BIBLIOGRAPHY DIGEST

     

 

Words or names that appear in SMALL CAPITALS refer to articles in the main part of the encyclopedia.

ARAMS, Muhal Richard (1930- ) Jazz musician, composer, and administrator Based in Chicago and later in New York, Abrams wrote arrangements for saxophonist King Fleming and played with MJT+3, Miles DAVIS, and Max ROACH. He started the Experimental Band (1961) and the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (1965). His work reflected interests in many fields such as FREE JAZZ and stride piano.

ACCARDO, Salvatore (1941- ) Violinist Born in Turin, Accardo studied in Naples and Siena. His international reputation is based on technical brilliance and interpretations in a repertoire ranging from Bach to contemporary music.

AC/DC Rock band Formed in Australia in 1973, AC/DC play an energetic brand of HEAVY METAL that gave them a worldwide following in the mid-1970s. Their stage attire—especially the schoolboy caps, ties, and shorts worn by guitarist Angus Young—were utterly distinctive.

ACE, Johnny (1929–54) R…B singer and pianist Formed the Beale Streeters with Bobby “Blue” Bland in the late 1940s. Ace topped the U.S. R…B charts with “My Song” in 1952 and “Pledging My Love” in 1955. He died in a Russian roulette game.

ADAMS, Bryan (1959- ) Rock musician Canadian singer and guitarist Adams formed his first group in Vancouver in 1976. His first international success came in 1981. His muscular singing made him a staple of 1980s stadium rock. His 1991 single “(Everything I Do) I Do It for You,” used in the soundtrack to the movie Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves stayed at No.1 on the U.K. charts for 15 weeks.

ADAMS, John (1947- ) Composer U.S.-born Adams originally wrote ELECTRONIC MUSIC, but under the influence of Steve REICH he began experimenting with MINIMALISM. Shaker Loops (for string orchestra) was followed by the operas Nixon in China (1987) and The Death of Klinghoffer (1989).

ADAMS, Johnny (1932- ) Gospel singer Known as “The Tan Nightingale” in his native New Orleans, Adams sang in GOSPEL groups and later had hits with “Losing Battle,” “Release Me,” and “I Can’t Be All Bad.” The LP From the Heart (1983) demonstrates high quality singing in a variety of styles.

ADDERLEY, Nat (1931- ) Jazz musician Brother of the more celebrated Cannonball ADDERLEY, Nat played cornet and trumpet (often in his brother’s bands) in a HARD-BOP style. He modelled himself on Miles DAVIS.

ADE, King Sunny (1946- ) Juju singer and guitarist Nigerian-born Ade learned his music playing in various HIGHLIFE bands in Nigeria during the 1960s. In 1982, Island Records signed him up to replace the recently deceased Bob MARLEY in their artists’ roster, and he enjoyed critical acclaim and commercial success with the albums Juju Music (1982) and Synchro System (1984).

ADLER, Larry (1914- ) Instrumentalist U.S. harmonica virtuoso Adler gained recognition for the instrument in classical music circles. He was the dedicatee of many concertos including works by MILHAUD and VAUGHAN WILLIAMS.

AEROSMTTH Rock band Formed in the U.S. in 1970 by Steven Tyler and Joe Perry, Aerosmith became a highly successful hard-rock outfit in the mold of LED ZEPPELIN and the ROLLING STONES. Their most popular song, “Walk This Way,” appeared on the million-selling album Toys in the Attic (1975).

AKIYOSHI, Toshiko (1929- ) Jazz musician, bandleader, and arranger Discovered in Japan by American musicians, notably Oscar Peterson, Akiyoshi, a pianist, ran a successful big band from 1973 with her tenor sax-playing husband, Lew Tabakin.

ALEXANDER, Alger “Texas” (1880–1955) Blues singer Alexander made many records before being imprisoned for murder in the late 1940s. He sang with his cousin Sam Lightnin’ HOPKINS on the street and on buses in Houston. His style was based on work songs and field hollers.

ALLEN, Fulton “Blind Boy Fuller” (1909–41) Blues singer and guitarist Allen typified the Piedmont style of BLUES. He regularly played with the harmonica virtuoso Sonny TERRY on songs such as “Pistol Slapper Blues” and “Want Some of Your Pie.”

ALLEN, Henry “Red” (1908–67) Jazz musician After learning trumpet in New Orleans, Red Allen, initially a Louis ARMSTRONG follower, came to prominence with Luis Russell’s band in New York in 1929- He was equally at home in big band SWING and small group settings. In the 1950s Allen became a popular mainstream player.

ALLEN, Thomas (1944- ) Opera singer British born Allen studied in London and joined the Welsh National Opera in 1969. A baritone with an international OPERA and concert career, he is best known for interpretations of the roles of Mozart’s Papageno, Alma viva, Don Giovanni, and Don Alfonso. He was also known for his song recitals.

ALLMAN BROTHERS, The Rock band Formed in 1968, the Allman Brothers’ early albums included The Allman Brothers Band (1969) and The Allman Brothers Band at Fillmore East (1971). Fronted by brothers Duane and Gregg—whose guitar playing gave the band their distinctive sound—their brand of Southern blues rock was particularly infectious in concert. Their most commercially successful album was Brothers and Sisters (1973).

AMERICA Country rock band Formed in London in 1970, U.S.-based America made several hit albums during the 1970s. Their FOLK ROCK style is epitomized in the song “Muskrat Love” on the album Hat Trick (1973). They had worldwide chart success with the single “Horse with No Name” (1972).

AMMONS, Albert (1907–49) Jazz musician Before forming his own band, the Rhythm Kings in 1934, Ammons played piano with various Chicago bands. He recorded “Boogie Woogie Stomp” in 1936, and became identified with BOOGIE-WOOGIE playing. In 1938 he moved to New York where he made a series of popular recordings.

AMMONS, Gene (1925–74) Jazz musician and bandleader Gene was the son of Albert Ammons. He was the principal tenor saxophonist and soloist in Billy Eckstine’s big band. After playing in Woody Herman’s big band he became associated with a fusion of BEBOP and GOSPEL styles.

AMOS, Tori (1963- ) Rock singer-songwriter Amos began recording in 1987, but in 1992 her breakthrough came with the album Little Earthquakes, which was a huge hit. Her success is based on her songwriting, but she is also an accomplished pianist and performer. Her second album, Under the Pink (1994), became a million-seller and spawned her most successful single, “Cornflake Girl.”

ANDERSON, John (1954- ) Country singer Anderson’s career as a singer in 1950s honky-tonk style achieved success in the 1970s and 1980s with hits such as “I’ve Got a Feelin’,” “Your Lying Blue Eyes,” and “I’m Just an Old Chunk of Coal.” He also had hits with albums such as Tokyo, Oklahoma, and Blue Skies Again in the 1980s.

ANDERSON, Laurie (1947- ) Composer New York-based Anderson studied as a painter and sculptor, writing her first music in 1972. She had a hit in the U.K. pop charts in 1981 with “O Superman.” She composed for mixed-media, and developed her own electronic instruments and a unique style of playing them.

ANDRÉ, Maurice (1933- ) Trumpeter André studied music at the Paris Conservatory before playing in various Parisian orchestras. His brilliant solo career began in the 1960s. He is best known for work in the baroque repertory. Many composers have written for him.

ANDREWS, Julie (1935- ) Singer and actress Julie Andrews is best known for her performances in FILM MUSICALS such as Mary Poppins and The Sound of Music—one of the biggest selling soundtrack albums ever (both 1965). She also sang on the original recording of the stage version of My Fair Lady.

ANIMALS, The R…B band Formed in England in 1962, the Animals rivalled the ROLLING STONES for chart success. They split up in 1968, reforming several times. Their best-known song and biggest hit was “The House of the Rising Sun” (1964). Singer Eric Burdon also had a successful solo career.

ANKA, Paul (1941- ) Songwriter Canadian-born Paul Anka had success as a singer and actor, but was best known as a songwriter, writing hugely successful songs in the 1950s and 1960s, including “My Way” and “She’s a Lady” for artists such as Buddy HOLLY, Donny Osmond, Frank SINATRA, and Tom JONES.

ANTHRAX Rock band Formed in New York in 1982, Anthrax were a hardcore thrash-metal band. Their live shows attracted a large following and they had chart success during the mid-1980s with “I’m the Man” and “Attack of the Killer B’s.”

ARDOIN, Amadé (c.l900–c.l930) Accordionist and singer Ardoin’s songs combined BLUES and CAJUN styles with African songs and traditional French material. It was rare in those days for a black player to play white music, but he was a popular live performer in Louisiana. He recorded mainly during the mid-1920s.

ARMATRADING, Joan (1950- ) Rock singer-songwriter Born in the West Indies, Armatrading moved to Birmingham in 1956. A prolific writer, she rose to prominence in the 1970s during the era of SINGER-SONGWRITERS. Her biggest hit was “Love and Affection” (1976).

ARMSTRONG, Karan (1941- ) Opera singer American-born soprano Karan Armstrong made her debut with the San Francisco Opera in 1966. She achieved success in the U.S. and Europe with a repertoire ranging from Mozart and Wagner to contemporary music.

ARMSTRONG, Lil (1898–1971) Jazz pianist, singer, and composer Armstrong (née Hardin) was born in Memphis and moved to Chicago where she fronted her own band. There she met Louis ARMSTRONG, whom she married in 1924. Her encouragement contributed much to the development of his career. After divorcing him in 1938 she became a session pianist for Decca Records.

ARNOLD, Eddy (1918- ) Country singer Billed as “The Tennessee Plowboy,” Arnold made his radio debut in 1936 and began having hits in 1946, including “Texarkana Baby” and “A Heart Full of Love.” He had his own TV series Eddie Arnold Time in the 1950s and was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1966.

ARNOLD, James “Kokomo” (1901–68) Blues singer and guitarist Born in Texas, Arnold first recorded in Memphis in 1930 under the name “Gitfiddle Jim.” Though commercially unsuccessful, the record revealed a unique slide guitar and vocal sound. He later recorded successfully in Chicago and New York and made a low-key comeback in 1962.

ARNOLD, P.P. (1946- ) Rock singer Arnold was a member of Ike and Tina TURNER’S backing group before she had a U.K. Top 20 hit with “The First Cut Is the Deepest” in 1967. Since then she has become a renowned session singer, recorded several albums of her own, and appeared in the musicals Jesus Christ Superstar and Starlight Express.

ARRESTED DEVELOPMENT Hip-hop/rap band Arrested Development play a blend of RAP and black country music. Their first album, 3 Years, 5 Months and 2 Days in the Life of (1992) brought two Grammy awards and chart success with the U.S. Top 10 hit “Tennessee.” Their second, Zingalamaduni (1994) received critical praise but achieved smaller sales.

ASTAIRE, Fred (1899–1987) Dancer and singer Astaire sang and danced in some of the most important FILM MUSICALS of all time, notably Top Hat and Shall We Dance?, in both of which he was paired with Ginger Rogers. His singing also inspired many songs by popular composers including BERLIN, KERN, GERSHWIN, and PORTER.

ASWAD Reggae band Formed in 1975 in the U.K., Aswad were originally a REGGAE act, moving to a lightweight FUNK style in the 1980s. Essentially a live band, they had chart success with “Chasing the Breeze” (1984) and “Don’t Turn Around” (1988).

ATHERTON, David (1944–) Conductor Atherton was born in Blackpool, and studied at Cambridge University. He is chiefly noted for his performances of modern music and for his association with the London Sinfonietta. He worked extensively at Covent Garden Opera House. He retired in 1973.

AUTRY, Gene (1907–98) Popular music singer Born in Texas, Autry was the son of a baptist minister. In the early 1930s he recorded “That Silver Haired Daddy of Mine” which sold 30,000 copies in three months. He achieved moderate success as an actor before enlisting during World War II. Although most famous as a singer of cowboy songs, his postwar hits included “Rudolf the Red-Nosed Reindeer” and “Frosty the Snow Man.” During the 1950s and 1960s he became a very successful businessman in TV and radio.

AVALON, Frankie (1939–) Pop singer Avalon had chart success in 1959 with the singles “Venus” and “Why,” and quickly established himself as a teen idol. He went on to make many successful films, including a cameo appearance in Grease in 1978.

AVERAGE WHITE BAND, The Soul band Formed in Scotland in 1973, A.W.B. had considerable success with their LP AWB, usually known as the “White Album.” Their tight FUNK music was well suited to live shows. Their single “Pick Up the Pieces” was a No.l hit in the U.S.

AYERS, Roy (1940–) Jazz and funk vibraphonist Ayers played with JAZZ artists such as Chico Hamilton and Herbie Mann, before forming his own group, Ubiquity in 1970. Sometimes featuring Herbie HANCOCK, George Benson, and Billy Cobham, this band enjoyed some commercial success and helped to popularise crossover JAZZ-FUNK music.

AYLER, Albert (1936–70) Jazz musician Renowned for his revolutionary use of pure sound elements, Ayler, a tenor sax player, was a critical factor in the development of FREE JAZZ in the 1960s and had great influence on the recordings of John COLTRANE.

B-52s, The Rock band Formed in Athens, Georgia, in 1976, the band quickly gained a following on the U.S. college circuit. A heady mix of 1950s ROCK’N’ROLL and punky rhythms, their first single “Rock Lobster” sold well in the U.K. Hit albums followed in the early 1980s and the band earned a good reputation on both sides of the Atlantic as a live act. In 1989 they had their biggest success with the huge hit single “Love Shack.”

BABBITT, Milton (1916–) Composer Born in Philadelphia, Babbit moved to Princeton in 1938 to teach and to study with Roger Sessions. He developed a style of 12-note composition after the manner of WEBERN and SCHOENBERG. In the 1960s he applied serial techniques to rhythm and began composing for the RCA synthesizer. Works composed for it include Ensembles for Synthesizer (1964).

BACKHAUS, Wilhelm (1884–1969) Pianist Backhaus studied in Leipzig, Germany, until 1899, and subsequently with d’Albert in Frankfurt before beginning an international career. In playing Beethoven and the Romantic repertoire his clarity of style and structural sense was widely admired.

BAILEY, Buster (1902–67) Jazz musician Bailey played clarinet in a number of bands from 1919- He worked with Erskine Tate in Chicago and later with Fletcher HENDERSON in New York. From 1965 to 1967 he played in Louis ARMSTRONG’S All Stars.

BAILEY, Mildred (1907–51) Jazz musician Bailey began her career as a cinema pianist and radio performer on the West Coast. A skilled scat singer, she was the first white singer to capture the style of black contemporaries such as Billie HOLIDAY.

BAKER, Dame Janet (1933–) Opera singer Dame Janet’s richly expressive mezzo-soprano has been heard in a repertory ranging from Baroque to contemporary, in OPERA, concert, and recital. Benjamin BRITTEN wrote works especially for her.

BAKER, Lavern (1929–) R&B singer Baker, born in Chicago, was spotted performing by bandleader Fletcher HENDERSON. She signed up for OKeh Records at age 17. A major contract with Atlantic Records saw her achieve eight Top 10 hits in the 1955-65 period, including the million-selling “Tweedle Dee” and her most famous recording “Cee Cee Rider.” Influential in the black music scene of the early 1960s, her music did not blend well with the new-style SOUL coming out of Detroit and Memphis toward the end of the decade.

BAMBAATAA, Afrika (1960–) Rap singer Bambaataa was the most important hip-hop DJ in New York in 1980. He began recording in 1982, and made several highly influential RAP albums, often mixing disparate beats. Bambaataa has collaborated with artists as diverse as James BROWN, and the SEX PISTOLS’ John Lydon.

BAND, The Rock band Formed in Woodstock, New York, in 1967, the Band became one of the seminal groups of America in the 1970s. Using traditional FOLK tunes and new material, they created a unique sound. They recorded and played extensively with Bob DYLAN. Their final concert in 1976 was recorded and filmed by Martin Scorsese and released as The Last Waltz.

BAND AID Rock band In 1984 Bob Geldof brought together rock and pop artists, forming a group called Band Aid to record the single “Do They Know It’s Christmas?” to raise money for the starving people of Ethiopia. The following year a concert, “Live Aid,” was broadcast worldwide using the same artists.

BARBER, Chris (1930–) Jazz musician As a trombonist and bandleader, Barber led the British JAZZ boom of the 1950s. As fashions changed with the arrival of the BEATLES in 1962, Barber was flexible enough to cope. His band remains one of the most popular of its kind.

BARBIERI, Gato (1934–) Jazz musician The Argentine tenor sax player and composer achieved international recognition for music that mixed European and American JAZZ techniques with South American rhythms and ROCK. He composed and played on the soundtrack of the film Last Tango in Paris in 1972.

BARBIROLLI, Sir John (1899–1970) Conductor Barbirolli studied the cello in London before turning to conducting in the late 1920s. He succeeded TOSCANINI at the New York Philharmonic, but returned to England in 1943 to work with the Halle Orchestra. A great MAHLER interpreter, he also conducted first performances of VAUGHAN WILLIAMS and BRITTEN.

BARE, Bobby (1935–) Country singer A prolific songwriter, Bare had over 50 COUNTRY hits during the early 1960s, including the ballads “Have I Stayed Away Too Long?” and “Streets of Baltimore.”

BARKER, Danny (1909–) Jazz musician American guitarist, banjoist, singer, and composer, Barker recorded prolifically, particularly with his wife, Blue Lu Barker, and Henry “Red” Allen. He worked with several big bands in the 1930s and 1940s, including Cab Calloway’s. Barker was also interested in the study of JAZZ, and played a big part in the 1950s revival of NEW ORLEANS JAZZ through a series of radio programs called “This Is Jazz.”

BARNES, J.J. (1943–) Soul singer Formerly a member of the Halo Gospel Singers, Barnes left his native Detroit in the late 1960s and joined the British Northern Soul scene. His style closely resembles that of Marvin GAYE.

BARNET, Charlie (1913–) Jazz musician Barnet was a popular saxophonist and bandleader of the SWING period. He had a major hit with “Cherokee” in 1939.

BARRETT, Syd (1946–) Pop songwriter and guitarist A founder member of PINK FLOYD in 1965, Barrett stayed with the group until 1968, writing songs such as “Arnold Layne” and “See Emily Play.” A reclusive character, he made several solo albums during the 1970s. Barrett is the subject of the Pink Floyd song, “Shine on You Crazy Diamond.”

BARRY, John (1933–) Composer British-born, Barry wrote songs for Adam Faith and Matt Monro in the 1960s. He provided music for James Bond films, including the “James Bond Theme,” and went on to become one of the world’s leading composers of FILM MUSIC during the 1970s and 1980s.

BARSTOW, Josephine (1940–) Opera singer Barstow joined Sadler’s Wells OPERA in the U.K. in 1967 and went on to work with all the major opera companies. An exceptional singing actress, her repertory included the soprano roles of Mozart, JANÁCEK, Verdi, Richard STRAUSS, and TIPPETT.

BASSEY, Shirley (1937–) Pop singer In a career spanning over 40 years, Shirley Bassey has had U.K. chart successes, sung title tracks for three James Bond films, and performed regularly at major concert halls throughout the world. Armed with a huge voice and a personality to match, Bassey is a leading star in the world of CABARET MUSIC.

BATE, Jennifer (1944–) Organist and composer British-born, Bate studied early music with Dolmetsch and composition with Eric Thiman. She is also closely associated with Olivier MESSIAEN, whose complete organ works she recorded.

BATTLE, Kathleen (1948–) Opera singer Battle made her debut in her native U.S. in 1972. An international star, her repertoire includes soprano roles ranging from Mozart to coloratura, such as Zerbinetta and Adina. She is also renowned for her recitals and recordings of early music, such as songs by John Dowland.

BEASTIE BOYS, The Rap group From New York, the Beastie Boys were the first of the 1980s crossover white RAP bands. They attracted a following with their raucous, rebellious style. Their albums include Licensed to Ill (1986) and Hello Nasty (1998).

BECHET, Sidney (1897–1959) Jazz musician Born in New Orleans, Bechet was one of the earliest JAZZ virtuosi. Playing clarinet and soprano sax, he made some classic recordings with Louis ARMSTRONG in the mid-19208 in a group called Clarence Williams’ Blue Five.

BECK (1971–) Rock guitarist Los Angeles-born Beck Hansen played a self-styled PUNK ROCK/FOLK MUSIC, influenced by a whole range of styles. His first single “MTV Makes Me Want to Smoke Crack” was followed by “Loser,” which was adopted by MTV as an anthem for a generation. His album Odelay (1996) received critical acclaim and achieved massive sales in the U.S. and the U.K.

BECK, Jeff (1944–) Rock guitarist Beck replaced Eric Clapton in the Yardbirds in 1964. He was one of the first great ROCK guitarists. His style, mixed rock, JAZZ, and BLUES licks and earned him great respect but little success. However, the album Truth (1968) was a hit in the U.S.

BEE GEES, The Pop group Formed as a child band by brothers Maurice, Robin, and Barry Gibb in 1955, the Bee Gees had decades of success. The striking harmony of their voices earned them a U.K No.l hit with “(The Lights Went Out In) Massachusetts” in 1967. Mega stardom arrived in 1977 when they wrote and sang the soundtrack to the film Saturday Night Fever, which sold more than 30 million copies. They continued to sell millions of singles and CDs in the 1990s.

BENJAMIN, George (1960–) Composer British-born Benjamin studied with Olivier MESSIAEN in Paris and later Alexander Goehr in Cambridge. His orchestral work Ringed by the Flat Horizon brought him to international prominence in 1980.

BENTON, Brook (1931–88) Soul singer From a GOSPEL music background, Benton developed a versatile warm SOUL singing style. He had great commercial success in the 1950s and 1960s. His biggest hit as a singer, “Rainy Night in Georgia” (1970) was his last.

BERBERIAN, Cathy (1925–83)Classical singer American-born Berberian’s singing talent was ideal for the works of avant-garde composers such as John CAGE and Luciano Berio, whom she married in 1950. Berio wrote Sequenza III and Visage, among other pieces, especially for her.

BERGANZA, Teresa (1935–) Opera singer After studying in her native Madrid, Berganza sang in Europe before making her U.S. debut in Dallas in 1958. As a mezzo-soprano she was particularly noted for her Carmen and Rossini roles, and for her work with the Spanish composer Manuel de FALLA.

BERGMAN, Erik (1911–) Composer Bergman studied, worked, and taught in his native Finland. His compositional approach, often of VOCAL AND CHORAL MUSIC, moved from a tonal style in his earlier work, through 12-note technique, and later on to a freer idiom using ALEATORY MUSIC.

BERIGAN, Bunny (1908–42) Jazz musician Berigan was a trumpeter and bandleader during the 1930s, showing the influence of Louis ARMSTRONG in his playing and Bix BEIDERBECKE in his musical ideas. He started to lead his own bands in 1935. Best heard on his version of “I Can’t Get Started” and Tommy DORSEY’S version of “Marie” (both 1937).

BERIO, Luciano (1925–) Composer Berio studied piano with his father. He graduated in composition from Milan in 1950. His early work featured 12-note SERIALISM and ELECTRONIC MUSIC techniques. He remained at the forefront of new music, whether dramatic, orchestral, or vocal, and established himself as the most important Italian composer, conductor, and teacher in the 1960s and 1970s. He is well known for his sequenzas, a series of solo pieces for all the main instruments. He collaborated with writer Italo Calvino on two operas, La Vera Storia (1982) and Un Re In Ascolto (1984).

BERRY, Chu (1908–41) Jazz musician As a tenor sax player in the 1930s, Berry used a soft, heavy tone based on the arpeggiated style of Coleman HAWKINS. He excelled in ballad playing and featured as a soloist in the big bands of Cab Calloway and Fletcher HENDERSON.

BIGARD, Barney (1906–80) Jazz clarinettist One of the most celebrated clarinet players in JAZZ, Bigard played in Duke ELLINGTON’S band in New York for many years during the 1930s. In 1945 he joined Louis ARMSTRONG’S All Stars, and became an integral part of the band.

BIRTWISTLE, Harrison (1934–) Composer Birtwistle’s very early compositions showed the influence of VARESE and STRAVINSKY. Regarded as one of the more serious British composers, his output included several major orchestral works, such as The Triumph of Time (1970), and the operas Punch and Judy (1968), The Mask of Orpheus (1984), and Gawain (1990).

BISHOP-KOVACEVICH, Stephen (1940–) Classical pianist Born in Los Angeles of Yugoslav parentage, Bishop-Kovacevich made his U.S. concert debut in 1961. He is noted for his interpretations of Beethoven and contemporary music.

BJORK (1966–) Rock singer Iceland-born Björk achieved some success as a member of the Sugarcubes, until they split in 1992. Her striking voice and unusual singing style were put to good effect on her first solo album Debut (1993), which sold over 2 million copies worldwide, establishing her as one of the most original artists on the ROCK scene.

BJÖRLING, Jussi (1911–60) Opera singer Swedish-born Björling began his career with the Royal Swedish Opera, and went on to achieve an international reputation in tenor roles singing PUCCINI and Verdi.

BLACK SABBATH Rock group Formed in 1969 by Tony Iommi and Ozzy Osbourne, Black Sabbath formed part of the first wave of HEAVY METAL bands. Their first four albums, Black Sabbath and Paranoid (both 1970), Master of Reality (1971), and Volume IV”(1972) are all regarded as classics.

BLACK UHURU Reggae band Formed in Jamaica in the early 1970s, Black Uhuru achieved international status with several well-received albums such as love Crisis (1977), Red (1981), and Anthem (1984). Originally a tradi-tional vocal trio, Ducky Simpson, Michael Rose, and Puma Jones were backed by the heavyweight rhythm section of Sly Dunbar and Robbie Shakespeare for their best work.

BLACKMORE, Ritchie (1945–) Rock guitarist Blackmore played HEAVY METAL guitar in several bands during the 1970s and 1980s. Most famous for his work with Deep Purple, Blackmore remained one of the world’s greatest guitar heroes.

BLACKWELL, Francis “Scrapper” (1903–62) Blues Musician Blackwell was a self-taught BLUES singer, guitarist, and pianist. He recorded as a soloist, and with Leroy Carr during the late 1920s and early 1930s. He was shot dead in Indianapolis in 1962.

BLAKE, Arthur “Blind” (1890–1933) Blues musician Florida-born Blake was one of the best prewar BLUES guitarists. His finest work was recorded in Chicago during the 1920s. As well as his own songs, such as “West Coast Blues” and “Blind Arthur’s Breakdown,” he can also be heard playing with artists such as Ma RAINEY.

BLAKE, Eubie (1883–1983) Jazz musician Born in Baltimore, pianist and bandleader Blake was also a composer, writing a Broadway show, Shufflin’ Along (1921), and several ragtime piano hits. His most famous song, “I’m Just Wild About Harry” (1921) was used by Harry S. Truman during the 1948 presidential campaign, which sparked a revival of interest in Blake’s career.

BLAND, Bobby “Blue” (1930–) Jazz musician Tennessee-born Bland began his career singing GOSPEL. He developed his unique vocal style on Beale Street in Memphis. Turning more toward R&B during the 1950s and 1960s, he had several hits including “Little Boy Blue” and “Turn on Your Love Light.”

BLANTON, Jimmy (1918–42) Jazz musician Born in Chattanooga, Blanton was a bass player discovered by Duke ELLINGTON. His technique and fluency were used to best effect by Ellington, who featured him playing solo passages and melodic bass lines.

BLEY, Carla (1938–) Jazz musician, composer, and arranger After a musical childhood, Bley came to prominence as a composer in 1964 when she founded the Jazz Composers’ Orchestra playing FREE JAZZ. She married the pianist Paul Bley in 1957. A prolific writer, her output of albums and concerts is prodigious.

BLEY, Paul (1932–) Jazz musician and composer Canadian born Bley was part of the avant-garde movement in New York during the 1960s. Playing with artists such as Charles MINGUS, Ornette COLEMAN, Don Cherry, and Sonny ROLLINS, Bley became one of the leading jazz pianists and experimentalists of the era.

BLONDIE Rock band Formed in New York in 1974, Blondie were at the forefront of the NEW WAVE of the late 1970s. Fronted by singer Debbie Harry, the band had several chart successes, such as “Heart of Glass” (1979), “Call Me” (1980), “The Tide Is High” (1980), and “Rapture” (1981) that all reached No.l.

BLOOD, SWEAT AND TEARS Jazz rock band Formed by Al Kooper in 1968, BS&T, as they became known, were the leading exponents of JAZZ-ROCK. Kooper left in 1969 and vocalist David Clayton Thomas joined the band. They were immediately successful. Best heard on their eponymous 1969 album, they also had several hit singles, notably “You Make Me So Very Happy” (1969). They disbanded in 1980 after several more albums.

BLOOMFIELD, Mike (1944–81) Rock musician Bloomfield was a Chicago-born guitarist following in the tradition of the Chicago BLUES greats. His work often crossed over into ROCK MUSIC. He recorded several albums of his own, but is most famous for his guitar work on Bob DYLAN’S “Like a Rolling Stone.”

BLUE OYSTER CULT Rock band Formed in 1969 in Long Island, New York, Blue Oyster Cult played what was dubbed “intelligent HEAVY METAL.” Releasing several albums during the 1970s and 1980s, they achieved worldwide recognition with the single “Don’t Fear the Reaper” from their 1975 album Agents of Fortune.

BLUR Rock band Formed in the U.K. in 1990, Blur described themselves as the quintessential English band of the 1990s. Their brand of guitar pop struck a chord in an era of techno sounds. Their album Parklife (1994) established the band as one of the leaders of the BRITPOP boom. Led by singer Damon Albarn and guitarist Graham Coxon, for a time Blur were the main rivals to OASIS on the U.K. rock scene.

BOLAN, Marc (1947–77) Pop singer Bolan formed Tyrannosaurus Rex with percussionist Steve “Peregrine” Took in the late 1960s. A change of name, to T.Rex, in the early 1970s launched Bolan into the teenybop market. A string of huge hits, such as “Hot Love,” “Get It On,” and “Metal Guru” followed. Bolan was killed in an car accident in 1977.

BON JOVI Rock group Formed in New Jersey in 1983, Bon Jovi had the biggest-selling ROCK album of 1987 with Slippery When Wet. Their brand of hard rock, allied to singer and guitarist Jon Bon Jovi’s good looks, enabled the band to become one of the top rock acts of the mid-1980s. They continued to record and tour with some success in the 1990s, particularly in the U.S. and the U.K.

BONYNGE, Richard (1930–) Conductor Australian-born Bonynge was influential in the career of singer Joan SUTHERLAND, whom he married in 1954. They were heard together chiefly in the bei canto repertoire of 17th- and 18th-century Italian opera.

BOOKER T. & THE MGS Soul band Booker T. & the MGs were the house band for Stax Records in Memphis during its heyday in the 1960s and early 1970s. They recorded with many Stax artists, such as Wilson Pickett, Otis REDDING, Sam & Dave, and Eddie Floyd. They also had several hits of their own, such as “Green Onions” (1962) and “Time Is Tight” (1969). Booker T. himself co-wrote many classic soul songs such as “Knock On Wood,” “Dock of the Bay,” and “In the Midnight Hour.”

BOSKOVSKY, Willi (1909–) Violinist and conductor Boskovsky studied in his native Vienna and joined the Vienna Philharmonic in 1932. His most famous recording is of Die Fledermaus by Richard STRAUSS.

BOSTIC, Earl (1913–65) Jazz musician Bostic was a distinguished alto saxophonist and arranger. He played with several New York bands in the late 1930s and early 1940s, including Lionel Hampton’s. His technical mastery of the sax encouraged him to front his own groups. His biggest success was with a recording entitled “Flamingo” (1951).

BOULT, Sir Adrian (1889–1983) Conductor Born in Chester, Boult was always a champion of British composers, particularly Edward ELGAR and Ralph VAUGHAN WILLIAMS. In a long and highly distinguished career, he conducted almost all the leading British orchestras as well as several in the U.S. and Europe.

BOWIE, Lester (1941–) Jazz musician and composer Trumpeter Bowie grew up in St. Louis. Married to R&B singer Fontella Bass, he moved to Chicago in 1966. A founder member of the influential Art Ensemble of Chicago, Bowie remains one of the leading players of jazz trumpet recording in the 1990s with his 10-piece band Brass Fantasy.

BOWMAN, James (1941-) Singer James Bowman’s career as a countertenor encompassed the baroque repertoire as well as more contemporary music. His powerful voice and good acting skills prompted composers such as BRITTEN, TIPPETT, and Maxwell Davies, to write pieces specifically for him.

BOYZ II MEN Soul band Formed in 1990 in Philadelphia, this close harmony group has had huge success with several smooth SOUL albums, the second of which, produced by Puff Daddy, sold over 8 million copies.

BRAIN, Dennis (1921-57) Horn player Born in the U.K., Brain was principal horn player with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from 1946, and went on to work mainly as a soloist. His repertory included the Mozart and Strauss concertos and the BRITTEN Serenade, which was written specifically for him. Brain died in a car accident at age 36.

BRAXTON, Anthony (1945- ) Jazz musician Braxton is an alto saxophonist, contrabassist, clarinettist, and composer. In 1968 he released the historic double album For Alto, which featured unaccompanied saxophone. Technically gifted, Braxton, who played with Chick COREA and Omette COLEMAN, is renowned for improvisation in an essentially FREE JAZZ idiom.

BREAM, Julian (1933- ) Guitarist and lutenist Bream made his London debut in 1950. One of the most popular classical guitarists, he played a wide repertoire, from British music of the Elizabethan period to music written specially for him by composers such as BRITTEN, WALTON, and HENZE. Bream was largely responsible for the revival of lute playing in the U.K. in the 1970s.

BRECKER, Michael (1949- ) Jazz musician An accomplished tenor sax player, Brecker formed the JAZZ ROCK band, the Brecker Brothers, with brother Randy in the mid-1970s. His stature as one of the most original players was enhanced by solo projects and touring as a soloist with Paul Simon in 1990.

BRECKER, Randy (1945- ) Jazz musician Brecker played trumpet and flugelhorn for the JAZZ ROCK band Blood, Sweat and Tears in the late 1960s. He featured in the Brecker Brothers with brother Michael, as well as with other JAZZ and ROCK artists, such as Art BLAKEY, Stevie WONDER, Johnny and Edgar Winter, and Larry Coryell’s Eleventh House.

BRICE, Fanny (1891–1951) Singer and Actress Brice took part in Ziegfeld Follies of 1910 and other Broadway MUSICALS. Remembered particularly for singing comic songs with a Yiddish accent, she was also associated with ballads such as “Second-Hand Rose” and “My Man” (both 1921). The 1960s musical Funny Girl was the fictionalised story of her life.

BROOKMEYER, Bob (1929- ) Jazz musician Brookmeyer, a Kansas-born valve-trombonist, pianist, and arranger, played with Stan GETZ and Gerry MULLIGAN during the 1950s. He is the most important player since Juan Tizol to have based his career on the valve trombone.

