¹⁷ Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden, ed. C. Babington and J. R. Lumby, 9 vols (London, 1865–86), 5.336.

¹⁸ Raphael Holinshed, The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland (London, 1807), 266; John Speed, The Historie of Great Britain (London, 1611), 473, 477. I am indebted to Gillingham’s excellent discussion of Angevin historiography in Richard I, 1–14.

¹⁹ See Carole Levin, Propaganda in the English Reformation: Heroic and Villainous Images of King John, Studies in British History 11 (New York: Edwin Mellen, 1987).

²⁰ Samuel Daniel, The Collection of the Historie of England (London, 1621), 101–2.