PREFACE
1. U.S. Department of State, “Schedule of Fees for Consular Services, Department of State and Overseas Embassies and Consulates—Passport and Citizenship Services Fee Changes,” Federal Register, September 8, 2015, https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/09/08/2015-22054/schedule-of-fees-for-consular-services-department-of-state-and-overseas-embassies-and#h-26.
2. Though the Stalinist Gulag agency closed in 1960, forced labor camps such as Perm-36 continued in the Soviet Union until the 1980s.
3. John Maynard Keynes, “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,” in Essays in Persuasion (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963), pp. 358–73.
4. Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), p. 61.
5. Karl Marx, Capital (Chicago: Charles Kerr, 1906), vol. 1, p. 836.
6. Kalgoorlie Brothel, Register of Heritage Places, Heritage Council of Western Australia, data base no. 2991 (1999), http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Content/PdfLoader.aspx?id=9a73338e-5b7d-489e-9aff-becbcc87909c.
INTRODUCTION: THE PARADOX OF PROSPERITY
1. John Della Volpe, “Survey of Young Americans’ Attitudes Toward Politics and Public Service,” Harvard University Institute of Politics (December 10, 2015), p. 8, http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/pictures/151208_Harvard%20IOP%20Fall%202015%20Report.pdf; Art Swift, “Smaller Majority ‘Extremely Proud’ to Be an American,” Gallup July 2, 2015.
2. Theodore Roosevelt, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951), p. 279.
3. Neel Ahuja, “Abu Zubaydah and the Caterpillar,” Social Text 106, no. 29.1 (Spring 2011): 143. The author laments the use of caterpillars in the interrogation of suspected terrorists.
4. Deborah Haynes and Fiona Hamilton, “Hundreds More UK Muslims Choose Jihad Than Army,” Times (London), August 22, 2014, http://www .thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/defence/article4183684.ece.
5. See Cass R. Sunstein, Republic.com 2.0 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009).
6. The Age of Whatever is the title of an album of songs about Millennials, https://www.reverbnation.com/victoriabeachwood.
7. Rustam I. Aminov, “A Brief History of the Antibiotic Era: Lessons Learned and Challenges for the Future,” Frontiers in Microbiology 1, article 134 (2010).
CHAPTER 1: THE PARADOX OF BORDERS, DIAPERS, AND GOLF COURSES
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2DkiceqmzU.
2. In October 2015 China announced that it was relaxing its one-child policy and would allow two children per couple.
3. https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Statistics/Pages/Market-research -statistics-US-pet-ownership.aspx.
4. Mark Lino, “Expenditures on Children by Families, 2013,” US Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Miscellaneous Publication no. 1528-2013, p. 7.
5. Frank Newport and Joy Wilke, “Desire for Children Still Norm in U.S.,” Gallup, September 25, 2013, http://www.gallup.com/poll/164618/desire -children-norm.aspx.
6. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22530093.700-baby-slump-puts-italy-at-risk-of-dying.html#.VUlGAl5bTwI.
7. Tomohiro Osaki, “For Many Young Japanese, Marriage—and Sex—Are Low Priorities,” Japan Times, January 5, 2016, http://www.japantimes.co .jp/news/2016/01/05/national/social-issues/many-young-japanese-mar riage-sex-low-priorities/#.VoxYafmLSUk.
8. Jun Hongo, “Japan’s Longevity Champs May Not Win Even Silver Anymore,” Wall Street Journal, October 17–18, 2015, p. A1.
9. S. Philip Morgan, “Is Low Fertility a Twenty-First-Century Demographic Crisis?” Demography 40, no. 4 (November 2003): 589–603.
10. Bryan Armen Graham, “Abraham Lincoln Was a Skilled Wrestler and World-Class Trash Talker,” Sports Illustrated, February 12, 2013.
11. “Personal Remittances Received (% GDP),” World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS.
12. Mead Cain, “Risk and Insurance: Perspectives on Fertility and Agrarian Change in India and Bangladesh,” Population and Development Review 9, no. 3 (1981): 435–74.
13. Laura Betzig, “Sex, Succession, and Stratification in the First Six Civilizations,” in Lee Ellis, ed., Social Stratification and Socioeconomic Inequality (New York: Praeger, 1993), vol. 1, pp. 37–74. See also Greg Downey, “The Man with 1000 Children: The Limit of Male Fertility,” Neuroanthropology (June 5, 2014), http://blogs.plos.org/neuroanthropology/2014/04/05/man-1000-children-limit-male-fertility/.
14. Pedro de Cieza de Leon, The Incas of Pedro de Cieza de Leon, ed. Victor Wolfgang von Hagen, trans. Harriet de Onis (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959), p. 41.
15. Tatiana Zerjal et al., “The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols,” American Journal of Human Genetics 72, no. 3 (January 2003): 717–21; Mark A. Jobling et al., “Y-Chromosome Descent Clusters and Male Differential Reproductive Success: Young Lineage Expansions Dominate Asian Pastoral Nomadic Populations,” European Journal of Human Genetics 23 (2015): 1413–22.
16. Laoise T. Moore, Brian McEvoy, Eleanor Cape, Katharine Simms, and Daniel G. Bradley, “A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland,” American Journal of Human Genetics 87, no. 2 (February 2006): 334–38.
17. Kermyt Anderson, Hillard Kaplan, and Jane Lancaster, “Paternal Care by Genetic Fathers and Stepfathers I: Reports from Albuquerque Men,” Evolution and Human Behavior 20 (1999): 405–31; Sandra L. Hofferth and Kermyt G. Anderson, “Biological and Stepfather Investment in Children,” PSC Research Report no. 01-471 (April 2001): 11–12.
18. Frank Marlow, “Showoffs or Providers? The Parenting Effort of Hadza Men,” Evolution and Human Behavior 20, no. 6 (1999): 391–404; Kermyt G. Anderson, Hillard Kaplan, David Lam, and Jane B. Lancaster, “Paternal Care by Genetic Fathers and Stepfathers II: Reports by Xhosa High School Students,” Evolution and Human Behavior 20 (1999): 433–51; Kermyt G. Anderson, “Relatedness and Investment in Children in South Africa,” Human Nature 16 (2005): 1–31.
19. Thomas Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population (London: Reeves and Turner, 1872), p. 92.
20. Becker’s pioneering paper was Gary S. Becker, “An Economic Analysis of Fertility,” in Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries (Princeton, NJ: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1960), pp. 209–31.
21. Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1942), p. 158.
22. George Bernard Shaw, Man and Superman, act 3. For Shaw on eugenics see George Watson, Lost Literature of Socialism (London: Lutterworth, 2010).
23. See Robert K Fleck and F. Andrew Hanssen, “Rulers Ruled by Women: An Economic Analysis of the Rise and Fall of Women’s Rights in Ancient Sparta,” September 5, 2007, http://www.law.virginia.edu/pdf/olin/0708/hanssen.pdf.
24. Aristotle, Politics, book 2, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0086,035:2:1270a.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 1269a37-9. There may have been other forces that limited population, including earthquakes and, according to some, the acceptability of same-sex relations.
27. Strabo, Geography, trans. H. L. Jones, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927), vol. 4, pp. 121–30.
28. Polybius, The Histories of Polybius, trans. Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (London: Macmillan, 1889), pp. 510–11.
29. Cheryl Elman, “Fertility Differentials between African American and White Women in the Early Twentieth Century American South,” p. 4, http://www.rockarch.org/publications/resrep/elman.pdf. Fertility in the North also fell, but the North experienced even stronger GDP growth for most of the 1800s.