BROOKS, Garth (1962-) Country singer In1996 Oklahoma-born Brooks became the biggest-selling solo artist in the world. The honky-tonk style of his first album, Garth Brooks (1989), developed through the years, giving way to a soft rock approach. Brooks revolutionised COUNTRY music by making it more popular and appealing.

BRÖTZMANN, Peter (1941- ) Jazz musician Brötzmann was a self-taught German tenor saxophonist. He played FREE JAZZ during the 1960s, then graduated to abstraction. During his career, he played with all the major European improvisers, such as Carla Bley, Michael Mander, and Don Cherry.

BROWN, Clarence “Gatemouth” (1924- ) Blues musician A great all-round entertainer, Brown was a singer, guitarist, and fiddler, who also played the drums, bass, and harmonica in BLUES and bluegrass styles. A classic Texas blues guitarist, his recording career, which started in the late 1940s, continued into the 1980s.

BROWN, Dennis (1957- ) Reggae singer Albums such as Joseph’s Coat of Many Colours (1979) and Spellbound (1980), recorded with Joe Gibbs and Errol Thompson, gave Brown the title “The Crown Prince of Reggae.” His biggest hit came in 1979 with the single “Money in My Pocket."

BROWN, Milton (1903–36) Country singer Inhis short career, Texas-born vocalist Brown, together with fiddler Bob WILLS, created what subsequently became known as Western SWING music.

BROWN, Roy (1925–81) R&B singer Brown recorded his own song “Good Rockin’ Tonight” in 1947, a tune later recorded by Elvis PRESLEY. His style of GOSPEL/SOUL singing earned him a number of hits in the 1950s before joining the Johnny Otis Review at the end of the 1960s.

BRUCE, Jack (1943- ) Jazz and rock musician Scottish bass player, Bruce played with Eric Clapton and Ginger Baker in the BLUES and ROCK group CREAM, formed in 1966. After they disbanded he joined Tony WILLIAMS' Lifetime. Bruce continued to change between rock and JAZZ bands and found it difficult to maintain an audience for his music.

BUCKLEY, Tim (1947–75) Singer-songwriter After an apprenticeship in the folk clubs of Los Angeles, Buckley recorded his first album Tim Buckley in 1966. His huge voice and intimate songs earned him critical acclaim. He continued to write and record throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, his biggest success came with the album Greetings from LA (1972). Buckley died from a drug overdose in Washington, D.C. in 1975.

BURKE, Solomon (1936- ) Soul singer Burke, an ordained minister, was one of the most successful SOUL singers of the 1960s. As well as having a distinguished solo career, he worked with the ROLLING STONES and Otis REDDING. His biggest hits came during the mid-1960s, with songs such as “Everybody Needs Somebody to Love,” “Goodbye Baby (Baby Goodbye)” (both 1964), and “Got to Get You Off My Mind” (1965).

BURRELL, Kenny (1931- ) Jazz musician Detroit-born guitarist Burrell worked with Dizzie GILLESPIE, Oscar Peterson, Stan GETZ, and Billie HOLIDAY. He played in a BEBOP style, and his melodic approach marked his considerable virtuosity.

BUSH Rock band Bush, formed in London in 1992, got their breakthrough when a Los Angeles radio station, KROQ, began plugging the song “Everything Zen.” Their debut album, Sixteen Stone (1995), sold a million copies, and the band became arena favourites for a time.

BUSH, Alan (1900- ) Composer U.K.-born Bush studied music and the piano in London and in Berlin. His belief in communism greatly influenced his work and the way his work was received, particularly in the U.K. He wrote a number of operas on political subjects such as Wat Tyler in 1951 and The Sugar Reapers in 1962. He also composed orchestral pieces and chamber music.

BUSH, Kate (1958- ) Pop singer Discovered in the U.K. in the 1970s by PINK FLOYD’S Dave Gilmour, Bush had a massive hit with her first single “Wuthering Heights” (1978). Her brand of theatrical songwriting and performing earned her critical acclaim and commercial success throughout the 1980s, with albums such as The Dreaming (1982), Hounds of Love (1985), and The Sensual World (1989).

BUSONI, Ferruccio (1866–1924) Composer and pianist Of German-Italian parentage, Busoni lived in Austria and Germany. A child prodigy, his early works were composed mainly for piano or chamber ensembles. His later work included operas such as his own interpretation of Turandot (1917) and Doktor Faust (1924).

BUSTER, Prince (1938- ) Ska singer Originally a bouncer for Sir Coxone’s Sound System in Kingston, Jamaica, Buster started his own Voice of the People Sound System in the early 1960s. His first recordings, such as “Al Capone” and “Madness,” were hugely popular in Jamaica and in the U.K., where ska music was fashionable with both black and white people. The songs remained popular during the 1980s and 1990s and became jukebox favourites.

BUTLER, Jerry (1939- ) Soul singer Mississippi-born Butler moved to Chicago in the mid-1950s to join the city’s GOSPEL circuit. He formed the Impressions in 1958 and hit the big time when they were joined by guitarist Curtis Mayfield. They had chart success with songs such as “Find Another Girl” and “I'm a Telling You” (both 1961). Butler and Mayfield parted company in 1966 and both went on with solo careers.

BUTTERFIELD, Paul (1942–87) Blues musician Butterfield was a white harmonica player following the tradition of great black BLUES players. As leader of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, he was highly influential. He is also remembered for assisting Bob DYLAN to embrace electric music. Butterfield’s style is best heard on his 1966 album East-West.

BUZZCOCKS, The Rock band Formed in Manchester, England, in 1976, the Buzzcocks were one of the leading PUNK ROCK bands. Playing a high energy style, they are best remembered for songs such as “What Do I Get,” and “Ever Fallen in Love (With Someone You Shouldn’t’ve).” They made several albums and influenced British music of the 1980s.

BYARD, Jackie (1922- ) Jazz musician Massachusetts-born Byard played trumpet, piano, guitar, drums, and tenor saxophone. He appeared with Earl Bostic, Herb Pomeroy, and Maynard Ferguson in the 1940s and 1950s. As a soloist in the 1960s he specialised in the piano and led several of his own big bands.

BYAS, Don (1912-72) Jazz musician Netherlands-born tenor saxophonist Byas succeeded Lester YOUNG in Count BASIE’S orchestra in 1941. He later played in his own bands, as well as with Dizzie GILLESPIE and Duke ELLINGTON. He was the prime tenor player of his time. In 1946 he moved to Paris and became a local jazz superstar. Byas was heavily influence by Coleman HAWKINS

BYRD, Donald (1932- ) Jazz musician Trumpeter and flugelhorn player Byrd was also a distinguished teacher. One of the finest trumpeters in the HARD BOP style, he is best heard with Red Garland on “They Can't Take That Away from Me” (1957). In 1973 he released a jazz-soul crossover album Black Byrd, which became a worldwide hit.

BYRDS, The Rock band Growing out of the U.S. FOLK ROCK scene of the early 1960s, The Byrds added the political concerns of FOLK MUSIC to the popular beat style of British groups of the time. Abandoning folk styling for amplifiers in 1964, founder members Roger McGuinn, David Crosby, and Gene Clark joined up with Chris Hillman to form the Beefeaters. Renamed the Byrds, the group’s electric remake of the Bob DYLAN original “Mr. Tambourine Man” topped the charts in 1965. David Crosby later became a founding member of the group Crosby, Stills and Nash.

CABALLÉ, Montserrat (1933- ) Opera singer Soprano Caballé was born and educated in Spain. Engagements in Basle and Bremen led to work at Vienna, New York, La Scala in Milan, and London’s Covent Garden, where she sang Verdi’s Violetta in 1972. She is best known for her interpretations of Verdi, Donizetti, and PUCCINI.

CALE, J.J. (1938- ) Rock guitarist

Witha background in Western SWING and ROCK'N'ROLL, guitarist Cale’s big break came in 1970 when Eric Clapton recorded his song “After Midnight.” Cale’s low-key vocal style characterised all his albums, which enjoyed critical acclaim and commercial success throughout the 1980s.

CALLOWAY, Cab (1907-94) Jazz singer and bandleader Once a small-time singer and drummer on the Chicago club circuit, Calloway was recommended to the Savoy club by Louis ARMSTRONG. His over-the-top conducting and singing got him noticed and he was transferred to the Cotton Club. He has come to symbolise the big band era, and success with the song “Minnie the Moocher” ensured that he has remained one of the biggest names in big band SWING.

CAMPBELL, Glen (1936–) Country singerCampbell came from a musical family. At the end of the 1950s he moved from Arkansas to Los Angeles and became a session musician. A solo career started in 1967 with the hit single “Gentle on My Mind.” Campbell hit the big time with three hits co-written with Jim Webb: “By the Time I Get to Phoenix,” “Wichita Lineman,” and “Galveston.” Campbell’s career was further enhanced by short-lived but memorable membership of the BEACH BOYS in the 1960s and an appearance in the film True Grit starring with John Wayne.

CANRock band Formed in Germany in 1968 by Holger Czukay and Irmin Schmidt, two modern music students, Can evolved into an important band in contemporary music. Several albums, such as Tago Mago (1971), Future Days (1973), and Landed (1975) are regarded as classics of their time.

CANNON, Gus (1883–1979) Blues musician Born in Mississippi, Cannon was a fiddler, guitarist, and pianist. But his major instrument was the banjo. Music historians often claim that Cannon filled the gap between pre-blues African-American FOLK MUSICand the BLUES.

CAPTAIN BEEFHEART (1941–) Rock musician and songwriter Captain Beefheart was a genuine maverick on the ROCK MUSICscene. His various Magic Bands have always shown musical virtuosity to match Beefheart’s incredible vocal range. The album Trout Mask Replica (1969) was a classic of the psychedelic 1960s. His last album Ice Cream for Crow (1982) was well received, but after that he concentrated on his oil painting, which he pursues under his real name, Don Van Vliet.

CARDEW, Cornelius (1936–81) Composer British-born Cardew studied in London, England, and in Cologne, Germany, where he became STOCKHAUSEN’s assistant. A leading exponent of experimental music, he involved himself with improvisation groups and avant-garde musicians such as John CAGE, and David Tudor.

CARPENTER, Mary-Chapin (1958–) Country singer Princeton-born Carpenter did the rounds of the Washington folk clubs for years until a 1992 hit with the song “I Feel Lucky” brought her recognition in the U.S. She continued to produce new vibrant songs for a genre that some felt was beginning to go stale, and her success continued in the 1990s.

CARPENTERS, The Popgroup Brother and sister duo Richard and Karen Carpenter began performing in the 1960s. A&M Records president, Herb ALPERT, heard a demo tape, and signed them in 1968. A string of worldwide hits followed: “Ticket to Ride,” “Close to You,” “We’ve Only Just Begun.” The hits continued until the mid-1970s when they both encountered health problems. Tragically, Karen died in 1983 as a result of complications associated with anorexia nervosa.

CARR, Leroy (1905–35) Blues musician A Tennessee-born pianist and singer, Carr recorded his own compositions such as “Midnight Hour Blues” and “How Long, How Long Blues” in the mid-1920s. His vocal style was highly influential, for example, on artists such as Champion Jack Dupree and Otis SPANN.

CARRERAS, José (1946–) Opera singer After studying in his native Spain, Carreras achieved international success during the 1970s as a lyric tenor in the romantic repertory of Verdi and PUCCINI. He became known universally as one of the Three Tenors for his concert performances with Placido DOMINGOand Luciano PAVAROTTI.

CARS, The Rock band Formed in Boston, in 1977, the Cars had huge success as a NEW WAVEband with songs such as “My Best Friend’s Girl” (1978) and “Drive” (1984). They broke up in the late 1980s, having made 6 albums.

CARTER, Bettie (1930–) Jazz musician Carter grew up in Detroit. During the late 1940s and early 1950s she sang with legendary artists such as Charlie PARKER and Lionel Hampton. Always at the forefront of her genre, Carter’s instrumental vocal style inspired others. She continued to record and innovate until the 1990s.

CASH, Rosanne (1955–) Country singer Daughter of Johnny CASH, Rosanne originally trained as an actress, but worked on her father’s roadshow at the same time. In 1979 she secured a recording contract and married Nashville producer Rodney Crowell. Solo albums followed and Cash gradually made her way up the COUNTRYpopularity charts. She had a decade of musical success before turning her attentions to writing.

CAVE, Nick (1957–) Rock singer Australian-born Cave was always an enigmatic figure in the ROCK MUSICworld. His first band, the Birthday Party, split up in 1983. He embarked on a solo career with a new band, the Bad Seeds, in 1984. Critically acclaimed, Cave’s blend of literary allusions, and his obsession with murder and violence, made him a compulsive performer. He is best heard on the albums Your Funeral, My Trial (1986), Murder Ballads (1996), and The Boatman’s Call (1997).

CELIBIDACHE, Sergei (1912–97) Conductor Born in Romania, Celibidache studied in Berlin, Germany, and became principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra in 1945. He worked widely in Europe and in the U.S., teaching and conducting, and gaining a particular reputation for Russian music. Celibidache was legendary for his work in performance, and was regarded by many as capable of achieving near perfection.

CHECKER, Chubby (1941–) R&B singer Checker achieved fame in the U.S. in 1960 with “The Twist,” and international recognition with “Let’s Twist Again” in 1961, which peaked with the twist dance craze. His success, though short-lived in years, yielded 32 hits in six years.

CHER (1946–) Pop singer Californian-born Cher first achieved success with her husband Sonny Bono (1935–98) as Sonny and Cher with the song “I Got You Babe” (1965). They met while working as session singers for Phil SPECTOR. A solo career yielded many hits during the 1970s and 1980s. Cher is also a successful film actress.

CHERKASSKY, Shura (1911–97) Pianist Russian-born American pianist Cherkassky made his debut at age 11 in Baltimore in 1922. In the postwar period, he established an international reputation in the romantic repertoire. His recordings of Russian music, particularly Tchaikovsky and RACHMANINOV, are world renowned.

CHERRY, Don (1936–) Jazz trumpeter and bandleader Cherry began playing trumpet with Omette COLEMANin 1959. He worked with all the great FREE JAZZplayers during the 1960s. An interest in ethnic music developed during the 1970s. Cherry felt himself to be a “world musician,” and used his influence to educate people throughout the world.

CHI-LITES, The Soul band Formed in Chicago in 1960, their first U.S. hit was “(For God’s Sake) Give More Power to the People” (1971). However, further hits, such as “Have You Seen Her” (1971) and “Homely Girl” (1974), were renowned for their sentimental falsetto vocals, giving the band a pop tag.

CHIC Soul band Formed in New York in 1976 by Nile Rogers and Bernie Edwards, Chic became one of the key bands of the DISCOgeneration. Their up-tempo basslines and high energy dance tunes appealed to SOUL, ROCKand POP MUSICfans. The single “Dance (Yowsah, Yowsah, Yowsah)” (1977) sold a million copies in its first month. “Le Freak” (1978) and “Good Times” (1979) were also huge successes. The group disbanded in 1983, but Edwards and Rogers went on to have successful careers as producers during the 1980s.

CHICAGO Rock band Formed in Chicago in 1966 as the Chicago Transit Authority, Chicago played brass rock in the mould of Blood, Sweat and Tears. Mainly an albums band, they did have a few hit singles during the early 1970s, such as “25 or 6 to 4” (1970). From the mid-1970s they produced more poporiented music and achieved huge success with songs such as “If You Leave Me Now” (1976) and “Hard to Say I’m Sorry” (1982). They released their last album in 1989.

CHIEFTAINS, The Folk group Formed in the late 1950s, the Chieftains became one of the leading exponents of traditional Irish music. Praised by leading musicians such as Eric Clapton and Mick Jagger, success with film soundtracks like Barry Lyndon (1975), and collaborations such as the 1988 album Irish Heartbeat with Van MORRISON kept the Chieftains in the public eye well into the 1990s.

CHIFFONS, The Soul group Formed in New York in the early 1960s, this all-girl group were best remembered for their hits “He’s So Fine,” “One Fine Day” (both 1963), and “Sweet Talkin’ Guy” (1966).

CHRISTIE, William (1944–) Harpsicordist and conductor U.S.-born Christie founded Les Arts Florissants, a group specialising in Italian and French baroque music. He achieved critical acclaim in the 1990s for his performances of baroque OPERA.

CHRISTOFF, Boris (1918–94) Opera singer Born in Bulgaria, Christoff made his London debut in 1949 at Covent Garden. His remarkable bass voice and stage presence made him ideal for Boris Gudunov and other great 19th-century roles.

CHUNG, Kyung-Wha (1948–) ViolinistKorean-born Chung studied in New York before debuting there and in London, establishing herself as an international soloist. She often appears with her sister, cellist Myung-Wha (1944–), and her brother, pianist Myung-Whun (1953–).

CLAPTON, Eric (1945–) Rock guitaristRegarded as one of the world’s greatest guitarists, Clapton learned BLUESguitar at age 14. Membership of bands such as the Yardbirds, John Mayall’s Bluesbreakers, CREAM, Blind Faith, and Derek and the Dominoes, with whom he recorded “Layla,” perhaps his most famous song, prepared him for a massive solo career. Drug problems aside, Clapton has continued to release high-quality, commercially successful albums. He is regarded as the finest white blues guitarist. He is best heard on the albums 461 Ocean Boulevard (1974) and August (1986).

CLARKE, Kenny (1914–85) Jazz drummer and bandleaderClarke is regarded as the originator of BEBOPdrumming. Born in Pittsburgh, his career included playing with all the greats from Dizzy GILLESPIEand Charlie PARKERto Miles DAVISand Dexter GORDON. Clarke was also a founder member of the MODERNJAZZQUARTET.

CLARKE, Stanley (1951–) Jazz musicianA highly talented bass player, Clarke first came to prominence in the 1970s with Chic COREA’s band Return to Forever. Technically brilliant, Clarke was able to produce music that crossed over from JAZZto SOULand ROCK MUSICHe made a series of albums in the 1980s with pianist George Duke.

CLASH, The Punk rock band Formed in London in 1976, the Clash were one of the spearheads of the PUNK ROCKmovement. Playing high-powered ROCK MUSIC, they projected a genuine rebellious image while not pandering to record business hyper- bole. Best heard on their albums The Clash (1977) and London Calling (1979) they developed into a competent band, incorporating REGGAEand dance rhythms into their music. Their most commercially successful album, Combat Rock (1982), saw them score heavily with American rock fans. They disbanded in 1986 and resisted the temptation to make a comeback.

CLAYTON, Buck (1911–) Jazz trumpeter and arrangerA central figure in mainstream JAZZ, Clayton played with Count BASIEin the 1930s, accompanied Billie HOLIDAY, and appeared with Benny GOODMANin the film The Benny Goodman Story (1955). In the 1960s he toured Europe annually, often playing with Humphrey Lyttleton.

CLEMENT, Jack (1931 –) Country songwriter and guitarist In the late 1960s and early 1970s Clement wrote, produced, or played on records by artists such as Jerry Lee LEWIS—for whom he produced “Whole Lotta Shakin’ Goin’ On”—Johnny CASH—he produced “Ring of Fire”—and Roy Orbison. More recently he produced tracks recorded at Sun Studios in Memphis for the rock band U2.

CLIFF Jimmy (1948-) Reggae singer-songwriter Cliff did much to popularise REGGAE music in the era before Bob MARLEY. He had his first hit with “Wonderful World, Beautiful People” in 1969. In 1972 he appeared in the film The Harder They Come. Both the film and its accompanying soundtrack were a huge success, making Cliff Jamaica's hottest export.

CLIFTON Bill (1931-) Country musician Singer, guitarist, and autoharp player Clifton formed a bluegrass group, the Dixie Mountain Boys, in 1953. His music bridged the gap between bluegrass music and urban FOLK bringing traditional American music to new audiences.

CLOONEY Rosemary (1928-) Popular singer Clooney was one of the most popular female singers in the early 1950s. Hits with songs such as “Half As Much” (1952), “This Ole House,” and her biggest success “Mambo Italiano” (both 1954) maintained her popularity and high profile. She began an acting career that included a starring role with Bing CROSBY in White Christmas (1953).

COASTERS The R&B band Originally called the Robins, the Coasters were the creation of the songwriting team of LEIBER & STOLLER. Their biggest hits came with the songs “Yakety Yak” (1958) and “Poison Ivy” (1959).

COBHAM Billy (1944-) Jazz drummer Born into a musical family, Cobham learned to play JAZZ when very young. He joined the Horace SILVER band in 1968, then formed Dreams with the Brecker Brothers. In the early 1970s he played with Miles DAVIS and John MCLAUGHLIN'S Mahavishnu Orchestra and then, as leader, released the album Spectrum, later regarded as a classic JAZZ ROCK record.

COCHRAN Eddie (1938–60) Rock'n'roll singer and guitarist American-born Cochran was one of the great 1950s ROCK'N'ROLL stars. He wrote and recorded some classic teenage songs, such as “Summertime Blues” (1958) and “C'mon Everybody” (1959). Cochran was killed in a road accident in the U.K. in I960 on the way to give a performance.

COCKER Joe (1944-) Rock singer A white singer with a black voice, Cocker won international attention for his legendary performance at the Woodstock festival in 1969- However, his greatest hit came singing a duet with Jennifer Warnes, called “Up Where We Belong,” the theme song to the film An Officer and a Gentleman (1982).

COHEN Leonard (1934-) Rock singer-songwriter U.S. born Cohen was a poet in the 1950s, reciting his verses to a JAZZ accompaniment. He started to write songs in the 1960s, releasing his first and most successful album Songs of Leonard Cohen in 1968. Further albums followed, mostly in the same low-key, melancholy, acoustic style.

COLE Cozy (1906–81) Jazz drummer A classic JAZZ drummer, Cole worked with Jelly Roll MORTON in the 1930s. He became famous while playing with Cab Calloway's band in the late 1930s, and continued at the top with Louis ARMSTRONG'S All Stars until the mid-1950s.

COLLINS Albert (1932-) Blues guitarist Collins learned his trade on the 1950s BLUES club circuit in Texas. Always popular with white audiences, Collins moved into the big time supported by George Thorogood and Robert Cray. A superb guitarist, Collins remains one of the most famous blues artists in the world in the 1990s.

COLLINS Bootsy (1951-) Funk bass guitarist Collins found fame as part of James Brown's JBs in the early 1970s. His striking bass technique was regarded as defining FUNK music. A meeting with George Clinton led to a partnership that included the bands Funkadelic and Parliament. Collins had other solo projects, notably Bootsy's Rubber Band, all of them exploring the limits of SOUL and funk music.

COMMODORES The Soul group Formed in 1968 the Commodores signed with MOTOWN in 1972 and supported the Jackson 5 on tour. By 1975 they had a reputation as a soft SOUL band, and songs like “Easy” (1977) and “Three Times a Lady” (1978), both written by Lionel Richie, achieved massive sales.

COMO Perry (1912-) Pop singer Como was a ballad singer with a warm baritone voice. Singing mostly ballads or novelty songs, he delighted audiences with a relaxed style, selling over 60 million records between the 1930s and the 1990s. His biggest hits were “Hot Diggity (Dog Ziggity Boom)” (1956) and “Round and Round” (1957). His weekly TV show Music Hall ran, with tremendous popularity, from 1955–63.

COOPER Alice (1948-) Rock singer Born Vincent Furnier, Cooper became popular in the 1970s with hit singles and spectacular concert appearances that featured gallows, “dead” babies, and live snakes. His breakthrough came in 1972 with “School's Out.” Other hit singles and albums followed, and Cooper retained his position as a cult hero.

CORIGLIANO, John (1938-) Composer New York-born Corigliano studied with Giannini and Creston. His works include the electric rock opera, The Naked Carmen, the opera A Figaro For Antonio, instrumental and vocal music, and film scores.

CORTOT Alfred (1877–1962) Pianist and conductor Cortot studied with Decombes, one of Chopin's last pupils. As a leading figure in French music in the early 1900s, he also conducted early French performances of Wagner and promoted the music of young French composers.

CORYELL Larry (1943-) Jazz rock guitarist and bandleader A virtuoso guitarist, Coryell has never really found his metier. In the early 1970s he played with John MCLAUGHLIN and Billy Cobham, but did not form his own band, Eleventh House, until 1972. Despite being able to highlight his playing, they disbanded shortly afterwards, and Coryell stopped playing the electric guitar. He returned to it in the 1980s.

COSTELLO Elvis (1955-) Rock singer The self-styled “angry young man” of the U.K. PUNK scene of the late 1970s, Costello had a string of hits with songs such as “Watching the Detectives” (1977) and “Oliver's Army” (1979). His status as a seriousmusician and songwriter was enhanced with a series of successful albums such as King of America (1986) and Brutal Youth (1994).

Cox, Ida (1896–1967) Blues singer A classic BLUES artist of the 1920s, Cox personified the new liberated spirit of African-American blueswomen. She was renowned for writing and singing songs, such as “Wild Women Don't Have the Blues” and “Last Mile Blues,” about contemporary issues.

CRAFT Robert (1923-) Conductor and writer Craft's principal interests were early and contemporary music. From 1948 he was closely associated with STRAVINSKY with whom he shared concerts and the writing of several books. He also recorded extensively with Canadian pianist Glenn GOULD. Apart from this work, Craft wrote extensively on music, both as a critic and an essayist.

CRAWFORD Randy (1952-) Jazz and soul singer Starting out as a jazz singer, Crawford first achieved fame as the singer on the Crusaders' hit “Street Life” (1979). Further solo hits with “One Day I'll Fly Away” (1980) and “You Might Need Somebody” (1981) followed, but Crawford's work with the Crusaders remained her most successful.

CRAYTON Connie Curtis “Pee Wee” (1914–85) Blues musician Crayton played jazz-influenced BLUES guitar, and helped shape the West Coast blues sound. He played and recorded in the mid-1940s with Ivory Joe Hunter. During the 1950s he worked with a whole range of artists such as Clarence “Gatemouth” Brown, Big Joe Turner, and Johnny Otis.

CREEDENCE CLEARWATER REVIVAL Rock group Formed in California in 1967, Creedence became one of the most successful American ROCK groups of the early 1970s. Led by guitarist John Fogerty, their brand of Southern swamp rock took the band to mega stardom. Starting with the hit singles “Proud Mary” and “Bad Moon Rising” (both 1969), their success culminated in the classic album Cosmo's Factory (1970). They disbanded in 1972 but continued to sell greatest hits albums.

CROSBY STILLS AND NASH Rock group Formed in 1968 by David Crosby of the Byrds, Stephen Stills from Buffalo Springfield, and Graham Nash of British group the Hollies, CSN were an instant hit. The eponymous first album, released in 1969, sold well and their appearance at the Woodstock festival confirmed their popularity. Joined at various times by Neil Young, the band peaked in 1970 with the album Déjà Vu.

CROW Sheryl (1962-) Rock singer Born into a musical family, Crow was writing songs at age 14. She got a job as a backing singer on Michael JACKSON'S world tour in 1988, and more work soon followed. A deal with A&M Records in 1992 allowed her to record her first solo album. The resulting Tuesday Night Music Club (1993) was an enormous success, with the single “All I Wanna Do” turning her into a worldwide star. She released The Globe Sessions in 1998.

CROWELL Rodney (1950-) Country singer-songwriter One of the leading lights in Nashville during the 1970s, Crowell wrote songs for, and produced artists such as Emmylou HARRIS Rosanne Cash, Waylon JENNINGS Guy Clark, and George Jones. Once a member of Harris's Hot Band, Crowell's career went from strength to strength, with a set of solo albums and strong songs from 1978 well into the 1990s.

CRUDUP Arthur “Big Boy” (1905–74) Blues singer and guitarist Mississippi-born Crudup was one of the first BLUES artists to record using an electric guitar in the late 1940s. An important influence on Elvis PRESLEY who recorded some of his songs including the classic “That's All Right, Mama,” Crudup remained a popular performer into the 1960s.

CRUMB George (1929-) Composer Born in Charleston, West Virginia, Crumb studied music at the University of Michigan. His music is characterised by use of numerology, quotations, and unconventional instruments. He composed many vocal pieces using verse by Spanish poet García Lorca. His work was principally influenced by DEBUSSY MAHLER AND BARTÓK.

CURTIS King (1934–71) R&B-jazz tenor saxophonist and bandleader Initially a jazz musician, Curtis became famous after moving to New York in the early 1950s. He worked as a session musician backing artists such as Buddy HOLLY and Eric Clapton, often playing a featured sax solo. He was Aretha FRANKLIN'S musical director during the early 1960s. He was murdered in New York in 1971 at the peak of his career. He is best heard on his 1960 album The New Scene of King Curtis.

CURZON Sir Clifford (1907–82) Pianist Curzon made his London debut under Sir Henry Wood in 1923. He studied with Schnabel and toured widely in Europe and the U.S., earning critical acclaim in particular for his playing of Schubert and Mozart.

CYPRESS HILL Rap group Coming from Los Angeles, and representing the new-wave of RAP Cyprus Hill made two albums in the early 1990s. The single “Black Sunday” (1993) went to the top of the charts in the U.S. and helped the band find a new audience. Advocates of a legalise marijuana campaign, Cypress Hill continued to score big hits with black and white audiences alike.

DAMERON Tadd (1917–65) Composer, arranger, bandleader, and pianist At his peak Dameron wrote arrangements for Dizzie GILLESPIE'S big band between 1945-47, and played with Miles DAVIS at the Paris Jazz Fair of 1949. He had a varied career and played both SWING and BEBOP. His best work includes “Good Bait,” “Our Delight,” and “Hot House,” recorded with Dizzie Gillespie and Charlie PARKER.

DART Thurston (1921–71) Harpsicordist and musicologist Dart taught at Cambridge University before founding the music faculty at King's College, London. Both performer and teacher of AUTHENTIC PERFORMANCE Dart specialised in the music of J.S. Bach, keyboard and consort music of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, and in the life and music of the composer John Bull. Also as a performer he gave frequent recitals on the harpsichord, clavichord, and organ.

DAVIES, Sir Peter Maxwell (1934–) Composer The roots of Davies’ compositional style were in early English music and in the music of composers BOULEZ and STOCKHAUSEN. He wrote instrumental music, orchestral music, and several operas including The Martyrdom of St. Magnus (1977) and The Lighthouse(1980).

DAVIS, Andrew (1944–) Conductor Originally an organist, DAVIS was associated with the BBC Symphony Orchestra and the Glyndebourne Festival between the 1970s and 1990s. He has also been musical director of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. An expressive conductor, DAVIS is particularly admired for his recording of SHOSTAKOVICH’S Symphony No. 10 with the London Philharmonic Orchestra.

DAVIS, Sir Colin (1927–) Conductor Sir Colin DAVIS conducted OPERA and symphonic music all over the world between the 1950s and the 1990s. He was musical director at Covent Garden from 1971–86. His style revealed an emotional connection to certain composers rather than all-round excellence. DAVIS is particularly associated with Berlioz, STRAVINSKY, and TIPPETT.

DAVIS, Rev. Gary (1896–1972) Blues musician DAVIS played harmonica, guitar, and banjo as well as singing GOSPEL and rural BLUES. His finger picking technique and his gravelly voice produced music with great vitality. DAVIS moved from Durham, North Carolina, to New York in 1945, and took his place at the centre of a lively FOLK MUSIC scene.

DAVIS, Jimmie (1902–) Country singer Imitating Jimmie RODGERS’ yodelling style, DAVIS was a fine COUNTRY singer with hits such as“You Are My Sunshine” (1939), and“There’s a New Moon Over My Shoulder” (1945). Alternating between music and politics, DAVIS gradually turned to GOSPEL singing during the 1950s.

DAVIS, Sammy, Jr. (1925–90) Popular singer and dancer Primarily a vaudeville entertainer, DAVIS spent a lifetime singing, dancing, and acting. He had several hit songs during the postwar years, also appearing in films and Broadway shows. His biggest hit and only U.S. No.l was with the song“Candy Man” (1972) from the film Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory.

DAVIS, Skeeter (1931–) Country singer A prime mover in the 1960s Nashville music scene, DAVIS had several COUNTRY and POP hits.“The End of the World” and“I Can’t Stay Mad At You” (both 1963) were her most popular releases. During the 1970s and 1980s she turned increasingly to GOSPEL and religious music.

DAVIS, Spencer (1941–) R&B singer and guitarist Originally a member of the Rhythm and Blues Quartet performing BLUES material, U.K.-born DAVIS and vocalist Steve Winwood formed the Spencer DAVIS Group. Signed to Island Records in 1965, they had two big hits with“Keep on Running” (1966) and“Gimme Some Lovin’” the following year. Winwood left in 1967 and DAVIS carried on without him.

DAVIS, Tyrone (1938–) Soul singer One of the lesser known SOUL artists, DAVIS started recording in the late 1960s. His voice, similar to artists like Bobby“Blue” Bland and Z.2. Hill, was perfectly suited to soft soul music. He featured in the charts consistently during the 1970s and 1980s.

DE LA SOUL Rap group Formed in New York in 1987, De La Soul presented their own vision of hiphop. Their first album, 3 Feet High and Rising, was a sunny, light-hearted record, decidedly un-macho in its sound. Accusations of selling out influenced the band to return to its black roots. Other albums, such as De La Soul Ls Dead (1991 and Buhloone Mindstate (1993), were darker and more violent in tone and subject matter.

DE PEYER, Gervase (1926–) Classical clarinettist Born in the U.K. De Peyer was principal clarinet in the London Symphony Orchestra and a founder member of the Melos Ensemble. He gave first performances of concertos by Sebastian Forbes, Joseph Horovitz, and Thea Musgrave.

DEAD KENNEDYS Punk rock band Formed in San Francisco in 1978, the Dead Kennedys earned notoriety for their hardcore PUNK music and their politics. Songs like“California Über Alles,” “Holiday in Cambodia,” and“Kill the Poor” showed the band at their angry best. Toward the end of the 1980s, police harassment, and the increasingly right-wing nature of American politics, persuaded singer Jello Biafra to disband the group.

DEEP PURPLE Rock group Formed in 1968, Deep Purple were HEAVY METAL pioneers. With the album Deep Purple in Rock (1970) they played heavy rock at its finest. Featuring the guitar work of Richie Blackmore, the organ playing of Jon Lord, and the aggressive drumming of Ian Paice, Deep Purple went on to make other classic albums and singles. The best of these was“Smoke on the Water” (1972), now regarded as a heavy metal classic.

DEF LEPPARD Heavy metal band Formed in 1977 in Sheffield, Def Leppard released their first album in 1980. In 1983 their third album Pyromania became an instant HEAVY METAL classic, selling over 7 million copies. Despite a car accident—which left drummer Rick Allen with one arm—drug, and alcohol problems, Def Leppard continued to make strong albums that sold millions of copies throughout the world.

