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1. ‘From this day forth, the Ukrainian People’s Republic becomes independent, subject to no one, a Free, Sovereign State of the Ukrainian People.’ The Central Rada declares independence, Fourth Universal, 9 January 1918.

NATIONAL REVIVAL

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2. Heorhiy Narbut designed the Ukrainian coat-of-arms, stamps and banknotes as well as this cover of the cultural journal Nashe Mynule, which means ‘Our Past’.
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3. An independence rally in 1917 on Khreshchatyk, Kyiv’s main street – also the site of the Maidan demonstrations in 2014.
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4-5. Mykhailo Hrushevsky, one of the leading figures in the Ukrainian national revival, and the cover of his landmark History of Ukraine, published in 1917.

NATIONALISTS AND ANARCHISTS

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6. Symon Petliura (centre right), commander of the Ukrainian Directory, with Polish leader Józef Piłsudski (centre left), Stanislaviv, 1920. Memories of this Ukrainian–Polish alliance haunted Stalin for many years.
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7. Nestor Makhno, whose anarchist Black Army fought Ukrainian, Bolshevik and White armies alike.
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8. Pavlo Skoropadsky (centre), who took the Cossack title hetman and ruled Ukraine with German backing in 1918.

COMMUNISTS

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9. Oleksandr Shumskyi, the Borotbyst party leader who joined the Bolsheviks before being expelled for nationalism. Arrested during the famine.
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10. Mykola Skrypnyk, the leading ‘national communist’. Killed himself during the famine.
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11. Hryhorii Petrovskii with a member of the ‘Pioneer’ youth group, putting on a Pioneer tie. Leader of the Ukrainian republican government during the famine.
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12. Vsevelod Balytsky, OGPU. Leader of the Ukrainian secret police during the famine.

DE-KULAKIZATION

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13. An auction of ‘kulak’ property.
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14. A ‘kulak’ family on their way to exile.
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15. Confiscating icons, Kharkiv.
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16. Discarded churchbells, Zhytomyr. They were later melted down.
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17. Poor peasants beside the ruins of a burned house.
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18. What collectivization was supposed to be: women voting to join a collective farm.

COLLECTIVIZATION, OFFICIAL VERSION

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19. Peasants listening to the radio during a break from fieldwork.
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20. Peasant family reading Pravda.
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21. A bountiful tomato harvest.
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22. Workers from a local factory ‘voluntarily’ help bring in the harvest.

GRAIN REQUISTIONS

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23. An activist brigade finds grain buried underground. The leader is holding one of the long iron rods used in the searches.
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24. An activist brigade shows off sacks of grain and corn they’ve discovered.
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25. Guarding the fields on horseback.
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26. Guarding the grain stores with a gun.

FAMINE, KHARKIV PROVINCE, SPRING 1933

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27. Peasants leaving home in search of food.
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28. An abandoned peasant house.
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29. Starving people by the side of a road.
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30. A starving family on waste ground.
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31. Peasant girl. One of Alexander Wienerberger’s most famous photographs.
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32. Breadlines in Kharkiv.
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33. Breadlines in Kharkiv.

FAMINE, KHARKIV, SPRING 1933

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THE AFTERMATH

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38. Weinerberger took this photograph of the same man – alive and then dead.
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40. Two photographs taken by Mykola Bokan, Baturyn, Chernihiv province, and preserved in his police file. The first, from April 1933, includes the caption ‘300 days without a piece of bread’.
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41. Bokan’s second photograph, July 1933, includes a memorial to ‘Kostya, who died of hunger’. Bokan and his son were arrested for documenting the famine. Both died in the Gulag.

THE WESTERN PRESS

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42. Gareth Jones, Evening Standard, 31 March 1933.
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43. Walter Duranty (centre right) dining sumptuously in his Moscow apartment.
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44. Walter Duranty, The New York Times, 31 March 1933.
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45. The Victors: Kaganovich, Stalin, Postyshev, Voroshilov, 1934.
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46. The Victims: a mass grave outside Kharkiv, 1933.