30. Quoted in Paul Veyne, A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 13–14.
31. Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin, and Guillaume J. Wunsch, Demography: Analysis and Synthesis (London: Academic Press, 2006), p. 59.
32. Neil Cummins, “Marital Fertility and Wealth in Transition Era France, 1750–1850,” Paris School of Economics, Working Papers n2009-16 (2009).
33. George Finlay, Greece under the Romans (London: Blackwood, 1844), p. 65.
34. See J. A. Banks, Prosperity and Parenthood: A Study of Family Planning among the Victorian Middle Classes (London: Routledge, 1954).
35. Noah Smith, “Making Babies Making a Comeback,” BloombergView, January 20, 2015, http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-01-20/making-babies-makes-a-comeback.
36. D. B. Dunson, B. Colombo, and D. D. Baird, “Changes with Age in the Level and Duration of Fertility in the Menstrual Cycle,” Human Reproduction 17 (2002): 1399–1403.
37. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013), World Marriage Data 2012 (POP/DB/Marr/Rev2012).
38. Amalia R. Miller, “The Effects of Motherhood on Career Path,” Department of Economics, University of Virginia (September 2009), p. 15, http://people.virginia.edu/~am5by/fertilitytiming_sept2009.pdf.
39. Miami Beach’s economy also benefited from an influx of yuppies, gays, and other folks who rediscovered the pleasures of palm trees waving by a turquoise ocean.
40. Susan Eckstein, The Immigrant Divide: How Cuban Americans Changed the U.S. and Their Homeland (London: Routledge, 2009), p. 179.
41. Volunteering in America 2010: National, State, and City Information (Washington, DC: Corporation for National and Community Service, June 2010), p. 12.
42. Jada A. Graves, “The 20 Fastest-Growing Jobs This Decade,” U.S. News & World Report, March 6, 2014.
43. Marisa Penaloza, “Immigrants Key to Looming Health Aide Shortage,” National Public Radio, October 17, 2012.
44. The Construction Chart Book: The U.S. Construction Industry and Its Workers (Silver Spring, MD: Center for Construction Research and Training, 2013), chapter 16, http://www.cpwr.com/sites/default/files/publications/CB%20page%2016.pdf.
45. Michael K. Gusmano, “Undocumented Immigrants in the United States: Demographics and Socioeconomic Status,” Undocumented Patients website, Hastings Center, Garrison, NY, February 14, 2012.
46. “Estimates of the Population of the United States by Age, Race, and Sex: July 1, 1968,” Current Population Reports: Population Estimates and Projections (Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census), ser. P-25, no. 400, August 13, 1968.
47. Rogelio Saenz, Maria Cristina Morales, and Janie Filoteo, “The Demography of Mexicans in the United States,” in Chicanas and Chicanos in Contemporary Society, 2nd ed., ed. Roberto M. De Anda (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004), p. 5.
48. Charles Russell and Harry Samuel Lewis, The Jew in London (New York: Thomas Crowell, 1901), p. 198.
CHAPTER 2: MELANCHOLIA MADELEINE AND THE PARADOX OF TRADE
1. See Mark Pendergrast, For God, Country, and Coca-Cola (New York: Basic Books, 2000); Laura A. Hymson, “The Company That Taught the World to Sing,” dissertation, University of Michigan (2011); Frank Hefner, “A Better Red: The Transition from Communism to Coca-Cola in Romania,” Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 2, no. 2 (Summer 1999): 43–49.
2. “Ethiopia Hit by Coca-Cola Drought,” BBC, March 24, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7960850.stm.
3. Marcel Proust, Remembrance of Things Past, vol. 1: Swann’s Way and Within a Budding Grove, trans. C. K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin (New York: Random House, 1982), pp. 50–51.
4. Friedman’s argument was based on an essay by Leonard E. Read, “I, Pencil: My Family Tree,” Foundation for Economic Education, Inc. (December 1958).
5. James Ward, The Perfection of the Paper Clip (New York: Touchstone, 2015), p. 96.
6. W. Michael Cox and Richard Alm, “How Are We Doing?” The American (July 3, 2008), http://www.aei.org/publication/how-are-we-doing/.
7. https://www.aei.org/publication/when-it-comes-to-the-affordability-of-common-household-goods-the-rich-and-the-poor-are-both-getting-richer/.
8. Tom Jackson, Chilled: How Refrigeration Changed the World and Might Do So Again (London: Bloomsbury, 2015).
9. Felipe Garcia Ribeiro, Guilherme Stein, and Thomas Kang “The Cuban Experiment: Measuring the Role of the 1959 Revolution on Economic Performance Using Synthetic Control,” working paper (May 21, 2013), http://economics.ca/2013/papers/SG0030-1.pdf.
10. David Dollar and Aart Kraay, “Trade, Growth and Poverty,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, no. 2615, June 2001, p. 2.
11. See my speech “From Paper Umbrellas to Prosperity,” broadcast on the Korean Broadcasting System, August 24, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1deP3sDkk4.
12. Of course, the tourist flow was interrupted during 1991–92, when Dubrovnik was bombed in battles between Croatia and Yugoslav/Serbian forces; it had earlier been disrupted during World War II, when the Nazis established a puppet state.
13. Stevan Dedijer, “Ragusa Intelligence and Security (1301–1806)—A Model for the Twenty-First Century?” International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence 15, no. 1 (2002): 106.
14. Lovro Kuncevic, “On Ragusan Libertas in the Late Middle Ages,” Dubrovik Annals 14 (2010): 64–65.
15. Dedijer, “Ragusa Intelligence,” p. 106. The five-thousand-ducat bribe would be roughly equivalent to $650,000 today, depending on the precise date and the price of gold.
16. Nenad Vekaric, “The Population of the Dubrovnik Republic in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” Dubrovnik Annals 2 (1998): 23–26.
17. See Oleh Havrylyshyn and Nora Srzentc, “The Economy of Ragusa: 1300–1800, the Tiger of Mediaeval Mediterranean,” Eighteenth Dubrovnik Economic Conference, June 2012, http://www.hnb.hr/dub-konf/18-konferencija/havrylyshyn-srzentic.pdf.
18. Luigi Villari, The Republic of Ragusa (London: J. M. Dent, 1904), p. 398.
19. Nachum Gross, “Economic Growth and the Consumption of Coal in Austria and Hungary 1831–1913,” Journal of Economic History 31, no. 4 (1971), 901–2.
20. Nachum Theodor Gross, Industrialization in Austria in the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966), p. 45.
21. Even taking into account a Vienna stock market collapse in 1873.
22. “Austrian Riots: Disorder Continues and Many Arrests Are Made,” Los Angeles Herald, December 14, 1897, p. 1.
23. Mark Twain, “Stirring Times in Austria,” in Literary Essays, vol. XXII (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1899), pp. 215–20.
24. Quoted in Paula Sutter Fichtner, The Habsburg Empire: From Dynasticism to Multinationalism (Malabar, FL: Krieger, 1997), p. 168.
25. See the story of Sony in my New Ideas from Dead CEOs (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), p. 169.