DEKKER, Desmond (1942–) Reggae singer A hugely successful artist in his native Jamaica in the mid- to late 1960s, Dekker made the charts in 1966 with the song “007 (Shanty Town).” In 1969 he released“Israelites,” which was the first REGGAE record to achieve massive worldwide success. He remained reggae’s most famous artist until the arrival of Bob MARLEY.

DEL MAR, Norman (1919–) Composer and writer British-born, Del Mar was originally a horn player. He later became a conductor, admired particularly for his work with the music of MAHLER, Busoni, and Richard STRAUSS. A respected writer on music, his finest literary work—a three-volume study of Richard Strauss—was published between 1962–72.

DEL TREDICI, David (1937–) Composer American Del Tredici’s compositional style combined SERIALISM and EXPRESSIONISM. Active during the late 1960s and early 1970s, he set several James Joyce texts to music and based a large scale work on Alice in Wonderland.

DELLER, Alfred (1912–79) Opera singer English countertenor Deller began his full-time career in 1947. Renowned for the smoothness of his singing, unusual in a high male voice, Deller’s finest moment was in having BRITTEN write the part of Oberon in A Midsummer Night’s Dream for him in I960.

DENISOV, Edison (1929–) Composer Soviet composer Denisov studied in Moscow and became interested in Russian FOLK MUSIC. In the 1960s he worked with ELECTRONIC MUSIC and made more use of the newest devel-opments in composition, such as SERiALiSM, unconventional instrumental techniques, and percussive use of wind and strings.

DENVER, John (1942–97) Country singer Having written the song“Leaving on a Jet Plane,” a hit for Peter, Paul and Mary, Denver embarked on a solo career and emerged as a major figure in the 1970s, singing, and playing guitar and banjo. Hits with songs such as“Take Me Home, Country Roads” (1973) and“Annie’s Song” (1978), both of which were million sellers, kept Denver in the public eye. He died when his plane crashed into the Pacific Ocean.

DE PARIS, Sidney (1905–67) Jazz trumpeter Sidney De Paris played with brother Wilbur in the early part of his career. He worked with Jelly Roll MORTON and Sidney Bechet in 1939–40 before rejoining his trombonist brother in their own traditional JAZZ band.

DEPECHE MODE Rock group Formed in 1980 in England, Depeche Mode started out as a synth-pop band, playing light cheery songs. A string of hit singles followed, despite the fact that the music got darker and more serious. In 1987 their album Music for the Masses found them a new audience in the U.S., and further albums, such as Violator (1990) and Songs of Faith and Devotion (1993), turned them into a stadium act.

DESMOND, Paul (1924–77) Jazz saxophonist Desmond joined the Dave BRUBECK quartet in 1951, and stayed with the band for 16 years. He played alto sax in the smooth tradition begun by Lester YOUNG and Benny CARTER. He also recorded with Gerry MULLIGAN and guitarist Jim Hall.

DETROIT SPINNERS Soul group Formed in 1961, and signed to MOTOWN in 1963, the Detroit Spinners did not score their first major hit until 1970, when Stevie WONDER’S“It’s A Shame” hit the charts. A move to Atlantic Records in 1971 was followed by a number of singles, including their Dionne Warwick collaboration“Then Came You” (1973) and“Working My Way Back to You Girl” (1977).

DIAMOND, Neil (1941–) Pop singer Diamond’s initial success was as a songwriter. He wrote“I’m a Believer” and“A Little Bit Me, A Little Bit You” for the Monkees in the late 1960s. His solo career took off in the early 1970s with a series of hit singles, such as “Cracklin’ Rose” and“Sweet Caroline.” Diamond went on to become one of the most commercially successful singers in the U.S.

DICKENSON, Vic (1906–84) Jazz trombonist Dickenson had no formal music training. He played with Claude Hopkins and Eddie Heywood during the 1930s and 40s. One of the most respected of jazz musicians, Dickenson had an amazing memory for tunes. He is best heard on Vic Dickenson Septet (1953), a recording regarded as the beginning of mainstream jazz.

DIETRICH, Marlene (1901–92) Singer and actress German-born, Dietrich’s heavily accented semi-spoken style of singing brought her a career as a film star. In her first U.S. film The Blue Angel (1930) she sang“Falling in Love Again,” which became her theme song. She became a U.S. citizen before World War II and sang“Lilli Marlene” as part of the war effort. She became a much sought-after CABARET star during the 1950s and 1960s.

DIMEOIA, Al (1954–) Jazz-rock guitarist Inspired by ROCK MUSIC, DiMeoia became one of the world’s most famous JAZZ guitarists. In 1974 he joined Chick COREA’S Return to Forever and then John MCLAUGHLIN’S band. After that he led his own band, the Al DiMeoia Project. A virtuoso player, he was happy playing both acoustic and electric guitars.

DINOSAUR JR. Rock group Formed in Massachusetts in 1984, Dinosaur Jr. joined bands like Sonic Youth on the new GRUNGE scene. Their single“Freak Scene” (1988) became an anthem for the movement. Led by J. Mascis, the band’s finest work is heard on their 1988 album Bug.

DODDS, Baby (1898–1959) Jazz drummer Dodds was a major figure in NEW ORLEANS JAZZ drumming, emphasising a more liberated style of playing during the 1920s. In a long career he played with Louis ARMSTRONG and Jelly Roll MORTON, and later with Sydney Bechet and Mezz Mezzrow.

DODDS, Johnny (1892–1940) Jazz clarinettist Older brother of Baby Dodds, Johnny began playing JAZZ in riverboat bands before moving to Chicago to join King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band. Like Baby, he worked with Louis ARMSTRONG, Jelly Roll MORTON, and Sydney Bechet.

DOHNÁNYI, Christoph von (1929–) Conductor Born in Berlin, of Hungarian descent, Dohnányi is the grandson of composer Ernst. He had appointments with major OPERA houses and symphony orchestras all over the world between 1950–1975, in particular the Cleveland Symphony Orchestra. He conducted much modern music, and is widely admired for his interpretation Of SCHOENBERG.

DOHNÁNYI, Ernst von (1877–1960) Composer and pianist Dohnányi was born in Hungary as Erno Dohnányi. During the early 1920s he led a revival of interest in local music, which included BARTÓK, KODÁLY, and Weiner. His international reputation grew after World War II, when he settled in Florida. He was grandfather of conductor Christoph.

DOLMETSCH, Eugène (1858–1940) Instrument maker and early music Expert Born into a musical family, Dolmetsch earned a reputation for restoring and making early instruments, in particular recorders. His enthusiasm for the subject led him to perform early music regularly and to write widely about the subject. During a period when early music was largely ignored, Dolmetsch was instrumental in bringing it back into vogue.

DONEGAN, Lonnie (1931-) Rock singer The most famous skiffle musician in the U.K., Donegan was originally a jazz guitarist with Ken Colyer and Chris Barber. His version of LEADBELLY’S “Rock Island Line” was a hit in the mid-1950s. He followed this with 30 more hits from 1956–62, including “My Old Man’s a Dustman” (1960).

DONOVAN (1946-) Folk singer Once hailed as the U.K.’s answer to DYLAN, Donovan had several hit songs during the mid-1960s, with tunes such as “Catch the Wind,” “Sunshine Superman,” and “Mellow Yellow.” Of his later work, the album Cosmic Wheels (1973) was his most successful, although he enjoyed a brief revival in the 1990s as a guest on tour with the British indie band Happy Mondays.

DOORS, The Rock group Formed in 1965, the Doors remain one of the seminal groups in ROCK history. Led by their singer, Jim Morrison, the band inspired love from their fans and hate from the establishment. Hit singles, such as “Light My Fire,” “When the Music’s Over” (both 1967), and “Hello I Love You” (1968), featured on hit albums such as Strange Days (1967) and Morrison Hotel (1970). As success took hold, Morrison’s drug use and subsequent behaviour caused uproar. He died of a drug overdose in Paris, just before the release of the classic LA Woman (1971).

DORATI, Antal (1906–88) Conductor Hungarian-born Dorati worked extensively in Europe and the U.S., in particular with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra and the BBC Symphony Orchestra. He was strongly associated with the music of Haydn, all of whose symphonies he recorded, and with BARTÓK.

DORHAM, Kenny (1924–72) Jazz Trumpeter One of the first BEBOP trumpeters, Dorham played with Dizzy GILLESPIE, Billy Eckstine, and Charlie PARKER during the late 1940s and early 1950s. During the 1960s he often led his own groups, but his best work was reserved when he played with others, such as Tadd Dameron, John COLTRANE, and Sonny ROLLINS.

DORSEY, Jimmy (1904–57) Jazz musician Dorsey played clarinet and saxophone, co-leading bands with his brother Tommy DORSEY. In 1934 they formed the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra. A competent musician, Dorsey’s success was often based on his fine choice of vocalist.

DORSEY, Lee (1924–86) R&B singer Born in New Orleans, a boxer turned singer, Dorsey had a series of hits during the 1960s. Best heard on tracks like “Ride Your Pony” (1965), “Working in the Coal Mine” (1966), and “Yes We Can” (1969), Dorsey worked mainly with Allen Toussaint.

DR. JOHN (1941-) R&B singer Dr. John, real name Malcolm Rebennack, was brought up in New Orleans on Creole music and the piano playing of Professor Longhair. His style brings together elements of JAZZ, ROCK’N’ROLL and FUNK, accompanied by voodooinspired mystery. Songs like “Walk on Gilded Splinters” (1968), “Iko Iko” (1972) , and “Right Place Wrong Time” (1973) have brought him considerable commercial success to go along with critical acclaim.

DRAKE, Nick (1948–74) Folksingersongwriter A cult figure since his early death, Drake released his first album Five Leaves Left (1969) at the age of 21. Painfully shy, Drake was unable to tour to support the record. A second album, Bryter Later (1970), was followed by a third Pink Moon (1972). Although critically acclaimed, the records did not sell and Drake went into a depression from which he never recovered. He died, by accident, of an overdose of an anti-depressant. Drake’s beautiful songs, his intimate voice, and his clear, melodic guitar style ensured that while he was gone his work would live on.

DU PRÉ, Jacqueline (1945–87) Cellist Du PrÉ launched a successful solo career at her London debut in 1961. She was immediately acclaimed for her natural talent. In 1967 she married the pianist and conductor Daniel BARENBOIM. Her career was cut short in 1973 when she was diagnosed as suffering from multiple sclerosis. She was renowned for her work on the concertos of Sir Edward ELGAR and Robert Schumann.

DUPRE, Marcel (1886–1971) Composer and organist Born in Rouen, France, Dupré studied in Paris with Vierne and Widor. Widely active as a recital organist, he gave over 1,900 concerts between 1939–53. His compositions were mostly symphonic, often in the form of religious poems set to music. He remained the organist at St. Sulpice in Paris from 1934 until his death in 1971.

DUPREE, Champion Jack (1910–92) Blues singer and pianist Raised as an orphan in New Orleans, Dupree learned the piano and worked the bars of the French Quarter. He turned to boxing for a while in the 1930s, but returned to music after World War II, working with Brownie McGee (see Sonny TERRY &), Eric Clapton, and John Mayall. Never a musical expert, Dupree recorded and played enough to keep him in comfort.

DURANTE, Jimmy (1893–1980) Comedian and singer A showbiz personality since 1914, Durante sung, played, and acted his way though clubs, stage shows, and films. Originally a honky tonk piano player, he had a number of hit songs to his name, “Inka Dinka Do” and “The Man Who Found the Lost Chord” being the best remembered.

DURHAM, Eddie (1906–87) Jazz musician Multi-talented instrumentalist and arranger, Durham made early electric guitar recordings with Count BASIE and the Kansas City Six in the late 1930s, he also played the trombone. He wrote for Artie Shaw and Glenn MILLER during the 1940s and even led his own all-women group. An influential figure in the development of JAZZ guitar, Durham has been neglected by history.

DURUFLÉ, Maurice (1902–86) Composer and organist Duruflé studied in Paris with DUKAS and Gigout. He was appointed organist of St. Etienne-du-Mont in 1930. Although Duruflé was not a prolific composer, his Requiem of 1947 achieved wide popularity.

DUTILLEUX, Henri (1916-) Composer Dutilleux’s early works showed the influence of RAVEL and DEBUSSY. But after World War II he developed a highly original idiom in his orchestral work, chamber music, and songs. He wrote a modest number of works, but they were widely acclaimed for their craftsmanship.

EAGLIN, Ford “Snooks” (1936-) Blues singer and guitarist From a New Orleans Baptist background, Eaglin developed a country blues style. By the time he was 20, he had written the R&B classic “Lucille” for LITTLE RICHARD. He was popular locally during the 1960s, often accompanying Professor Longhair. During the 1970s and 1980s, he continued to record in a variety of styles such as R&B, POP, and BLUES.

EARTH, WIND AND FIRE Soul group Formed in the 1960s by Maurice White, Earth, Wind and Fire blended SOUL and JAZZ with huge commercial success. They had a string of hits, such as “Shining Star” (1975), “Got to Get You into My Life” (1978), and “Boogie Wonderland” (1979). They made 11 million-selling albums during the 1970s, also earning a reputation with their spectacular live shows.

EBEN, Petr (1929-) Composer and pianist Czech-born Eben wrote vocal, instrumental, and organ music. His work showed the fusion of the Renaissance and contemporary ideas, which emphasised the continuity and extension of tradition. His best-known works were a series of “6 Love Songs” (1951), and his choral work Apologia Sokrates (1961–67), which gained him international recognition.

ECHO AND THE BUNNYMEN Rock group Formed in Liverpool in 1978, Echo and the Bunnymen caught the end of the NEW WAVE. Their popularity grew during the early 1980s, peaking in 1984 with songs such as “The Cutter” and “The Killing Moon.” Led from the start by frontman and singer Ian McCulloch, the Bunnymen continued to make music until well into the 1990s.

ECKSTINE, Billy (1914–93) Jazz singer, musician, and bandleader After choosing to be a singer rather than an American football player, Eckstine joined the Earl Hines band in Chicago in the early 1930s. With Hines, he learned the trumpet and the trombone. In the early 1940s he started his own band which, over the years, featured musicians such as Dizzy GILLESPIE, Charlie PARKER, Miles DAVIS, Art BLAKEY, and Sarah VAUGHAN.

EDDY, Duane (1938-) Rock guitarist Inventor of the legendary “twang” style of guitar playing, Eddy had several hits in 1959 and I960, including “Rebel “Rouser,” “Because They’re Young,” “Peter Gunn,” and “(Dance with the) Guitar Man.” Playing mainly instrumentais, Eddy remains the alltime No.1 ROCK’N’ROLL instrumentalist.

EDDY, Nelson (1901–67) Singerand Actor Nelson Eddy sang OPERETTAS and OPERA during the early 1920s. In 1935, the film company MGM put him together with singer Jeanette MacDonald, and their popularity was immediate. During the late 1930s and early 1940s they sang and starred in several FILM MUSICALS, such as Naughty Marietta (1935), San Francisco (1936), and Maytime (1937).

EDISON, Harry “Sweets”(1915 -) Jazz Trumpeter Heavily influenced by Louis ARMSTRONG, Edison became a stalwart soloist with Count BASIE during the 1940s. He later led his own groups and worked with saxophonist Eddie “Lockjaw” Davis, developing a distinctive and unique sound.

EDWARDS, Cliff “Ukeleie Ike” (1895–1972) Jazz singer Popular in the 1920s as a singer and a ukelele player in Broadway shows such as Lady Be Good (1924), and Ziegfeld Follies (1927). He recorded with jazzmen such as Miff Mole and Jimmy Dorsey. He is perhaps most famous as the voice of Jiminy Cricket in Disney’s Pinocchio (1940).

EGK, Werner (1901–83) Composer German-born Egk studied with Carl Orff and conducted at the Berlin Staatsoper. He wrote several OPERAS in an angular, dissonant style recalling STRAVINSKY. He also wrote for the theatre and was specially commissioned to write for the 1936 Olympics.

ELECTRIC LIGHT ORCHESTRA Rock Group Formed in 1970 from the remnants of the Move, ELO went on to score huge hits on both sides of the Atlantic. Led by guitarist Jeff Lynne and drummer Bev Bevan they had 15 Top 20 entries between 1976 and 1981, including “Livin” Thing” (1976) , “Mr. Blue Sky” (1978), and “Don’t Bring Me Down” (1979). They disbanded in 1991.

ELLIS, Vivian (1903-) Composer Born in London, Ellis was a prolific composer of OPERETTAS for the popular theatre in the 1930s. His most famous work was the 1947 hit Bless the Bride.

EMERSON LAKE AND PALMER Rock group Formed in 1970 by exmembers of the Nice, King Crimson and Atomic Rooster, “supergroup” ELP were highly successful with a classically influenced brand of ROCK MUSIC. Their version of Mussorgsky’s Pictures at an Exhibition, their album Tarkus (both 1971) and their dramatic interpretation of COPLAND’S “Fanfare for the Common Man” (1977) established them as one of the biggest grossing bands in rock. Their star waned, however, with the advent of PUNK and NEW WAVE music at the end of the 1970s.

ENO, Brian (1948-) Rock musician After dabbling with music at school, Eno met saxophonist Andy Mackay in 1971 and was invited to join Roxy Music as “musical advisor.” They were immediately successful. However, the mix in the band was not, and Eno left in 1973. Eno went on to have a successful recording career both as a solo artist and in collaboration with artists such as David BOWIE and David Byrne, but was also known for his production work, particularly on U2’s The Unforgettable Fire, The Joshua Tree, and Achtung Baby.

ERIK B. AND RAKIM Rap duo Eric B. and Rakim met in New York in 1985. Their 1987 album Paid in Full, owing much to James BROWN and Bobby Byrd, became one of the first classic RAp/hip-hop records. In turn they were highly influential on West Coast rap.

ESTES, “Sleepy” John (1899–1977) Blues singer and guitarist Estes began his recording career in 1929 and was still recording in the 1960s. A country blues singer in the field holler tradition, he is best heard on songs like “Milk Cow Blues” (1930), and “Floating Bridge” (1938). His best-selling album Broke and Hungry (1963) featured the legendary Mike Bloomfield on guitar.

EVANS, Sir Geraint (1922–92) Opera singer Welsh-born Evans made his debut at London’s Covent Garden in 1948. In an international career spanning three decades he achieved recognition for character baritone roles in the comic tradition including Falstaff and Beckmesser. His recordings remain a major influence on younger generations of singers.

EVANS, Gil (1912–88) Jazz pianist, arranger, and composer Evans was inspired during the 1920s and 1930s to compose JAZZ after listening to LOUIS ARMSTRONG. At the end of the 1940s Evans worked as an arranger with Miles DAVIS in a band that originated the “cool” school of jazz. Two of the band’s best pieces, “Boplicity” and “Moondreams” were scored by Evans. But his greatest work was as a writer and arranger on three orchestral albums released in the late 1950s. Miles Ahead, Porgy and Bess, and Sketches of Spain, all featured Miles Davis and are often cited as the finest orchestral pieces of modern jazz. Evans also played piano, but he only began playing professionally at age 40.

EVANS, Herschel (1909–39) Jazz tenor saxophonist New York-born Evans played with Lionel Hampton and Buck Clayton in the early 1930s. In 1936 he joined Count BASIE’S Orchestra. With Lester YOUNG, Evans established the tradition of “battling” tenor saxophones as each traded licks with each other. He died of edema at age 30.

EWING, Maria (1950– ) Opera singer Born in the U.S., Ewing, a mezzo-soprano, made her Met debut in New York in 1976. She performed with principal opera companies in the U.S. and Europe and worked as a concert soloist and in recital. She is closely associated with Bizet’s Carmen and STRAUSS’S Salome.

FACES, The Rock group Formed in 1969 after the break-up of the Small Faces, the Faces, which included Rod Stewart on vocals, had some success as a band. But they only took off after Rod Stewart had a huge solo hit with “Maggie May” (1971) after which the band effectively became Stewart’s backing band. They had success with albums like A Nod’s As Good As a Wink…To a Blind Horse (1971) and Ooh La La (1973), as well as several hit singles. The band broke up when Stewart left in 1975.

FAIRPORT CONVENTION Folk group Formed in 1967, this British folk group made their debut album featuring Joni MITCHELL in 1968. By the 1990s the group had become as important as the musical genre they championed. The intervening years saw several line-ups, featuring, at one time or another: Iain Matthews, Sandy Denny, Richard Thompson, Dave Swarbrick, and Dave Mattacks, among others. This seminal folk group is best heard on the albums What We Did on Our Holidays, Unhalfbricking, and Liege and Lief (M 1969).

FALL, THE Rock group Formed in 1977 in Manchester, England, the Fall were fronted by the uncompromising Mark E. Smith. Their music, full of choppy guitar riffs and hard-edged lyrics, was critically acclaimed and achieved some commercial success. Their best work is heard on the albums Live at the Witch Trials (1979), Hex Education Hour (1982), and Perverted by Language (1983).

FARLOW, Tal (1921–98) Jazz guitarist Farlow played in the early BEBOP style with vibraphonist Red Norvo in the 1950s, and later with Charles MINGUS. He was an innovative and highly individual improviser, whose playing became more lyrical as his career developed.

FARMER, Art (1928– ) Jazz flugelhorn player and trumpeter Farmer played in the West Coast big bands of Benny CARTER and Lionel Hampton in the late 1940s. He formed Jazztet with Benny Golson in 1959, and later started his own big bands with which he toured around the world.

FEATHER, Leonard (1914– ) Jazz composer and arranger British-born Feather moved to the U.S. in 1935, where he became one of the most widely read JAZZ journalists. He also wrote and arranged for his favourite artists, such as Count BASIE and George Shearing.

FELDMAN, Morton (1926–87) Composer Closely associated with John CAGE and American abstract Impressionist painters of the 1950s, Feldman’s best-known works are The Viola in My Life (1970) and The Rothko Chapel (1971–72). Extremely demanding to play, Feldman’s music was renowned for its experimental nature.

FELICIANO, Jose (1945– ) Pop guitarist One of the most popular performers in the Spanish-speaking world, Feliciano had a dual career in the English language and in Spanish. In English, he had his biggest hit with a version of the Doors’ song “Light My Fire” (1968). In South America, he recorded albums in Argentina, Mexico, and Venezuela, and at one time, he had a TV show syndicated throughout the continent.

FERGUSON, Maynard (1928– ) Jazz musician Canadian-born Ferguson found fame with Stan KENTON in 1950. A skilled musician, his music was always up-tempo and exciting. He is best heard on albums such as The Birdland Dreamband (1956) and Two’s Company (1961).

FERNEYHOUGH, Brian (1943– ) Composer English-born, Ferneyhough’s style is a highly complex continuation of the 1950s avant-garde. Initially influenced by STOCKHAUSEN and WEBERN, Ferneyhough’s work made him one of the most significant composers in Europe and America. Representative works include Transit (1972–75) and La terre est un homme (1976–79).

FERRIER, Kathleen (1912–53) Opera singer Ferrier, a British contralto, gave concert performances in Europe and the U.S. during the 1940s. She was widely admired for her warm and firm voice, and for her interpretations of Handel, Bach, Gluck, and MAHLER. BRITTEN’S Second Canticle was composed for her.

FINZI, Gerald (1901–56) Composer An English composer, Finzi wrote in a pastoral style. His most renowned work was with the poems of Thomas Hardy, but his piece Dies natalis (1926) is also regarded as a minor masterpiece of English music.

FISCHER, Annie (1914– ) Pianist A pupil of Ernst von Dohnányi, Hungarianborn Fischer began a career in the 1920s. She was praised not only for her technique, but also for her interpretative skills. She had a large repertoire including Bach, BARTÓK, Chopin, Mozart, and Liszt.

FLACK, Roberta (1939– ) Soul singer Discovered singing in a Washington jazz club, Flack released two albums to critical acclaim in the late 1960s. She had an international hit with the Ewan MacColl song “The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face” (1972). Other hits followed, such as “Killing Me Softly with His Song” (1973), and “Tonight I Celebrate My Love” (1983) with Peabo Bryson.

FLANAGAN, Tommy (1930– ) Jazz pianist Flanagan’s mastery of JAZZ piano meant that he was much in demand as an accompanist for singers such as Ella FITZGERALD and Tony BENNETT during the 1960s and 1970s. He also fronted several bands of his own, demonstrating his refined approach to BEBOP piano playing.

FLATT, Lester (1914–79) Country singer Flatt was one half of the bluegrass and COUNTRY music duo Flatt and Scruggs. With his guitar and Scruggs’ banjo, the pair went on a 20-year crusade taking American traditional music around the country.

FLEETWOOD MAC Rock group Formed in 1967 as a BLUES band by Peter Green and Mick Fleetwood from John Mayall’s Bluesbreakers, Fleetwood Mac are one of the premier bands in British rock history. Early success with albums and singles sent the band on several U.S. tours, and it was there that the group had most success. Their album Rumours, released in 1977, sold 25 million copies, making it the second biggest-selling album ever.

FLYING BURRITO BROTHERS Country rock group Formed in 1968 by Gram Parsons and Chris Hillman from the Byrds, the Flying Burritos released the album The Gilded Palace of Sin in 1969. The album featured some songs by Parsons. This seminal COUNTRY album was not matched again during the band’s career, despite several albums and regular tours.

Foo FIGHTERS, The Rock group The brainchild of Dave Grohl, drummer with NIRVANA, the Foo Fighters burst onto the ROCK scene in 1995 with their first eponymous album. Its hardcore tunes were an immediate success, proving to Grohl and to Kurt Cobain fans that there was life after Nirvana.

FORD, Tennessee Ernie (1919–91) Country singer Ford combined a career singing COUNTRY and GOSPEL with great success. Originally a DJ in California, where he adopted the name “Tennessee“, he signed for Capitol Records in 1949-“Shotgun Boogie” (1950) was the first of many gold records. He is best heard on the album Country Hits—Feelin’ Blue (1964).

FOREIGNER Rock group Foreigner, formed in 1976, epitomised the late 1970s ROCK sound, the so-called “adult oriented rock.” They had several worldwide hits, such as “Cold As Ice” (1977), “Waiting For a Girl Like You,” and “I Want to Know What Love Is” (both 1981).

FORREST, Helen (1918– ) Jazz singer Forrest’s career began in 1938 when she replaced Billie HOLIDAY in Artie Shaw’s band. One of the best white singers of the SWING era, she had her greatest hit with Harry JAMES and the song “I Had the Craziest Dream” (1943). During a long career she also sang with Benny GOODMAN and Tommy DORSEY, and made an album Now and Forever as recently as 1983.

FOSTER, Frank (1928–) Jazz musician and writer/arranger After learning his trade playing sax and arranging music with Count BASIE and Thelonious MONK in the 1950s and early 1960s, Foster went on to write for Sarah VAUGHAN and Frank SINATRA. He is most associated with the JAZZ standard “Shiny Stockings.”

FOU TS’ONG (1934– ) Classical pianist A British pianist, but born in China, Fou Ts'ong made debuts in his native China and in London in the 1950s. His delicate, expressive style was particularly suited to Mozart, Chopin, and DEBUSSY.

FOUR TOPS, The Soul group With their roots in the Chicago jazz scene, the Four Tops—led by Levi Stubbs— started as backing singers at MOTOWN. After teaming up with the songwriters, Holland, Dozier, Holland, the band’s fortunes changed. Hits such as “It’s the Same Old Song” (1965), “Reach Out and I’ll Be There” (1966), and “Bernadette” (1967) followed, and they continued at the top until the end of the 1960s.

FOURNIER, Pierre (1906–86) Cellist French-born Fournier was originally a pianist, but after an attack of polio he took up the cello. Trained in Paris, he developed a unique style across a wide repertoire, including Martin, MARTINU, and POULENC

FRAMPTON, Peter (1950– ) Rock guitarist Frampton sang in 1960s groups the Herd and Humble Pie. His subsequent solo career took an upturn in 1976 when, after several years of touring, his album Frampton Comes Alive sold 15 million copies— and became the biggest-selling live album ever. His follow-up, I’m in You, also did well, but the NEW WAVE of the late 1970s swept him away as quickly as he had arrived.

FRANCIS, Connie (1938– ) Pop singer Francis was the best-selling female recording artist of the 1950s, with songs such as “Who’s Sorry Now,” “My Happiness” (both 1958), and “Lipstick on Your Collar” (1959). She also had a successful acting career and starred in several FILM MUSICALS between 1961 and 1965.

FRANKIE GOES TO HOLLYWOOD Rock group Formed in 1980, Frankie Goes to Hollywood created controversial headlines for their behaviour as well as their music. They had several hits in a short career, including “Relax” (1983), “Two Tribes,” and “The Power of Love” (both 1984).

FREDDIE AND THE DREAMERS Pop group Formed in the U.K. in 1961, their biggest hits included “I’m Telling You Now,” and “You Were Made For Me” (both 1965). They formed part of the English “Beat Invasion” of the U.S. during the mid-1960s, often touring in a package with several other groups.

FREE Rock group Free were formed in 1968, in the midst of a British blues boom. Their first album Tons of Sobs was released in 1969 and established their reputation. Best known for the hit single “All Right Now” (1970), their unique BLUES-ROCK music is best heard on the album Fire and Water (also 1970).

FRÉMAUX, LOUIS (1921–) Conductor As its musical director between 1956–66, French-born Fremaux made a number of highly successful recordings with the Monte Carlo Orchestra. He also held musical directorships in Lyon, Birmingham, and Sydney.

FRICK, Gottlob (1906–) Opera singer German bass Frick began his career in Coburg and Dresden, where he worked until 1952. He then established himself as a Wagnerian bass of international standing. Armed with a large, rich voice, Frick continued to sing around the world until he retired in 1970.

FRICKER, Peter Racine (1920–) Composer English-born Fricker’s early works, which came in the years immediately following World War II, showed the influence of BARTÓK and SCHOENBERG. Predominantly instrumental, the music was in stark contrast to the folk-song-style music popularised during the war years.

FRIPP, Robert (1946–) Rock guitarist A legendary guitar player, Fripp’s first and most enduring band was King Crimson. But his most famous recordings are collaborations with Brian Eno: No Pussyfooting (1972) and Another Green World (1975); and with David Bowie, Heroes (1977). Not one to pander to commercial demands, Fripp’s music continued to develop into the 1990s.

FRISELL, Bill (1951–) Jazz guitarist Frisell’s guitar playing showed the influence of Wes Montgomery and Jimi HENDRIX. One of the younger breed of JAZZ guitar players, he explored uncharted territory in terms of electric guitar sound.

FRIZELL, Lefty (1928–) Country singer-songwriter At the height of his popularity in the 1950s, Frizell had a string of COUNTRY hits, such as “If You’ve Got the Money, I’ve Got the Time” and “I Love You A Thousand Ways” (both 1950). A prolific songwriter, Frizell left his legacy on the country-music scene, a big influence on Merle HAGGARD, Randy Travis, and George Strait.

FUGAZI Rock band Hailing from Washington, D.C., Fugazi were a hardcore band with an abrasive style. Best heard on the album Repeater (1990), the band were most famous for their live shows, attracting a substantial following despite shunning mainstream publicity.

FULSON, Lowell (1921–) Blues guitarist and singer Influenced as a youth by country and gospel music, Fulson joined Alger Alexander’s blues band in 1940. His solo career began in 1946, and had several hits on the R&B charts, such as “Reconsider Baby” and “Tramp.” His career began to fade in the 1960s as black music moved away from the blues.

FUNKADELIC Funk band Centring on George Clinton, Funkadelic started in Detroit in 1969 as a psychedelic soul band. The music developed fast, incorporating soul, rock, R&B, and jazz, emerging with an original funk sound. The band’s line-up changed regularly, and at one time or another featured Bootsy Collins, Maceo Parker, and Fred Wesley. The band’s seminal funk groove sound is best heard on Maggot Brain (1970) and their biggest hit “One Nation Under a Groove” (1978).

GABRIEL, Peter (1950–) Rock musician Gabriel sang with Genesis for seven years before going solo in 1975. As a solo artist, he released four albums, all called Peter Gabriel,between 1977 and 1982. His biggest hit “Sledgehammer” was released in 1986. A champion of world music, Gabriel was always regarded as a serious artist rather than a POP star.

GAILLARD, Slim (1916–91) Jazz singer, pianist, and guitarist Gaillard first achieved success in the 1930s as half of “Slim and Slam” with bassist Slam Stewart. Their radio show was presented in “vout”—a kind of jive talk—and was a huge success. His career also encompassed acting, comedy, and cabaret.

GARBAGE Rock band Formed in 1993, Garbage found fame through MTV. Their 1996 single “Stupid Girl,” was an international hit. The band feature Butch Vig, producer of NIRVANA’S classic Nevermind album, and singer Shirley Manson from the group Goodbye Mr. McKenzie. Their second album Version 2 was released to critical acclaim in 1998.

GARDINER, Sir John Elliot (1943–) Conductor Born in England, Gardiner studied at Cambridge where he formed the Monteverdi Choir in 1964. He originally established his reputation in the Baroque repertoire and with period instrument ensembles in music by Handel, Gluck, and Mozart. He went on to perform and record all of Beethoven’s symphonies, Berlioz’s Symphonie fantastique, and other major works of the 19th century on replicas—or actual instruments—of the period. He is known for his meticulous attention to the details of the composers’ intentions, such as the controversial metronome markings of Beethoven.

GAY, Noel (1898–1954) Composer and lyricist In 1937, Gay wrote the most successful British stage musical of the 1930s, Me and My Girl.Composer of the music for a number of other shows as well, Gay is mostly remembered for novelty songs, such as “Run Rabbit Run” and “The Sun Has Got Its Hat On.”

GAYNOR, Gloria (1947–) Soul singer Despite having several disco hits, such as “Never Can Say Goodbye” (1974), and “Reach Out and I’ll Be There” (1975), Gaynor’s 1979 single “I Will Survive” is the song for which she will always be remembered. Its theme of independence in adversity helped it to be adopted as a feminist anthem.

GERRY AND THE PACEMAKERS Pop group Part of the Merseybeat boom that came out of Liverpool in the 1960s, Gerry and the Pacemakers vied with the Beatles for a while as Britain’s top group. They had hits with “You’ll Never Walk Alone” (1963), “I Like It” (1964), and “Ferry Across the Mersey” (1965).

GIESEKING, Walter (1895–1956) Pianist French-born, but of German extraction, Gieseking was admired both in the mainstream repertoire of Mozart and DEBUSSY, and for his playing of SCHOENBERG and Busoni. Gieseking enjoyed worldwide fame in the postwar years for his recordings and his recitals.

GILBERTO, Astrud (1940–) Jazz singer Brought along to a session with Stan Getz by her husband, singer and guitarist, Joao Gilberto, Astrud was persuaded against her will to sing on “The Girl From Ipanema.” The resulting single became a worldwide hit. Born in Brazil, Astrud struggled to repeat her surprise success, and remains forever associated with that one song.

