1. Raphael Lemkin, ‘Soviet Genocide in the Ukraine’, unpublished talk, 1953, Raphael Lemkin Papers, The New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, Raphael Lemkin ZL-273. Reel 3. Available at https://www.uccla.ca/SOVIET_GENOCIDE_IN_THE_UKRAINE.pdf.
2. Two excellent books have recently expanded popular knowledge of Lemkin. See Samantha Power, A Problem from Hell (New York: Basic Books, 2002), and Philippe Sands, East West Street: On the Origins of ‘Genocide’ and ‘Crimes Against Humanity’ (New York: Knopf, 2016).
3. Raphael Lemkin, Totally Unofficial: The Autobiography of Raphael Lemkin (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2013), 19–21.
4. Raphael Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation – Analysis of Government – Proposals for Redress (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1944), 79–95.
5. Now published in Raphael Lemkin, Lemkin on Genocide, ed. Steven Leonard Jacobs (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2012).
6. Lemkin, ‘Soviet Genocide in the Ukraine’.
7. This is Naimark’s argument in Norman M. Naimark, Stalin’s Genocides (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010).
8. Ibid., 24.
9. Lemkin, ‘Soviet Genocide in the Ukraine’.
10. Georgiy Kasianov, ‘Holodomor and the Politics of Memory in Ukraine after Independence’, in Vincent Comeford, Lindsay Jansen and Christian Noack, eds., Holodomor and Gorta Mor: Histories, Memories and Representations of Famine in Ukraine and Ireland (London: Anthem Press, 2014), 167–88.
11. ‘Ruling in the criminal proceedings over genocide in Ukraine in 1932–1933’, Human Rights in Ukraine, http://khpg.org/en/index.php?id=1265217823.
12. ‘Ukraine Commemorates Holodomor’, Moscow Times (24 November 2008).
13. Zenon Zawada, ‘Eastern Ukrainians Fight to Preserve the Holodomor’s Memory’, Ukrainian Weekly 67/7 (15 February 2009), 3.
14. Cathy Young, ‘Remember the Holodomor’, Weekly Standard (8 December 2008).
15. U.S. Diplomatic Cable, ‘Candid Discussion with Prince Andrew on the Kyrgyz Economy and the “Great Game” (29 October 2008)’, WikiLeaks, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08BISHKEK1095_a.html.
16. Ella Maksimova, ‘Istorik Viktor Kondrashin: “Ne Rossiia ubivala Ukrainu, Vozhd’ – svoi narod” ’, Izvestiia (22 October 2008).
17. Wolowyna et al., ‘Regional Variations of 1932–34 Famine Losses in Ukraine’, 175–202.
18. Infamously, Lenin was so angered by the peasants of Penza in 1918 that he called for them to be ‘pitilessly suppressed’. He wrote a famous telegram about the Penza rebellion, which finished with a list of instructions:
‘Hang (and make sure that the hanging takes place in full view of the people) no fewer than one hundred known landlords, rich men, bloodsuckers.
Publish their names.
Seize all their grain …’
Robert W. Service, Lenin: A Biography (London: Papermac, 2001), 365.
19. V. V. Kondrashin and S. V. Kul’chyts’kyi, ‘O Samom Glavnom: professor Stanislav Kul’chitskii i ego rossiiskii kollega Viktor Kondrashin: chem byl Golodomor 1932–1933 godov?’, Den’ (Kyiv, 3 June 2008).
20. Alexander J. Motyl, ‘Yanukovych and Stalin’s Genocide’, Ukraine’s Orange Blues in World Affairs Journal Online (29 November 2012) http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/blog/alexander-j-motyl/yanukovych-and-stalin%E2%80%99s-genocide.
21. ‘Ukrainian Sues Yanukovych over Famine Statement,’ Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, last modified 15 June 2010, http://www.rferl.org/amp/Ukrainian_Sues_Yanukovych_Over_Famine_Statement/2072294.html.
22. Halya Coynash, ‘Kremlin’s Proxies Purge Memory of Victims of Holodomor and Political Repression’, Human Rights in Ukraine: Information Website of the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group (18 August 2015), http://khpg.org/en/index.php?id=1439816093.
23. Ekaterina Blinova, ‘Holodomor Hoax: Joseph Stalin’s Crime that Never Took Place’, Sputnik News (9 August 2015), https://sputniknews.com/politics/201508091025560345; see also Cathy Young, ‘Russia Denies Stalin’s Killer Famine’, Daily Beast (31 October 2015), http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/10/31/russia-denies-stalin-s-killer-famine.html.
24. In a peculiar sign of the times, newcoldwar.org, a website devoted to undermining ‘the great injustices … committed by the government installed in Kiev in February [2014] against the whole Ukrainian people’ created a link to the writings of Mark Tauger, an American academic. Tauger argues that the Ukrainian famine of 1932–3 was caused by poor weather and plant diseases (for which there is no archival evidence) and thus, by definition, was not a ‘genocide’. ‘Archive of Writings of Professor Mark Tauger on the Famine Scourges of the Early Years of the Soviet Union’, The New Cold War: Ukraine and Beyond (23 June 2015). https://www.newcoldwar.org/archive-of-writings-of-professor-mark-tauger-on-the-famine-scourges-of-the-early-years-of-the-soviet-union.
25. Ievgen Vorobiov, ‘Why Ukrainians Are Speaking More Ukrainian’, Foreign Policy (26 June 2015). http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/06/26/why-ukrainians-are-speaking-more-ukrainian.