26. Scott Thurm, “U.S. Firms Add Jobs, but Mostly Overseas,” Wall Street Journal, April 27, 2012.
27. Catherine L. Mann, “Globalization in IT Services and White Collar Jobs: The Next Wave of Productivity Growth,” IEE Policy Brief PB03-11, Institute of International Economics, December 2003. For divergent analyses, see Jagdish Bhagwati, Arvind Panagariya, and T. N. Srinivasan, “The Muddle over Outsourcing,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, no. 3 (2004): 93–114; and Paul A. Samuelson, “Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of Mainstream Economists Supporting Globalization,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, no. 3 (2004): 135–46.
28. Les Christie, “Millennials Are Staying Put at Mom and Dad’s Place,” CNN, September 17, 2014, http://money.cnn.com/2014/09/17/real_estate/millennials-still-home/index.html?iid=HP_LN; Jed Kolko, “Basement-Dwelling Millennials Are for Real,” Trulia, July 8, 2014, http://www.trulia.com/blog/trends/basement-dwelling-millennials/.
29. Laurie Burkitt and Julie Jargon, “China Woes Put Dent in Yum Brand,” Wall Street Journal, January 8, 2013.
30. “KFC Sues Chinese Firms over Eight-Legged Chicken Rumours,” BBC, June 1, 2015, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7960850.stm.
31. Julie Jargon, “Yum Brands to Split Off China Business,” Wall Street Journal, October 20, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/yum-brands-to-spin-off-china-business-1445338830.
32. “Big Unions Stiff Pledge to Pledge Allegiance,” Corporate Crime Reporter, August 6, 2012, http://www.corporatecrimereporter.com/news/200/unions nader08062012/.
CHAPTER 3: THE PROBLEM WITH OTHER PEOPLE’S MONEY
1. See my “Biblical Laws and the Economic Growth of Ancient Israel,” Journal of Law and Religion 6, no. 2 (1988): 389–427.
2. http://biblehub.com/hebrew/5391.htm.
3. Some modern interpretations, starting with Edmund Kean and Henry Irving in the nineteenth century and extending to Al Pacino in the twenty-first century, present Shylock more sympathetically. Though Shakespeare wrote Shylock as a very complex character, it is hard to argue that Shylock was heroic or noble in his bearing or ambitions. Though his skin was lighter than Othello’s, his heart was darker.
4. Rafael Efrast, “The Evolution of Bankruptcy Stigma,” Theoretical Inquiries in Law 7 (2006): 373.
5. http://consumerfed.org/_wp/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/California_Subprime_2006.pdf.
6. Peter Y. Hong, “California Home Prices Fall to 2002 Levels,” Los Angeles Times, February 20, 2009, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/feb/20/business/fi-homesales20; http://www.pcasd.com/the_san_diego_housing_bubble.
7. Clea Benson, “Fannie-Freddie Regulator’s 3% Down Loans Draw Jeers,” Bloomberg News, November 14, 2014.
8. Unless the parent leaves assets that can be liquidated.
9. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-01-02-0645.
10. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-02-02-1167.
11. William D. Hamilton, “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7, no. 1 (1964): 1–52.
12. Jill M. Mateo, “Kin-Recognition Abilities and Nepotism as a Function of Sociality,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269 (April 7, 2002): 721–27.
13. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, in The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 7 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), p. 111.
14. The Keynesian model, as taught by Samuelson, included the Balanced Budget Multiplier, which implies that fiscal spending is more powerful and ultimately more efficient than tax cuts.
15. See Franco Modigliani, “Life Cycle, Individual Thrift, and the Wealth of Nations,” American Economic Review 76, no. 3 (June 1986): 297–313.
16. Please note that during the Russia crisis of 1998–99, the debt-to-GDP ratio hit 99 percent.
17. http://www.tradingeconomics.com/russia/government-debt-to-gdp.
18. Laurence J. Kotlikoff, “America’s Fiscal Insolvency and Its Generational Consequences,” Testimony to the U.S. Senate Budget Committee, February 25, 2015; Giovanni Callegari and Laurence J. Kotlikoff, “Estimating the 2013 U.S. Fiscal Gap” (August 2013), http://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront .net/tckb/pages/284/attachments/original/1378836788/EstimatingThe_U.S._2013_Fiscal_Gap_-_The_Can_Kicks_Back.pdf?1378836788.
19. http://www.treasurydirect.gov/NP/debt/current.
20. These examples are drawn from my “Washington Should Lock In Low Rates,” Wall Street Journal, June 19, 2012; and Todd G. Buchholz and James Carter, “Our Children Will Thank Us for Locking In Today’s Rates,” Investor’s Business Daily, July 30, 2013.
21. A. J. Tatem, D. J. Rogers, and S. I. Hay, “Global Transport Networks and Infectious Disease Spread,” Advances in Parasitology 62 (2006): 294.
22. Stephanie A. Shwiff et al., “Potential Economic Damage from Introduction of Brown Tree Snakes, Boiga irregularis (Reptilia: Colubridae), to the Islands of Hawaii,” Pacific Science 64, no. 1 (2010): 6; https://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/nwrc/publications/10pubs/shwiff101.pdf; http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/12/03/248386912/dead-mice-update-tiny-assassins-dropped-on-guam-again.
CHAPTER 4: THE PROBLEM WITH WORK
1. http://www.bls.gov/lau/ststdsadata.txt.
2. Shigeru Fujita, “On the Causes of Declines in the Labor Force Participation Rate,” Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, February 6, 2014, http://philadelphiafed.org/research-and-data/publications/research-rap/2013/on-the-causes-of-declines-in-the-labor-force-participation-rate.pdf; David Aaronson, Jonathan Davis, and Luojia Hu, “Explaining the Decline in the U.S. Labor Participation Rate,” Chicago Fed Letter, no. 296 (March 2012).
3. “Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Release,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 9, 2015.
4. Cited in Peter Whoriskey, “U.S. Manufacturing Sees Shortage of Skilled Factory Workers,” Washington Post, February 19, 2012.
5. Ian Hathaway and Robert E. Litan, “Declining Business Dynamism in the United States: A Look at States and Metros,” Economic Studies at Brookings, May 2014, 1–5.
6. Thomas J. Weiss, “U.S. Labor Force Estimates and Economic Growth: 1800–1860,” in American Economic Growth and Standards of Living before the Civil War, ed. Robert E. Gallman and John Joseph Wallis, National Bureau of Economic Research (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 45, http://www.nber.org/chapters/c8007.pdf.
7. Today, the labor participation rate remains higher for immigrants (66 percent) than for the native-born population (63 percent). This makes sense, since immigrants are typically less affluent and are more likely to need the work. But note that their participation rate is nowhere near the 90 percent of past eras. One-third of immigrant adults do not work.
8. See Michael Bliss and William Osler, A Life in Medicine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
9. Eleanor Roosevelt, A Speech before the Monday Evening Club, DC Branch of the American Association for Social Security, and the Council of Social Agencies, February 8, 1934, http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/documents/articles/oldagepensions.cfm.
10. While some families were tethered to their towns because they could not sell their homes, mobility has declined even for renters.
11. Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, and Lawrence Katz, “The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment,” National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2015, p. 18, http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/images/mto_paper.pdf.
12. See Andrew Sum, Robert Taggart, and Ishwar Khatiwada, “The Path Dependence of Teen Employment in the U.S.: Implications for Youth Workforce Development Policy,” Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, 2007; Andrew Sum, Neeta Fogg, and Garth Mangum, “Confronting the Youth Demographic Challenge: The Labor Market Prospects of At-Risk Youth,” Sar Levitan Center for Social Policy Studies, Baltimore, 2000.