GIMBLE, Johnny (1926–) Country musician Gimble played fiddle and banjo with the Shelton Brothers and with Bob Wills during the 1950s. In the 1960s he moved to Nashville and became one of the top COUNTRY session musicians, recording with artists such as Merle HAGGARD.

GINASTERA, Alberto (1916–83) Composer Argentine-born Ginastera composed BALLET and modern dance music, and scores expressing Argentine culture and character. His career was highlighted by two OPERAS: Don Rodrigo (1964) and Bomarzo (1967), which set contemporary problems, like sex and violence, in the tradition of grand opera.

GIUFFRE, Jimmy (1921–) Jazz musician Clarinettist, saxophonist, and composer Giuffre began his career in an army band but was soon working with Buddy Rich (1948) and Woody Herman (1949). During the 1950s and 1960s he became an important figure in avant-garde JAZZ.

GIULINI, Carlo Maria (1914–) Conductor Giulini made his debut in Rome in 1944, and was appointed principal conductor at La Scala in Milan in 1953. After concentrating on opera for the early part of his career, he turned to the concert repertoire in 1967. He was later associated with the Philharmonia Orchestra in London, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra. His most noted skill was with the music of Verdi.

GODOWSKY, Leopold (1870–1938) Pianist and composer Born in Poland, Godowsky began touring as a pianist at the age of nine, making his U.S. debut in 1884. He was particularly associated with Chopin, on whose Etudes he wrote a series of studies.

GOEHR, Alexander (1932–) Composer An English composer of German birth, Goehr studied in Manchester alongside Birtwistle and Maxwell Davies in the 1950s. He wrote ORCHESTRAL MUSIC, as well as vocal works and some chamber music. He was appointed Head of Composition at Cambridge, England, in 1976 and became an influential teacher.

GO-GO’S, The Rock band Formed in 1978 in California, the all-female Go-Go’s hit No.l with their first album Beauty and the Beat (1981), and had hits with singles “Our Lips Are Sealed” (1981) and “We Got the Beat” (1982). Following the group’s break-up in 1984, singer Belinda Carlisle pursued a successful solo career.

GOLDIE (1965–) Jungle DJ and producer Early 1993 saw Goldie working under the name Metalheads, releasing an EP called Terminator.Other releases saw him as unofficial spokesman for the new jungle scene. With his 1995 album Timeless, another critical success, Goldie’s influence seemed to have enabled jungle to take its place in mainstream dance music.

GOODMAN, Steve (1948–84) Country singer-songwriter Though never sustaining commercial success, Goodman had important associations with Kris KRISTOFFERSON, Bob DYLAN, and Emmylou HARRIS. He wrote the classic COUNTRY song “City of New Orleans” (1970), but is best heard on the album Steve Goodman (1972).

GOOSSENS, Sir Eugene (1893–1962) Conductor and composer British-born Goossens, a member of the famous musical family, is best remembered as the conductor at the U.K. premiere of STRAVINSKY’S The Rite of Spring in 1921. But his main contribution was his talent for bringing difficult work to the public.

GOOSSENS, Leon (1897–1988) Oboist Brother of Eugene, Leon was regarded as the finest oboist of his day. His ability gave the oboe new standing as a solo instrument. BRITTEN, ELGAR, and VAUGHAN WILLIAMS all wrote pieces for him. He also wrote a seminal book on the instrument with Edwin Roxburgh in 1976 entitled The Oboe.

GÓRECKI, Henryk Mikolaj (1933–) Composer Gorecki studied in his native Poland, and in Paris with MESSIAEN. His music—mostly for orchestra and chamber ensemble, and some of the most original in the 20th century—had its roots in ancient Polish sacred music. He achieved great commercial success, particularly with his Symphony No. 3 (1991).

GRAINER, Ron (1922–81) Musical director and composer Born in Australia, Grainer wrote music for theatre, TV, and film. He is best known for his British television soundtracks, such as Dr. Who and Tales of the Unexpected.

GRAND FUNK RAILROAD Rock group Formed in 1968, Grand Funk had phenomenal success in the early 1970s. Famous for being one of the loudest bands ever heard in concert, they also had some chart success with their brand of HEAVY METAL. Their biggest hits came with “We’re an American Band” (1973), “The Loco-Motion,” and “Some Kind of Wonderful” (both 1974).

GRANDMASTER FLASH AND THE FURIOUS FIVE Rap group From the Bronx, New York, Joseph Saddler (Grandmaster Flash) was a top rank DJ. Teaming up with rappers the Furious Five, he recorded a series of hit singles, such as “The Message” (1982) and “White Lines (Don’t Do It)” (1983), the former is regarded as the first RAP record to cross over into the ROCK market.

GRAPPELLI, Stéphane (1908–98) Jazz violinist Born in Paris, Grappelli worked with guitarist Django REINHARDT in Quintette du Hot Club de France during the 1930s, and was hailed as one of the first non-American JAZZ giants. But his career really took off in the 1970s when he began performing with classical violinist Yehudi MENUHIN to great acclaim around the world.

GRATEFUL DEAD, The Rock group Though strongly linked to the flower power era of the 1960s, the Grateful Dead outlasted all their contemporaries in popularity and reputation, and went into the 1990s as the biggest grossing band in the U.S. Led by guitarist Jerry Garcia until his death in 1995, the Dead produced a host of classic albums and legendary live performances. Best heard on the albums Live/Dead (1970), and Grateful Dead (1972). The band continued to record and tour in the 1990s as the Other Ones.

GRAVEDIGGAZ Rap group An offshoot of the Wu Tang Clan, Gravediggaz developed their own gothic/horror style best heard on their single “Diary of a Madman.” They toured in the U.S., and in 1994 released the album Niggamortis.

GREEN, Al (1946- ) Soul singer Possessor of one of the sweetest voices in SOUL music, Green’s career took off when he began working with producer Willie Mitchell in Memphis in 1969. “Tired of Being Alone” (1970), “Let’s Stay Together,” and “I’m Still in Love with You” (both 1972) established his reputation. He is best heard on the album Call Me (1973). Green turned to religion in the mid-1970s and his material reflected this new faith.

GRIFFIN, Johnny (1928- ) Tenor saxophonist Griffin played with Thelonious MONK, Bud POWELL, and with Art BLAKEY’S Jazz Messengers in New York during the late 1950s. Renowned for the tone of his playing, he was regarded as one of the fastest sax players ever heard.

GRIFFITH, Nanci (1953- ) Country singer-songwriter From a musical family, Texas-born Griffith made her first album, There’s a Light Beyond These Woods, in 1978. Several albums followed, with particular success greeting Storms in 1989 and Other Voices Other Rooms in 1993. Griffiths’ material veered between COUNTRY and FOLK, and she continued to build her reputation and popularity by recording and touring during the 1990s.

GRISMAN, David (1945- ) Country musician and composer Primarily a bluegrass player, Grisman played mandolin with many artists, such as Emmylou HARRIS, Dolly PARTON, and Jerry Garcia. During the 1970s and 1980s he championed traditional American music, setting up the Acoustic Disc label in 1990.

GROSSMAN, Stefan (1945- ) Folk and blues guitarist Active on the Greenwich Village FOLK MUSIC scene in New York in the 1960s, Grossman was a virtuoso guitar player. Best heard on the album Ragtime Cowboy Jew (1970), Grossman started Kicking Mule Records to take advantage of the folk and BLUES revival at the end of the 1970s.

GROVES, Sir Charles (1915–92) Conductor British-born Groves worked with all the major English orchestras. He was a popular conductor, best known for his interpretation of 20th-century choral music.

GUNS N’ ROSES Rock group This Los Angeles-based HEAVY METAL band had huge commercial success with both albums and singles in the late 1980s. Their first album Appetite for Destruction, released in 1987, sold over 17 million copies worldwide. Led by vocalist Axl Rose and guitarist Slash, Guns n’ Roses remained in the headlines during the 1990s for their behaviour as well as for their music.

GUTHRIE, Ario (1947- ) Folk rock musician Son of Woody GUTHRIE, Ario released his first album in 1967, at the height of the FOLK MUSIC boom. The song “Alice’s Restaurant” became a cult hit and established Guthrie’s reputation. He remains a popular performer on the folk scene.

HACKETT, Bobby (1915–76) Jazz cornetist Hackett worked with Glenn MILLER, Benny GOODMAN, and Tony BENNETT, among others. A highly versatile cornetist, he showed the influence of Louis ARMSTRONG and was a natural successor to Bix BEIDERBECKE. He also played JAZZ guitar.

HADEN, Charlie (1947- ) Jazz double bass player Closely associated with Omette COLEMAN and Keith JARRETT, Haden’s 1982 album The Ballad of the Fallen showcases much of his most important work. Haden was probably the first bassist to apply the freedoms of the avant-garde to his instrument.

HAGGART, Bob (1914- ) Jazz musician An important figure in the history of NEW ORLEANS JAZZ, Haggart played double bass in the Bob Crosby band and later in the Lawson-Haggart Jazz Band—widely considered to be the best of its kind. He wrote an instructional book on how to play double bass, and in the 1960s jointly led the hugely successful World’s Greatest Jazz Band.

HAIG, Al (1924–82) Jazzpianist Haig joined Dizzy GILLESPIE’S band in 1945. He also had important associations with Stan GETZ, Fats Navarro, and Charlie PARKER. He was a fine accompanist and one of the first pianists to develop an idiomatic BEBOP style.

HALL, Adelaide (1904- ) Jazz singer Hall’s career began in the 1920s, singing in shows and reviews. She recorded with Duke ELLINGTON, Art TATUM, and Fats WALLER in the 1930s, and her best known recording is “Creole Love Call.”

HALL & OATES Rock group This white SOUL duo—made up of Darryl Hall, vocals, and John Oates, vocals and guitar—made four albums before having a U.S. No.1 with “Rich Girl” in 1977. Playing what was known as “blue-eyed soul,” they had a string of huge hits between 1981 and 1985. including “Kiss on My List” and “I Can’t Go for That (No Can Do)” (both 1981), and “Maneater” (1982). They are the second most successful rock duo behind the EVERLY BROTHERS. They continued to play into the 1990s.

HALL, Edmond (1901–67) Jazz clarinettist Hall first recorded with Eddie Condon and became a member of Louis ARMSTRONG’S All Stars in 1955 (replacing Barney Bigard). He played in a distinctive style reminiscent of Benny GOODMAN.

HALL, TomT. (1936- ) Country singer-songwriter Hall began his career as a radio DJ but went on to have COUNTRY No.1 hits both as singer (“A Week in the County Jail”) and songwriter (“Harper Valley PTA,” a hit for Jeannie C. Riley). He has written four books and hosted the TV show Pop Goes the Country.

HALLIDAY, Johnny (1943- ) Pop singer France’s one real ROCK’N’ROLL star, Halliday never had a hit in the U.S. or the U.K., but sold over 15 million records in Europe. Singing mostly cover versions of songs by American artists, he projected a rebellious image that lasted him well into the 1990s.

HAMBRAEUS, Bengt (1928- ) Composer Swedish-born Hambraeus studied at DARMSTADT, later becoming professor at McGill University, Montreal. He wrote avant-garde music for organ and many of his works are influenced by medieval and Japanese music.

HAMPTON, Lionel (1909- ) Jazz musician Hampton played JAZZ vibraphone and drums. From 1936 to 1940 he played with Benny GOODMAN and recorded over 90 tracks in a quartet with Goodman, pianist Teddy Wilson, and drummer Gene Kruper—the greatest talents of the time—producing some of the best records of the SWING era. In 1940 he formed his own big band which became the longest-running jazz orchestra in 1986.

HAPPY MONDAYS, The Rock group Indie-dance pioneers, the Happy Mondays’ combined ROCK and DANCE MUSIC to produce the distinctive “Madchester” sound (named after their home town Manchester) that dominated British music in the early 1990s. Their third album Pills’n’Thrills and Bellyaches was a U.K. No.1. In 1993, in the face of a poorly received fourth album, the bankruptcy of their record company and the escalating drug problems of members of the band, they split.

HARNONCOURT, Nikolaus (1929- ) Conductor and cellist Born in Graz in Austria, Harnoncourt studied in Vienna. In 1953 he founded the Vienna Concentus Musicus to perform early music in style and with appropriate instruments. An expert in period performance, he also recorded a wide repertoire including all the Bach Cantatas, Monteverdi, and much Baroque music.

HARPER, Heather (1930- ) Opera singer British-born soprano Harper made her debuts in the U.K. at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, and at Glyndebourne in the 1960s. She also sang at Bayreuth and has been particularly associated with the music of Benjamin BRITTEN.

HARRIS, Wynonie ( 1915–69) Blues singer Harris sang with the Luck Millinder Big Band. In 1945 he began a solo career that produced a number of R&B hits—including “Good Rockin’ Tonight.” Harris was the only serious rival of Big Joe Turner in R&B, and his BLUES-shouter style and lascivious stage moves influenced many ROCK’N’ROLL artists.

HARRISON, George (1943- ) Rock musician In the early 1970s Harrison was one of the most successful ex-BEATLES, producing two No.1 hits: “My Sweet Lord” (1970) and “Give Me Love” (1973); two successful albums: All Things Must Pass (1970) and Living in the Material World (1973); and organising the benefit gig Concert for Bangladesh (1971). However, his creative momentum failed in the mid-1970s, only returning in the late 1980s with the Traveling Wilburys—a supergroup consisting of Bob DYLAN, Roy Orbison, Tom Petty, Harrison, and Jeff Lynne; and with another No.1 single “Got My Mind Set on You” (1987).

HARTFORD, John (1937- ) Country musician Hartford played a wide range of instruments, but he is best remembered as the composer of the song “Gentle on My Mind,” which was recorded by a host of legendary singers, including Glen Campbell, Frank SINATRA, and Elvis PRESLEY.

HARTY, Sir Hamilton (1879–1941) Composer and conductor Born in Ireland, Harty conducted the London Symphony Orchestra and the Halle Orchestra, giving many British premieres, notably of STRAUSS and MAHLER. His compositions include the Irish symphony, a violin concerto, and CHAMBER and VOCAL works.

HARVEY, Jonathan (1939- ) Composer Harvey studied with Hans Keller and Milton Babbitt. His music shows the influence of BRITTEN and STOCKHAUSEN, and later works made extensive use of electronics, for example, Madonna of Winter and Spring ( 1986).

HARVEY, P.J. (1970- ) Rock singer British-born Polly Jean Harvey attracted considerable attention with her intensely personal debut album Dry (1992). Several further albums have followed—including Rid of Me (1993) and To Bring You My Love (1995)—all released to critical acclaim.

HASKIL, Clara (1895–1960) Pianist Romanian-born Haskil studied in Vienna and Paris. She played recitals and recorded with CASALS and Grumiaux. A brilliant concert pianist, despite her small size and apparent ill-health, she was particularly admired for her performances of Mozart, Schubert, and Beethoven.

HAVENS, Richie (1941- ) Rock singer-songwriter New York-born Havens has his musical roots in GOSPEL and Doo-wop. He was a regular in the folk clubs of Greenwich Village. He gained his reputation with a mixture of his own songs and excellent cover versions—a pattern established on his third album Mixed Bag (1967). Havens’ finest three hours came with his performance at the Woodstock festival in 1969. His final song “Freedom” was brilliantly captured on film in D.A. Pennabaker’s documentary of the famous rock festival.

HAWKINS, Screamin’ Jay (1929-) Rock singer In 1956 Hawkins had phenomenal success with the single “I Put a Spell on You.” Hawkins’s notoriety and the disturbing sound of the track ensured it sold a million copies—although it never made it onto the Billboard charts. Hawkins’ live shows involved snakes and skulls, combining tongue-in-cheek horror with ROCK’N’ROLL. However, his career progressed in fits and starts and his influence on artists like Alice Cooper and Ozzy Osbourne far outstripped his record sales.

HAYES, Isaac (1942- ) Blues and soul singer-songwriter Hayes began his career writing songs for artists such as Otis REDDING and Sam & Dave. Between 1967–73, Hayes recorded seven albums containing largely instrumentals that often lasted over ten minutes—including his classic reworking of “The Look of Love.” In 1971 he wrote the score for Shaft, and the single of the theme tune became a No.1 hit in the U.S. Although Hayes went out of fashion in the late 1970s, his work was revived in the late 1980s.

HEATH, Percy (1923-) Jazz double bass player A superb bass player, Heath worked with Miles DAVIS, Dizzy GILLESPIE, and Charlie PARKER and was a founding member of the MODERN JAZZ QUARTET.

HEFTI, Neal (1922-) Jazz composer Hefti began his career as a trumpeter but was soon arranging for Woody Herman. He wrote for Charlie PARKER and Count BASIE, and by the late 1950s was working full-time writing film scores and music for TV.

HENDRICKS, Barbara (1948-) Opera singer American soprano Hendricks made her debut in San Francisco in 1974. She gained an international reputation for Mozart roles such as Susanna and Pamina, and for Verdi’s Nannetta and Gilda.

HENEKER, David (1906-) Composer and lyricist Heneker had his first hit with There Goes My Dream in 1940. He also had success with several MUSICALS both in London and on Broadway, in particular Half a Sixpence and Charlie Girl.

HEPTONES Reggae group The Heptones were the definitive rocksteady and REGGAE trio, leading the way for Jamaican harmony groups. Led by bassist and vocalist Leroy Sibbles, they made their most successful album, Party Time, with Lee Perry producing, in 1976.

HERMAN, Woody (1913–87) Jazz musician Herman worked as bandleader, clarinettist, alto saxophonist, and singer. His band Herman’s Herd was internationally known and featured artists such as Stan GETZ. Herman’s Herd evolved over 50 years, constantly updating its sound—for example, acknowledging the influence of HARD BOP—without forgetting its early roots.

HERMAN’S HERMITS Pop band Formed in Manchester, England, in 1963, Herman’s Hermits had a U.K. No.1 in 1964 with “I’m into Something Good.” Other hits included “Mrs. Brown, You’ve Got a Lovely Daughter” and “I’m Henry VIII, I Am,” both of which reached No.1 in the U.S.

HESS, Dame Myra (1890–1965) Pianist English pianist Dame Myra Hess, was admired for her playing of Mozart, Beethoven, and Schumann. She wrote a famous arrangement of Bach’s Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring. She arranged wartime recitals in London’s National Gallery, during a time when all concert halls were closed, as part of the war effort.

HEYWOOD, Eddie (1915-) Jazz musician and composer Heywood began as a pianist, forming his own sextet which recorded classic tracks with Billie H^OLIDAY, Ella FITZGERALD, and Bing CROSBY. After a bout of illness Heywood began to concentrate on orchestration and composing. He wrote several big hits, including “Canadian Sunset,” “Land of Dreams,” and “Soft Summer Breeze.”

HILLER, Lejaren (1924-) Composer American composer Hiller studied with Sessions and Babbitt. He was one of the first to use computers in composition, such as on Illiac Suite (1957). He also lectured extensively and wrote articles on computer music.

HINES, Earl (1903–83) Jazz pianist and bandleader Hines was one of the greatest classic JAZZ pianists, perhaps only bettered by Art TATUM. In the 1920s he was a close associate of Louis ARMSTRONG. In 1928 he formed his own band which lasted 20 years. In the 1960s his career reached new heights and he spent the rest of his life touring worldwide.

HODES, Art (1904-) Jazz pianist Born in the Ukraine, Hodes played as a soloist in Chicago in the late 1920s. In 1938 he moved to New York where he formed his own band in 1941. Hodes was also a DJ, edited The Jazz Record, hosted a TV series— one of his programmes won an Emmy—and was a pioneering lecturer in JAZZ at schools and colleges.

HOFFNUNG, Gerard (1925–59) Tuba player and humourist A refugee from Nazi Germany, Hoffnung is remembered for his comedy illustrations of singers and instrumentalists. He also created the short-lived but successful Hoffnung Music Festival in London in 1956 for which composers wrote humourous works.

HOGWOOD, Christopher (1941-) Harpsichordist and conductor Hogwood studied with harpsichordist Gustav Leonhardt and worked with David Munrow, before founding the Academy of Ancient Music. He is widely known as a conductor and harpsichordist and has written books on Handel and the Trio Sonata (1979).

HOLLAND/DOZIER/HOLLAND Composing and production team Legendary MOTOWN songwriting and production team Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Eddie Holland made their production debut with the Marvelettes’ “Locking Up My Heart” in 1963. They went on to achieve huge success both for Motown and for themselves with the Isley Brothers: “This Old Heart of Mine”; the Four Tops: “(It’s the) Same Old Song”; and in particular Diana Ross and the Supremes, for whom they wrote a succession of chart toppers, including “Where Did Our Love Go,” “You Can’t Hurry Love,” and “You Keep Me Hangin’ On.” They left Motown in 1967 to form their own Invictus and Hot Wax labels.

HOLLIES, The Pop group Rivalling even the BEATLES and the ROLLING STONES for popularity at one time, the Hollies had a succession of chart hits between 1966 and 1974, including “Bus Stop” (1966), “Carrie-Anne” (1967), and “He Ain’t Heavy, He’s My Brother” (1970). Singer and founder member Graham Nash left in 1968 to form Crosby, Stills and Nash.

HOLLIGER, Heinz (1939-) Oboist and composer Swiss-born Holliger achieved an international reputation for his large repertoire including contemporary music. His compositions showed the influence of BOULEZ, with whom he studied.

HOLMBOE, Vagn (1909-) Composer Holmboe studied in his native Denmark and Berlin. He has written symphonies, string quartets, OPERAS, and CHAMBER MUSIC in a style influenced by NIELSEN and STRAVINSKY.

HONEGGER, Arthur (1892–1955) Composer A member of LES SIX, Swiss-born Honegger wrote symphonies, CHAMBER MUSIC, and incidental music, as well as two large-scale oratorios, Le roi David and Jeanne d’Arc au Bûcher.

HORNE, Marilyn (1934-) Opera singer American mezzo-soprano Horne made her debut in Los Angeles in 1954. She had great success in the roles of Carmen in 1972 and Handel’s Rinaldo in 1975. She was particularly admired for performing the work of Rossini and Bellini, often appearing with Dame Joan SUTHERLAND.

HORTON, Johnny (1925–60) Country singer Horton first achieved fame with COUNTRY hits such as “All Grown Up” and “Honky Tonk Hardwood Floor.” From 1959 he recorded story songs such as “When It’s Springtime in Alaska” and the title song of the John Wayne film North to Alaska.

HORTON, Walter “Shakey” (1918–81) Jazz and blues musician Known also as “Big Walter” and “Mumbles,” Horton played harmonica on recordings with Buddy Doyle, Muddy WATERS, and Jimmie RODGERS, handling his instrument with remarkable skill.

HOTTER, Hans (1909-) Opera singer German-born Hans Hotter took part in the premieres of several OPERAS by Richard STRAUSS, but is principally remembered for his interpretation of the great bass-baritone roles of Wagner, in particular Wotan.

HOVHANESS, Alan (1911-) Composer Of Armenian and Scottish descent, Hovhaness wrote religiously inspired music drawing on Armenian and Far Eastern influences. His output includes ORCHESTRAL, CHAMBER MUSIC, and VOCAL AND CHORAL MUSIC.

HOWARTH, Elgar (1935-) Conductor, trumpeter, and composer Howarth played in the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the Philip Jones Brass Ensemble. He conducted a number of important premieres at London’s Covent Garden, such as Gawain by Harrison Birtwistle. His own compositions were mainly for brass instruments. He was part of the “Manchester School” with Peter Maxwell Davies, Birtwistle, and Alexander Goehr.

HOWELL, Peg Leg (1888–1966) Blues singer Howell’s BLUES vocal style was a mixture of street vendors’ cries, fragments of narrative ballads and gamblers’ slang. He worked with guitarist Henry Williams and fiddler Eddie Anthony.

HOWLIN’ WOLF (1910–76) Blues singer Born Chester Burnett, Howlin’ Wolf developed his BLUES style into what was known as the Chicago Sound of the 1950s. A Chess Records artist, Wolf played guitar and harmonica and sang on classics such as “Smokestack Lightning,” “Killing Floor,” and “Little Red Rooster.”

HUMES, Helen (1913–81) Jazz and blues singer Humes replaced Billie HOLIDAY in Count BASIE’S orchestra in 1938. She later had hits with “Be-ba-ba-le-ba” and “Million Dollar Secret,” and toured with Red Norvo.

HUNTER, Alberta (1895–1984) Blues singer Hunter sang with Louis ARMSTRONG, Fats WALLER, and Sydney Bechet in New York. She also wrote “Downhearted Blues” in 1923—a hit for Bessie SMITH. In 1934 she appeared in the film Radio Parade.

HUNTER, Rita (1933-) Opera singer Hunter studied with Eva Turner and enjoyed her greatest success as Brünnhilde in the English National Opera’s production of The Ring in London in 1970. During her international career she was renowned for her interpretation of Wagner, and Bellini’s Norma.

HURT, Mississippi John (1894–1966) Blues singer and guitarist Hurt made a number of traditional ragtime recordings in the late 1920s, such as “Frankie” and “Stack O’Lee Blues.” After 1928 he took a 35-year break from music and worked on a farm. Prompted by a BLUES fan, Hurt returned to music in 1963, rerecording old songs as well as new material, and influencing a whole new generation of blues singers.

HÜSKER DÜ Rock group Formed in Minneapolis in 1979, Hüsker Dü were an influential PUNK ROCK trio—preccursors to the 1990s GRUNGE scene. Their early output was ferociously hardcore but their best albums, Candy Apple Grey (1986) and Warehouse: Songs and Stories (1987) revealed a more melodic, but still powerful approach. The band split in 1987 when Bob Mould went on to form Sugar, and Grant Hart formed Nova Mob.

IBERT, Jacques (1890–1962) Composer Ibert studied in Paris and wrote in a light impressionistic style recalling DEBUSSY and POULENC. His most notable works are his string quartet of 1942 and Divertimento of 1930.

IBRAHIM, Abdullah (1934-) Jazz pianist and composer Also known as Dollar Brand, Ibrahim formed his first band, the Jazz Epistles, in 1961, but the next year he left his native South Africa. After hearing him play, Duke ELLINGTON arranged for him to appear at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1965. During the late 1960s Ibrahim became involved in the FREE JAZZ scene. However, his best music came after he had rejected free jazz and rediscovered his African roots. In 1982 Ibrahim produced Kalahari Liberation Opera, a multimedia collage of dance, drama, and music. During the 1990s Ibrahim was spending more time in his native South Africa.

ICE T (1958- ) Rapper West Coast rapper Ice T, made his first record “The Coldest Rapper” in 1983, but it was with “Ya Don’t Know” that his reputation began to be established. One of the original gangsta rappers, Ice T is a controversial figure—sparking public outrage with his song “Cop Killer.” Apart from his RAP albums, he has also made forays into HEAVY METAL with the band Body count.

IDOL, Billy (1955- ) Rock singer Inspired by the example of the SEX PISTOLS, Billy Idol formed his own PUNK group Generation X. Moving to America, he began a solo career in 1981. His single “Mony Mony” went to No.l in both the U.S. and U.K. charts, and his album Rebel Yell (1984) reached No.6 in the U.S. His 1990 album Charmed Life was perhaps his best—certainly the most expensive, costing $1.5 million—but it failed to equal his previous successes.

IFIELD, Frank (1937-) Pop singer One of the most successful pop artists of the 1960s, Ifield had three consecutive U.K. No.l records in 1963. In the 1970s he appeared regularly in stage shows, before concentrating on COUNTRY music and touring the U.S. and Australia.

IGLESIAS, Julio (1943- ) Pop singer Spanish singer Iglesias had international success with “Manuela” and “Hey” in the 1970s and with “Begin the Beguine,” which topped the U.K. charts in 1981. The album Julio sold over a million copies, and his next album featured duets with Willie NELSON and Diana Ross.

IMBRIE, Andrew (1921- ) Composer Imbrie studied with Roger Sessions whose influence can be heard in his symphonies, concertos, and quartets. His OPERA Angle of Repose (1976) shows a fusion of American FOLK MUSIC with atonality.

ENXS Rock group Formed in Australia in 1977, INKS developed a style bringing together characteristics of African-American DANCE MUSIC and white SOUL. Their fourth album The Swing gained them international recognition and success followed with their next two albums, Listen Like Thieves (1985) and Kick (1987). In 1988 the band swept the board at the MTV awards. INKS continued to be successful until the untimely death of lead singer Michael Hutchence in 1997.

IRELAND, John (1879–1962) Composer Ireland studied at the Royal College of Music in London with Sir Charles Stanford and was influenced by DEBUSSY, RAVEL, and STRAVINSKY. His best known works are the symphonic rhapsody Mai-Dun (1920) and the piano concerto of 1930.

ISAACS, Gregory (1951-) Reggae singer Dubbed the “Cool Ruler,” by 1980 Isaacs was the biggest star in REGGAE, touring widely in the U.S. and U.K. at the time. A prolific songwriter, Isaacs has produced hundreds of singles and albums during his career, featuring his unique cool vocal delivery. He is best heard on the albums Soon Forward (1979), Night Nurse (1982), and Out Deh! (1983).

ISLEY BROTHERS, The Rock and R&B band An incredibly eclectic group, the Isley Brothers, from Cincinnati, mixed R&B, SOUL, GOSPEL, and ROCK’N’ROLL. In 1959 they wrote and recorded their first hit “Shout,” and in 1962 they had their first Top 20 hit with “Twist and Shout”—later a huge hit for the BEATLES. In the 1960s the Isley Brothers signed to MOTOWN but this association was largely unsuccessful. They had two further Top 10 hits with “That Lady” (1973) and “Fight The Power” (1975), and continued to perform and record into the 1990s.

IVES, Burl (1909–95) Folk singer and actor Illinois-born Ives appeared in Broadway shows and had his own radio program Wayfaring Stranger. His first chart success came in 1948, singing with the ANDREWS SISTERS on “Blue Tail Fly.” He continued to be successful in the U.S. charts throughout the 1950s and early 1960s.

JACKSON 5 Soul group Made up of five brothers, with Michael JACKSON, the youngest, singing lead vocals, the Jackson 5 won numerous talent contests before signing to MOTOWN in 1968. In 1970 their first four singles— “I Want You Back,” “ABC,” “The Love You Save,” and “I’ll Be There”—all topped the U.S. charts. They were the subject of an American cartoon series and hosted their own TV show. However, as Michael Jackson’s solo career took off, the rest of the Jacksons were increasingly eclipsed.

JACKSON, Benjamin “Bull Moose” (1919–89) Jazz musician Jackson played alto and tenor saxophone with Freddie Webster’s Harlem Hotshots. He later played tenor saxophone for Lucky Millinder and had hits with “I Love You, Yes I Do” and “All My Love Belongs to You.”

JACKSON, Chuck (1937- ) Soul singer Jackson sang on the Dell Vikings’ U.S. Top 10 hit “Whispering Bells.” His uptown SOUL style can be heard on “Something You Got” with Maxine Brown (1965), and Freddie Scott’s “Are You Lonely for Me Baby?” (1967).

JACKSON, Janet (1966- ) Pop singer Janet Jackson, sister of Michael JACKSON, had an early career as a TV actress. She made her breakthrough with her third album Control— produced by dance music producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. Her next album, Janet Jackson’s Rhythm Nation 1814 (1989) produced seven U.S. Top 5 singles, including four No. Is, and earned her a Grammy. Her next album Janet went straight to No.l in the U.S. in 1993- In 1995 Jackson renegotiated her contract with Virgin securing $80 million and the most lucrative contract in recording history.

JACKSON, Milt “Bags” (1923-) Jazz vibraphonist “Bags” Jackson played the vibraphone in BEBOP style and was one of the finest performers ever heard on this instrument. He played with Dizzy GILLESPIE, Thelonious MONK, and Woody Herman, and was a member of the MODERN JAZZ QUARTET. His harmonic-based improvisations and instantly recognisable tone made him one of the most popular modern JAZZ musicians.

JACQUET, Illinois (1922- ) Tenor saxophonist Jacquet played with Floyd Ray and Lionel Hampton before working with Count BASIE and with Norman GRANZ’S Jazz at the Philharmonic. He began a new style in saxophone playing—the “Texas tenor style”—managing to combine the toughness of the best BLUES players with the harmonic mobility of men like Buddy Tate.

JAGGER, Mick (1943- ) Rock singer With his exaggerated posturing and energetic stage performances, Jagger, lead singer of the ROLLING STONES, virtually invented the modern rock star persona. He was also responsible for many of the group’s lyrics, including “I Can’t Get No Satisfaction.” In 1985 Jagger finally launched his solo career with the album She’s the Boss, which reached No. 13 in the U.S. Since then he has released two solo albums with moderate success.

JAM, The Rock band Emerging from the PUNK movement and strongly influenced by R&B, THE WHO and the BEATLES, the Jam’s first U.K. chart success came with the single “All Around the World” closely followed by “Down in the Tube Station at Midnight” in 1978. In the early 1980s they had several U.K. No.1 records and attracted a fanatical following for their electric live performances, but they failed to make a major impression in the U.S.

JAMES, Elmore (1918–63) Blues singer and guitarist James is best remembered for the song “Dust My Broom” on which he sings and plays slide guitar, but he was also a great influence on other BLUES players, including B.B. KING. During the 1950s James and his backing group, the Broomdusters, had a number of R&B hits. He also wrote songs that were recorded by Jimi HENDRIX, Duane Allman of the Allman Brothers, and Fleetwood Mac.

JAMES, Etta (1938- ) R&B singer James was discovered by Johnny Otis with whom she toured in the 1950s. She had hits in the 1960s with “All I Could Do Was Cry” and “Something’s Got a Hold on Me.” She continued to perform in the 1990s.

JAMES, Rick (1948- ) Soul singer Inspired by George Clinton, James developed an overtly sexualised style of music he called “funk’n’roll,” and had a number of successes in the late 1970s and early 1980s, including “Give It to Me Baby,” which topped the R&B charts for five weeks, and “Super Freak (Pt. 1).” James also produced other artists, including the Stone City Band, Teena Marie, and Eddie Murphy.

JAMES, Skip (1902–69) Blues singer and guitarist James was one of the finest COUNTRY-BLUES performers of all time. His best known songs include “Skip James Today,” “Devil Got My Woman,” and “I’m So Glad,” which was later recorded by CREAM. In 1942 he became a baptist minister.

JAMIROQUAI Funk group Jamiroquai, the creation of vocalist Jason Kay, are one of the leading acid jazz bands in the U.K. In 1993 they had their first hit with “Too Young to Die,” which reached the U.K. Top 10. They have had two hit albums, Emergency on Planet Earth (1993) and Return of the Space Cowboy (1994), showcasing their brand of hip-hop rhythms coupled with an essentially acid jazz/FUNK approach. In 1998 they recorded “Deeper Underground,” the theme song to the movie Godzilla.

