¹⁴ On early English marriage generally, see James A. Brundage, Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987), and Charles Donahue, Jr., ‘The Canon Law on the Formation of Marriage and Social Practice in the Later Middle Ages’, Journal of Family History 8 (1983), 1–53. R. H. Helmholz, Marriage Litigation in Medieval England (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1974), gives us a picture of these legal issues in litigation.