13. National Math + Science Initiative, 2014.
14. Dulgunn Batbold and Ronald A. Wirtz, “Disability and Work: Challenge of Incentives,” FedGazette, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, January 29, 2015.
15. “Tyson and UFCW Mark Two Decades of Workplace Safety Progress,” Reuters, November 24, 2009.
16. Chana Joffe-Walt, “Unfit for Work: The Startling Rise of Disability in America,” NPR Planet Money (March 22, 2013), apps.npr.org/unfit-for-work.
17. Fujita, “On the Causes of Declines,” p. 7.
18. Batbold and Wirtz, “Disability and Work.”
19. Todd G. Buchholz, “Instead of Unemployment Benefits, Offer a Signing Bonus,” Washington Post, June 10, 2011.
20. Susann Rohwedder and Robert J. Willis, “Mental Retirement,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 24, no. 1 (Winter 2010): 137.
21. Arthur Brooks, Gross National Happiness (New York: Basic Books, 2008), p. 167.
22. See the photos at http://agso.uni-graz.at/marienthal/e/pictures/15_mari enthal_study.htm.
23. Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Hans Zeisel, and Christian Fleck, Marienthal, 4th ed. (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2002).
24. Paul Neurath, “Sixty Years since Marienthal,” Canadian Journal of Sociology 20, no. 1 (Winter 1995): 100.
25. Here we define cheating as not reporting supplemental work to the government.
26. Neurath, “Sixty Years since Marienthal,” p. 13.
27. See Christian Stogbauer, “The Radicalization of the German Electorate,” European Review of Economic History 5, no. 2 (2001): 251–80.
28. See Mancur Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982), and, for a modern take on Washington, DC, see Jonathan Rauch’s fine Government’s End: Why Washington Stopped Working (Washington, DC: Public Affairs, 1999). Gunnar Trumbull of Harvard argues that Olson may be wrong and that general citizens’ groups like the AARP and Sierra Club can trounce business groups in the court of public opinion. I am not convinced but see Trumbull’s Strength in Numbers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012).
29. Elizabeth E. Bailey, “Air Transport Deregulation,” American Economic Association, 2008, https://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2008/2008_264.pdf.
30. Morris M. Kleiner and Alan Krueger, “Analyzing the Extent and Influence of Occupational Licensing on the Labor Market,” Journal of Labor Economics 31, no. 2 (April 2013): S183.
31. See my Bringing the Jobs Home (New York: Penguin, 2004), chapter 5, “Barriers to Entry”; and Diana Furchtgott-Roth and Jared Meyer, Disinherited (New York: Encounter, 2015), chapter 5.
32. Alison Cathles, David E. Harrington, and Kathy Krynski, “The Gender Gap in Funeral Directors: Burying Women with Ready-to-Embalm Laws,” British Journal of Industrial Relations 48, no. 4 (2010): 688–705.
33. Tom Rademacher, “Don’t Try This at Home,” Ann Arbor News, February 9, 1997, p. A-11.
34. Sidney L. Carroll and Robert J. Gaston, “Occupational Restrictions and the Quality of Service Received: Some Evidence,” Southern Economic Journal 47, no. 4 (April 1981): 959–76.
35. See http://www.sproglit.com/math-arrow.
36. Perhaps Uber should pay some funds to offset the collapse in the value of taxi medallions/licenses that were mandated by local governments.
CHAPTER 5: PATRIOTISM, IMMIGRATION, AND GRIT IN THE ERA OF THE SELFIE
1. https://richardwiseman.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/ll-final-report.pdf.
2. Lesley Chamberlain, Nietzsche in Turin: An Intimate Biography (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996), pp. 208–16.
3. Anna S. Lau, Joey Fung, Shu-wen Wang, and Sun-Mee Kang, “Explaining Elevated Social Anxiety among Asian Americans: Emotional Attachment and a Cultural Double Bind,” Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 15 (2008): 77–85; Eli Lieber, Heidi Fung, and Patrick Wing Leung, “Chinese Childrearing Beliefs: Key Dimensions and Contributions to the Development of Culture Appropriate Assessment,” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 9 (2006): 140–47.
4. Martin D. Lampert, Kate L. Isaacson, and Jim Lyttle, “Cross-Cultural Variation in Gelotophobia within the United States,” Psychological Testing and Assessment Modeling 52 (2010): 212.
5. Nora Ephron, When Harry Met Sally (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), p. 22.
6. See Steve Farmer, Richard Sprout, and Michael Witzel, “The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization,” Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 11, no. 2 (2004): 19–57; and by the same authors, “A Refutation of the Claimed Refutation of the Nonlinguistic Nature of Indus Symbols: Invented Data Sets in the Statistical Paper of Rao et al.,” Science (2009), at www.safarmer.com/Refutations3/pdf.
7. Physics teachers may disagree with the metaphor of centrifugal force and point out that it is technically not a force but a sensation created by inertia and the lack of centripetal force. Still, I’m happy with the metaphor.
8. See Ephesians 6:10–17.
9. http://www.churchleaders.com/pastors/pastor-articles/139575-7-startling-facts-an-up-close-look-at-church-attendance-in-america.html.
10. Robert Manchin, “Religion in Europe: Trust Not Filling the Pews,” Gallup Religion and Social Trends, September 21, 2004.
11. Charles W. Perdue, John F. Dovidio, Michael B. Gurtman, and Richard B. Tyler, “Us and Them: Social Categorization and the Process of Intergroup Bias,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59, no. 3 (September 1990): 475–86, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.475.
12. Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, July 3, 1776, “Had a Declaration,” Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.
13. www.leonardbernstein.com/mass_notes.htm.
14. Robert Cialdini and K. Ascani, “Basking in Reflected Glory: Three (Football) Field Studies,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34 (1976): 366–75.
15. Abigail Adams to Elizabeth Smith Shaw, letter from London, November 21, 1786, http://www.masshist.org/publications/apde2/view?id=ADMS-04-07-02-0149.
16. Nathaniel Hawthorne, Passages from the French and Italian Note-Books of Nathaniel Hawthorne (Boston: Houghton, Osgood, 1879), p. 35. https://books.google.com/books?id=GkIpAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA35&lpg=RA1-PA35&dq=hawthorne+passages+genuine+painting+sculpture&source=bl&ots=agLSlv0S-N&sig=AUkjr5alV-YSB7oYerLlFoofZ6M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AEycVaboGNa6ogTxnIrQDw&ved=0CCkQ6A EwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false.
17. Monologue from Stripes written by Len Blum, Harold Ramis, and Daniel Goldberg (1981).
18. Nassau William Senior, Political Economy, 2nd ed. (London: Griffin, 1850), p. 12.
19. See Robert Frank, Choosing the Right Pond: Human Behavior and the Quest for Status (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).
20. Jean M. Twenge, W. Keith Campbell, and Brittany Gentile, “Increases in Individualistic Words and Phrases in American Books, 1960–2008,” PLoS One 7, no. 7 (2012): e40181.
21. Emma Barnett, “Women ‘Deliberately Post Ugly Photos of Friends Online,’” Telegraph, July 2, 2012.
22. See Jean M. Twenge and W. Keith Campbell, The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement (New York: Free Press, 2009).
23. Jimmy Stamp, “American Myths: Benjamin Franklin’s Turkey and the Presidential Seal,” Smithsonian Magazine, January 25, 2013.
24. Angela L. Duckworth, Christopher Peterson, Michael D. Matthews, and Dennis R. Kelly, “Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92, no. 6 (2007): 1087–1101.