JAN AND DEAN Pop duo Jan Berry and Dean Torrence had only intermittent success until they became involved in the California SURF MUSIC scene in 1963. That year they had their first No.1 hit with “Surf City,” co-written with BEACH BOYS leader Brian Wilson. The Beach Boys contributed to other Jan and Dean hits and Dean Torrence—although uncredited—sang lead vocals on the Beach Boys’ “Barbara Ann.” Jan Berry was seriously injured in a car crash in 1966 and the duo’s success faded.

JANE’S ADDICTION Rock band Jane’s Addiction was formed by Perry Farrell in 1986 to pursue his personal vision of ROCK as art. Their three albums were well received by the critics, but only the last, Ritual De Lo Habitual (1990), was a commercial success— reaching the U.S. Top 20. The band remained controversial to the end: their first manager had been a prostitute who greeted the audience topless, while the artwork for their last album was banned from several chain stores. Jane’s Addiction split in 1992, following the successful Lollapalooza tour.

JARREAU, Al (1940- ) Soul singer With a highly individual style showing a variety of influences, Jarreau has made several successful albums, including Glow (1976) and Breaking Away (1981). Elements of JAZZ, AFRICAN, and Asian music can all be heard in his scat singing and he has won Grammys for his performances in JAZZ, R&B, and POP MUSIC

JEFFERSON AIRPLANE Rock group Jefferson Airplane formed in San Francisco in 1965. The following year they were joined by vocalist and songwriter Grace Slick. “White Rabbit” and “Somebody to Love,” from their debut album Surrealistic Pillow (1967), both became Top 10 hits. After several albums and successful festival appearances— including Woodstock—the band changed personnel and direction. Renamed Jefferson Starship, they had a number of hits in the same vein as Fleetwood Mac during the 1970s. In 1985 Jefferson Starship became Starship, scoring still more hits with songs such as “We Built This City on Rock and Roll” (1985).

JETHRO TULL Rock band Formed in the U.K. in 1967, Jethro Tull gained a reputation for their compelling live shows largely due to the performances of frontman, singer/flautist Ian Anderson. Beginning as a BLUES band, Jethro Tull became one of the more important PROGRESSIVE ROCK bands. The hugely successful Aqualung (1971) was the best of their albums.

JOAN JETT AND THE BLACKHEARTS Rock band Philadelphia-born Joan Larkin formed Joan Jett and the Blackhearts after the split of all-girl glitter-PUNK band the Runaways. Specialising in powerful, uncomplicated ROCK, they had a U.S. No.l with “I Love Rock’n’Roll” in 1982. Jett continued to record and made two film appearances. She remains something of a figurehead to female rockers.

JOACHIM, Joseph (1831–1907) Violinist and composer Joachim led Liszt’s orchestra and gave important performances of Schumann and Brahms. He founded a string quartet, composed violin music, and was a highly influential teacher.

JOCHUM, Eugen (1902–87) Conductor Jochum conducted in Munich and in Berlin with the Radio Orchestra and the Philharmonic. He was particularly admired for his interpretation of Bruckner’s symphonies.

JOEL, Billy (1949-) Rock musician Joel was a classically trained pianist. However, it is in the world of ROCK MUSIC that Joel has made his mark— becoming a major star in the 1980s. He first came to prominence with The Stranger (1978), which hit No.2 on the charts—becoming Columbia Records’ second biggest-selling album ever. A string of hit singles followed, including the No.l hit “My Life” (1978) and the pop classic “Uptown Girl” (1983).

JOHNSON, Bunk (1889–1949) Jazz trumpeter Johnson played in a number of New Orleans’ bands. In 1931 bandleader Evan Thomas was stabbed to death as he played along-side Johnson. Following this event Johnson virtually retired, until he was rediscovered by Frederick Ramsey and William Russell in 1939. He made a comeback in the 1940s leading his own bands, playing with Sidney Bechet, and becoming a crucial figure in the JAZZ revival.

JOHNSON, J.J. (1924-) Jazz trombonist and composer Johnson played with Count BASIE in New York and with Charlie PARKER and Dizzy GILLESPIE, adapting the BEBOP style to the trombone. He later worked with Miles DAVIS, before forming his own quartet and sextet. In 1970 he moved to Los Angeles to score film and TV background music, and after that made only occasional appearances as a performer.

JOHNSON, James P (1894–1955) Jazz pianist and composer Johnson recorded a number of his own compositions in the 1920s including “Carolina Shout” and “Keep Off the Grass,” as well as recording with other artists, such as Bessie SMITH. In 1923 he composed the score for the Broadway show Running Wild, and in the 1930s he wrote a symphony as well as various pieces for the stage. Johnson has been called the “father of stride piano” because he was Fats WALLER’S teacher.

JOHNSON, Pete (1904–67) Jazz pianist U.S. born, Johnson worked as a soloist in clubs throughout the 1930s and played in the 1938 Carnegie Hall concert “From Spirituals to Swing.” He was a member of the Boogie Woogie Trio and later toured with Art TATUM and Erroll GARNER.

JOLAS, Betsy (1926-) Composer Born in France, Jolas studied with MESSIAEN and MILHAUD, and wrote music mainly for small groups, in a style similar to BOULEZ. Her major compositions include Quatuor II (1964), Musique d’hiver (1971) for organ and orchestra, and D’un opéra de poupée en sept musiques (1982) for modem electric and traditional wind instruments.

JOLIVET, André (1905–74) Composer Deeply influenced by his teacher VVARÈSE, French-born Jolivet was an exotic orchestrator. He also wrote incidental music, ballets, choral works, and songs. His music is best illustrated by the piece Mana (1935), written for piano, and Danse incantatoire (1936), written for orchestra.

JONES, George (1931-) Country singer-songwriter Influenced by Roy ACUFF and Hank WILLIAMS, Jones developed a distinctive style in the 1950s. He sang at the Louisiana Hayride and in a highly successful partnership with his one-time wife Tammy WYNETTE, becoming one of the most successful COUNTRY singers of his generation.

JONES, Grace (1952-) Soul singer A former model, Jones first achieved commercial success with her 1980 album Warm Leatherette, which combined elements of ROCK, REGGAE, and FUNK. A more melodic approach became evident on the 1982 release Living My Life. Jones is as famous for her carefully constructed, androgynous image and unpredictable persona as for her music.

JONES, Dame Gwyneth (1936-) Opera singer One of the finest dramatic-sopranos of her generation, Dame Gwyneth sang Sieglinde at London’s Covent Garden in 1965, going on to sing all the Wagner heroines internationally—notably Briinnhilde in the 1976 Bayreuth Festival. She also performed as a compelling Turandot.

JONES, Hank (1918-) Jazz pianist Elder brother of Thad and Elvin JONES, Hank Jones was also founder of the Detroit “school” of pianists. He worked with Billy Eckstine and in Norman GRANZ’S Jazz at the Philharmonic concerts, before becoming Ella FITZGERALD’S accompanist from 1948–53. He was pianist and conductor for the Broadway show Ain’tMisbehavin’, and became a member of the Great Jazz Trio.

JONES, Jo (1911–85) Jazz drummer Alabama-born Jones had a long association with Count BASIE, providing the backbone for his superlative Ail-American Rhythm Section. Later, Jones worked with Duke ELLINGTON, Billie HOLIDAY, and Benny GOODMAN. He was highly influential in all aspects of JAZZ percussion playing, laying the foundations for modern jazz drumming.

JONES, PhillyJoe (1923–85) Jazz drummer Born in Philadelphia, Jones played with Dizzy GILLESPIE and Charlie PARKER, and later in New York with Miles DAVIS’ quintet. Forever associated with the classic Davis quintet, Jones not only masterminded its rhythm section but also created its distinctive sound. Later he led the group Dameronia—dedicated to performing the works of Tadd Dameron.

JONES, Thad (1923–86) Jazz musician Brother of Hank and Elvin Jones, Thad played cornet and flugel-horn in addition to composing. He played with Charles MINGUS and Count BASIE before forming an 18-piece band with drummer Mel Lewis in 1965. He formed the Thad Jones Eclipse in 1979 in Denmark, but returned to the U.S. in 1985 to lead the Count Basie Orchestra. His accomplished playing has largely been overshadowed by his reputation as an ARRANGER and composer.

JOPLIN, Janis (1943–70) Blues and rock singer In 1966 Janis joined Big Brother and the Holding Company. Her highly individual BLUES-style vocals powered their one successful album, Cheap Thrills (1968), which stayed at the top of the U.S. charts for eight weeks. She later formed the Kozmic Blues Band and the Full Tilt Boogie Band, with whom she recorded the posthumously released No.l hit single “Me and Bobbie McGee” and the album Pearl (both 1971). Joplin had died of a heroin overdose in 1970.

JORDAN, Louis (1908–75)Jazz musician Saxophonist, singer, and bandleader, Jordan formed his own group the Tympany Five in New York in 1938, having worked with artists such as Fats WALLER and Kaiser Marshall. He appeared in several films, composed many songs—including “Five Guys Named Moe” and “Is You Is, or Is You Ain’t (Ma Baby)?”— and recorded duets with Bing CROSBY, Ella FITZGERALD, and Louis ARMSTRONG. Jordan’s music is generally considered to have been an important influence on ROCK’N’ROLL.

JORDAN, Stanley (1959-) Jazz guitarist Jordan played at numerous JAZZ festivals and recorded solo albums, the second of which, The Magic Touch (1985), was a huge commercial success. He brought an entirely new approach to electric guitar playing, even devising his own tuning system. However, his choice of what to play has been relatively limited and later releases were regarded as disappointing.

JOY DIVISION Rock group In their two years of existence, Joy Division emerged as one of the most brilliant bands of their era. Their first album, Unknown Pleasures (1979), released on Manchester’s Factory record label, quickly attracted a large cult follow-ing but they are best heard on the follow-up, Closer (1980). In May 1980 vocalist Ian Curtis killed himself. One month later, they scored their biggest hit with the single, “Love Will Tear Us Apart.” The remaining members of Joy Division formed New Order— achieving a great deal of success in the 1980s and 1990s.

JUDDS, The Country duo During the 1980s, mother and daughter duo Naomi and Wynonna Judd made million-selling albums such as Rockin’ with the Rhythm of the Rain, and recorded with Emmylou HARRIS and Mark Knopfler. In 1990 Wynonna began a solo career with a magnificent first album, Wynonna.

KAEMPFERT, Burt (1923–80) Composer and orchestra leader Born and educated in Germany, Kaempfert formed his own orchestra in the 1950s. He had success as a writer as well as an arranger, his biggest hits being “Wooden Heart,” which was sung by Elvis PRESLEY in the film G.I. Blues (1961), and “Strangers in the Night,” which became a million-selling hit for Frank SINATRA (1966).

KAMINSKY, Max (1908-) Jazz trumpeter Kaminsky played with Tommy DORSEY and Artie Shaw before arriving in New York, where he played the Carnegie Hall with Eddie Condon. A master of the straight lead—an elusive Dixieland art—his style recalled Louis ARMSTRONG and King Oliver.

KANG, Dong-Suk (1954-) Violinist Korean-born Dong-Suk Kang studied in New York. He toured internationally, playing with many of the world’s finest orchestras and recording several concertos, including those by SIBELIUS, NIELSEN, and ELGAR.

KARR, Gary (1941-) Double bass player Los Angeles-born Karr made his New York debut in 1962. He founded the International Institute for the String Bass in 1967. A great champion of his instrument, Karr has commissioned pieces and given many premieres, such as the double-bass concerto by HENZE. His most famous recording is of Paganini’s “Moses” Fantasy.

KATCHEN, Julius (1926–69) Pianist American-born Katchen was 11 years old when he made his debut with the Philadelphia Orchestra. He was particularly noted for his interpretations of Mozart, Beethoven, and Brahms. A lover of French music, he lived in Paris for most of his life.

KAYE, Danny (1913–87) Singer, dancer, comedian, and actor Kaye appeared in Straw Hat Revue on Broadway in 1939 and later in other Broadway shows by Cole PORTER and Ira Gershwin. His film appearances included The Secret life of Walter Mitty (1947) and the MUSICAL Hans Christian Andersen (1953).

K.C. AND THE SUNSHINE BAND R&B dance band Formed in Florida, they had U.K. and U.S. hits such as “Get Down Tonight” and three consecutive No.Is, all in a dance-FU”NK style. Specialising in party-type R&B, K.C. and the Sunshine Band continued to perform in the 1990s, although their chart success ended in the mid-1980s.

KEITA, Salif (1949-) Vocalist-composer Born in Mali, of royal parents, Keita played with the Rail Band and later Les Ambassadeurs, with whom he made three albums. As a soloist he has made several albums, notably Soro (1982) and Ko Yan (1986). His music is a synthesis of ROCK, electronics, Western music, and traditional African elements.

KELLY, Gene (1912–96) Actor, singer, dancer, and choreographer Best known for his performances in films such as On the Town and Singin’ in the Rain. Kelly introduced BALLET sequences into FILM MUSICALS—most notably using GERSHWIN’S music to create extended dance sequences for the film An American in Paris. In 1960 he directed a JAZZ ballet in Paris.

KEMPE, Rudolf (1910–76) Conductor German-born Kempe conducted at the OPERA houses in Leipzig, Dresden, and Munich. He was particularly admired for his interpretations of Richard STRAUSS and Wagner.

KEMPFF, Wilhelm (1895–1991) Pianist Kempff studied in his native Germany before touring widely. He made his London debut in 1951 and his New York debut in 1964. He was most closely associated with the piano works of Beethoven, Schumann, and Brahms.

Kendricks, Eddie (1939–92)Vocalist An original member of the Temptations, Kendricks was lead vocalist on many of their hits, includ-ing “The Way You Do the Things You Do” (1964) and “Just My Imagination” (1971). In 1973 he left the band to pursue a solo career. His single “Keep on Truckin’“ (1973) was a huge hit and he had smaller successes with “Boogie Down” (1974) and “Shoeshine Boy” (1975). After this, his career slowly lost momentum.

KENNEDY, Nigel (1956–) Violinist British-born Kennedy has played most of the concerto repertoire with many of the world’s great orchestras. He has cultivated an unconventional image, which has, on occasion, overshadowed the quality of his work. He has made many recordings of the standard works, and is renowned for his ELGAR Concerto and Vivaldi’s Four Seasons.

KENTNER, Louis (1905–87) Pianist Hungarian-born Kentner studied in Budapest but settled in England in 1935. He was much admired for his playing of Chopin and Liszt and gave premieres of works by BARTÓK.

KEPPARD, Freddie (1889–1933) Jazz cornetist Keppard formed the Olympia Orchestra in 1906 and later the Original Creole Orchestra, with whom he toured extensively before settling in Chicago. He was the first musician to travel widely in the U.S. with a NEW ORLEANS JAZZ ensemble. Before mutes were invented, Keppard was achieving glissandos and muted tones with a glass or a beer bottle. Eventually surpassed by younger players like Louis ARMSTRONG, and drinking heavily, Keppard ended his career as a sideman.

KERSHAW, Doug and Rusty Country duo Brothers Doug and Rusty began recording together in 1955. Their biggest hit came in 1960 with “Louisiana Man.” In 1964 the duo disbanded, with Doug going on to a highly successful career as a solo fiddler.

KERTESZ, Istvan (1929–73) Conductor Hungarian Kertesz worked in his native country until the 1956 revolution. After leaving Hungary he held appointments in Augsburg and Cologne, and with the London Symphony Orchestra. He was highly regarded, particularly for his performances of 20th-century works.

KHAN, Chaka (1953–) Soul singer Khan first found fame with the American FUNK group Rufus. In 1978 she began a solo career, achieving success in 1984 with “I Feel for You”—written by PRINCE and featuring Stevie WONDER. She has since collaborated with David BOWIE and Robert Palmer.

KIEPURA, Jan (1902–66) Opera singer Polish tenor Kiepura sang in Vienna, Paris, Buenos Aires, and at La Scala in Milan, before making his U.S. debut in Chicago in 1931. As well as being a popular OPERA singer, he made a number of films and appeared on Broadway.

KING, Ben E. (1938–) Soul singer King sang with the Drifters before beginning his solo career in 1960. He had a number of hits in the 1960s such as “Spanish Harlem”—written by Jerry Leiber and Phil SPECTOR—“Stand by Me,” and “It’s All Over.” In 1977 he recorded the album Benny and Us with the Average White Band.

KING CRIMSON Rock band Formed by Robert Fripp in 1968, King Crimson were at the forefront of the PROGRESSIVE ROCK movement. Their first album In the Court of the Crimson King (1969) was a critical and commercial success. Other albums followed, but the group disbanded in 1974. They reformed in 1981, making three albums before disbanding again. In 1994 Fripp reformed King Crimson and released the acclaimed album Thrak (1995).

KING TUBBY (1941–89) Reggae producer King Tubby pioneered recording techniques such as delay echo, slide fading, and phasing. He trained a generation of REGGAE engineers and was highly influential, particularly in the presentation of dance music and the evolution of dub.

KIRBY, John (1908–52) Jazz double bass player and bandleader Kirby played with Fletcher HENDERSON and Chick Webb. In 1937 he formed his own group in New York. During the period from 1938–42, they made many recordings and broadcasts, establishing a large following. However, they went out of fashion and Kirby moved to California.

KIRK, Andy (1898–1992) Jazz saxophonist and bandleader Kirk joined George Morrison’s Orchestra in 1918 and Terrence Holder’s Dark Clouds of Joy Orchestra in 1925, taking over as leader in 1929. They enjoyed success, especially with the song “Until the Real Thing Comes Along” before disbanding in 1948.

KIRK, Roland (1936–77) Jazz tenor saxophonist A true original, Kirk played three instruments at once—the stritch, the manzello, both archaic saxophones, and tenor sax—as well as a variety of whistles and flutes. Kirk performed with his own group, the Vibration Society, but his music was unclassifiable, containing elements of JAZZ styles ranging from NEW ORLEANS JAZZ through SWING and BEBOP to avant-garde.

KIRKPATRICK, Ralph (1911–84) Harpsichordist American-born Kirkpatrick played a repertoire ranging from Bach to Elliot CARTER on the harpsichord and clavichord. He was also an authority on Domenico Scarlatti, whose harpsichord sonatas he catalogued.

Kiss Rock band Formed in 1972, Kiss developed a reputation based on their live shows, which were billed as “The Greatest Rock’n’Roll Show on Earth”—complete with glam rock outfits, full makeup, and Alice Cooper-style theatrics. They had their first hit single in 1975, and for the next two years were the biggest HEAVY METAL band in the world. Kiss remained popular in the 1980s and 1990s, Asylum (1985) and Crazy Nights (1987) being their most successful albums.

KLEE, Bernhard (1936–) Conductor German-born Klee worked in Cologne and Salzburg before gaining major appointments in Hanover and Düsseldorf. He made his American debut in 1974, and then conducted in New York, San Francisco, and Chicago. Klee appeared at international festivals and made a series of outstanding recordings.

KLEIBER, Carlos (1930–) Conductor Son of Erich, Argentinian conductor Carlos was born in Germany. His first success came with BERG’S Wozzeck in the late 1960s. He worked mostly in Europe, conducting OPERA, notably works by STRAUSS, Wagner, Verdi, Bizet, and Weber. Not wishing to hold a resident appointment, Kleiber has worked at all the major concert halls in Europe, particularly in Munich, Vienna, Bayreuth, and Covent Garden in London.

KLEIBER, Erich (1890–1956) Conductor Austrian-born Kleiber was music director of the Berlin Staatsoper, where he conducted the first performance of BERG’S Wozzeck in 1924. During World War II he worked in Latin America. Kleiber was most admired for his performances of OPERAS by STRAUSS and Mozart. He was the father of the conductor Carlos Kleiber.

KNIGHT, Gladys Soul singer Born in the U.S., Gladys Knight is most famous for her work with the Pips. Formed in 1952, they had their first success with “Every Beat of My Heart” (1961). From 1966 they recorded for MOTOWN, making a series of highly successful records. They recorded the classic “Midnight Train from Georgia,” a U.S. No.l in 1973. The group also had its own TV series, and Gladys appeared in the 1976 film Pipedream. She also sang the theme song for the James Bond movie Licence To Kill. The Pips disbanded in 1989.

KNUSSEN, Oliver (1952–) Conductor English-born Knussen began his career as a composer and wrote several works including three symphonies and the two OPERAS, Where the Wild Things Are (1983) and Higglety Pigglety Pop! (1985). But he is best known as a conductor, particularly in the field of contemporary music.

KOOL AND THE GANG Soul group Formed in 1964, originally as a jazz quartet, Kool and the Gang incorporated SOUL and FUNK into their music, leading to huge success in the U.S. charts with singles such as “Jungle Boogie” (1973) and “Hollywood Swinging” (1974). In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Kool and the Gang moved into DISCO and had a number of hits, including “Ladies Night” (1979), “Get Down on It” (1982), and “Fresh” (1985).

KOOPMAN, Ton (1944–) Conductor, organist, and harpsichordist Netherlands-born Koopman founded a number of period instrument ensembles, notably the Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra. He made many recordings as a soloist and conductor, in particular of Bach and Buxtehude.

KORNGOLD, Erich (1897–1957) Composer An infant prodigy, Korngold wrote ballet scores and OPERAS before moving to Hollywood to write FILM MUSIC. He also wrote ORCHESTRAL MUSIC, including a symphony, a violin concerto, and numerous songs in a highly Romantic idiom.

KRAFTWERK Electronic rock group Kraftwerk drew on influences such as Tangerine Dream and the avant-garde to produce a style characterised by synthesizers and tape machines. Despite their radical approach, they had a number of hit albums in the U.K. and U.S.—Autobahn (1974), Trans-Europe Express (1977), and The Man Machine (1978)—and a No.l single in the U.K. with “The Model” (1981). They remain a huge influence on the electronic music of the 1990s.

KRAUSE, Tom (1934–) Opera singer Born in Finland, Krause made his debut in Berlin and went on to sing in all the world’s major OPERA houses. His rich bass has been heard in a wide operatic repertory, especially Mozart, Verdi, and Wagner, as well as in recital and oratorio.

KREMER, Gidon (1947–) Violinist Latvian-born Kremer studied with David Oistrakh. He had an international career in the standard repertoire and in contemporary music, playing important premieres of works by SCHNITTKE and Reimann.

KRENEK, Ernst (1900–91) Composer Born in Austria, Krenek incorporated JAZZ into his early OPERAS and used 12-note SERIALLSM in Karl 1/(1938). He moved to the U.S. in 1938 and wrote three more operas. Although showing the influence of many styles and perhaps lacking a distinctive voice, his work was always highly proficient.

KRIPS, Joseph (1902–74) Conductor Born in Austria, Krips worked at the Vienna State Opera from 1935 and helped to rebuild Viennese musical life after World War II. He held appointments with major orchestras such as the London Symphony Orchestra and San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, and was most admired for performances of Mozart, Schubert, and Viennese OPERETTA.

KRONOS QUARTET, String quartet Formed in Seattle in 1978 by David Harrington, the Kronos Quartet specialises in contemporary music, having given over 150 first performances including works by John CAGE, Thelonious MONK, and Steve REICH. They are at home in both classical and JAZZ venues and are renowned for their unusual and contemporary performance style.

KUBELIK, Rafael (1914–96) Conductor Kubelik made his debut with the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra in 1934. Important posts followed with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, London’s Covent Garden, and the Bavarian Symphony Orchestra. In addition to conducting he wrote two OPERAS, a CHORAL symphony, and an orchestral symphony.

KUNZ, Erich (1909–) Opera singer The Viennese bass-baritone Kunz is particularly admired for his interpretation of the roles of Papagano, Beckmesser, and Figaro, which he sang internationally throughout the 1940s and 1950s. As well as performing OPERA, he also appeared regularly in popular Viennese OPERETTA.

LABELLE, Patti (1944–) Blues and soul singer Patti LaBelle began her career with the band LaBelle, who had a major DISCO hit with the single “Lady Marmalade.” Patti began a solo career in 1976 with mixed success. However, she achieved phenomenal sales for the singles “New Attitude” (1985)—from the soundtrack to Beverly Hills Cop—and “On My Own” (1986)—a duet with Michael McDonald.

LABEQUE, Marielle (1952–) and Katia (1950–) Pianists French pianists Marielle and Katia Labeque are principally known for their duet repertory. The sisters have appeared with many of the great conductors and orchestras and made many recordings.

LAFARO, Scott (1936–61) Jazz double bass player LaFaro began touring with Buddy Morrow’s band in 1955, and later worked with Chet BAKER in Los Angeles and Bill EVANS in New York. His recordings with the Bill Evans trio were highly influential in the development of JAZZ bass.

LAFONT, Jean-Philippe ( 1951–) Opera singer French bass-baritone Lafont’s career embraced a repertoire that ranged from Baroque to the late 19th century. He was particularly admired for his performances in the OPERAS of Mozart and Rossini, and in the roles of Rigoletto and Falstaff.

LAINE, Cleo (1927–) Jazz singer U.K.-born Laine joined the John Dankworth Seven in 1952. She later married Dankworth who became her ARRANGER, composer, and music director. She appeared in a number of stage shows, including Kurt WEILL’S The Seven Deadly Sins, Showboat, and Colette. She had a huge vocal range which she employed in all types of music. She is best heard on the 1991 album Jazz.

LANCE, Major ( 1941–94) Soul singer Lance had a U.S. Top 10 hit with “The Monkey Time” in 1963 and followed that with several more hits in collaboration with Curtis Mayfield during the mid–1960s. In the late 1970s he briefly enjoyed renewed popularity during a craze for “beach music” which retained an interest in vintage SOUL music.

LANDOWSKA, Wanda (1879–1959) Harpsichordist Born in Poland, Landowska was a leading figure in 20th-century harpsichord playing. She moved to Paris in 1900 as a pianist, but made her debut in the U.S. in 1923 as a harpichordist. She settled in the U.S. in 1940. She gave many important premieres, such as the concertos by de FALLA and POULENC.

LANE, Burton (1912–) Songwriter Lane began his career writing songs for revues, and went on to write over 40 film scores and several Broadway theatre scores. Most famously, he collaborated with Alan Jay Lerner on On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1965) and Carmelina (1979).

LANG, Eddie (1902–33) Jazz guitarist Lang famously partnered the JAZZ violinist Joe Venuti, with whom he recorded “Stringing the Blues” and “Tiger Rag.” He was also Bing CROSBY’S staff accompanist when Crosby began his solo career. Lang is widely credited with inventing the solo vocabulary for jazz guitarists.

LANG, k. d. (1962–) Country singer k.d. lang made a number of albums including A Truly Western Experience (1983) and Shadowland (1988) before crossing over into the mainstream with her highly acclaimed album Ingenue (1992). A worldwide hit, the album spawned the successful singles “Miss Chatelaine” and “Constant Craving.” Since her early career, lang has progressed from pure COUNTRY to a lusher, poppier style.

LANGLAIS, Jean (1907–91) Organist and composer Born in France, Langlais studied with Dupré, DUKAS, and Tournemire. He toured widely as a soloist and wrote music for the organ and church use, much of it based on Gregorian chants.

LANGRIDGE, Philip (1939–) Opera singer English tenor Langridge sung a wide range of roles in all the major OPERA houses. His repertoire included baroque and classical works and he was closely associated with certain 20th-century operas—notably BRITTEN’S Peter Grimes, SCHOENBERG’S Moses und Aron, and STRAVINSKY’S The Rake’s Progress.

LAROCCA, Nick (1889–1961) Jazz cornetist and bandleader LaRocca co-founded the Original Dixieland Jazz Band in 1916. His style of cornet playing was highly influential on later stars such as Bix BEIDERBECKE. Among his many compositions were “At the Jazz Band Ball” and “Clarinet Marmalade Blues.”

LARROCHA, Alicia de (1923–) Pianist Born in Spain, Larrocha made her debuts in the U.K. and U.S. before forming a duo with cellist Gaspar Cassado. She gained a strong reputation for her playing of Mozart and Beethoven, and recorded works by Albeniz and GRANADOS.

LAST, James (1929–) Bandleader and arranger German-born Last gained huge international success arranging hit singles for his big band. His arrangements of well-known works, both popular and classical, to which he generally added a dance beat, proved widely popular in the 1970s and were the basis for over 20 albums, including Make the Party Last.

LAURI-VOLPI, Giacomo (1892–1975) Opera singer Italian tenor Lauri-Volpi sang at La Scala in Milan and the Metropolitan Opera in New York, gaining a reputation in particular for his singing of Verdi and PUCCINI.

LAWRENCE, Gertrude (1898–1952) Actress, singer, and dancer Lawrence was a charismatic stage actress who starred in a number of musical comedies and MUSICALS, both in her native Britain and in the U.S. George GERSHWIN wrote “Someone to Watch Over Me” for her, and she appeared in Private Lives with Noel COWARD, WEILL’S Lady in the Dark, and RODGERS and HAMMERSTEIN’S The King and I.

LAWRENCE, Marjorie (1909–79) Opera singer Australian-born Marjorie Lawrence studied in Paris before estab-lishing herself as a leading dramatic soprano in roles such as Briinnhilde, Brangane, Salome, and Alceste, which she sang in Europe and the U.S.

LEAR, Evelyn (1928–) Opera singer Evelyn Lear made her recital debut in her native New York in 1955. During her career she sang a wide operatic repertoire, but was particularly associated with the soprano roles of Mozart, STRAUSS, and BERG’S Lulu.

LEE, Laura (1945–) Soul singer Lee had hits with “Dirty Man” and “Uptight Good Man” in 1967. After further successes in the 1970s, the singer reverted to her GOSPEL roots in 1983 with the album Jesus Is the Light of My Life.

LEE, Noel (1924–) Composer and pianist Although born in China, Noel Lee studied in the U.S. and toured extensively as a concert pianist. Much of her prodigious output as a composer is for piano and chamber ensembles. Lee has also produced a crucial edition of DEBUSSY’S works for two pianos.

LEEUW, Ton de (1926–) Composer Born in the Netherlands, Leeuw studied with Badings and MESSIAEN. His early works show the influence of BARTÓK and HINDEMITH, but later compositions reveal a more avant-garde style with Eastern, and in particular Indian, influences.

LEHAR, Franz (1870–1948) Composer Hungarian-born Lehár was the son of a military bandmaster. He is principally remembered for his hugely successful OPERETTAS of which The Merry Widow (1905) is the best known.

LEHMANN, Lilli (1848–1929) Opera singer German soprano Lilli Lehmann sang a huge repertoire ranging from Mozart and Bellini to Wagner. She took part in the first Bayreuth Festival in 1886, and also sang in Berlin, Salzburg, and New York.

LEHMANN, Lotte (1888–1976) Opera singer German-born Lehmann was principally associated with lyric soprano roles such as STRAUSS’S Marschallin and Wagner’s Eva. She sang widely in Germany and Austria and made her U.S. debut in 1930.

LEINSDORF, Erich (1912–93) Conductor Born in Austria, Leinsdorf learned his trade from TOSCANINI and WALTER. He conducted the German operatic repertoire at the Met in New York, and later held important posts with orchestras in London and Berlin. He wrote a seminal book on conducting in 1981 entitled The Composer’s Advocate.

LEMONHEADS, The Rock group Formed in the U.S. in 1987, the Lemonheads made a number of albums before their first commercial success with a cover version of Suzanne Vega’s “Luka.” In the early 1990s—after personnel changes—they produced two albums of snappy couNTRY-tinged ROCK music, It’s a Shame About Ray and Come on Feel the Lemonheads—both commercial successes in the U.K.

LENNON, John (1940–80) Rock musician Lennon began his solo career before the BEATLES’ final split. By 1970 he had made two albums with Yoko Ono and played live with the Plastic Ono Band (which included Eric Clapton). In 1971 the Plastic Ono Band reassembled to make the album Imagine—produced by Phil SPECTOR. Over the next four years Lennon produced a number of successful records. Much of his music carried a strong political message, for example “War Is Over If You Want It” and “Woman Is the Nigger of the World.” In 1980 Lennon recorded for the first time in five years, making the album Double Fantasy which included the single “(Just Like) Starting Over”—a posthumous No.l—before being shot and killed.

LENOIR, J. B. (1929–79) Blues singer and guitarist Mississippi-born Lenoir had his first success with the “Mojo Boogie” in 1953. “Eisenhower Blues” (1954) carried a serious message and in later songs, such as “Down in Mississippi,” he closely identified himself with the civil rights struggle.

LENYA, Lotte (1898–1981) Singer and actress Lenya was particularly identified with the music of Kurt WEILL, whom she married in 1926. She gained an international reputation for her performance in the role of Jenny in the Threepenny Opera and gave many performances of the work he wrote for her—The Seven Deadly Sins.

LEONHARDT, Gustav (1928–) Harpsichordist and conductor Dutch-born Leonhardt was a leading harpsichordist and conductor of Early Music. He was closely associated with the music of Bach, Frescobaldi, and Froberger.

LEPPARD, Raymond (1927–) Conductor British-born Leppard conducted his own editions of OPERAS by Monteverdi and Cavalli in the early 1960s. He was also a harpsichordist and pianist noted for his readings of Handel, Rameau, and Couperin.

LEWIS, Barbara (1943–) Soul singer Lewis established her reputation with the single “Hello Stranger” (1963). She had further successes with “Someday We’re Gonna Love Again” and “Make Me Your Baby,” before retiring from music in 1968.

LEWIS, George (1952–) Jazz trombonist and composer A leading figure in avant-garde JAZZ, Lewis’s compositions showed the influence of contemporary art music and electronics. In later works, for example Audio Tick, he used computers and digital synthesizers. Lewis was not, however, restricted to the avant-garde and his style embraced everything from early roots

LEWIS, Huey, and the News Rock group In their prime Huey Lewis and the News played down-to-earth consumer friendly ROCK with huge success. They reached the U.S. Top 10 with “Do You Believe in Love” from their debut album Picture This. During the mid–1980s, the band scored three U.S. No.Is, including “The Power of Love,” taken from the movie Back to the Future. By the late 1980s and early 1990s the band’s popularity was beginning to fade.

LEWIS, John (1920–) Jazz pianist and composer In 1946 Lewis joined Dizzy GILLESPIE’S big band, replacing Thelonious MONK. However, he is most closely associated with the MODERN JAZZ QUARTET—for whom he wrote many compositions—and his directorship of the Monterey Jazz Festival from 1958–82. His piano playing was original but recalled the stride style of Fats WALLER.

LEWIS, Meade “Lux” (1905–64) Jazz pianist Lewis was one of the most famous of the BOOGIE performers. His “Honky Tonk Train Blues” was not a hit but got him noticed. An important figure in the 1930s, Lewis played with Albert Ammons, Pete Johnson, and later Sidney Bechet, remaining a celebrity until his death.

