1. Quoted in Lynne Viola, V. P. Danilov, N. A. Ivnitskii and Denis Kozlov, The War Against the Peasantry, 1927–1930: The Tragedy of the Soviet Countryside, trans. Steven Shabad (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), 22–3.
2. Elena Osokina, Our Daily Bread: Socialist Distribution and the Art of Survival in Stalin’s Russia, 1927–1941, trans. Kate Transchel and Greta Bucher (London and New York: Routledge, 2005), 16.
3. TsDAVOU 337/1/8085 (1929), 61–76.
4. E. H. Carr and R. W. Davies, A History of Soviet Russia: Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929, vol. 1 (London: Macmillan, 1978), 943, table 7; Kotkin, Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 662.
5. TsA FSB RF 2/5/386 (1928), 1–3, 15–45, reproduced in Viola et al., eds., The War Against the Peasantry, 34–44.
6. Paul Scheffer, Seven Years in Soviet Russia, trans. Arthur Livingstone (New York: Macmillan, 1932), 64.
7. Eugene Lyons, Assignment in Utopia (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1937), 97.
8. TsA FSB RF 66/1/174 (1927), 162, in Viola et al., eds., The War Against the Peasantry, 22–3.
9. Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West (London: Allen Lane, 1999), 48–9, citing Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (London: Sceptre, 1991), 126, and Roger Faligot and Rémi Kauffer, As-tu vu Crémet? (Paris: Seuil, 1991).
10. Timothy Snyder, Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist’s Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), 45–8.
11. James Harris, The Great Fear: Stalin’s Terror of the 1930s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 106–7.
12. Robert Tucker, Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 75.
13. Liudmyla Hrynevych, ‘The Price of Stalin’s “Revolution from Above”: Anticipation of War among the Ukrainian Peasantry’, trans. Marta Olynyk, Key Articles on the Holodomor Translated from Ukrainian into English, Holodomor Research and Education Consortium, http://holodomor.ca/translated-articles-on-the-holodomor.
14. TsA FSB RF 2/6/567 (1927), 1–5, in Viola et al., eds., The War Against the Peasantry, 32.
15. RGASPI, 17/3/666 (1927), 10–12, in ibid., 32–4.
16. RTsKhIDNI, 17/3/667 (1928), 10–12, reproduced in V. Danilov, R. Manning and L. Viola, eds., Tragediia sovetskoi derevni. Kollektivizatsiia i raskulachivanie: dokumenty i materialy v 5 tomakh, 1927–193, vol. 1 (Moscow: Rossiiskaia polit. Entsiklopediia, 1999), 136–7.
17. V. M. Lytvyn et al., Ekonomichna istoriia Ukraïny: Istoryko-ekonomichne doslidzhennia, vol. 2 (Kyiv: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2011), 223–4.
18. Izvestiia TsK KPSS, 1991, no. 5 (1928), 195–6, in Danilov et al., eds., Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, vol. 1, 147.
19. TsA FSB RF 2/6/53 (1928), 87–94, in A. Berelovich and V. Danilov, eds., Sovetskaia derevnia glazami VChK-OGPU-NKVD, 1918–1939: Dokumenty i materialy v 4-kh tomakh, vol. 2 (Moscow: ROSSP’EN, 1998–2005), 655–6.
20. TsA FSB RF 2/6/567 (1928), 109–13, in ibid., vol. 2, 653–4.
21. Izvestiia TsK KPSS, 1991, no. 5 (1928), 201–2, in Danilov et al., eds., Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, vol. 1, 156–7.
22. TsA FSB RF 2/6/596 (1928), 150–1, in Berelovich and Danilov, eds., Sovetskaia derevnia glazami VChK—OGPU-NKVD, vol. 2, 661–3.
23. Maurice Hindus, Red Bread: Collectivization in a Russian Village (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1988), 60.
24. Ibid., 159.
25. Mikhail Sholokhov, Virgin Soil Upturned, trans. Stephen Garry (London: W. & J. Mackay, 1977), 23.
26. Kotkin, Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 672, citing Izvestiia TsK KPSS, 1991, no. 6, 203–5, and RGASPI, 558/11/118, 23–6.