25. Victoria J. Buchholz, “Locus of Control and Political Orientation: A Relationship,” dissertation, University of Cambridge, May 2013.
26. Carolyn Dimitri, Anne Effland, and Neilson Conklin, “The 20th Century Transformation of U.S. Agiculture and Farm Policy,” US Department of Agriculture, Economic Information Bulletin no. 3 (June 2005): 2.
27. Joe Nocera, “Real Reason for Ousting H.P.’s Chief,” New York Times, August 13, 2010.
28. Mary C. Waters and Marisa Gerstein Pineau, eds., The Integration of Immigrants into American Society (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2015), chapter 4, pp. 4–5 and fig. 4-2.
29. Benjamin Franklin, Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries (Boston: S. Kneeland, 1755), p. 224.
30. Neil Simon, Brighton Beach Memoirs (New York: Samuel French, 1984), pp. 7, 9 (ellipses in text).
31. David Laskin, “Ethnic Minorities at War (USA),” International Encyclopedia of the First World War, http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/arti cle/ethnic_minorities_at_war_usa.
32. Amy Lutz, “Who Joins the Military? A Look at Race, Class, and Immigration Status,” Journal of Political and Military Sociology 36, no. 2 (2008): 169.
33. Jeanne Batalova, “Immigrants in the U.S. Armed Forces,” Migration Policy Institute (May 15, 2008).
34. Herman Melville, Redburn: His First Voyage (1st ed., 1842), chapter 33.
35. In 1782 a French immigrant named J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur wrote that in American “individuals of all nations are melted into a new race.” Ralph Waldo Emerson later described a “fusing process” that transforms immigrants like “chips of brass thrown into the melting pot.” See Crèvecoeur’s Letter 3, “What Is an American,” in J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer and Other Essays, ed. D. Moore (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013); Ralph Waldo Emerson, Journals (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), vol. 7, p. 116; Luther Luedtke, “Ralph Waldo Emerson Envisions the ‘Smelting Pot,’” MELUS 6, no. 2 (Summer 1979): 3–14.
36. LeAna B. Gloor, “From the Melting Pot to the Salad Bowl Metaphor: Why Coercive Assimilation Lacks the Flavors Americans Crave,” http://hilo.hawaii.edu/academics/hohonu/documents/vol04x06fromthemeltingpot.pdf.
37. Donald Fisk, “American Labor in the 20th Century,” Compensation and Working Conditions (Washington, DC: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Fall 2001), http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/cwc/american-labor-in-the-20th-century.pdf.
38. See my New Ideas from Dead CEOs (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), chapter 5.
39. Jens Manuel Krogstad and Michael Keegan, “From Germany to Mexico: How America’s Source of Immigrants Has Changed over a Century,” FactTank: News in the Numbers, Pew Research Center (May 27, 2014).
40. Quoted in Liza Q. Bundesen, “Biography of Alejandro Portes,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, no. 33 (August 17, 2004): 11917–19.
41. Mark Hugo Lopez, “What Univision’s Milestone Says about U.S. Demographics,” FactTank: News in the Numbers, Pew Research Center (July 29, 2013).
42. Susannah Fox and Lee Rainie, The Web at 25 in the U.S., “Part 1: How the Internet Has Woven Itself into American Life,” Pew Research Center (February 27, 2014): 9–19.
43. Philip C. Dolce and Rubil Morales-Vazquez, “Teaching the Importance of Place in the World of Virtual Reality,” Thought and Action (Summer 2003), p. 42.
44. Deborah Sontag and Celia A. Dugger, “The New Immigrant Tide: A Shuttle between Worlds,” New York Times, July 19, 1998.
45. Although UKIP has only four seats in Parliament, the Conservative Party frequently seems on the defensive.
46. Bobby Duffy and Tom Frere-Smith, “Perception and Reality: 10 Things We Should Know about Attitudes to Immigration in the UK,” Ipsos MORI (January 2014); “American Values Survey,” Pew Research Center: US Politics and Policy, question 40n (2012).
47. Damien Cave, “A Generation Gap over Immigration,” New York Times, May 17, 2010.
48. Robert D. Putnam, ““E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community,” Scandinavian Political Studies 30, no. 2 (2007): 150.
PART II (OPENING)
1. Mark Twain, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1889), p. 352.
2. Kiron K. Skinner, “An Alternative Conception of Mutual Cooperation,” in Turning Points in Ending the Cold War, ed. Kiron K. Skinner (Stanford, CA: Hoover Press, 2007), p. 110. The expert was Richard V. Allen, who had worked with Henry Kissinger in the Nixon White House and later became Reagan’s national security adviser.
CHAPTER 6: ALEXANDER AND THE GREAT EMPIRE
1. http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/penpals/stats.php3?Pays=GRE; http://www.factmonster.com/spot/babynames1.html#2007.
2. Some scholars think that Dante may be referring to a different Alexander. For a diversity of views see George Cary, The Medieval Alexander, ed. D. J. A. Ross (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
3. Phillip Freeman, Alexander the Great (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011), p. 2.
4. Plutarch, Lives, vol. 7, Demosthenes and Cicero, Alexander and Caesar, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA; Harvard University Press, 1919), p. 233.
5. See Steven Colvin, Dialect in Aristophanes and the Politics of Language in Ancient Greek (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
6. Peter Green, Alexander of Macedon (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), p. 58.
7. Daniel Ogden, “Alexander’s Sex Life,” in Alexander the Great, ed. W. Heckel and L. A. Tritle (New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), p. 209; and Athenaeus, 435a.
8. Plutarch, Lives, vol. 7, chapter. 21, section 4, p. 286.
9. Ibid., chapter 22, section 4, p. 289.
10. Ibid., chapter 6, section 5, p. 239.
11. Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History, trans. C. Bradford Welles, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), vol. 8, book 16, p. 92.
12. Ibid., 16.94.
13. Peter John Rhodes, Greek Historical Inscriptions, 359–323 B.C. (London: London Association of Classical Teachers, 1971), p. 23.
14. The Goldwyn quotation, which appeared in an early biography, is probably misattributed. See quoteinvestigator.com/2014/01/06/verbal-contract/.
15. Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History Pompeius Trogus, trans. J. C. Yardley (Oxford: Clarendon Ancient History Series, 1997), p. 329.
16. David Phillips, Athenian Political Oratory (London: Routledge, 2004), p. 114.
17. See the student-faculty petition supporting the ban at https://docs.google .com/forms/d/1t1ZhPZN2ohzgARuXwQUCwbB3YXNPgXGZQMI 8heUYZnQ/viewform.
18. Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander, ed. J. R. Hamilton, trans. Aubrey de Sélincourt (New York: Penguin, 1976), p. 323.
19. See Shaye J. D. Cohen, “Alexander the Great and Jaddus the High Priest According to Josephus,” AJS Review 7/8 (1982–83): 41–68.
20. www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/#Orders.
21. Quoted in Robert Draper, Dead Certain (New York: Free Press, 2007), p. 207.
22. Paul D. Shinkman, “You Can Literally Count the Number of U.S.-Trained Syrians Fighting ISIS on One Hand,” U.S. News & World Report, September 16, 2015, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/09/16/general -only-4-or-5-us-trained-syrian-fighters-operating-against-isis; Michael D. Shear, Helene Cooper, and Eric Schmitt, “Obama Administration Ends Effort to Train Syrians to Combat ISIS,” New York Times, October 9, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/10/world/middleeast/pentagon-program-islamic-state-syria.html?_r=0.
23. Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander, p. 88.
24. In some versions, told by Artistobulus, Alexander removes a pin rather than slicing the knot.
25. Dante Alighieri, Inferno 4.131.
26. Some commentators suggest that Dante intended to identify the ruler Alexander of Pherae, not Alexander the Great.
CHAPTER 7: THE ORIENT EXPRESS HEADS WEST
1. See Deniz Y. Talug and Begum Eken, “Islamic Art: Restrictions and Figural Representations,” Global Journal on Humanties and Social Sciences 1 (2015): 565–70, http://www.world-education-center.org/index.php/pntsbs.
2. Peter N. Stearns, Michael Adas, Stuart Schwartz, and Marc J. Gilbert, World Civilizations (New York: Pearson Longman, 2005).
3. Ibn Abi Shaybah, al-Musannaf (Beirut: Dar Qurtuba, 2006), Hadith 38339, Mishkat al-Masabih.
4. The definition of Macedonia was fluid and controversial. See Alexander Maxwell, “Slavic Macedonian Nationalism: From ‘Regional’ to ‘Ethnic,’” in Region, Regional Identity, and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe, part 1, ed. Klaus Roth and Ulf Brunnbauer, Journal for Southeastern European Anthropology 11 (2007): 133–34.
5. Many of the Dönmes descended from Jews who had proclaimed Sabbetai Sevi the Messiah in the 1600s. They added elements of Jewish mysticism to their practice of Islam.
6. Halil Inalcik, Suraiya Faroqhi, and Donald Quataert, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994), vol. 2, p. 831; Angelo Georgakis, “Ottoman Salonika and Greek Nationalism before 1908,” Académie des Sciences Bulgaire, Institut d’Études Balkaniques, no. 1 (2005): 114.
7. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/orient-express.htm.
8. Charles King, Midnight at the Pera Palace: The Birth of Modern Istanbul (New York: W. W. Norton, 2014), p. 25.
9. Lucy M. J. Garnett, The Women of Turkey and Their Folk-Lore (London: David Nutt, 1891), p. 19.
10. Ibid., p. 42.
11. Andrew Mango, Ataturk (New York: Overlook Press, 1999), p. 33.
12. Christopher de Bellaigue, “Turkey’s Hidden Past,” New York Review of Books, March 8, 2001, footnote 1, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2001/03/08/turkeys-hidden-past/.
13. Quoted in A. L. MacFie, The Eastern Question (New York: Routledge, 1996), p. 5.
14. D. Quatert, “Dilemma of Development: The Agricultural Bank and Agricutlural Reform in Ottoman Turkey: 1888–1908,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 6 (1975): 210.
15. Inalcik et al., Economic and Social History, p. 831.
16. See my “Biblical Law and the Economic Growth of Ancient Israel,” Journal of Law and Religion 6, no. 2 (January 1988): 389–427.
17. Ebru Boyar and Kate Fleet, A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 331. Fikret’s poem, published in 1901, is called Sis (“Fog”).
18. Quoted in Mango, Ataturk, p. 17.
19. Ibid., p. 68.
20. Note that the official website leaps from section 3: Civil War to section 4: World War II, http://amhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/resources/educa tion.asp.
21. Quotes in Sean McMeekin, The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany’s Bid for World Power (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 85–86.
22. Mango, Ataturk, p. 104.
23. Ibid., p. 146.
24. www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/ataturk/.
25. While the words reflect Ataturk’s sentiments, the line about Johnnies and Mehmets may have come later, http://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/apr/20/ataturks-johnnies-and-mehmets-words-about-the-anzacs-are-shrouded-in-doubt.
26. Tom Bridges, Alarms and Excursions: Reminiscences of a Soldier (London: Longmans, Green, 1938), p. 258.
27. Quoted in Graham Freudenberg, Churchill and Australia (Sydney: Macmillan, 2008), p. 157.
28. Alexander C. Diener, Borderlines and Borderlands: Political Oddities at the Edge of the Nation-State (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2010), p. 189.
29. James Baar, A Line in the Sand (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011), p. 56.
30. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyA-A3mYV6A.
31. King, Midnight at the Pera Palace, pp. 54–56.
32. Ernest Hemingway, Dateline: Toronto (New York: Scribner, 2002), pp. 281–82.
33. Nur Bilge Criss, Istanbul under Allied Occupation 1918–1923 (Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill, 1999), p. 48.
34. Turkish Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, ed. Gurol Irzik and Guven Guzeldere (New York: Springer, 2005), p. 307.
35. Grace Ellison, Turkey Today (London: Hutchinson, 1928), p. 24.
36. Yael Navaro Yashin, Faces of the State: Securalism and Public Life in Turkey (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), p. 188.
37. Mango, Ataturk, p. 150.
38. J. E. R. McDonough, “The Treatment of Syphilis in 1915,” in Practitioner’s Encyclopaedia of Medical Treatment (Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications, 1915), http://www.vlib.us/medical/syphilis.htm.
39. Dan Bilefsky, “Pieces of the Quran, Perhaps as Old as the Faith,” New York Times, July 23, 2015, p. A1.
40. Ayse Kudat, “Ataturk’s Impact on the Status of Turkish Women,” speech at Georgetown University, 1991, p. 4.
41. Patrick Kinross, Ataturk: The Rebirth of a Nation (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964), pp. 342–43.
42. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=zubeyde-hanim----mother-of-a-rebel-hero-1997-08-26.
43. Ian Traynor and Constanze Letsche, “Brussels Urges Turkish PM Erdogan to Redraft Law Purging Police and Judiciary,” Guardian, January 22, 2014.
44. http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/ggbain/35700/35770v.jpg.
45. Mango, Ataturk, p. 434.
46. King, Midnight at the Pera Palace, pp. 150–51, quoting from Marc David Wyers, “Wicked” Istanbul: The Regulation of Prostitution in the Early Turkish Republic (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2013).
47. Arnold Reisman, Turkey’s Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and Atatürk’s Vision (Washington, DC: New Academia, 2006), p. 88. Hindemith did sometimes win praise from Nazis and had a complicated relationship with the regime, from which he escaped with his Jewish wife in 1938. See Michael H. Kater, Composers of the Nazi Era (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 31–56.
48. Andreas Kazamias, Education and the Quest for Modernity in Turkey (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), p. 175.
49. See Rebecca Bryant, “The Soul Danced into the Body,” American Ethnologist 32, no. 2 (2005): 222–38.
50. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DctWBdv2HfE.
51. Sylvia Kedourie, ed., Seventy-Five Years of the Turkish Republic (London: Frank Kass, 2000); Andrew Mango, “Ataturk and the Kurds,” Middle Eastern Studies 35 (1999), p. 11.
52. Quoted in Kinross, Ataturk, p. 428.
53. Mango, Ataturk, p. 434.
CHAPTER 8: CAN EAST MEET WEST?
1. David J. Lu, Inside Corporate Japan: The Art of Fumble-Free Management (Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1987).
2. For a skeptical view see Yohtaro Takano and Eiko Osaka, “An Unsupported Common View: Comparing Japan and the U.S. on Individualism/Collectivism,” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2, issue 3 (December 1999): 311–41. For a more supportive view on group dynamics, see Takahiko Masuda, Phoebe C. Ellsworth, Janxin Leu, et al., “Placing the Face in Context: Cultural Differences in the Perception of Facial Emotion,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94, no. 3 (2008): 365–81.