LIBERACE (1919–87) Pianist Liberace made his debut with the Chicago Symphony orchestra in 1940. In the 1950s he cultivated a unique musical persona characterised by ostentatious costumes and staging, which made him hugely popular and commercially successful. His own compositions include “Rhapsody by Candlelight” and “Boogie-Woogie Variations.”

LIGGINS, Joe (1916–87) Blues pianist and composer Liggins formed his own group, the Honey drippers, in 1945. They had several hits including “I’ve Got a Right to Cry” (1948) and “Pink Champagne” (1950), and made numerous albums.

LILL, John (1944–) Pianist British-born Lili won the 1970 Tchaikovsky Competition. He achieved international success and was particularly admired for his playing of the Beethoven sonatas and concertos.

LITTLE FEAT Rock band Formed in Los Angeles in 1969, Little Feat featured legendary singer, songwriter, and guitarist Lowell George. They played ROCK MUSIC with a boogie beat and George’s seductive vocals on top. Renowned for their live shows, they are best heard on the albums Dixie Chicken (1973) and The Last Record Album (1975).

LITTON, Andrew (1959-) Conductor New York-born Litton held positions with the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra and the Dallas Symphony Orchestra. He conducted the house premiere of Porgy and Bess at Covent Garden, in London, in 1992, and has made numerous recordings.

LL COOL J (1969-) Rap singer Starting in 1984 with his debut single “I Need a Beat,” LL Cool J has had one of the longest and most successful careers in RAP. His debut album Radio is considered a classic of the genre and he had his first Top 10 hit with “I Need Love” in 1987. He is best heard on his 1990 album Mama Said Knock You Out. In the 1990s he also pursued an acting career, appearing in films such as The Hard Way and Toys.

LOCKHART, James (1930-) Conductor Born in Scotland, James Lockhart was associated principally with OPERA, holding important positions in Germany and the U.K. He was music director of the Welsh National Opera and director of opera at London’s Royal College of Music.

LOCKWOOD, Annea (1939- ) Composer Born in New Zealand, Lockwood studied in Europe. She was involved in experimental music using both traditional and unusual instruments to produce the required notes.

LOFGREN, Nils (1951-) Rock singer-songwriter and guitarist One of the best ROCK guitarists of his era, Lofgren appeared on After the Goldrush (1970) with Neil Young and toured with him before launching a solo career. In 1976 Lofgren released his most successful album to date, Cry Tough. Further albums were less successful and in 1984 Lofgren replaced Steve Van Zandt in Bruce SPRINGSTEEN’S band. Lofgren returned to solo work in the 1990s.

LOFTON, Cripple Clarence (1887–1957) Blues pianist and singer A pioneer of the BOOGIE-WOOGIE piano style, Lofton entertained in his own saloon in Chicago. He made recordings in the 1930s and 1940s including “Brown Skin Girls” and “House Rent Struggle.”

LONG, Marguerite (1874–1966) Pianist Born in France, Long taught in Paris before starting her own piano school there. She was an authority on FAURE, RAVEL, and DEBUSSY and gave the premiere of Ravel’s G Major Concerto.

LORIOD, Jeanne (1928-) Ondes Martenot player Loriod took part in many first performances and recordings of music by MESSIAEN and Jolivet. She also wrote the definitive work on this early electronic instrument.

LORIOD, Yvonne (1924-) Pianist Loriod gave premieres of piano music by MESSIAEN after they first worked together in 1943. Sister of Jeanne, Yvonne became Messiaen’s second wife and played important premieres of other composers’ works, in particular Pierre BOULEZ and Barraque.

LOTT, Felicity (1947-) Opera singer Lott had an international career as a lyric soprano. She was particularly admired in Mozart and STRAUSS, to whose music her elegant stage presence was perfectly suited.

LOUVIN BROTHERS Country music duo This mandolin and guitar duo were popular radio artists in the 1940s, later making over 100 singles and 20 albums. “When I Stop Dreaming,” released in the mid-1950s, was their most successful song. They broke up in 1963, but the EVERLY BROTHERS, among others, always acknowledged their debt to the Louvins.

LOVE Rock band Formed in Los Angeles in 1965, Love had almost instant success with the singles “My Little Red Book” and “7 and 7 Is.” Led by seminal guitarist Albert Lee, they made a number of albums which were critically acclaimed but had little chart success. Their finest moment was the album Forever Changes (1967).

LOVE, Courtney (1965-) Rock singer and guitarist Courtney Love played briefly in a number of bands before forming Hole in 1991. Based in Seattle, Hole were an important part of the GRUNGE scene in the early 1990s. Their second album, Live Through This, was widely acclaimed. In 1992 Love married Kurt Cobain of NIRVANA. His death in 1994 cast a shadow over the achievements of Love herself. In the late 1990s Love pursued a successful acting career.

LOVETT, Lyle (1957-) Country singer-songwriter One of the most eclectic and unclassifiable acts in COUNTRY music, Lovett remains a cult figure. Lovett’s songs have been covered with some success by Nanci Griffith but his own albums, while critically well received, have failed to gain commercial success. His 1996 album The Road to Ensenada is his most accessible to date.

LOVIN’ SPOONFUL, The Rock group Formed in New York in 1965, the Lovin’ Spoonful had hits with “Do You Believe in Magic?” and “Summer in the City.” Led by singer John Sebastian, their style brought together ROCK and urban FOLK MUSIC However, by 1967 things were beginning to fall apart for the band and their success began to fade. They disbanded in 1969 to pursue solo projects.

LUDWIG, Christa (1928-) Opera singer Berlin-born mezzo-soprano Ludwig sang in Salzburg and Vienna before making her Met debut in 1959. She was closely associated with the music of Mozart, STRAUSS, and Wagner, in particular the role of Octavian.

LUNCEFOW), Jimmie (1902–47) Jazz bandleader Lunceford formed a student JAZZ band in 1927 that became Jimmie Lunceford’s Orchestra. They achieved considerable success in the 1930s and are best heard in songs such as “For Dancers Only” and “Organ Grinder’s Swing.”

LUPU, Radu (1945-) Pianist Born in Romania, Lupu studied in Moscow and won the Leeds Piano Competition in 1969. He became a highly sought-after exponent of the Romantic repertoire, in particular the music of Brahms.

LUTYENS, Elisabeth (1906–83) Composer Daughter of the British architect Sir Edwin Lutyens, her early compositions used serial techniques recalling WEBERN. Her large output includes songs, OPERAS, string quartets, and FILM MUSIC.

LYMON, Frankie, and the Teenagers Soul group Their debut single “Why Do Fools Fall in Love?” was a huge success both sides of the Atlantic—reaching No.7 in the U.S. charts in 1956, when Lymon was only 13 years old. They had further successes and a sensational U.K. tour, but Lymon’s career as a soloist after leaving the group proved less successful and he died of a drug overdose in 1968.

LYMPANY, Moura (1916-) Pianist Born in Britain, Lympany made her debut at age 12. In an international career, her performances of Russian music, 20th-century English music, and RACHMANINOV were most notable.

LYNYRD SKYNYRD Rock group Lynyrd Skynyrd were leading lights in the Southern ROCK revival of the early 1970s. Their first album Pronounced Leh-nerd Skin-nerd (1973) contained their classic “Freebird.” They really came to prominence as a supporting act on tour with THE WHO in 1974 and had their biggest hit that same year with “Sweet Home Alabama.” They continued to be successful with gold discs and sell-out tours until 1977, when three members of the band were killed in a plane crash.

MA, YO-YO (1955-) Cellist Born in France, Yo-Yo Ma studied in New York and made his debut there at the age of 15. He had a major international career working with the world’s great orchestras and conductors and playing CHAMBER MUSIC with Yehudi MENUHIN and Emanuel Ax.

MACKERRAS, Sir Charles (1925-) Conductor Australian-born Mackerras was musical director of English and Welsh National Operas. He was particularly associated with 18th-century performance style and with the OPERAS of JANACEK —of which he gave many British premieres— PUCCINI, Gluck, and Handel.

MACONCHY, Elizabeth (1907- ) Composer Maconchy studied composition in London and Prague. She is best known for her CHAMBER MUSIC, although she wrote OPERAS, songs, and choral works. Many of her pieces have a characteristic central European sound and her technical methods were similar to BARTóK’S.

MADERNA, Bruno (1920–73) Composer Italian-born Maderna wrote 12-note serial music in the 1940s and early 1950s before turning to a less rigid avant-garde style. He wrote an OPERA and a great deal of instrumental music, as well as electronically based pieces. In 1972 Maderna won an Italia Prize for the radio electronic piece Ages. He played an unequalled part in the postwar development of Italian music as a composer, conductor, and teacher.

MALCOLM, George (1917–97) Harpsichordist Malcolm conducted orchestras and choirs, notably the Westminster Cathedral Choir, London, which he raised to a very high standard. In 1959 BRITTEN composed Missa brevis for Malcolm and his choir. He was also an accomplished harpsichordist, winning renown for his interpretations of the English virginalists and 18th-century masters.

MAMAS AND THE PAPAS, The Pop group Formed in New York in 1965, the Mamas and the Papas became associated with the San Francisco “flower people.” Their debut single, “California Dreaming” hit No.4 in the U.S. charts and a string of hits followed, including “Monday, Monday” and “Dedicated to the One I Love.” In 1968 the group disbanded. Cass Elliot (Mama Cass) had a successful solo career until her death in 1974.

MANFRED MANN Rock band One of the U.K.’s leading bands in the mid-1960s, they had their first No.l in 1964 with “Do Wah Diddy Diddy.” Another Top 10 hit followed in 1968 with “Mighty Quinn” (a song written by Bob DYLAN). After a series of farewell gigs in 1969, the band finally split. They reformed in the 1970s as Manfred Mann’s Earthband, scoring a No.l hit in 1976 with Bruce SPRINGSTEEN’S “Blinded by the Light.”

MANGELSDORFF, Albert (1928-) Jazz trombonist As JAZZ was banned by Hitler toward the end of the 1930s, the young Mangelsdorff had to attend secret meetings to indulge his early passion for the music. When he began playing he immediately took up the BEBOP style. In 1962 Mangelsdorff released the album Animal Dance recorded with American composer John Lewis. Two years later he toured India and became interested in Indian music, recording New Jazz Ramwong with Ravi SHANKAR. In the early 1970s he began to develop a multiphonic approach to trombone playing. Mangelsdorff has been voted Europe’s Jazz Musician of the Year more often than anyone else.

MANNE, Shelly (1920–84) Jazz drummer Manne played with Dizzy GILLESPIE and Stan KENTON before he moved to Los Angeles where he played with André PREVIN, ran a JAZZ club—Shelby’s Manne-Hole—and founded his own group the L.A. 4. Manne was a truly versatile drummer, whose unusual effects helped pave the way for the freer approach to jazz drumming that emerged in the 1960s. He was also a composer of music for movies and TV.

MANTOVANI (1905–80) Conductor, composer, pianist, and arranger Italian-born Annunzio Mantovani had hits in the 1930s with “Red Sails in the Sunset” and “Serenade in the Night,” and was briefly musical director for Noel COWARD, and for several shows in London’s West End. During the next four decades he achieved colossal sales throughout the world with his orchestra—famous for their “cascading strings.” He was one of the first popular artists to record albums rather than singles and was instrumental in extending the market for stereo recordings.

MANTRONLX Rap band The name Mantronix was made up from the words “man” and “electronics,” summing up Mantronix’s approach to RAP music. Formed in 1985 their first single “Fresh Is the Word” was hugely successful and their debut album broke new ground in terms of technical wizardry.

MARILYN MANSON Rock band Formed in Florida in 1990 Marilyn Manson set out to “explore the limits of censorship.” In 1994 they released their debut album Portrait of an American Family. Since then, their brand of theatrical, industrial ROCK has proved enduringly controversial and successful in the U.S.

MARKEVICH, Igor (1912–83) Composer and conductor Born in Russia, Markevich worked originally as a composer collaborating with Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes. After World War II he worked as a conductor with appointments in Monte Carlo and Boston. He was particularly noted for his performances of 20th-century works.

MARRINER, Sir Neville (1924- ) Conductor and violinist Born in the U.K., Marriner began his career playing in the Philharmonia Orchestra in London. He helped Thurston Dart form the Jacobean Ensemble specialising in 17th- and 18th-century music, and in 1959 founded the Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, in London, with whom he made a huge number of recordings. He was also director of the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra.

MARSALIS, Branford (1960- ) Tenor and soprano saxophonist Brother of trumpeter Wynton MARSALIS, in whose quintet he played, Branford also worked with Art BLAKEY, Dizzy GILLESPIE, Miles DAVIS, and STING — with whom he recorded The Dream of the Blue Turtles. As a classical player he worked with the English Chamber Orchestra. Marsalis also led his own trios and quartets, playing forceful neo-bop.

MARTIN, Dean (1917–95) Singer and actor Martin first came to prominence working in a series of successful movies with comedian Jerry Lewis. After leaving Lewis, Martin became associated with the Ratpack, appearing alongside Frank SINATRA and Sammy Davis, Jr. In 1964, the first Dean Martin Show was broadcast on TV. It was a massive success and was syndicated worldwide. Martin’s light, playful delivery of familiar standards and easy humour endeared him to the public in the 1950s and 1960s.

MARTIN, Sir George (1926-) Record producer Principally remembered for his work with the BEATLES, Martin worked with a host of artists throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. In 1965 he set up his own studios in London and later opened a studio on a Caribbean island where he worked with artists such as Paul McCartney, DIRE STRAITS, and the ROLLING STONES.

MARTIN, Jimmy (1927- ) Country singer and guitarist Martin worked with Bill Monroe—being rated as the best lead singer and guitarist Monroe had ever worked with—and later the Osborne Brothers, before forming the Sunny Mountain Boys. He was one of the greatest bluegrass performers with chart successes such as “Rock Hearts” and “Widow Maker.”

MARTIN, Mary (1913-) Actress, singer, and dancer Mary Martin made her breakthrough in 1938 singing “My Heart Belongs to Daddy” in Cole PORTER’S Leave It to Me. She performed in many Broadway MUSICALS, including South Pacific, Annie Get Your Gun, and The Sound of Music. She also appeared regularly in movies and on TV.

MARTYN, John (1948-) Guitarist and vocalist Over the course of his 25-year career, U.K.-born Martyn has created a unique style of music that combines FOLK, BLUES, JAZZ, and ROCK. A consummate guitarist and singer, he has collaborated with many of the great names of rock music. Martyn made his first album, London Conversation, in 1968. Several albums followed on which he collaborated with his wife Beverly. But his best albums are Solid Air (1973), One World (1977) and Grace and Danger (1980).

MARVIN, Hank (1941 -) Guitarist Marvin joined the Shadows—English ROCK’N’ROLL pin-up Cliff Richard’s backing band—in 1958. The Shadows had a string of hits with Richard and some instrumental hits, most notably the single “Apache,” which was a U.K. No.l in I960. He was a major influence on a generation of British ROCK guitarists, including Jeff Beck and Ritchie Blackmore. Marvin continued to play, with and without the Shadows, into the 1990s.

MASEKELA, Hugh (1939-) Jazz musician South African-born Masekela sang and also played trumpet and flugelhorn. He formed a group in South Africa, the Jazz Epistles, before the worsening political situation effectively ended musical performances. Moving to the U.S. he found himself losing contact with his African roots and began to collaborate with fellow Africans Makhaya Ntshoko, and Dudu Pukwana. The result was the dynamic album Home Is Where the Music Is. In the 1980s he collaborated with Paul Simon and produced recordings by his wife Miriam Makeba. In the 1990s he returned to South Africa playing regularly around the Johannesburg area.

MASSIVE ATTACK Rap band Unlike most RAP artists, Massive Attack produce ambient, introspective music that has been labelled trip-hop. Their first album, Blue Lines (1991), was well received and spawned three hit singles including “Unfinished Sympathy.” In 1994 they followed this up with Protection, a heady cross-breed of REGGAE, FUNK, and hip-hop. In 1998 they produced another well-received album, Mezzanine.

MASTERSON, Valerie (1937-) Opera singer British soprano Masterson made her Salzburg debut in 1964. Engagements followed in principal OPERA houses in Paris, San Francisco, and London. Her wide repertoire encompasses Handel and Verdi—she was particularly admired in the Handel roles of Semele and Cleopatra.

MASUR, Kurt (1928-) Conductor Masur worked in Dresden and Berlin before becoming conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra in 1970. He has made numerous recordings and has been much praised for his performances of Bruckner, Tchaikovsky, and the Romantic symphonic repertoire.

MATHIS, Johnny (193 5 - ) Pop singer With a voice reminiscent of Nat King COLE, Mathis had a hugely successful career singing love ballads. He made many hit albums as a soloist and Johnny Mathis’ Greatest Hits (1958) remained on the Billboard charts for almost a decade. In the 1970s and 1980s Mathis had a number of hits duetting with artists such as Gladys Knight, Nana Mouskouri, and Dionne Warwick. He is one of the best-selling artists of all time.

MAYALL, John (1933-) Blues singer and harmonica player One of the pioneers of British R&B, Mayall was an important influence on a number of young players who would become future ROCK superstars, including Eric Clapton, John McVie, Mick Taylor, and Peter Green. His finest work is heard on Bluesbreakers with Eric Clapton (1966) and his best-selling album The Turning Point (1969) features outstanding harmonica playing on the track “Thoughts About Roxanne.” During the 1970s and 1980s Mayall was less popular, but his 1993 album Wake Up Call marked a return to form.

MAYFIELD, Curtis (1942-) Soul singer-songwriter Working with the band the Impressions, Mayfield had a number of highly successful singles in the 1960s, including the U.S. No.4 hit “It’s All Right.” The Impressions’ songs ranged from love songs to social issues and protest songs. His solo career began in 1970, and in 1972 he released the platinum-selling “blaxploitation” soundtrack album, Superfly. In 1990 Mayfield was paralyzed after a lighting rig fell on him.

MAYFIELD, Percy (1920–84) R&B singer-songwriter Mayfield had a huge hit with “Please Send Me Someone to Love” in 1950. Other successes included “Lost Love” and “Big Question.” In the early 1960s Mayfield worked as a songwriter for Ray CHARLES, producing the international hit “Hit the Road Jack.”

MC5 Rock band Formed in Detroit in 1964, MC5 have garnered a huge amount of retrospective critical acclaim without similar commercial success. In the late 1960s they provided a soundtrack for the anti-establishment politics of the White Panther Party. Despite splitting up in 1974 they reached the peak of their popularity during the PUNK era of the late 1970s. They are best heard on their first two albums: the live album Kick Out the Jams (1969), and Back in the USA (1970).

MCAULIFFE, Leon (1917–80) Steel guitarist One of the greatest exponents of the steel guitar, McAuliffe began his career with Bob WILLS’ Texas Playboys. He formed the Western Swing Band in 1946, later changing the name to the Cimarron Boys. They had notable successes with “Steel Guitar Rag” and “Panhandle Rag” and with their own version of “Faded Love.”

MCBRIDE, “Big” Tom (c.1948- ) Country singer and guitarist McBride formed the Mainliners in Eire in 1965, and in 1966 had his first hit with “Gentle Mother”—one of the biggest-selling records of all time in Ireland. Until 1978 McBride and the Mainliners had a string of successes, becoming household names in their native land. In the late 1970s McBride left the Mainliners and had a successful solo career. The band reformed in, 1989 and they continue to be a popular attraction in the 1990s.

MCCARTNEY, Paul (1942- ) Singer-songwriter After leaving the BEATLES McCartney made a solo album, McCartney. Led by the excellent “Maybe I’m Amazed,” the album shot straight to the top of the charts. In 1971 McCartney formed Wings, with whom he made a number of albums and the hugely successful single “Mull of Kintyre.” After the death of John Lennon in 1980, McCartney was silent until 1982, when he released a duet with Stevie WONDER, “Ebony and Ivory.” He later collaborated with Michael JACKSON and a number of other ROCK celebrities. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s McCartney has recorded with mixed success. He continued to experiment in many areas, including classical music—his Liverpool Oratorio featured Dame Kiri Te Kanawa and was orchestrated by Richard Rodney-Bennett. He remained, into the 1990s, the most successful songwriter of his generation.

MCCLINTON, Delbert (1940- ) Country singer-songwriter McClinton first found success as a backing singer for artists such as Sonny Boy WILLIAMSON and Howlin’ Wolf. He went solo in the 1970s with albums including Victim of Life’s Circumstances (1975) and Love Rustler (1977). His only hit single was “Givin” It Up For Your Love” (1980), a Top 10. Emmylou HARRIShad a country No.l with McClinton’s “Two More Bottles of Wine” in 1978.

MCCRACKLIN, Jimmy (1921 -) Blues singer McCracklin started recording R&B records in 1945, not seeing any chart success until almost a decade later with the single “The Walk.” His later intermittent chart successes included “Just Got to Know” (1961) and “Think” (1965). He continued to appeal to more specialised audiences.

MCDOWELL, Mississippi Fred (1904–72) Blues singer A lifelong BLUES player, McDowell started recording his traditional bottleneck style at age 60. Scorning rock music, one of his best albums was called/Don’t Play No Rock‘n’ Roll (1969). Much praised by rock bands of the time, like the ROLLING STONES, who recorded his “You Gotta Move” on their 1971 album Sticky Fingers, McDowell was really the last of the great country bluesmen.

MCEVOY, Johnny (c. 1945-) Country singer-songwriter From the mid-1960s McEvoy became one of the most important Irish COUNTRY music artists. Recording from 1965, he topped the Irish charts with “Mursheen Durkin” (1966). Other hits included “The Ballad of John Williams,” “Michael,” and “Rich Man’s Garden.” He also had his own television shows in Ireland and Britain.

MCFERRIN, Bobby (1950- ) Jazz singer Born in the U.S. McFerrin trained as a pianist at the Juilliard School in New York. He came to prominence in the late 1970s performing wordless songs, full of noises, pops, and clicks—a kind of human beat box. He hit the big time in 1988 when his song “Don’t Worry Be Happy” reached No.l in the charts.

MCGARRIGLE, KATE AND ANNA Folk duo Sisters Kate (1944- ) and Anna (1946- ) McGarrigle came to prominence in the mid-1970s with a distinctive folk sound. Best heard on their eponymous first album (1975), they remain popular and well respected in folk music circles.

MCGREGOR, Chris (1936–90) Jazz pianist South African-born McGregor made his reputation as a leader of the legendary Blue Notes in South Africa in the early 1960s. As a multiracial group they had problems in their native country. When invited to play in France in 1964, they left South Africa for good. Touring regularly in Europe, they made a huge impact with their mixture of FREE JAZZ and South African Township dance music. McGregor also formed a big band, the Brotherhood of Breath, which played successfully during the 1970s and 1980s.

MCINTYRE, Donald (1934–) Opera singer McIntyre was an English bass-baritone of New Zealand birth. He made his debut in 1959, and sang regularly between 1960–67 at Sadler’s Wells Opera in London. He became an outstanding singer, notably of Wagner.

MCKENZIE, Red (1899–1948) Jazz singer Although not a great artist himself, McKenzie managed to put together a number of groups and gigs using some great musicians. His Mound City Blue Blowers produced a number of recordings, including two tracks with Coleman HAWKINS: “Hello Lola” and “If I Could Be with You One Hour Tonight,” which both became classics. He also helped Eddie Condon along the road to stardom.

MCLAREN, Malcolm (1946–) Pop manager and singer McLaren found success during the late 1970s PUNK era managing bands such as the New York Dolls, the SEX PISTOLS, and later Adam and the Ants. Best known as a businessman, McLaren began singing himself in the 1980s, having hits with “Buffalo Girls” and “Double Dutch.” Later successful albums included the dance culture sound of Would Ya Like More Scratchin’ and Fans (both 1984), a fusion of POP and OPERA containing the U.K. Top 20 hit “Madam Butterfly.”

MCLEAN, Don (1945–) Pop singer and songwriter A New York club singer in the 1960s, McLean had a massive hit with the songs “American Pie” and “Vincent” (both 1971). Both songs are classics of the 1970s. Despite several more albums during the 1980s and 1990s, McLean’s career faded.

MCPARTLAND, Jimmy (1907–91) Jazz cornetist At age 17, McPartland replaced Bix BEIDERBECKE in the Wolverines. He continued to play in many different bands, often of NEW ORLEANS jAZZ-orientation, well into his 80s. McPartland was able to drive bands with great force.

MCPARTLAND, Marian (1920–) Jazz pianist McPartland was British, but moved to America with her husband Jimmy McPartland in the 1940s. She established herself as a leading JAZZ pianist. Her long-running radio show, Piano Jazz for NBC in New York, established her as one of America’s best-known jazz artists. Musicians she worked with included Joe Venuti, Teddy Wilson, and her husband Jimmy.

MCPHATTER, Clyde (1932–72) R&B-soul singer McPhatter was a singer in a number of groups from the late 1940s, including the Drifters. Recording solo from 1956, singles included “Treasure of Love” and “Without Love,” some becoming R&B standards. He became a hugely influential figure, with songs covered by artists such as Elvis PRESLEY. Arguably his finest song was “Lover Please” (1962), a Top 10 hit.

MCSHANN, Jay “Hootie” (1909–) Jazz pianist and bandleader McShann formed his own band, featuring Charlie PARKER, in Kansas City in 1938, and this became the city’s top band during the early 1940s. Noted for his singing as well as his playing, McShann played a unique blend of JAZZ, BLUES, and BOOGIE-WOOGIE.

MCTELL, “Blind”Willie (1901–59) Blues guitarist and singer One of the greatest BLUES artists ever, McTell began recording in 1927. Early sessions produced classics such as “Statesboro Blues” and “Georgia Rag.” He recorded and performed regularly during the 1940s and 1950s, and remained an influence on blues artists long after his death.

MEATLOAF (1947–) Rock singer Meatloaf had some minor chart success in the late 1960s, as well as a minor acting career. In 1976 he teamed up with Jim Steinman, and together they composed a rock opera called Bat Out of Hell. The resulting album was released in 1978. Initially ignored, it eventually sold over 30 million copies worldwide, and became the third biggest-selling album of all time. Although still making records into the 1990s, Meatloaf has been unable to repro-duce this early success.

MEEK, Joe (1929–67) Record producer Meek was one of the U.K.’s leading record producers in the early 1960s. He created a unique echoey sound on records for artists such as John Leyton, Mike Berry, and Heinz. But his greatest success was with the Tornadoes’ instrumental “Telstar” (1962), which was a huge hit on both sides of the Atlantic.

MELLENCAMP, John “Cougar” (1951–) Rock singer A straightforward rocker, Mellencamp’s second album John Cougar, released in 1979, reached the U.S. charts. Constant touring during the next few years brought its reward in 1982, when the album American Fool went to No.l, and his two singles “Hurt So Good” and “Jack and Diane” both sold a million copies. Mellencamp carried on making albums and touring in the 1990s.

MELVIN, Harold, & the Bluenotes Soul group Formed in 1954, the Blue Notes were originally a DOO-WOP group. They scored a minor hit with “My Hero” in I960. A change in lineup, adding Teddy Pendergrass as lead vocalist, and the songwriting talents of Gamble and Huff, led to a string of hits such as “If You Don’t Know Me by Now” (1972) and “The Love I Lost” (1973). Internal wrangles in the mid–1970s ended with Pendergrass leaving, and the group failed to recapture their former chart success.

MENGELBERG, Willem (1871–1951) Conductor Born in Holland, Mengelberg forged an international reputation as conductor of the Amsterdam Concertgebouw from 1895. He held the post for the rest of his working life, making the orchestra among the best in the world. He was noted for his performances of MAHLER and STRAUSS, as well as for much of the Romantic repertoire.

MERMAN, Ethel (1909–84) Musicals singer From her first great success singing in GERSHWIN’S Girl Crazy (1930), Merman became one of the greatest ladies of the Broadway stage. In 1934 she starred in Cole PORTER’S Anything Goes, the first of five Porter shows in which she appeared. Her longest-running musical was BERLIN’S Annie Get Your Gun (1946) in which she sang “There’s No Business Like Show Business,” which became her theme song. At the peak of her career she appeared in SONDHEIM’S Gypsy (1959).

MERRILL, Robert (1917–) Opera singer American baritone Merrill made his debut in New York in 1945. Although based at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, he sang all over the world, mostly in the major French and Italian baritone roles. He was a popular singer with a powerful and vigorous voice. He also sang in musicals, including many performances of Fiddler on the Roof, on TV, and on radio.

MERRIMAN, Nan (1920–) Opera singer American mezzo-soprano Merriman made her operatic debut in 1942, later making a number of broadcasts and recordings for TOSCANINI. Among her many notable performances was the British premiere of STRAVINSKY’S The Rake’s Progress (1953) She retired at the height of her powers in 1965.

MERRITT, Chris (1952–) Opera singer American tenor Merritt made his debut at New York City Opera in 1981. From then he sang at all the major OPERA houses, including the Vienna Staatsoper, La Scala in Milan, and Covent Garden in London. He is renowned for his interpretations of Rossini, as well as for his performance at the premiere of HENZE’S Venus and Adonis.

MERRIWEATHER, Major “Maceo” (1905–53) Blues pianist Born and raised in Atlanta, Merriweather played BLUES piano all over the South. In 1941 he moved to Chicago where he played with Big Bill BROONZY and Sonny Boy WILLIAMSON. He was renowned for the speed of his playing and the smoky quality of his voice.

METALLICA Rock group Formed in San Francisco in 1981, Metallica have always been regarded as the most open-minded of HEAVY METAL bands. Albums such as Master of Puppets (1988), Metallica (199D, and Load (1996) show them playing thunderous riffs with a clean commercial edge.

METHENY, Pat (1954–) Jazz guitarist Metheny started his musical career in his teens. In 1977 he began a solo career. During the next few years his playing and composing led him to work with all the leading contemporary JAZZ players, such as Paul Bley, Sonny ROLLINS, Mike Brecker, and Omette COLEMAN, as well as turning him into a jazz superstar. Best heard on the albums As Falls Wichita, So Falls Wichita Falls (1981) and Question and Answer (1989).

MEYER, Kerstin (1928–) Opera singer Swedish-born mezzo-soprano Meyer made her debut in Stockholm in 1952. She sang at many of the world’s leading OPERA houses, and was a favourite at Glyndebourne in England. She appeared in recital and concert, often performing as a duo with Elisabeth Söderström.

MEZZROW, Mezz (1899–1972) Jazz clarinettist Mezzrow’s career included some marvellous recordings. As a JAZZ player with BLUES roots, he is best heard on The Quintessential Milton Mezz Mezzrow (1928–53) with Sidney Bechet, and In Paris 1955.

MIGENES, Julia (1949–) Opera singer American-born soprano Migenes appeared on Broadway and at the New York City Opera in 1965. She appeared at the Vienna Volksoper (1973–78), singing Mozart as well as STRAUSS and PUCCINI. She sang at the Met from 1979 and at Covent Garden in London from 1987.

MILLER, Marcus (1959–) Jazz musician and composer Miller first worked in JAZZ bands from the late 1970s developing a reputation for his bass playing and his arrangements. In 1980 he joined Miles DAVIS, later writing music for his album Tutu (1986). He also recorded with a number of other jazz and pop musicians, such as Aretha FRANKLIN and Luther Vandross.

MILLER, Mitch (1911–) Musician, record producer, and arranger One of the most successful recording artists of the 1950s, Miller also had an influential career as a record producer. He worked with Frankie LAINE, Marty Robbins, Rosemary Clooney, and Johnny Mathis among others, guiding them to success by choosing which songs they should cover and then producing the recordings. His own recording career was also successful. He recorded a series of “singalong” albums in the late 1950s and early 1960s that sold in the millions and even spawned a successful television series.

MILLER, Roger (1936–92) Country-pop singer-songwriter The 1960s were the best years in Miller’s career. He had success with his first releases “Dang Me” and “Chug-a-Lug” (both 1964), while “King of the Road” (1965) and “England Swings” both became international successes. His star faded during the 1970s, but Miller is also remembered for his rich and fruity voice on the soundtrack to Walt Disney’s movie Robin Hood (1973).

MILLER, Steve (1943–) Rock guitarist and singer Miller started bands as early as 1955. But it was not until 1967 that he found fame after a performance at the Monterey Pop Festival with a band that included Boz Scaggs. Several albums appeared between then and The Joker (1973), establishing Miller and his band as a top ROCK act. But Miller’s best was saved until 1976, when Fly Like an Eagle became a million-copy-seller. Book of Dreams in 1977 kept up the momentum and Abracadabra (1982) reached No.l on the U.S. charts.

MILNES, Sherrill (1935–) Opera singer American baritone Milnes made his debut in i960, singing at the Metropolitan Opera in New York with Caballé in 1965. He was one of the most prolific recording artists of his time, with a repertoire including Escamillo, Don Giovanni, and all the leading Verdi baritone roles. He has appeared in concert all over the world to great acclaim, and is regarded as one of the greatest baritones of the 20th century.

MILSAP, Ronnie (1943–) Country singer Almost blind at birth, Milsap’s sight was completely gone by the time he started his career. His first recordings straddled COUNTRY, SOUL, and BLUES. But in 1971 his first album for Warners featured several country hits. His career, including over 30 country No.l hits, declined during the 1990s.

MILTON, Roy (1907–83) Blues singer, drummer, and bandleader After playing in groups in the 1920s, Milton formed the Solid Senders in 1935. Scaled down, but keeping a big band sound, they recorded “R.M. Blues” which was a hit in 1945. Other hits included “Milton’s Boogie,” and “Best Wishes.” Milton’s foresight in reducing the personnel in his band, but keeping the power by introducing driving drums is often seen as having helped prepare the market for ROCK’N’ROLL.

MINISTRY Rock group Formed in Chicago in the early 1980s, Ministry didn’t find their true direction until The Land of Rape and Honey (1988) which displayed their unique brand of guitar-based industrial metal. Fronted by Al Jourgensen, commercial success came in 1991 with the single “Jesus Built My Hotrod,” and Psalm 69 (1992). Ministry’s music is solid but eclectic HEAVY METAL.

MINNEIXI, Liza (1946–) Popular singer, dancer, and actress Daughter of Judy GARLAND and film director Vincente Minnelli, Liza first found success singing in stage musicals in the early 1960s. She released her first album Liza! Liza! in 1964, continuing on Broadway and in New York cabaret, notably with material from KANDER & EBB. She began her film career in 1968, and hit the big time in 1972 with a starring role in the film version of Cabaret, winning an Oscar for Best Actress. She had many more film and stage successes, and was ultimately seen as a star in her own right rather than as Judy Garland’s daughter.