27. R. W. Davies, The Soviet Collective Farm, 1929–1930 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), 71.
28. Harris, The Great Fear, 86.
29. Khlevniuk, Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator, 103.
30. Izvestiia TsK KPSS, 1991, no. 7 (1928), 179, in Danilov et al., eds., Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, vol. 1, 158.
31. J. Arch Getty and Oleg V. Naumov, The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), 41.
32. RTsKhIDNI 17/2/375 chast’ II (1928), 50 ob.–66 ob., in Danilov et al., eds., Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, vol. 1, 272–355, esp. 319–54.
33. V. P. Danilov, ‘Bukharin and the Countryside’, in A. Kemp-Welch, ed., The Ideas of Nikolai Bukharin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 76.
34. This is Martin’s point in The Affirmative Action Empire, 23, 75–124.
35. Mykola Khvylovyi, The Cultural Renaissance in Ukraine: Polemical Pamphlets, 1925–1926, trans. and ed. Myroslav Shkandrij (Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1986), 222; also quoted in Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, 215.
36. Bertelsen, ‘The House of Writers in Ukraine’, 4.
37. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, 288; TsA FSB RF 2/7/525 (1928), 126–7, in Berelovich and Danilov, eds., Sovetskaia derevnia glazami VChK-OGPU-NKVD, vol. 2, 817.
38. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, 212, 215–16, 224.
39. Stalin, Works, vol. 8, 162.
40. Shapoval, ‘Vsevolod Balickij, bourreau et victime’, 379–80, 392.
41. Vasyl’ Danylenko, ed., Ukraïns’ka intelihentsiia i vlada: zvedennia sektrenoho viddilu DPU USRR 1927–1929 rr. (Kyiv: Tempora, 2012), 25–8.
42. Iurii Shapoval, ‘Zhyttia ta smert’ Mykoly Khvyl’ovoho: u svitli rozsekrechenykh dokumentiv HPU’, in Z arkhiviv VUChK, HPU, NKVD, KHB 2, nos. 30/31 (2008): 316–17.
43. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, 224.
44. Ibid., 225.
45. Shapoval, ‘Vsevolod Balickij, bourreau et victime’, 383, citing HDA SBU, Kiev, FPI, 1.2.
46. Plokhy, Unmaking Imperial Russia, 262–3.
47. Shapoval, ‘The Mechanisms of the Informational Activity of the GPU-NKVD’, 207–8.
48. Danylenko, Ukraïns’ka intelihentsiia i vlada, 61, 63, 68–9, 97.
49. Mace, Communism and the Dilemmas of National Liberation, 114.
50. Lyons, Assignment in Utopia, 115.
51. Ibid., 116–17.
52. Stephen Kotkin’s Stalin: Paradoxes of Power has a very good summary of the Shakhty show trial, 687–704.
53. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921–1934 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, 2002), 113.
54. All the victims were rehabilitated in 1989 after a court concluded that the case had been fabricated. See Iurii Shapoval, ‘The Case of the “Union for the Liberation of Ukraine”: A Prelude to the Holodomor’, Holodomor Studies 2, no. 2 (Summer–Autumn 2010), 163; on the first ‘SVU’ see Alexander Motyl, The Turn to the Right: The Ideological Origins and Development of Ukrainian Nationalism, 1919–1929 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), 10–11.
55. Olga Bertelsen and Myroslav Shkandrij, ‘The Secret Police and the Campaign against Galicians in Soviet Ukraine, 1929–1934’, Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 42, no. 1 (2014), 37–62.
56. Shapoval, ‘The Case of the “Union for the Liberation of Ukraine” ’, 158–60.
57. Mace, Communism and the Dilemmas of National Liberation, 275.
58. Pauly, Breaking the Tongue, 261–3.
59. HDA SBU 13/370/9/142–55, reproduced in Danylenko, Ukraïns’ka intelihentsiia i vlada, 470–1.
60. I. M. Prelovs’ka, Dzherela z istoriï Ukraïns’koi Aftokefal’noï Pravoslavnoï Tserkvy, 1921–1930 – Ukraïns’koï Pravoslavnoï Tserkvy, 1930–1939 (Kyiv: Instytut Ukraïns’koï Arkheohrafiï ta Dzhereloznavstva im. M. C. Hrushevs’koho, 2013), 498–9.