3. The scene described has been reenacted in movies and written about in numerous books, both nonfiction and historical fiction.
4. “Who Is Sakamoto Ryoma?” Wilson Quarterly (Summer 2007), reporting on Nippon Television Network, “History’s Most Influential People, Hero Edition,” April 1, 2007, www.japanprobe.vom/?p=1471.
5. Rice yield was measured in a unit called a koku (5.11 bushels).
6. See Hugh H. Smythe, “The Eta: A Marginal Japanese Caste,” American Journal of Sociology 58, no. 2 (September 1952): 194.
7. Takano Tsunemichi quoted in David John Lu, Sources of Japanese History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973), vol. 2, pp. 4–5. Lu’s two-volume set provides an outstanding selection of translated historical documents from officials, eminent scholars, and laypeople including students and housewives.
8. Ibid., pp. 4–5.
9. Ibid.
10. Charles David Sheldon, The Rise of the Merchant Class in Tokugawa Japan 1600–1858 (Locust Valley, NY: J. J. Augustin, 1958), pp. 119–22.
11. Gregory M. Bornmann and Carl M. Bornmann, “Tokugawa Law: How It Contributed to the Economic Success of Japan,” KIBI International University, 2002, p. 192, http://www.academia.edu/339800/Tokugawa_law_How_it_contributed_to_the_economic_success_of_Japan.
12. Herbert Passin, Society and Education in Japan (New York: Teachers College, 1960), p. 43–49.
13. See The Complete Journal of Townsend Harris, ed. M. E. Cosenza (New York: Doubleday, 1930), p. 227.
14. Lu, Sources of Japanese History, vol. 2, p. 10.
15. The interpreter’s journal can be found as Henry Heusken, Japan Journal 1855–1861, ed. and trans. Jeanette C. van der Corput and Robert A. Wilson (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1964).
16. Jun Hongo, “Sakamoto, the Man and the Myth,” Japan Times, April 27, 2010, http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/04/27/reference/sakamoto-the-man-and-the-myth/#.Vbu09F5bTwI.
17. Estimates range from thirty-five hundred to seven thousand deaths. In the French Revolution, over sixteen thousand died by the guillotine alone, not to mention other methods of execution and deaths in battle.
18. Donald Keene, Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World 1852–1912 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), p. 31.
19. The doctor wrote a book about his experiences: Toku Baelz, Awakening Japan: Diary of a German Doctor, trans. Eden and Cedar Paul (New York: Viking, 1932).
20. Lu, Sources of Japanese History, vol. 1, p. 51.
21. The Iwakura Mission in America and Europe, ed. Ian Nish (Surrey, UK: Curzon Press, 1998), p. 104.
22. Ibid., p. 21.
23. Andrew Cobbing, “Life in Victorian London through the Eyes of Kune Kunitake, Chronicler of the Iwakura Mission,” London School of Economics and Political Science, discussion paper no. IS/98/349 (March 1998), p. 7.
24. Olive Checkland, “The Iwakura Mission, Industries and Exports,” London School of Economics and Political Science, discussion paper no. IS/98/349 (March 1998), p. 25.
25. John Breen, “Public Statement and Private Thoughts: The Iwakura Embassy in London and the Religious Question,” London School of Economics and Political Science, discussion paper no. IS/98/349 (March 1998), p. 35.
26. Quoted in Robert S. Wells, Voices from the Bottom of the South China Sea: The Untold Story of America’s Largest Chinese Emigrant Disaster (Jacksonville, FL: Fortis, 2014).
27. Nishikawa Shunsaku, “Fukuzawa Yukichi,” Prospects: The Quarterly Review of Comparative Education 23, no. 3/4 (1993): 504.
28. Lu, Sources of Japanese History, vol. 1, p. 75.
29. John M. Rogers, “Divine Destruction: The Shinpuren Rebellion of 1876,” in New Directions in the Study of Meiji Japan, ed. Helen Hardacre and Adam L. Kern (New York: Brill, 1997), p. 417.
30. Lu, Sources of Japanese History, vol. 1, p. 41.
31. Ibid., p. 45.
32. Mark Ravina, The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori (New York: Wiley, 2003). Some commentators suggest that he died of a bullet wound rather than suicide.
33. See Kazushi Ohkawa and Henry Rosovsy, “The Role of Agriculture in Modern Japanese Economic Development,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 9, no. 1 (1960): 43–67.
34. Eugene K. Choi, “Reconsidering the Innovations in the Meiji Cotton Spinners’ Growth Strategy for Global Competition,” Business and Economics 8 (2010): 1, http://www.thebhc.org/sites/default/files/choi.pdf; Richard T. Chang, Historians and Meiji Statesmen (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1970), p. 185.
35. Gary R. Saxonhouse, “A Tale of Japanese Technological Diffusion in the Meiji Period,” Journal of Economic History 34 (1974): 150.
36. Meiji Japan: Political, Economic and Social History: 1868–1912, ed. Peter Kornicki (New York: Taylor and Francis, 1998), p. 132.
37. Serguey Braguinsky and David A. Hounshell, “History and Nanoeconomics in Strategy: Lessons from the Meiji-Era Japanese Cotton-Spinning Industry,” Strategic Management Journal (August 2015), p. 29, http://www .andrew.cmu.edu/user/sbrag/SMJ_final.pdf.
38. James C. Abegglen and Hiroshi Mannari, “Leaders of Modern Japan: Social Origins and Mobility,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 9 (October 1960): 109–34.
39. Natsume Soseki, Kokoro (CreateSpace, 1916), trans. Edwin McClellan (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1957).
40. Giacomo Puccini, Madama Butterfly (1904; trans. R. H. Elkin), was based on a play by David Belasco, which was based on a short story, Madame Butterfly (1898) by John Luther Long, which was influenced by an 1887 novel by Pierre Loti, Madame Chrysanthème.
CHAPTER 9: TWO AUDACIOUS LEADERS AND NO EXCUSES
1. World History Encyclopedia (New York: Barnes and Noble, 2003), p. 241.
2. “Costa Rican Chief Foils Jet Hijackers,” UPI, December 12, 1971, https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kD4aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4SgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4943,1885967&hl=en.
3. https://slice.mit.edu/2010/08/16/mit-in-costa-rica/.
4. Mike Faulk, “Henrietta Boggs, the First Lady of the Revolution,” Tico Times, October 5, 2007, http://www.ticotimes.net/2007/10/05/henrietta-boggs-first-lady-of-the-revolution.
5. The US naval captain whose ship sank the U-boat was demoted because his superiors did not believe his report. In 2014 evidence of the sinking vindicated the captain. See Brian Clark Howard, “72 Years Later, Snubbed Captain Credited with Downing German U-Boat,” National Geographic, December 19, 2014.
6. uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/1881.html.
7. Zach Dyer, “The Story of Costa Rica’s Forgotten World War II Internment Camp,” Tico Times, December 15, 2014.
8. “Iniciada Ayer en Esta Capital la Construcción de un Campo de Concentración,” La Tribuna, December 11, 1941, p. 4.
9. Quotation is from Faulk, “Henrietta Boggs.” Her memoirs are Henrietta Boggs, Married to a Legend: Don Pepe (Raleigh, NC: Lulu, 2011).