MTTROPOULOS, Dimitri (1896–1960) Conductor An American of Greek birth, Mitropoulos began conducting in 1924. He worked with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra in 1930, and made his American debut in 1936. His greatest achievement was as conductor of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra, between 1937-9, giving famous performances of contemporary works by BERG and SCHOENBERG. As well as his interpretations of STRAUSS, he was renowned for his conducting of MAHLER.

MOHOLO, Louis (1940–) Jazz drummer Moholo developed a strong, clean style. A member of the legendary Blue Notes, he left South Africa with the band in 1964. As part of Chris McGregor’s Brotherhood of Breath, he later made many recordings between the 1970s and the 1990s.

MOISEIWITSCH, Benno (1890–1963) Pianist Moiseiwitsch was a British musician of Russian birth who studied in Odessa and Vienna before making his London debut in 1908. He was a powerful and poetic player, particularly in Beethoven and RACHMANINOV. He was a popular performer, appealing to audiences all over the world.

MOLL, Kurt (1938–) Opera singer German-born Moll made his debut in I96I. From 1970 he was a member of the Hamburg Staatsoper. He was invited to appear at major opera houses all over the world, particularly for his roles in Wagner.

MONKEES, The Pop group The Monkees were formed in 1966 for an American TV show about a struggling pop group. The show’s success led to the release of several hit singles, such as “Last Train to Clarksville,” “I’m a Believer” (both I966), “Daydream Believer” (1967), and an eponymous million-selling first album on which the band sang but did not play. The second album More of the Monkees (1967) sold over 5 million copies. Again the band only sang. The TV show ended in 1968 and the band split up a year later.

MONNOT, Marguerite (1909–61) Composer Monnot first found success in the 1930s, writing songs such as “Mon Légionnaire” (1935), and later many for Edith PIAF, including “The Poor People of Paris,” “Milord,” and “The Left Bank.” But she found her greatest success writing for the musical theatre, with shows such as La A’tile LU (1951) and Lrma La Douce (1956).

MONTGOMERY, Eurreal “Little Brother” (1906–85) Blues pianist and singer Playing barrelhouse BOOGIE-WOOGIE piano, Montgomery became a giant of the BLUES. During the 1920s he played with many great musicians, such as Danny Barker, Big Joe Williams, Blind Blake, and later Kid Ory. His recording career began in 19??, and included classic blues tunes such as “Vicksburg Blues No.2” and “No Special Rider.” He spent the remainder of his career performing in the blues clubs of Chicago

MONTGOMERY, Wes (1923–68) Jazz guitarist With his highly personal style, Montgomery became one of the most respected JAZZ guitarists of the 1960s. During the late 1940s he played with artists such as Lionel Hampton, Hank Jones, and John COLTRANE. Recording from the late 1950s, his most popular albums included Movin ‘ Wes, Bumpin’ (both 1965), and A Day in the Life (1967). He had an unusual technique, using his thumb to play melodic lines in parallel octaves.

MOODY BLUES, The Pop group Formed in 1964 as an R&B group, the Moody Blues had an early hit with the single “Go Now” (1965). In 1967 they released Days of Future Passed, a concept album with full orchestral accompaniment. The subsequent single, “Nights in White Satin,” became a worldwide hit. The group lost its audience in the 1970s and disbanded.

MOORE, Gerald (1899–1987) Pianist Moore became one of the most respected accompanists of the 20th century. In his early career he accompanied singers such as Maria CALLAS. His success was not simply due to his technique or his extensive repertoire, but also to the empathy he found with many of the great singers. He was most noted for his work with SCHWARZKOPF and FISCHER-DIESKAU, particularly in Schubert and STRAUSS.

MOORE, Grace (1901–47) Opera singer Born in the U.S., Moore was a versatile soprano who sang on stage, in movies, and on radio. She had a glamourous personality to go with her big and sensuous voice, used most memorably in Opéra-Comique.

MORGAN, George (1924–75) Country singer Morgan had his first hit with “Candy Kisses” (1949), a U.S. COUNTRY No.l hit. One of the first “crooner” country stars, he followed up with hits such as “Please Don’t Let Me Love You,” “Room Full of Roses,” and “Almost.” He performed regularly at the Grand Ole Opry, but failed to repeat the fame he had earned during the early 1950s.

MORISSETTE, Alanis (1974–) Rock singer After one album, Jagged Little Pill (1995), Canadian-born Morissette established herself as an international star. A blend of memorable tunes and personal lyrics ensured that the album enjoyed enormous success.

MORRIS, James (1947–) Opera singer The American bass-baritone made his debut in 1967. He was much in demand for roles in operas by Mozart, Offenbach, and Verdi. It was, however, as a singer of Wagner that he made his greatest mark, singing the role of Wotan on two complete Ring cycle recordings.

MORTON, Benny (1907–85) Jazz trombonist One of the unsung heroes of the SWING era, Morton was hired by Fletcher HENDERSON in 1926, and later played with Chick Webb, Don Redman, and Count BASIE. One of the most sophisticated trombonists of his era, it is said that his self-effacing nature got in the way of his fame.

MOSS, Buddy (1914–84) Blues singer and guitarist Moss made his name with a distinctive BLUES style, becom-ing one of the most popular Atlanta-based singers of the 1930s, recording over 60 tracks between 1933–35. Though he performed with Josh White and later with Sonny TERRY & Brownie MCGEE, his career was severely hampered by a prison term, between 1935–40, after he was convicted of murdering his wife.

MOTEN, Bennie (1894–1935) Jazz pianist and bandleader By 1920 Moten had become an established bandleader. As an arranger he blended New Orleans concepts with the freeflowing style popular in the Midwest. His big band recorded from 1923 and attracted players such as Count BASIE, Hot Lips Page, Jimmy Rushing, and later Walter Page. By the mid–1930s the band was regarded as one of the finest of its kind. After Moten’s untimely death, the band evolved into Count Basie’s Big Band.

MOTIAN, Paul (1931–) Jazz drummer From the late 1950s Motian played with a huge array of great jazz players such as Bill EVANS, Charlie Hadden, and Keith JARRETT. During the 1970s he fronted his own groups releasing an impressive set of albums including Tribute (1974) and Notes (1987). In the 1980s he began a long-term association with Bill Frisell and the tenor sax player Joe Lovano.

MOTÖRHEAD Rock group Formed in 1975 by bassist and singer Lemmy—formerly with acid rockers Hawkwind—Motörhead were one of the greatest HEAVY METAL rock bands of all time. Their relentless guitars, tight drumming, and pumping bass, fronted by Lemmy’s razor-blade voice, produced some of the most memorable live shows ever. Best heard on Ace of Spades (1980), No Sleep ’Til Hammersmith 0981), and Orgasmatron 0986).

MOTT THE HOOPLE Rock group Formed in the U.K. in 1969, Mott the Hoople bridged the gap between PROGRESSIVE ROCK and the glam rock scene of the pop charts. Their first hit came in 1972, with a David BOWIE song “All the Young Dudes.” “Honaloochie Boogie,” and “All the Way from Memphis” (both 1973) followed, establishing the band as a major act. But internal pressures were too strong to resist and Mott disbanded in 1974. Singer Ian Hunter went on to have a moderately successful career in the U.S. with the Ian Hunter Band.

MÜNCHINGER, Karl (1915–) Conductor German-born Münchinger was conductor of the Hanover Symphony Orchestra (1941–43). He founded the Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra in 1945, which became one of the foremost chamber orchestras in the world. They toured widely and made many highly acclaimed recordings, particu-larly of Bach and especially the Brandenburg Concertos.

MUNROW, David (1942–76) Early wind instrument player and director Munrow studied at Cambridge and developed a deep interest in early music and authentic performance. In 1967 he formed the Early Music Consort of London, which gave concerts of medieval and Renaissance music on period instruments. The group was responsible for bringing a large, and largely ignored, repertoire of music to a wider audience.

MURPHEY, Michael Martin (1945–) Country singer-songwriter Firmly in the middle-of-the-road COUNTRY category, Murphey had a number of hits from the early 1970s, such as “Wildfire” (1975), and Peaks, Valleys, Honky-Tonks, and Alleys (1979). But it is as a songwriter that he is best known, writing songs for Cher, John Denver, and the Monkees.

MUN, Riccardo (1941–) Conductor Born and educated in Italy, Muti made his debut in I968. Conducting in Florence from 1969, he was chief conductor of the New Philharmonia in London (1973–82), and additionally the principal conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra (1975–82). In 1986 he became musical director of La Scala in Milan. His performances, mostly of 20th-century music, are noted for their vitality and warmth of expression.

MUTTER, Anne-Sophie (1963–) Violinist Mutter became an international star after coming to the attention of Herbert von KARAJAN while playing in Lucerne in 1976. From 1977 she played the standard concerto repertoire all over the world to great acclaim. She is also renowned for her interpretations of STRAVINSKY and premieres of LUTOSLAWSKI.

N’DOUR, Youssou (1959–) Singer and composer Born in Dakar, Senegal, N’Dour became one of Senegal’s greatest musical exports. He began to record in 1981 with Tabaski. His Western releases, Lmmigrés (1985) and The Lion (1986), developed worldwide interest and success. Further albums followed and the duet “7 Seconds” (1994) with Neneh Cherry was a hit in the U.S. and Europe. N’Dour continued to record and tour in Europe and the U.S. during the late 1990s.

NANCARROW, Conlon (1912–96) Composer Nancarrow was a Mexican of U.S. origin who, from the late 1940s, composed exclusively for the player piano—a piano that automatically plays music recorded in perforations on a paper roll. Works displayed rhythmic complexity, textural variety, and a virtuosity far beyond a human performer’s abilities. His 37 Studies for Player Piano (1950–68) represent a unique achievement. His music only received serious attention after the 1970s, and is now regarded as an important part of 20th-century music. He also composed Toccata for Violin and Piano, Blues for Piano, and Prelude for Piano (all 1935).

NAT, Yves (1890–1956) Pianist and composer Born in France, Nat began his career at an early age. He was sent to the Paris Conservatoire on the recommendation of Saint-Saëns and Fauré. Nat was noted for his playing of Beethoven and Schumann. In the latter part of his life he stopped performing and took to teaching and composing. His best known works were L’enfer (1942) and a modal Piano Concerto (1953).

NAVARRO, Fats (1923–50) Jazz trumpeter Navarro was playing JAZZ professionally by his mid-teens. In 1943 he joined the Andy Kirk band, two years later joining the BEBOP-oriented band of Billy Eckstine. Later, settling in New York, he played with leading beboppers such as Kenny Clarke, Tadd Dameron, Charlie PARKER, and Dizzy GILLESPIE. Despite an early death from drug abuse, he left a legacy of many recordings, becoming one of the great early bebop soloists.

NELSON, Rick (1940–85) Pop-country singer Born into a showbusiness family Nelson had immediate success with his solo debut single “I’m Walkin’” (1957). Further pop hits followed including “Poor Little Fool,” and “Travelin’ Man,” until he changed to COUNTRY in the late 1960s. His biggest hit as a country singer was with “Garden Party” (1971), in which he explained his change from POP MUSIC to country. Nelson was killed in a plane crash on his way to a concert date in Dallas.

NEVILLE BROTHERS Blues-soul group From New Orleans, the four Neville brothers—Art, Charles, Aaron, and Cyril—played in bands from the early 1950s. Aaron had some success with solo singles, and Art formed the seminal soul band the Meters. But it was in 1978, when the brothers recorded the album Yellow Moon, that they achieved real success. Playing a mixture of R&B, ROCK’N’ROLL, SOUL, FUNK, and JAZZ, the Neville Brothers collectively represent the musical mix present in New Orleans. Aaron also had a hit in 1989 with “Don’t Know Much,” a song he sang with Linda Ronstadt.

NEWBURY, Mickey (1940–) Country songwriter-singer Newbury’s career was primarily as a songwriter. He did make some recordings of his own, but his voice was so mournful that it was thought to put people off. His songs were recorded by artists such as Tammy WYNETTE, Roy Orbison, Willie NELSON, Kenny ROGERS, Jerry Lee LEWIS, Joan BAEZ, and John Denver among others. But his greatest success came in 1972 when Elvis PRESLEY sang his composition “The American Trilogy”—a medley of three Civil War songs.

NEWLEY, Anthony (1931–) Musical songwriter, actor, and singer Born in London, Newley starred in a number of films in the 1940s and 1950s. As a singer he had some chart hits in 1961, with songs such as “Why” and “Do You Mind.” In I96I he found success collaborating with Leslie Bricusse, writing the stage musical Stop the World, I Want to Get Off. Later successes with Bricusse included the FILM MUSICAL of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1970).

NEW YORK DOLLS, The Punk group The short-lived New York Dolls (formed in 1972) were hugely influential on the development of PUNK and HEAVY METAL bands. Their self-titled debut album (1973) was a landmark in rock history, and met with critical acclaim, though little commercial success. The band’s glam rock image, legendary drug taking, and general attitude to life seemed to epitomise the punk movement. Soon after their less successful second album, Too Much Too Soon (1974), the group disbanded.

NICHOLS, Red (1905–65) Jazz cornetist Heavily influenced as a youth by Bix BEIDERBECKE, Nichols became a highly accomplished player. In New York in the 1920s he formed a number of bands, recording hundreds of tracks that became the largest and richest legacy of 1920s white JAZZ. Musicians he used included Jimmy Dorsey, Joe Venuti, Benny GOODMAN, and Jack Teagarden. His career continued into the 1940s and 1950s as a bandleader, appearing regularly on TV and radio.

NICKS, Stevie (1948–) Rock singer and songwriter Nicks had much success when she joined Fleetwood Mac in 1975, writing many of the group’s best-known songs, such as “Rhiannon” and “Dreams.” She went solo in 1980, achieving platinum sales for the album Bella Donna (1981), which remained on the U.S. album charts for over two years. She had a number of hit singles, such as “Stop Draggin’ My Heart Around”—a duet with Tom Petty—“Leather and Lace”—a duet with Don Henley—(both 1981) and “Stand Back” (1983). She continued to record into the 1990s, and was the producer on Sheryl Crow’s 1998 album The Globe Sessions.

NIGHTHAWK, Robert (1909–67) Blues guitarist and harmonica player One of the great BLUES slide guitarists, Nighthawk accompanied artists such as Big Joe Williams and Sonny Boy WILLIAMSON during the 1930s. At the end of the 1940s he got a record deal and produced classics such as “Anna Lee Blues” and “Sweet Black Angel.” Though he never achieved great financial success, his guitar style remained influential.

NILSSON, Birgit (1918–) Opera singer Swedish soprano Nilsson first sang at the Royal Opera, Stockholm, in 1946. Her international career took off after performing at the Bayreuth Festival. She sang at Covent Garden, in London, and the Metropolitan in New York during the 1950s. With her bright and powerful voice she became a distinguished interpreter of PUCCINI and STRAUSS, and it was in the role of Strauiss’s Electra and as a singer of Wagner that she is best remembered.

NINE INCH NAILS Rock band Trent Reznor was the creative force behind Nine Inch Nails, which he formed in 1988. From their first album Pretty Hate Machine (1989) and the major U.S. hit single “Head Like a Hole,” they found a huge following with their wall of guitar and synthesiser-based sound. Further successes included the single “Wish,” a Grammy winner, and the third album, The Downward Spiral (1994).

NLXON, Marni (1930–) Opera and popular singer Born in the U.S., Nixon had an incredibly varied career, appearing with her light and flexible soprano voice in film and MUSICAL comedy as well as in OPERA and concert. She dubbed the singing voices for the actresses in the film versions of The King and 7, West Side Story, and My Fair Lady. She was also successful singing WEBERN, STRAVINSKY, and IVES.

NOLAN, Bob (1908–80) Country singer and songwriter Though born in Canada, Nolan was one of the greatest Western songwriters of all time. After hoboing during the 1920s, he joined the Rocky Mountaineers as a singer and yodeller. He later joined Sons of the Pioneers, who had a number of hits during the 1940s, such as “Cool Water” and “Tumbling Tumbleweeds.”

NOONE, Jimmie (1895–1944) Jazz clarinettist From 1918 Noone worked in Chicago with King Oliver, forming his own band in 1926 with Earl Hines. A consummate player, Noone soon became the idol of many up-and-coming musicians. His classic recordings included “Sweet Lorraine” and “Four or Five Times,” both recorded in the late 1920s.

NORRINGTON, Sir Roger (1974–) Conductor Born in England, Norrington studied at Cambridge. He conducted, while still a professional tenor, during the early 1960s, becoming musical director of Kent Opera from 1969–84. He is most renowned for his work with the London Classical Players, which he formed in 1978. With them he made many highly regarded authentic instrument recordings, including Beethoven symphonies and Mozart operas.

NORVO, Red (1908–) Jazz xylophonist and vibraphonist Starting his career as a xylophone player, Norvo changed to vibes during the 1940s when he played with Benny GOODMAN, Woody Herman, and Billie HOLIDAY. Norvo was one of the few JAZZ musicians to manage the crossover from SWING to BEBOP.

NOTORIOUS BIG (1972–97) Rap artist Born in Brooklyn as Christopher Wallace, aka Biggie Smalls, Notorious BIG represented East-Coast based gangsta rap. After a spell in prison, he burst onto the hip-hop scene with his 1994 album Ready to Die, renowned for its raps that told the true story of life on the street, like the song “One More Chance.” He was shot dead in a Los Angeles drive-by shooting in 1997, allegedly as part of the gangsta rap wars.

NOVELLO, Ivor (1893–1951) Composer U.K.-born Novello first found success writing the immensely popular song “Keep the Home Fires Burning” (1914). He became a matinée film idol in the 1920s and 1930s, turning to writing his own MUSICALS (in which he also starred). These included the hugely popular Glamourous Night (1935) and The Dancing Years (1949). In 1947 he was a founding member of the Songwriters’ Guild.

NUGENT, Ted (1949–) Rock guitarist Nugent first recorded with his band, the Amboy Dukes, for Frank ZAPPA’S Discreet Records. But in 1976 he started a solo career. He made his mark as a live performer, playing loud guitar-based ROCK while portraying a wildman image. He is best heard on the album Double Live Gonzo (1978). As rock music progressed into the 1980s Nugent was unwilling or unable to change with it and he dropped out of sight.

NUNES, Emmanuel (1941–) Composer Born in Portugal, Nunes moved to Paris in 1964, where he became immersed in the French and German avant-garde movements, which hugely influenced his ebullient and individual compositions. He wrote CHAMBER MUSIC as well as ORCHESTRAL MUSIC and choral works.

N.W.A. Rap group Formed in Compton near Los Angeles in 1986, allegedly on the proceeds of a narcotics deal, N.W.A (Niggers With Attitude)—comprising Eazy-E, Dr. Dre, and Ice Cube, among others—established the genre of gangsta rap with their first album Straight Outta Compton (1988). Originally an underground album, it went on to sell over 2 million copies. Although shortlived, their influence remained when they split up in acrimony in 1989-

O’CONNOR, Sinead (1966–) Rock singer With little experience in music, O’Connor recorded her first album, The Lion and the Cobra, in 1988. Some catchy tunes and some opinionated interviews raised her profile. Her next single, written by PRINCE, “Nothing Compares 2 U” became a international hit and stimulated sales of her second album L Do Not Want What L Haven’t Got (1990). She courted controversy during the 1990s and found it difficult to sustain her audience, but she continued to perform—notably on the Lilith Fair roadshow—and record during the 1990s.

O’DAY, Anita (1919–) Jazz singer O’Day first found fame singing with Gene Krupa from 1941 and then with Stan KENTON’S band. She went solo in 1946 making many fine albums into the 1990s. Highlights include Anita Sings the Most with the Oscar Peterson Quartet (1957) and Rules of the Road (1993). Her remarkable, rhythmic voice, coupled with a forceful personality, made her one of the leading ladies in JAZZ.

O’DAY, Molly (1923–87) Country singer O’Day was regarded by some as the greatest COUNTRY singer of all time. She sang from the 1940s, most notably with the Cumberland Mountain Folks (1946–51), with whom she made many recordings. Her individual, emotional style was heard on songs such as “The Drunken Driver” and “Don’t Sell Daddy Any More Whiskey.” She championed the work of Hank WILLIAMS, recording and performing many of his songs during her career. She continued working and recording into the 1970s.

O’DONNELL, Daniel (1961–) Country singer As a “COUNTRY ’n’ Irish” singer, O’Donnell first became popular in his native Ireland. He recorded his first album in England in 1985, where he built up a huge following. His many album successes included Don’t Forget to Remember (1987) and The Last Waltz (1990). O’Donnell is without doubt the biggest-selling Irish singer in the world.

O’FARRILL, Chico (1921–) Jazz arranger After playing trumpet in CUBAN bands in the 1940s, O’Farrill forged a career in the U.S. in the 1950s as an ARRANGER for artists such as Benny GOODMAN, Stan KENTON, and Dizzy GILLESPIE. He later toured and recorded with his own band, as well as arranging for Count BASIE.

O’NEAL, Alexander (1954–) Soul singer Starting as a backing singer for PRINCE, O’Neal began a solo career in the early 1980s. His eponymous first album contained a number of R&B hits, including “If You Were Here Tonight”—a U.K. Top 20 hit. He broke through to mainstream American audiences with his second album and singles including “Fake.” He continued to record in the 1990s, retaining popularity in the U.K.

ODYSSEY Soul group Formed in the 1960s, this vocal group found success during the DISCO boom with the classic “Native New Yorker” (1977). They proved more lastingly successful in the U.K., where they had several more hits including “Use It Up and Wear It Out” (1980) and “Going Back to My Roots” (1981). But they failed to sustain interest and broke up in 1985.

OGDON, John (1937–89) Pianist Born in England, Ogdon forged a considerable reputation as an interpreter of 20th-century music, giving first performances of works by Maxwell Davies, TIPPETT, and many others. He had formidable technique, which astounded his audiences, playing a vast range of music—including Viennese classics and the Romantics. He was part of the “Manchester School,” with Birtwistle, Maxwell Davies, Alexander Goehr, and Elgar Howarth.

OHIO PLAYERS, The Soul group Formed in 1959, the Ohio Players first forged a reputation as a backing group. They recorded in their own right from 1962, not achieving any real success until the early 1970s. Their experimental FUNK suddenly scored a massive R&B hit in 1973 with “Funky Worm.” Other hits topping the charts were “Fire” (1974) and “Love Rollercoaster” (1975), followed by their last substantial hit “Who’d She Coo?” (1975).

OISTRAKH, David (1908–74) Violinist Born in Russia, Oistrakh made his debut in Leningrad in 1928. His technical mastery and powerful tone were often heard in Soviet music—both SHOSTAKOVICH concertos were dedicated to him. As one of the greatest violinists of his day, he was also a fine interpreter of the great Romantic concertos.

OISTRAKH, Igor (1931–) Violinist Born in Russia, Oistrakh studied with his father, David, at the Moscow Conservatory where from 1958 he also taught. A player with a phenomenal technique, his rather detached interpretations were best heard in works such as the BARTÓK concertos, Violin Concerto No.2 in particular.

OLDFIELD, Mike (1953–) Pop artist Oldfield will forever be remembered for Tubular Bells (1973), a 49-minute piece, combining FOLK, ROCK, and classical melodies and ideas. It sold over 12 million copies, topping the U.K. and U.S. charts, and remaining on both for over 5 years. He continued to produce albums into the 1990s. Other successes included the hit singles “In Dulci Jubilo” (1975) and “Moonlight Shadow” (1983), as well as the music for the movies The Exorcist (1973) and The Killing Fields (1984). Tubular Bells III was premiered in London in 1998.

OLIVER, Joe “King” (1885–1938) Jazz cornetist and bandleader Oliver was one of the greatest artists in the classic NEW ORLEANS JAZZ style. He formed his own band in Chicago in I92O with musicians including Johnny and Baby Dodds and Louis ARMSTRONG. The band became a sensation, making classic recordings in 1923–24. The good times soon stopped, however, when others began to adopt his style, including Armstrong himself. By 1936 Oliver had quit music.

OLIVER, Sy (1910–88) Jazz trumpeter and arranger Oliver first found major success as trumpeter and main ARRANGER for the Jimmie Lunceford band—shaping its sound from 1933. He later worked with Benny GOODMAN and Tommy DORSEY. His hits included “Swing High” and “Sunny Side of the Street.” The style he developed was undoubtedly responsible for the creation of mainstream BIG BAND JAZZ.

ONO, Yoko (1933–) Pop singer Ono found musical fame working with her husband John Lennon, but has also had success in her own right. Her first album Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band came out in 1970, followed by three more later in the decade. Her music is avant-garde and often difficult, but she has recorded some excellent songs, including “Listen, the Snow Is Falling” and “Woman Power.” In the 1980s and 1990s she failed to achieve comparable success.

ORBISON, Roy ( 1936–88) Country-pop singer-songwriter Orbison was one of the leading singers of the 1960s, a master of the epic ballad with a high, powerful voice. “Only the Lonely” was his first hit, and by 1965 he had made the U.S. Top 40 some 20 times, including the No.Is “It’s Over” and “Oh Pretty Woman.” The 1970s were rather barren, but he bounced back in 1980, winning a Grammy with Emmylou HARRIS for the duet “That Lovin’ You Feelin’ Again.” His posthumously released album Mystery Girl was the most successful of his career.

ORBITAL Techno-dance duo Formed in 1987, Orbital are a U.K. techno band who do much to bring improvisation to live ELECTRONIC MUSIC, and are one of the most visually exciting live bands in any genre—one of the few British bands to appear at Woodstock 2. They released their first single, “Chime” in 1989, following it with a series of successful albums. They also work as PRODUCERS and remixers for other artists, including MADONNA.

ORMANDY, Eugene (1899–1985) Conductor Ormandy first performed as a solo violinist before moving to the U.S. in 1921. He began his long association with the Philadelphia Orchestra in 1936. Under his direction their immaculate technique and full, rich tone became legendary, especially in LATE ROMANTIC and early 20th-century music.

ORTIZ, Cristina (1950–) Pianist Born in Brazil, Ortiz studied in Rio de Janeiro and then in Paris. She made her New York debut in 1971, moving to London in 1972. She played with most of the world’s leading orchestras. Her extensive repertoire and recordings include RACHMANINOV and Clara Schumann.

ORY, Edward “Kid “(1886–1973) Jazz trombonist Ory was one of the most popular musicians and bandleaders in NEW ORLEANS JAZZ at the beginning of the 20th century. He moved to California in 1922, and led the first all-black New Orleans jazz band to make recordings. From 1925 he played with artists such as Joe “King” Oliver, Jelly Roll MORTON, and Louis ARMSTRONG. By the mid–1940s he had become a JAZZ celebrity and he continued to play into the 1960s.

OSBORNE BROTHERS, The Country duo The Osborne Brothers recorded the first of many records in 1951. In 1958 they had their first COUNTRY hit with “Once More,” and achieved more successes from 1963—including “Rocky Top.” They were never afraid to modernise their bluegrass style, surviving the competition of ROCK and POP MUSIC to continue recording and touring into the 1980s.

OSBOURNE, Ozzy (1948–) Rock singer-songwriter Osbourne originally found fame as vocalist and songwriter for Black Sabbath, going solo in 1979 with the album Blizzard of Oz. His lyrics dealt with the grimmest of subjects from insanity to teenage suicide, often courting controversy. With his drug- and alcohol-fuelled offstage antics—now behind him—and bat-eating stage act (after which he was treated for rabies), Osbourne went on to become one of the biggest names in HEAVY METAL.

OSMONDS, The Pop group This famous family vocal group first appeared in the 1960s on the Andy Williams Show. As a group they had 11 hit singles, such as “One Bad Apple,” “Double Lovin’,” and “Crazy Horses,” as well as 12 hit albums between 1971 and 1978. Lead singer Donny Osmond and his sister Marie both had successful solo careers, recorded duets together, and had their own television show.

OTIS, Johnny (1921–) Jazz-blues drummer Otis became one of the big names in the R&B scene of the late 1940s when he was drummer for a number of people including Stan KENTON and Illinois Jacquet. In 1945 he formed his own big band, playing a BLUES-based JAZZ repertoire. He also wrote a number of songs such as “Every Beat of My Heart,” a huge hit in the 1960s for Gladys Knight, and discovered the talents of Etta James and Willie Mae Thornton.

OTTER, Ann-Sofie von (1955–) Opera singer Swedish mezzo-soprano Otter made her debut in 1982. She performed all over the world as well as on many highly regarded recordings. Her light, pure voice is best heard in the OPERAS of Handel and Mozart, and in the cantatas and masses of Bach.

OUSSET, Cecile (1936–) Pianist Ousset was born and studied in France, graduating from the Paris Conservatory at the age of 14. Since her debut she has played all over the world, most notably performing the Romantics, including much Brahms and RACHMANINOV. She was also praised for her performances of the French repertoire, especially DEBUSSY.

OWENS, Buck (1929–) Country Singer One of the leading COUNTRY music stars of the 1960s and 1970s, Owens went solo in 1955, having his first hit with “Second Fiddle” in 1959-This prepared the way for over 75 country hits, over 40 reaching the Top 10. Among many No. Is were “Act Naturally” (1963), “Before You Go” (1965), and “Open Up Your Heart” (1966). He became one of the leading exponents of the West Coast sound, recording over 100 albums, and he continued working into the 1990s.

PABLO, Augustus (c.1954–) Reggae musician and songwriter Pablo became successful by putting the melodica on the musical map. “Java,” one of his earliest singles, proved to be his biggest and one of the most influential. The album King Tubby Meets Rockers Uptown (1977) was regarded by many as one of the finest dub REGGAE albums of all time and was adopted by the PUNK movement in the U.K. Other classic albums included This Is Augustus Pablo (1974) and East of the River Nile (1978).

PADEREWSKI, Ignacy Jan (1860–1941) Pianist Paderewski had a formidable reputation as a concert pianist, beginning his career with a world tour in 1888. His repertoire centred on the Romantics, notably Chopin and Liszt, as well as Beethoven. He was also a composer of note, writing much piano music and an OPERA.

PAGE, Hot Lips (1908–54) Jazz trumpeter Born Oran Thaddeus, Page originally found success playing with Walter Page and then Benny Moten. Later he joined Count BASIE and briefly Artie Shaw, as well as leading his own bands. He was an excellent, emotional player, rather overshadowed by Louis ARMSTRONG. He made many recordings, including the hit “Baby, It’s Cold Outside.”

PAGE, Walter (1900–57) Jazz bassist and bandleader After playing in a number of bands, Page formed the legendary Blue Devils, whose members included Hot Lips Page, Jimmy Rushing, Lester YOUNG, and Count BASIE. After it folded he often played with Basie. He was generally considered to be the originator of the “walking bass” style—filling-in the basic harmonic structure.

PAGLIUGHI, Lina (1911- 80) Opera singer The American soprano Pagliughi made her debut in Milan in 1927 and at Covent Garden in London in 1938. Her light voice was at its best in the OPERAS of Mozart and Donizetti. She retired in 1957.

PALM, Siegfried (1927–) Cellist Palm was principal cellist of a number of German orchestras between 1945 and 1967, before embarking on a solo career. He made a name for himself as an interpreter of avant-garde music, giving premieres of works by PENDERECKI, XENAKIS, Zimmerman, and many others.

PALMER, Felicity (1944–) Opera singer Born in the U.K., the soprano Palmer originally forged a career as a concert soloist, making her debut singing Purcell in 197O. She developed a wide repertoire singing Rameau to BOULEZ. Her OPERA debut, singing Mozart, was in 1973.

PARKER, Herman “Little Junior” (1927–71) Blues singer Parker first found success as leader of Howlin’ Wolf’s backing group. He then worked with, among others, Bobby “Blue” Bland and B. B. KING. He formed his own band, Blue Flame, in 1951, making a number of acclaimed recordings—at one point for Sam Phillips’ Sun Records—such as “Driving Wheel” (I96I) and “Man or Mouse” (1966). He was one of R&B’s most influential figures.

PARKER, Maceo (1943–) Funk musician Saxophonist Parker joined the James BROWN Review in 1964 and was featured on a number of their recordings before leaving to join George Clinton’s Parliament-Funkadelic in the early 1970s. Parker also pursued a solo career, forming Maceo and the Kings Men in 1970 and making a number of solo albums with some success, including For All the King’s Men (1989), Roots Revisited, (1990) and Funkoverload (1998).

PARSONS, Geoffrey (1929–) Pianist Parsons became one of the most renowned accompanists in the latter half of the 20th century, appearing with SCHWARZKOPF, Janet Baker, and many others.

PARSONS, Gram (1946–73) Country singer Parsons was undoubtedly a huge influence on a generation of performers from the EAGLES to Elvis Costello. He was a member of a number of bands in the early 1960s, recording the album Safe at Home (1968) with the International Submarine Band—widely regarded as a landmark in COUNTRY-ROCK. He then had success as a member of the Byrds and The Flying Burrito Brothers—scoring a hit with his own composition “Hot Burrito #1.” After being fired by the band he joined up with Emmylou HARRIS, who produced his debut solo album GP’m 1972.

PARTCH, Harry (1901–74) Composer Partch was largely self-taught as a composer. He worked from the 1930s with his own adapted instruments, playing music in “just” intonation. His works, for voice and unique instruments, included Oedipus (1951) and And on the Seventh Day Petals Fell in Petaluma (1966).

PARTRIDGE, Ian (1938–) Opera singer The English tenor Partridge had his OPERA debut in 1958. He was particularly noted as a recitalist in the Heder of Schubert and Schumann, as well as of English song.

PASS, Joe (1929–94) Jazz guitarist Pass played in a number of bands from his teenage years, including Charlie Barnet’s. He re-emerged after drug addiction in the 1960s, eventually working with JAZZ’S greatest names of the time, such as Oscar Peterson and Count BASIE. AS a highly regarded accompanist he worked with several singers, including Ella FITZGERALD, but his phenomenal technique was best seen as a soloist on records such as “Guitar Player” (1976).

PASTORIUS, Jaco (1951–87) Jazz bass guitarist Pastorius first developed a cult following playing bass guitar for MOTOWN groups like the Temptations and the Suprêmes. In 1975 he began recording on his own, but it was as a member of Weather Report from 1976 that he made his mark. He formed his own band, Word of Mouth, in 1980, and continued to record with some of the top names in JAZZ until his death.

PATITUCCI, John (1959–) Jazz bassist Playing both electric and acoustic bass, Patitucci was best known for his work with Chick COREA and his Elektric Band and the Akoustic Band trio, with whom he recorded five albums. From the 1980s he worked as a bandleader. Perhaps his best recording is Sketchbook.

PATTI, Adelina (1843–1919) Opera singer While showing promise from an early age, Italian soprano Patti made her OPERA debut in 1859- She first sang at Covent Garden three years later and became the reigning prima donna there for the next 25 years. She excelled in her interpretations of Donizetti and Verdi.

