1. Frank Peel, Nonconformity in Spen Valley (Heckmondwike, 1891), p. 136.
1. See Anthony Lincoln, Social and Political Ideas of English Dissent, 1763–1830 (Cambridge, 1938), and R. V. Holt, The Unitarian Contribution to Social Progress in England (1938). For briefer surveys, see Robbins, op. cit., ch. 7 and H. W. Carless Davis, The Age of Grey and Peel (Oxford, 1929), pp. 49–58.
1. D. Bogue and J. Bennett, History of Dissenters (1809), III, p. 333 estimate that in 1760 the ‘principal strength’ of Dissent of all varieties was among tradesmen and in some counties farmers, while ‘mechanics of all descriptions composed a large portion of their congregations in towns, and labourers in husbandry in country villages’.
2. Ibid., IV, p. 319.
1. J. Ivimey, History of the English Baptists (1830), IV, p. 40.
1. A. C. Underwood, History of the English Baptists (1947), pp. 84–5.
2. G. Huehns, Antinomianism in English History (1951), p. 146.
3. Fire in the Bush in Selections… from Gerrard Winstanley, ed. L. Hamilton (1944), pp. 30–1.
1. Rufus M. Jones, The Later Periods of Quakerism (1921), I, p. 315.
1. See Q. D. Leavis, Fiction and the Reading Public (1932), ch. 2.
2. R. M. Jones, Studies in Mystical Religion (1923), p. 418. See also J. Lindsay, John Bunyan (1937).
1. M. Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1930), pp. 109–10, 227. See also A. Kettle, Introduction to the English Novel (1951), pp. 44–5.
1. See Halévy’s excellent summary, A History of the English People in 1815 (Penguin edn), III, pp. 28–32, 40–8.
2. Bogue and Bennett, op. cit., III, pp. 332–3; Ivimey, op. cit., III, pp. 160 ff.
3. John Wesley notes in his Journal (31 July 1766) that ‘renegade Methodists, first turning Calvinist, then Anabaptist have made confusion at Heptonstall’.
1. Dissent’s term for Erastianism – in the first place the Papacy and the Roman Church, but often attached to the Church of England or any church accused of prostituting its spiritual virtue to reasons of State and worldly power. Cobbett recalled: ‘I most firmly believed when I was a boy, that the Pope was a prodigious woman, dressed in a dreadful robe, which had been made red by being dipped in the blood of Protestants.’ Political Register, 13 January 1821.
2. Bogue and Bennett, op. cit., IV, pp. 107–24. Despite their severity, the Sandemanians were less bigoted than other Dissenters about some social observances, and approved of the theatre.
1. R. Southey, Life of Wesley and the Rise of Methodism, (1890 edn), p. 545.
1. Ibid., pp. 382, 545.
1. See W. E. H. Lecky, History of the English People in the 18th Century (1891), III, pp. 582–8. Despite all that has been written in this century, on the subject of Methodism the accounts in Lecky and in Southey remain essential reading.
1. For a succinct account of Wesley’s political prejudices, see Maldwvn Edwards, John Wesley and the Eighteenth Century (1933).
2. Cited in Halévy, op. cit., III, p. 49. Halévy adds the comment: ‘Such conduct ensured that… the unpopularity of Jacobin principles did not prejudice the Methodist propaganda.’ However, since Jacobin principles were gaining in popularity in 1792 (see pp. 111–23 below), it is more true that the Methodist propaganda was designed to make these principles unpopular, and that this was prejudicial to the liberties of the English people. See also Hobsbawm’s critique of Halévy, ‘Methodism and the Threat of Revolution’, History Today, February 1957.
1. W. H. Reid, The Rise and Dissolution of the Infidel Societies of the Metropolis (1800), pp. 45–8.
1. The Progress of Liberty Amongst the People Called Methodists (Alnwick, 1795).
2. See An Appeal to the Members of the Methodist Connexion (Manchester, 1796); E. R. Taylor, Methodism and Politics, 1791–1851 (Cambridge, 1935), ch. 2; W. J. Warner, The Wesleyan Movement in the Industrial Revolution (1930), pp. 128–31.
3. Kilham’s support was strong in Sheffield, Nottingham, Manchester, Leeds, Huddersfield, Plymouth Dock, Liverpool, Bristol, Birmingham, Burslem, Macclesfield, Bolton, Wigan, Blackburn, Oldham, Darlington, Newcastle, Alnwick, Sunderland, Ripon, Otley, Epworth, Chester, Banbury. See E. R. Taylor, op. cit., p. 81; J. Blackwell, Life of Alexander Kilham (1838), pp. 290, 343.
1. J. Blackwell, op. cit., p. 339; E. R. Taylor, op. cit., p. 85; J. Wray, ‘Facts Illustrative of Methodism in Leeds’ [c. 1835], MS. in Leeds Reference Library; J. U. Walker, Wesleyan Methodism in Halifax (Halifax, 1836), pp. 216–23.
1. Cited in J. L. Hammond, The Town Labourer (2nd edn, 1925), p. 270.
2. See below, ch. 11.
3. E. J. Hobsbawm, Primitive Rebels (1959), p. 146.
1. W. H. G. Armytage, Heavens Below (1961), I, chs. 3 and 5.
1. See C. W. Towlson, Moravian and Methodist (1957); Armytage, op. cit., I, ch. 6; J. Lawson, Letters to the Young on Progress in Pudsey (Stanningley, 1887), ch. 15; C. Driver, Tory Radical (Oxford, 1946), pp. 15–17.
2. E. D. Andrews, The People Called Shakers (New York, 1953), p. 6.
1. For Wesleyanism, see Southey, op. cit., p. 367; Joseph Nightingale, Portraiture of Methodism (1807), pp. 443 ff.; J. E. Rattenbury, The Eucharistic Hymns of John and Charles Wesley (1948), p. 249. For Swedenborgianism, Bogue and Bennett, op. cit., IV, pp. 126–34; R. Southey, Letters from England (1808), III, pp. 113 ff. For the end of the seventeenth-century millennarialism, see Christopher Hill, ‘John Mason and the End of the World’, in Puritanism and Revolution (1958). For some indications of the eighteenth-century tradition, see W. H. G. Armytage, op. cit., I, ch. 4.
2. N. Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium (1957), p. 312.
1. Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia (1960 edn), p. 193. See below pp. 127–30 and 421–6.
1. W. H. Reid, op. cit., p. 90.
2. David V. Erdman, in his Blake, Prophet against Empire (Princeton, 1954), has helped us to see Blake in this context and – in doing so – has thrown much light upon the intellectual life of Jacobin London. See also (for Blake’s ‘Ranting’ and Muggletonian forebears) A. L. Morton, The Everlasting Gospel (1958).
1. T. Walker, Review of some Political Events in Manchester (1794), p. 125.
1. Hobsbawm, op. cit., p. 128.