61. Shapoval, ‘The Case of the “Union for the Liberation of Ukraine” ’, 157–8.
62. Ibid., 172.
63. Ibid., 166–7.
64. Kost Turkalo, ‘The SVU Trial’, in S. O. Pidhainy, ed., The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: A White Book, vol. 1 (Toronto: Basilian Press, 1953), 309–14.
65. Myroslav Shkandrij and Olga Bertelsen, ‘The Soviet Regime’s National Operations in Ukraine, 1929–1934’, Canadian Slavonic Papers 55, nos. 3/4 (September–December 2013), 420.
66. A. H. Korolev, ‘Institut nauchnoi i prakticheskoi veterinarii narkomzema USSR v gody repressii’, Istoriia nauky i biohrafistyka: Elektronne naukove fakhove vydannia – mizhvidomchyi tematychnyi zbirnyk: Natsional’na Akademiia Ahrarnykh Nauk, Natsional’na Naukova Sil’s’kohospodars’ka Biblioteka 3 (2007), http://inb.dnsgb.com.ua.
67. Shkandrij and Bertelsen, ‘The Soviet Regime’s National Operations in Ukraine’, 437–47.
68. Stalin, ‘Concerning the National Question in Yugoslavia’, speech delivered in the Yugoslav Commission of the ECCI, 30 March 1925, in Stalin, Works, vol. 7, 71–2.
69. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, 147.
70. Andrea Graziosi, ‘Collectivisation, révoltes paysannes et politiques gouvernementales (à travers les rapports du GPU d’Ukraine de février–mars 1930)’, Cahiers du monde russe 35, no. 3 (July–September 1994), 439–40.
71. HDA SBU 13/370/1 (1927), 15–26, in Danylenko, Ukraïns’ka intelihentsiia i vlada, 46.
72. HDA SBU 13/370/2 (1927), 106–18, in ibid., 119–20.
73. HDA SBU 13/370/1 (1927), 107–21, in ibid., 78–9.
74. HDA SBU 13/370/4 (1927), 55–74, in ibid., 213–14.
75. Hrynevych, ‘The Price of Stalin’s “Revolution from Above” ’, 4.
76. Ibid., 4–5.
77. TsA FSB RF 2/6/25 (1928), 1–66, in Berelovich and Danilov, eds., Sovetskaia derevnia glazami VChK-OGPU-NKVD, vol. 2, p. 816; see also all of vol. 2, 780–817.
78. Quoted in V. M. Danylenko et al., eds., Pavlohrads’ke povstannia, 1930: dokumenty i materialy (Kyiv: Ukraïns’kyi Pys’mennyk, 2009), 14–15.
79. Lyons, Assignment in Utopia, 99.
80. TsA FSB RF 2/6/597 (1928), 22–7, in Danilov, Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, vol. 1, 195–200.
81. Hrynevych, Holod 1928–1929 rr. u radians’kii Ukraïni, 238–9.
82. Ibid., 90, 232–6, 238–40.
83. TsA FSB RF 2/6/597 (1928), 6–20, in Berelovich and Danilov, eds., Sovetskaia derevnia glazami VChK-OGPU-NKVD, vol. 2, 666.
84. Hrynevych, ‘The Price of Stalin’s “Revolution from Above” ’, 5.
85. Ibid., 6.
86. Shkandrij and Bertelsen, ‘The Soviet Regime’s National Operations in Ukraine’, 425.
87. RTsKhIDNI 82/2/136 (1928), 1–55, in Danilov, Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, vol. 1, 172–92.
88. TsA FSB RF 2/6/599 (1928), 292–9, in Berelovich and Danilov, eds., Sovetskaia derevnia glazami VChK-OGPU-NKVD, vol. 2, 723–31.
89. Quoted in Danylenko, Pavlohrads’ke povstannia, 14–15.
90. Ibid., 318.
91. TsA FSB RF 2/6/597 (1928), 126–35, in Berelovich and Danilov, eds., Sovetskaia derevnia glazami VChK-OGPU-NKVD, vol. 2, 672–82.