysty, the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, joined the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine, the CP(B)U. The remaining Social Democrats joined another group, the Communist Party, which existed until 1924.
73. Mace, Communism and the Dilemmas of National Liberation, 89, citing A. I. Bychkova et al., eds., Kulturne budivnytstvo v Ukraïnskii RSR, cherven 1941–1950: zbirnyk dokumentiv i materialiv, vol. 1 (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1989), 229–32, 242–7.
74. Plokhy, Unmaking Imperial Russia, 225.
75. Ibid., 216–31; Prymak, Mykhailo Hrushevsky, 208–12.
76. Plokhy, Unmaking Imperial Russia, 234; Prymak, Mykhailo Hrushevsky, 208–12.
77. Iurii I. Shapoval, ‘The Mechanisms of the Informational Activity of the GPU-NKVD’, Cahiers du monde russe 22 (April–December 2001), 207–30.
78. Plokhy, Unmaking Imperial Russia, 266.
79. Ibid., 233; Prymak, Mykhailo Hrushevsky, 208–12.
80. Prymak, Mykhailo Hrushevsky, 212.
81. Natella Voiskounski, ‘A Renaissance Assassinated’, Galeriya 2 (2012) (35), accessed 23 April 2017, http://www.tretyakovgallerymagazine.com/articles/2-2012-35/renaissance-assassinated.
82. George S. Luckyj, Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917–1934 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 47–9.
83. Ibid., 46.
84. Olga Bertelsen, ‘The House of Writers in Ukraine, the 1930s: Conceived, Lived, Perceived’, The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies 2302 (2013), 13–14.
85. Shevelov, The Ukrainian Language in the First Half of the Twentieth Century, 131–6.
86. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, 213, 281.
87. Ibid., 282–5.
88. Matthew Pauly, Breaking the Tongue: Language, Education, and Power in Soviet Ukraine, 1923–1934 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014), 66–7.
89. Smolii et al., ‘Ukraïnizatsiia’ 1920–1930-kh rokiv, 7–8.
90. Pauly, Breaking the Tongue, 4.
91. Petro G. Grigorenko, Memoirs, trans. Thomas R. Whitney (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), 14.
92. Ibid., 15–16.
93. Hiroaki Kuromiya, The Voices of the Dead: Stalin’s Great Terror in the 1930s (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 108–9.
94. Pauly, Breaking the Tongue, 60–1.
95. Ibid., 259–63.
96. Ibid., 146.
97. Ibid., 229–30.
98. The sources for this section are Shapoval, ‘Vsevolod Balickij, bourreau et victime’, and Iurii Shapoval, Volodymyr Prystaiko and Vadym Zolotar’ov, ChK-GPU-NKVD v Ukraïni: osoby, fakty, dokumenty (Kyiv: Abrys, 1997), 25–43.
99. Shapoval, ‘Vsevolod Balickij, bourreau et victime’, 373.
100. Ibid., 376.
101. In fact, GPU (the State Political Directorate) was the name for the secret police forces starting from February 1922 when it was part of the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs. From November 1923 it became the OGPU (the Joint, or All-Union, State Political Directorate) under the direct control of the Council of People’s Commissars. But the two names were and still are often used interchangeably to describe the police in this era, before they were again renamed in 1934. For purposes of simplicity and ease of understanding, this book will simply use OGPU.