10. Charles D. Ameringer, The Caribbean Legion (State College: Penn State University Press, 2010), p. 64.
11. Calderón did order some progressive reforms limiting, for example, workers’ hours.
12. Richard E. Clinton, “The United States and the Caribbean Legion: Democracy, Dictatorship, and the Origins of the Cold War in Latin America, 1945–1950,” dissertation, Ohio State University, 2011.
13. “Costa Rica Capital Looted,” New York Times, July 29, 1947, p. 10.
14. Philip Freneau, “Occasioned by General Washington’s Arrival in Philadelphia, on His Way to His Residence in Virginia,” December 1783, https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/occasioned-general-washingtons-arrival -philadelphia-his-way-his-residence-virginia.
15. Gideon Burrows, Kalashnikov AK47 (Oxford: New Internationalist, 2006), p. 25.
16. Geoff Harris, “Military Expenditure and Social Development in Costa Rica: A Model for Small Countries?” Pacifica Review 8, no. 1 (1996): 97.
17. Elinor Burkett, Golda (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), p. 262.
18. Kenneth L. Sokoloff and Stanley L. Engerman, “History Lessons: Institutions, Factor Endowments, and Paths of Development in the New World,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 3 (2000): 218.
19. Voltaire, Candide (1759), chapter 23.
20. Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad (Hartford, CT: American Publishing Company, 1908), vol. 2, pp. 391–92.
21. Golda Meir, “My Life,” 1972 interview about a Labor Day parade.
22. Ibid.
23. “Accuses Ship Crew of Sabotage at Sea: Captain of Pocahontas Reports to Consul at Naples, Who Starts Inquiry,” New York Times, July 10, 1921.
24. Burkett, Golda, p. 47.
25. Ibid., p. 49.
26. Gordon’s ideas led to some job discrimination against Arab migrants, who offered to work for less money than the Jewish immigrants. See Gershon Shafir, Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882–1914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
27. Shabtai Teveth, Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs: From Peace to War (London: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 140.
28. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government and a Letter Concerning Toleration (1690), chapter 5, sec. 27.
29. Quoted in Irus Braverman, “Planting the Promised Landscape: Zionism, Nature, and Resistance in Israel/Palestine,” Natural Resources Journal 49 (2009): 317.
30. Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory (New York: Vintage, 1996), p. 5.
31. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George H. W. Bush (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office), May 14, 1991, bk. 1, p. 509.
32. Anna Shapira, Ben-Gurion (New Haven, CT: Yale University press, 2014), p. 117.
33. Victoria Honeymoon, “Britain, Palestine, and the Creation of Israel: How Britain Failed to Protect Its Protectorate,” University of Leeds, Polis Working Paper no. 1, (2011–12), http://www.polis.leeds.ac.uk/assets/files/research/working-papers/britain-palestine-and-the-creation-of-Israel.pdf. Also see http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/explorefurther/digital/crossman/urss/israel/.
34. A copy of the 1903 British offer to allocate a parcel in East Africa can be found at https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/images/uganda.jpg.
35. David M. Herszenhorn, “Despite Predictions, Jewish Homeland in Siberia Retains Its Appeal,” New York Times, October 3, 2012.
36. Robert Szereszewski, Essays on the Structure of the Jewish Economy in Palestine and Israel (Jerusalem: Maurice Falk Institute, 1968), p. 56, table 9; Jacob Meltzer, The Divided Economy of Mandatory Palestine (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 228–31; Sa’id B. Himadeh, Economic Organization of Palestine (Beirut: American University of Beirut Press, 1939), p. 565; Gudrun Kramer, History of Palestine (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), p. 267; U. O. Schmelz, “Population Characteristics of Jerusalem and Hebron Regions According to Ottoman Census of 1905,” in Ottoman Palestine: 1800–1914, ed. Gad G. Gilbar (Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1990), pp. 32–41.
37. Today Jaffa oranges are the object of a pro-Palestinian boycott.
38. Erik Anderson, “Eyes Look to Carlsbad’s Desalination Plant,” KPBS, July 27, 2015.
39. Michael Brown, The Israeli-American Connection: Its Roots in the Yishuv, 1914–1945 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996), p. 188.
40. Burkett, Golda, p. 121.
41. Nili Liphschitz and Gideon Biger, Green Dress for a Country: Afforestation in Eretz-Israel—The First 100 Years 1850–1950 (Jerusalem: Ariel Publishing House, 2000), p. 91.
42. Burkett, Golda, p. 130.
43. Ibid., p. 133.
44. Ibid., p. 142.
45. Uri Bar-Joseph, “Israel’s 1973 Intelligence Failure,” in P. R. Kumaraswamy, ed., Revisiting the Yom Kippur War (New York: Cass, 2000), p. 14.
46. Ofer Aderet, “Jordan and Israel Cooperated during the Yom Kippur War, Documents Reveal,” Haaretz, December 12, 2013, http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.546843?v=92E14C2CEA296DE01DE78C7F4FC81259.
CONCLUSION: DO NOT GO GENTLE
1. Jonathan Watts, “Ancient Tribal Language Becomes Extinct as Last Speaker Dies,” Guardian, February 4, 2010, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/04/ancient-language-extinct-speaker-dies.
2. Ronald Reagan, “Farewell Address to the Nation,” January 11, 1989, http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1989/011189i.htm.
3. See my New Ideas from Dead Economists (New York: Penguin, 2007), chapter 6, “The Angry Oracle Called Karl Marx.”
4. Howard Zinn, “Howard Zinn’s July 4 Wisdom: Put Away Your Flags,” Progressive, July 4, 2006, http://www.progressive.org/news/2014/07/187763/howard-zinn’s-july-4-wisdom-put-away-your-flags.
5. Jill Tucker, “Many Schools Skip Pledge of Allegiance,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 23, 2013.
6. http://www.nanations.com/burialcustoms/scaffold_burial.htm.
7. http://www.poynter.org/archived/20881/norman-mailer-on-the-media-and-the-message/.
8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgj7_DmgDqs.
9. W. B. Yeats, “Meru,” in The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats, ed. Richard J. Finneran (New York: Collier, 1996), p. 320.
10. “Holiday Icon Banned at NYC Elementary School: Report,” CBS News, December 15, 2015, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/santa-christmas-thanks giving-pledge-of-allegiance-banned-at-nyc-elementary-school-report/.
11. “Magna Carta What?” Daily Telegraph, March 13, 2008.
12. Talmud Pesachim, 116b.
13. Martin Marty, Pilgrims in Their Own Land (New York: Penguin, 1985), p. 59.
14. Ion Mihai Pacepa, Red Horizons (Washington, DC: Regnery, 1990), p. 189.
15. Edward Behr, Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite (New York: Villard, 1991), p. 67.
16. The superintendent had been my sister’s fifth-grade teacher. Now he sits in federal prison.
17. See official tally at http://www.parlament.ch/d/wahlen-abstimmungen/volksabstimmungen/volksabstimmungen-2013/abstimmung-2013-09-22/seiten/default.aspx.
18. At the time of this writing, the cross-country student fare on a Greyhound bus from Los Angeles to Washington, DC, is $120.
19. Mary Daly and Joyce Kwok, “Did Welfare Reform Work for Everyone: A Look at Young Single Mothers,” Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter, August 3, 2009.
20. Todd G. Buchholz, “Instead of Unemployment Benefits, Offer a ‘Signing Bonus,’” Washington Post, June 10, 2011, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/instead-of-unemployment-benefits-offer-a-signing-bonus/2011/06/08/AG46vHPH_story.html.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_Arrow and http://www.sproglit.com/math-arrow.