PAUK, György (1936–) Violinist Pauk was a British citizen of Hungarian birth. He made his debut with an orchestra in 1950, appearing in London in I96I. After his London debut he forged an international career, at his best in BARTÓK, as well as Mozart, Beethoven, and Brahms.

PAVEMENT Rock group Formed in 1989, their debut release, the EP “Slay Tracks (1933–1969)” (1989) charmed the critics, leading them to the top of the U.S. alternative scene. Their live performances earned a staunch following and further successful albums followed including Slanted and Enchanted (1992) and Wowee Zowee! (1995).

PEARL JAM Rock group A product of the Seattle GRUNGE scene, Pearl Jam made their debut with the powerful and melodic album Ten (1991), which included the hit single “Alive.” They became superstars almost overnight, the album remaining in the Top 20 for a year and a half, selling over 4 million copies in the U.S. alone. Two later albums Vs. (1993) and Vitalogy (1994), both met with much success. In the mid–1990s Pearl Jam worked extensively with Neil Young, contributing to his album Mirror Ball.

PEARS, Sir Peter (1910–86) Opera singer Born in the U.K., Pears studied at the Royal College of Music, singing at Sadler’s Wells in London from 1943. His lyrical tenor voice created BRITTEN’S Peter Grimes there in 1945. Thereafter Britten wrote all his tenor roles for Pears, including Albert Herring (1947). Pears also performed other music, ranging from the 16th to the 20th century. As an accomplished recitalist he was often accompanied by BRITTEN.

PEEL, John (1939–) Alternative rock disc jockey Peel is regarded as one of the best and most influential of British DJs. In the early 1960s he began working on American radio, before returning to England in 1967 to join the pirate radio station Radio London. There and later on BBC Radio 1 he led the way in introducing new and progressive acts, including the VELVET UNDERGROUND, PINK FLOYD, Jethro Tuli, Rod Stewart, the Fall, and many others.

PEETERS, Flor (1903–86) Composer and organist Born in Belgium, Peeters pursued an international career as an organist while teaching at Belgian conservatories. His compositions, mainly of sacred choral and organ music, were influenced by Gregorian chants, Flemish Renaissance polyphony, and FOLK MUSIC.

PENDERGRASS, Teddy (1950–) Soul singer Pendergrass became famous as lead singer of the reformed Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes—leading lights in the PHILADELPHIA SOUND of the early 1970s. He went solo in 1976, with hit albums including Teddy (1979), which reached No.5 in the U.S. charts. He had a near-fatal car accident in 1982 but returned in 1984 with the hit “Hold Me.”

PEPPER, Art (1925–82) Jazz saxophonist Pepper played alto saxophone with Stan KENTON, among others, until he started recording under his own name in 1952. After repeated imprisonments for drug offenses, Pepper was finally rehabilitated in the late 1960s. He re-emerged in the mid–1970s as a major JAZZ figure, producing a string of recordings showcasing his rich melodic style, including Living Legend (1975).

PERAHIA, Murray (1947–) Pianist Perahia made his debut at Carnegie Hall in 1968, winning the Leeds International Piano Competition in 1972. He performed all over the world, most notably in Chopin and Schumann, and made highly acclaimed recordings of the complete Mozart concertos, conducting from the keyboard.

PERE UBU Rock band Formed in 1975, Pere Ubu took their name from a proto-surrealist play by French writer Alfred Jarry. Heavily influenced by bands like the Stooges, they released their debut album, Modern Dance, in 1978. Their music was avant-garde industrial ROCK, overlaid with witty lyrics. Pere Ubu split in 1982 after little commercial success but surprisingly reconvened in 1987, releasing their best album so far, Raygun Suitcase, in 1995.

PERKINS, Carl (1932–98) Country guitarist, singer, and songwriter Perkins became one of the most renowned rockabilly artists of the 1950s, influencing a generation of rock’n’rollers, including the BEATLES. Signed by Sam Phillips at Sun Records, his major success was “Blue Suede Shoes” (1956), the first COUNTRY record to appear on both the R&B and POP charts, as well as being a country hit. Although further recordings failed to do as well, he was one of ROCK’S pioneers and remains a big influence on today’s guitar players.

PERLEMUTER, Vlado (1904–) Pianist Perlemuter, a Frenchman of Polish birth, became established in the 1920s as a notable interpreter of RAVEL and Chopin. He was a professor at the Paris Conservatory, retiring from the concert platform in 1993.

PERLMAN, Itzhak (1945–) Violinist Born in Israel—suffering from poliomyelitis—Perlman studied at the Juilliard School from 1958. He had his American debut at Carnegie Hall in New York in 1963, and played with the London Symphony Orchestra in 1968. Interested in violin music of all kinds, he performed the major concertos all over the world, including BARTÓK, BERG, and STRAVINSKY, as well as giving recitals, notably with BARENBOIM and Zukerman. He is regarded as one of the finest violinists of the 20th century.

PETER, PAUL AND MARY Folk group Formed in I96I, this vocal and guitar FOLK trio comprising Peter Yarrow, Paul Stookey, and Mary Travers, had a number of hits including Bob DYLAN’S “Blowin’ in the Wind” and “Puff the Magic Dragon” (both 1963). Their biggest success was “Leaving on a Jet Plane” (1969). With their folky sound they were one of the era’s most distinctive acts. They disbanded in 1970.

PETERSON, Oscar (1925–) Jazz pianist Already well known in his native Canada, Peterson made his American debut at Carnegie Hall with Jazz at the Philharmonic in 1949. From then he played with all the greatest jazzmen of the day, making hundreds of recordings. His biggest seller was “Affinity” (1963). From the 1970s he stopped maintaining a regular group but continued to record prolifically, becoming one of the most highly regarded and best-known JAZZ pianists ever.

PETTIFORD, Oscar (1922–60) Jazz bassist and cellist During his short life Pettiford performed with some of the best jazzmen of his day, including Roy ELDRIDGE, Coleman HAWKINS, Dizzy GILLESPIE, Thelonious MONK, and Art BLAKEY. Playing with an incredible technique and a superb tone, he appeared with many groups, big and small, often leading, and was a major influence on later BEBOP bass players. He is best heard on the albums Deep Passion (1956–57) and Vienna Blues: The Complete Session (1959).

PETTY, Tom, & the Heartbreakers Rock group Petty first recorded with the Heartbreakers, featuring Benmont Tench and Mike Campell, in 1976, producing their eponymous first album. The third album, Damn the Torpedoes (1979), went platinum in the U.S. Further hits and albums followed. Petty toured with Bob DYLAN in the late 1980s, as well as producing a well received solo album that included “Full Moon Fever” (1989). His Greatest Hits release in 1993 encouraged a new wave of interest, the album becoming a multi-million-copy best-seller. Petty is regarded as one of the most durable ROCK artists of the 1980s and 1990s.

PHILLIPS, Esther (1935–84) R&B singer Phillips was discovered by drummer Johnny Otis in the 1950s. From the late 1960s, Phillips became an international star with hits such as “When a Man Loves a Woman” (1966) and “What a Difference a Day Makes” (1975). She recorded her last album in 1981.

PHILLIPS, Flip (1915–) Jazz saxophonist Phillips rose to fame in the JAZZ world first by playing with Benny GOODMAN in 1942 and then with Woody Herman for two years. He then raised his international standing by touring with Jazz at the Philharmonic from 1946 to 1956. He had a welcome comeback in 1975, playing in New York and touring Europe. He was undoubtedly one of the great ballad players, recording from 1949 through to 1993.

PHILLIPS, Sam (1923–) Record producer Phillips opened his own recording studio on Union Street, Memphis, Tennessee, in 1950, producing, among others Howlin’ Wolf, Ike Turner, and B.B. KING. His early work led to the founding of Sun Records in 1952, where Phillips had his biggest success—launching the career of Elvis PRESLEY and producing his first five singles.

PIATIGORSKY, Gregor (1903–76) Cellist Piatigorsky studied in Moscow, leaving Russia in 1921 and settled in America. He was principal cello of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra (1924–28) after which he pursued a solo career. He made his New York debut in 1929, and was soon hailed as the leading cellist of his generation. His virtuosic flair and exquisite taste in style was best heard in Romantic music.

PICKETT, Wilson (1941–) Soul singer Pickett initially found success as part of the Falcons, writing and singing the lead on the hit single “I Found a Love” (1962). Going solo soon after he had a number of hits in the 1960s and early 1970s including “In the Midnight Hour” (I965), “Mustang Sally” (1966), and “Funky Broadway” (1967). Despite a move to Philadelphia to work with producers Gamble and Huff, Pickett’s success faded away in the 1970s.

PINNOCK, Trevor (1946–) Conductor and harpsichordist Pinnock made an international name for himself as founder and musical director of the English Consort, an AUTHENTIC PERFOR-MANCE orchestra. With them and as a soloist he made over 70 recordings, including the orchestral music of Bach and Handel, Scarlatti sonatas, and the complete Mozart symphonies.

PITNEY, Gene (1941–) Pop singer-songwriter Pitney first found success writing for others, his own solo career taking off with “I Wanna Love My Life Away” (1961). His impassioned ballads produced a number of hits in the mid–1960s, including “Twenty-Four Hours from Tulsa” (1963), “I’m Gonna Be Strong” (1964), and “Princess in Rags” (1965). He had a further unexpected hit in 1988, topping the U.K. charts with a new version of “Something’s Gotten Hold of My Heart,” recorded with Marc Almond.

POINTER SISTERS, The Soul group This group of four sisters first sang as a backing group, producing their first eponymous album in 1973. Their varied repertoire ranged from SOUL to the couNTRY-sounding “Fairytale” (1974) which won a Grammy. “Fire” (1979) was a million-selling single and was followed by two further gold discs. They had their last hit “Dare Me” in 1985 after which they failed to capture the sparkle of earlier achievements.

POLICE, The Rock group This British REGGAE-influenced POP trio was one of the most successful bands of the late–1970s and early 1980s. Featuring STING on bass guitar, Andy Summers on guitar, and Stuart Copeland on drums, the Police produced five albums, all highly acclaimed. The first two, Outlandos D’Amour and Regatta De Blanc dominated the U.K. charts for most of 1979. The third album Zenyatta Mondatta (1980), including the track “Don’t Stand so Close to Me” (their third No.l), was their big worldwide breakthrough. The last and most successful album Synchronicity (1983) contained perhaps their greatest song “Every Breath You Take.”

PONS, Lily (1898–1976) Opera singer Pons, an American soprano, joined the Met in 1931, where she was a sensational success, remaining for 25 years. She also sang widely in other countries. Her voice was best heard in Donizetti, Bellini, and Verdi.

POOLE, Charlie (1892–1931) Blues banjo player and singer Poole became famous as leader of the popular and influential string band, the North Carolina Ramblers. One of their classic hits, “Don’t Let Your Deal Go Down” (1925), sold over 100,000 copies, and in five years they sold over a million records. Poole played with many other musicians, making his last record in 1930.

POPP, Lucia (1939–) Opera singer An Austrian soprano of Czech-oslovakian birth, Popp sang at Salzburg and the Vienna Staatsoper from 196?, Covent Garden in 1966, and the Met in 1967. Her light, well-focused voice was best heard in Mozart, Verdi, and Richard STRAUSS.

PORTAL, Michel (1935–) Jazz-classical clarinettist Born in France, Portal played with many JAZZ musicians in the 1960s, including Don Cherry, Anthony Braxton, and Derek Bailey. He formed the group Portal Unit in 1972. His many recordings include “Alors!” (1972) and “Men’s Land” (1987). His diverse talents were demonstrated playing the Mozart Clarinet Concerto or STOCKHAUSEN.

POUSSEUR, Henri (1929–) Composer Born in Belgium, Pousseur was a leading figure in the European avant-garde from the 1950s. His compositions owed much to BOULEZ and STOCKHAUSEN, but also had a crucial harmonic element. His many works included the OPERA Votre Faust (1969).

PRESTON, Simon (1938–) Organist and conductor English-born Preston studied at the Royal Academy of Music and at Cambridge University, becoming sub-organist at Westminster Abbey (1962–67), and later organist and master of the choristers (1981–87). He was organist and lecturer in music at Christ Church, Oxford (1970–81), where he made notable recordings of Haydn’s choral works.

PRETENDERS, The Rock group A veteran of the British PUNK scene, American Chrissie Hynde formed the Pretenders in 1978. The band had a string of successes over the course of six albums, from 1986–95. Hynde developed a winning formula for writing tight melodic ROCK songs, including the hits “Brass in Pocket,” “I Go to Sleep,” and “2,000 Miles.”

PRETRE, Georges (1924–) Conductor Prêtre studied at the Paris Conservatory, conducting in provincial French OPERA houses from 1946. He moved to Paris in the 1960s, working and recording often with singer Maria CALLAS. He was noted for his performances of POULENC.

PRIMAL SCREAM Rock group Formed in the mid–1980s, Primal Scream started life as an INDIE BAND releasing their first album Sonic Flower Groove in 1987. At the end of the 1980s the band changed direction, adopting acid house influences and creating a hugely popular dance-rock hybrid. The single “Loaded” (199D, became a U.K. Top 10 hit, and the accompanying album Screamadelica reaped critical acclaim and big sales. In 1994 they moved nearer their ROCK roots with the album Give Out But Don’t Give Up. In 1998 they released the well-received Vanishing Point and an accompanying dub version of the album, showing the band’s continual progression.

PRITCHARD, Sir John (1921–) Conductor Pritchard worked at Glyndebourne from 1947, becoming musical director in 1969. As a conductor he achieved worldwide renown, as well as performing a wide repertoire. He gave premieres of works by TIPPETT and BRITTEN.

PROCOL HARUM Rock group Procol Hamm shot to fame with their classic debut single “A Whiter Shade of Pale” (1967). The Top 10 hit “Homberg” and their eponymous first album followed. They had some success with later albums, but didn’t return to top form until In Concert with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra and the De Camera Singers (1972), a U.S. Top 5 hit. Later hits included “Pandora’s Box” from Procols Ninth (1975). They broke up in 1977.

PRODIGY, The Techno band This U.K. group represent the vanguard of the British rave scene. The big-time came with the U.K. No.3 single “Charly,” signaling a crossover of rave music from clubs to the charts. Two well-received albums followed, The Prodigy Experience (1992) and Music for the Jilted Generation (1994) before they released their most successful work to date, Fat of the Land (1997)—containing the singles “Firestarter” and “Breathe.”

PROFESSOR LONGHAIR (1918–80) R&B pianist and singer Louisiana-born Henry Byrd, better known as Professor Longhair, played a characteristic BOOGIE-WOOGIE piano style. A resident of New Orleans, he was highly influential on players such as Fats DOMINO and Dr. John.

PRYOR, Snooky (1921–) Blues singer Pryor made his first record “Telephone Blues” in 1949, and followed it up with more singles in the 1950s and early 1960s, including “Boogie Twist.” After leaving the music business, he returned in the early 1970s, making a number of later recordings including “Too Cool to Move” (1992).

PUBLIC ENEMY Rap group Possibly the most influential and controversial RAP act to date, Public Enemy was formed in the early 1980s. Their first album Yo! Bum Rush the Show (1987) broke new ground, but it was their second album, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back (1988), that completed their crossover. With their uncompromising political stance, Public Enemy were open to accusations of inciting violence and anti-Semitism—it was later discovered that the FBI held files on the band. As the 1990s progressed, the band lost its momentum and broke up as members followed other careers.

PUBLIC IMAGE LIMITED Rock group Formed in 1978 by ex-SEX PISTOLS member John Lydon, PIL’s debut was the epic single “Public Image.” Albums followed from 1978 through to 1992. Their music, at first struggling to overcome expectations based on Lydon’s past, was epic and difficult, but showed that there was music after punk that retained its raw energy.

PUFF DADDY (1970–) Rap producer and singer Born in Harlem, as Sean Combs, Puff Daddy was a mover and shaker on the RAP scene of the early 1990s. He produced huge hits for artists such as Jodeci and Mary J. Blige, whose first album, What’s the 411?, is regarded as the ultimate hip-hop/R&B fusion album. Puff Daddy survived the gangsta rap wars and went on to become one of the biggest entrepreneurs of the music industry of the 1990s. He also had hits of his own, notably the 1997 single “I’ll Be Missing You,” a tribute to his murdered friend, the rapper Notorious BIG.

PULP Rock group Formed in 1981, Pulp had to wait over a decade for success to come. In 1993 the British backlash against GRUNGE began and BRITPOP was born. Pulp, perhaps the most quirkily English band of all, became steadily more popular. By 1994 lead singer Jarvis Cocker was a sought after media personality and in 1995 they released the hugely successful album Different Class, which included the hit single “Common People.” Success brought its own problems and Pulp took two years to produce their next album, This Is Hardcore.

PUYANA, Rafael (1931–)
Harpsichordist Born in Columbia, Puyana studied in Boston, first as a pianist and then on harpsichord with Landowska. His virtuoso performances have ranged from Scarlatti to works written specifically for him. His repertoire includes music from the 16th and 17th century as well as contemporary works. He has made many recordings both as a soloist and as part of an ensemble.

QUEEN LATIFAH (1970–) Rap artist Born Dana Owens in New Jersey, Queen Latifah’s first single “Wrath of My Madness” (1988) was followed by feverish reviews of her first album All Hail the Queen (1989). She went from SOUL and RAGGA to hip hop for her third album, Black Reign (1993) recorded for Motown. In the 1990s Latifah embarked on a successful career as an actress in television and movies like Spike Lee’s Jungle Fever.

RABBITT, Eddie (1944–) Pop-country singer-songwriter Rabbitt’s first success came as a songwriter for others, such as Elvis PRESLEY—for whom he wrote “Kentucky Run” (1970). He had his own first U.S. COUNTRY success with “You Get to Me” (1974). From 1976 he had a string of country chart No.Is, including “Drinkin’ My Baby,” through to 1988’s “I Wanna Dance with You.”

RADIOHEAD Rock group Formed in Oxford, in 1988, Radiohead have gone on to become critically acclaimed stadium superstars. Their first success was the single “Creep” (1992), which became the most requested track on U.S. radio that year. Building on this success, the band toured the U.S., building a solid following. Their second album, The Bends, was a critical and commercial hit on both sides of the Atlantic, but their third album, OK Computer (1997) managed to top even that, being widely acclaimed as the best album of that year.

RADULESCU, Michael (1943–) Composer A highly influential Romanian composer, Radulescu was the first member of what became known as the “spectral” school during the 1970s and 1980s. These composers used the harmonic—or “spectrum”—series as the basis for their works. Radulescu is also known as a teacher of compositional techniques.

RATIT, Bonnie (1949–) Blues-country singer and guitarist Raitt is one of the few women recognised as a ROCK guitar virtuoso. However, she didn’t have her first U.S. hit until 1977, with a cover of Del Shannon’s “Runaway,” from her album Sweet Forgiveness. After something of a decline she made her comeback with Nick of Time (1989), which won three Grammys and produced a U.S. hit single with the title track. Raitt entered the 1990s at the peak of her powers with Luck of the Draw (1991) and Longing in Their Hearts (1994).

RAMONES, The Punk band Formed in 1974, the Ramones were key figures in the emerging music scene centred on the CBGBs club in New York. In 1976 they made their debut in London and this, along with their debut album, Ramones, kick-started the nascent British PUNK movement. The classic anthem “Sheena Is a Punk Rocker” from Rocket to Russia (1977) was their first U.K. Top 30 hit. Two further classic albums followed—Road to Ruin and Lt ’s Alive—but during the 1980s the Ramones became sidelined.

RAMPAL, Jean-Pierre (1922–) Flautist Rampai studied in Paris and later taught at the Paris Conservatory. He began an international solo concert career in 1947, as well as being solo flautist at the Paris Opera (1956–62). He is most admired for his performances of 18th-century music, particularly Bach and Mozart.

RATTLE, Sir Simon (1955–) Conductor Studying at the Royal Academy of Music, in London, Rattle won a competition with the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra in 1974. From 1979 he forged a worldwide reputation as principal conductor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra. He has worked with orchestras and OPERA houses all over the world, most notably in 20th-century repertoire, and has made TV programs popularising ORCHESTRAL MUSIC.

RAUTAVAARA, Einojuhani (1928–) Composer Finnish-born Rautavaara’s output has shown a variety of influences, most notably Mussorgsky, HINDEMITH, and advanced SERIALISM. He wrote in many genres, and his works included The True and False Unicorn (1971) written for chorus, orchestra, and tape.

RAWLS, Lou (1935–) Soul singer Rawls first managed a crossover hit in 1963 with the album Black and Blue. He had two Top 20 singles “Love Is a Hurtin’ Thing” (1966) and “Dead End Street” (1967). He found further success in the 1970s with the international hit, “You’ll Never Find Another Love Like Mine” (1976).

REA, Chris (1951–) Pop singer-songwriter and guitarist U.K.-born Rea was in a number of bands before going solo in the early 1970s. His debut album Whatever Happened to Benny Santini (1978) included “Fool (If You Think It’s Over)” which reached the U.S. Top 20. Rea had his earliest large-scale success in Germany, breaking through in the U.K. with the album Shamrock Diaries (1985). “The Road to Hell” (1989) became his first U.K. No.1.

RED HOT CHILI PEPPERS, The Rock group The Red Hot Chili Peppers successfully mixed FUNK and PUNK, producing a succession of well-received albums and forging an impressive live reputation—based partly on their propensity for taking their clothes off onstage. Their second album Freaky Styley, was produced by George Clinton and they expanded on this funk-punk theme for the next album, Uplift Mofo Party Plan (1988). Their biggest hit came with the single “Under the Bridge” from the 1991 album Blood Sugar Sex Magik In 1995 they produced their best album, One Hot Minute, and they continued to perform and record.

REDDY, Helen (1942–) Pop singer Australian-born Reddy was an interpreter of ROCK ballads in the 1970s who had 14 U.S. Top 40 hits. Her first hit “I Don’t Know How to Love Him” (1971), was followed by the No.l “I Am Woman” (1972). Many other chart-toppers followed, her last Top 20 hit “You’re My World” coming in 1977. She also had a successful TV career in the 1970s and appeared in concert and cabaret up until the late 1980s.

REDMAN, Don (1900–64) Jazz musician Conservatory-trained Redman was an accomplished multi-instrumentalist, joining the Fletcher HENDERSON Band in 1923 as a saxophonist. Over the next four years he became the band’s main ARRANGER, transforming their sound. He later formed his own bands, and in 1941 opened an arranging office on Broadway, writing for leaders including Jimmy Dorsey, Paul WHITEMAN, Count BASIE, and Duke ELLINGTON. Redman developed the BIG BAND JAZZ sound and had a huge effect on the development of SWING.

REED, Lou (1942–) Rock musician Reed came to fame as founder and songwriter of the VELVET UNDERGROUND (1966–70). Reed went solo in 1971 trying to balance his dark lyrics with prettier music. His first solo album, Lou Reed, had a big, lush sound and the follow-up, Transformer was a modest success, including the surprise hit single “Walk on the Wild Side” (1973). In the 1970s Reed’s music became increasingly more misanthropic and difficult, experimenting at times with atonality and avant-garde trends. New York (1989) was seen as a return to his best work. A year later Reed reunited with his Velvet Underground partner John Cale to produce the Warhol elegy Songs for Dr ella.

REEVES, Martha, & the Vandellas Soul group Formed in I960 and originally providing backing vocals for Marvin GAYE, Martha and the Vandellas were one of MOTOWN’S early successes with 23 Hot 100 entries between 1963–71. Their hits included “Heat Wave,” “Dancing in the Street,” and “Nowhere to Run.” Reeves went solo in 1973 with moderate success, reforming the Vandellas in the late 1980s.

REIMANN, Aribert (1936–) Composer and pianist After studying in Berlin, Reimann established himself as a fine pianist, notably as accompanist to FISCHER-DIESKAU. His compositions include OPERAS in an expressionist style such as Ein Traumspiel (1965), Melusine (1970), and Lear (1978)

REO SPEEDWAGON Rock group Formed in 1970, REO Speedwagon—the name taken from an early American fire engine—produced a number of albums through to the 1990s. They had a slow climb to national fame from their eponymous first album, released in 1971, to Hi Infidelity (1980), which was their first major breakthrough. That album topped the charts and including the U.S. No.l single “Keep on Lovin’ You.” At their best REO Speedwagon were the epitome of Adult Oriented Rock (AOR)—faceless but professional.

REPLACEMENTS, The Rock group Formed in 1979, the Replacements remained together until 1990, producing eight albums. They had a winning formula of ROCK’N’ROLL mixed with raw PUNK ROCK. Perhaps their best work was the album Pleased to Meet Me (1987), containing “The Ledge” and “Skyway.”

RICH, Buddy (1917–87) Jazz drummer and bandleader Rich performed on stage from the age of four, playing in a number of bands from the 1930s, including those of Artie Shaw and Tommy DORSEY. Forming his own bands from the late 1940s, he began to record as a vocalist from the 1950s, revealing a stylish singing voice. His recordings included Big Band Shout (1956) and The Voice of Buddy Rich (1959). Undoubtedly one of the best drummers of the big band era, Rich resurrected the idea of BIG BAND JAZZ in the mid–1960s and continued to play until his death.

RICH, Charlie (1932–95) Country singer Rich became one of the most successful COUNTRY singers of the 1970s, his career taking off with “Behind Closed Doors” (1973), a U.S. COUNTRY No.l, and Grammy winner. “The Most Beautiful Girl” became a No.l in both pop and country. He had many more hits through the 1970s until 1980. The 1980s proved to be a barren period for Rich, but he made a triumphant return with the album Pictures and Paintings (1992).

RICHARD, Keith (1943–) Rock guitarist Now a ROCK legend, Richard became famous as a founding member and lead guitarist of the ROLLING STONES, writing many of their hits in partnership with Mick Jagger, including “(I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction,” “Honky Tonk Women,” and “Jumpin’ Jack Flash.” Outside of his work with the Stones, he organised a star-studded 60th birthday concert for Chuck BERRY—turned into the film Hail!Hail!Rock’n’Roll. His first solo album, Talk Is Cheap (1988), received good reviews. Main Offender followed in 1992.

RICHIE, Lionel (1949–) Soul singer-songwriter Richie formed a number of R&B groups in the mid–1960s, before becoming lead singer and saxophonist with the Commodores in 1968. Richie wrote and sang many of their biggest hits, including “Three Times a Lady” (1978). He branched out writing for others including Kenny ROGERS and Diana Ross, and in 1982 he went solo, having a U.K. No.l with “Truly” from his first album. Can’t Slow Down (1983) brought him international superstar-dom, selling over 15 million copies worldwide and winning two Grammy awards. He continued to score hits in the 1990s, and won an Oscar for the song “Say You, Say Me” from the movie White Nights.

RICHMAN, Jonathan, and the Modern Lovers Rock group Richman rose to prominence during the early 1970s as leader of the Modern Lovers. The group had success in the U.K. with “Roadrunner” and “Egyptian Reggae” (both 1977) and with their epony-mously titled first album. Richman went solo in 1978 with songs including “Ice Cream Man,” “My Love Is a Flower,” and “I’m a Little Dinosaur.” Richman reformed the Modern Lovers in the 1980s, and his eccentric acoustic sound continued to enjoy considerable cult popularity in the U.S. and Europe.

RICHTER, Hans (1843–1916) Conductor An Austro-Hungarian, Richter worked closely with Wagner, conducting the first performance of The Ring at Bayreuth. A great champion of Wagner, as well as Beethoven, Brahms, and Bruckner, he spent a lot of time in England from 1877, directing the Birmingham Festival and conducting the London Symphony Orchestra and the Hallé. He was also a great admirer of ELGAR, giving the premiere of The Dream of Gerontius. Elgar dedicated his first symphony to Richter.

RICHTER, Karl (1926–81) Conductor and organist Born in Germany, Richter studied in Leipzig, becoming organist at the famous Thomaskirche in 1947. He became well known as the conductor of the Munich Bach Choir and Orchestra, particularly with the music of Bach and Handel.

RICHTER, Sviatoslav (1915–97) Pianist The Russian pianist made his debut in 1934, subsequently giving many early performances of PROKOFIEV’S music. He appeared in the West from i960, winning admiration for his outstandingly poetic performances. He was at his best playing 19th-century Romantic music, notably Schubert and Schumann.

RIDDLE, Nelson (1921–85) Composer, arranger and conductor Riddle first played trombone in a number of big bands from the late 1930s. From around 1950 he arranged and conducted for artists such as Judy GARLAND, Dean Martin, Johnny Mathis, and Shirley Bassey. He was best known, however, for his work as arranger for Frank SINATRA starting in 1953. He had his own hits, including the instrumental “Lisbon Antigua” (1955) and the Grammy award-winning album Cross-Country Suite (1958). He also had considerable success with film scores, including Paint Your Wagon, The Great Gatsby and The Pajama Game.

RIGHTEOUS BROTHERS, The Pop vocal duo Formed in 1962, The Righteous Brothers—Bill Medley and Bobby Hatfield—had minor success before hitting the big time with “You’ve Lost That Lovin’ Feeling” (1964)—a No.l in the U.S. and U.K., and one of the biggest pop singles of all time. Further hits included “Just Once in My Life” and “Ebb Tide,” but they split in 1968. They regrouped and separated on several more occasions, but with little success.

RIPERTON, Minnie (1947–79) Pop singer Originally a member of the Gems and then Rotary Connection—an adventurous African-American psychedelic group—Riperton embarked on a solo career, finding international success in 1975 with “Loving You.” She died of cancer only four years later.

ROBBINS, Marty (1926–82) Country singer Robbins first recorded in 1951 and had several COUNTRY hits during the next few years. However, it was at the end of the 1950s that his career really took shape. Always interested in the Wild West, Robbins began to write soundtracks for Westerns, like The Hanging Tree (1959), which included “El Paso”—and that became his theme song. He had huge success over the next few years, both as a singer and an actor. He continued to perform and write for himself and others, including Frankie LAINE, and wrote movie soundtracks, such as for Clint Eastwood’s Honky Tonk Man (1982).

ROBINSON, Smokey (1940–) Soul singer, songwriter, and producer Robinson enjoyed considerable success as founder and lead singer of the Miracles, who had 46 Hot 100 hits between 1959 and 1975—including “Shop Around” (I96I), “I Second that Emotion” (I967), and “The Tears of a Clown” (1970). Most of these hits were written by Robinson. He was also a successful songwriter and PRODUCER for other MOTOWN acts, notably for Mary Wells and the Temptations. In 1972 he went solo, scoring seven Top 40 hits, including “Cruisin”’ (1979) and “Being with You” (1981). Robinson remains one of the few POP/SOUL artists to have scored hits throughout a four-decade career.

ROBINSON, Tom (1950–) Rock musician Robinson found success after forming the Tom Robinson Band (TRB) in 1975—their first album Power in the Darkness included the Top 40 single “2468 Motorway” and the unambiguous anthem “(Sing If You’re) Glad to Be Gay.” After TRB fell apart, Robinson formed the short-lived Section 27 in 1980. His solo career proved more fruitful with hits including “War Baby” and “Listen to the Radio: Atmospherics” (both 1982). He continued to record and play, regrouping the original band in the 1990s.

ROBLES, Marisa (1937–) Harpist Robles made her debut in her home town of Madrid in 1954. She settled in Britain in 1959, after which she developed a very successful concert career, becoming popular following a number of appearances on TV. She is heavily involved with CHAMBER MUSIC as well as performing as a soloist.

RODZiNSKi, Artur (1892–1958) Conductor Rodzinski was an American of Polish birth who first conducted in Poland in 1920. Based in the U.S. from 1925, he became conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra (1929–33), the Cleveland Orchestra (1933–43), the New York Philharmonic (1943–47), and the Chicago Symphony (1947). He raised American orchestral standards to new heights, giving energetic performances of a wide repertoire, including concert performances of OPERA.

ROGERS, Roy (1911–98) Country singer and film star Rogers—also known as “the singing cowboy”—received his first starring role singing in the film Under Western Skies (1938), beginning a career as one of the most popular movie stars of the 1930s and 1940s. His songs included “Blue Shadows on the Trail,” “Money Can’t Buy Love,” and “Happy Anniversary,” many becoming COUNTRY hits.

ROGERS, Shorty (1924–94) Jazz trumpeter, composer and arranger Rogers first found success playing in the Woody Herman band (1945–50) and then with Stan KENTON (1950–51), for whom he also arranged a number of scores. It was as a leading figure in the West Coast style of JAZZ that he is best remembered. His work as a composer and ARRANGER for big bands and smaller groups was the most important of its day, exploring ostinato, bitonality, and even the 12-note technique.

ROGG, Lionel (I936–) Organist Born in Switzerland, Rogg forged a considerable reputation as a Bach specialist, recording his complete organ works in the mid–1960s. He also won the Grand Prix du Disque for his recording of The Art of Fugue (1970). As well as performing works by other composers, notably Buxtehude, Couperin, and Liszt, he was a teacher and composer.

ROLAND, Walter (1900–70) Blues pianist Although rather an underrated and relatively unknown musician, Roland appeared on over 40 recordings between 1933–35 with other artists, including the outstanding singers Lucille Bogan and Sonny Scott. His own voice was very expressive and versatile. His recording of the song “Jook It, Jook It” (1933) appears on many anthologies.

ROLFE JOHNSON, Anthony (1940–) Opera singer The English tenor Rolfe Johnson first appeared at Glyndebourne in 1973 and later at the English National Opera. With his elegant and lyrical voice he has since sung all over the world, particularly in the works of Mozart, Handel, Monteverdi, and BRITTEN.

ROLLINI, Adrian (1904–56) Jazz musician Rollini became one of the few masters of the bass saxophone—an instrument even Coleman HAWKINS struggled with—as well as the vibraphone. From the 1920s he played with many musicians including Bix BEIDERBECKE and Red Nichols and travelled to the U.K. Along with his great flair and swing, he was an important influence on many white JAZZ men in the U.S. and U.K.

ROMBERG, Sigmund (1887–1951) Composer The Hungarian Romberg found success when he took up residence in New York, composing for the musical stage. His first great hit was the OPERETTA The Student Prince (1924). He followed this with The Desert Song (1926) and The New Moon (1928), the latter containing the hit songs “Lover, Come Back to Me” and “One Kiss.” He continued writing for the stage and films with variable amounts of success.

ROOLEY, Anthony (1944–) Lutenist Born in England, Rooley made a name for himself at the forefront of the revival of Renaissance music. He studied and taught at the Royal Academy of Music, London. In 1969 he formed the Consort of Musicke, with James Tyler, which performed and recorded Renaissance music all over the world.

ROSE ROYCE Soul group Created by former MOTOWN producer Norman Whitfield, Rose Royce first found success with the soundtrack to the film Car Wash (1976), which included the platinum-selling title song. Following this they had hits with “Wishing on a Star” and “Love Don’t Live Here Anymore.” Rose Royce’s Greatest Hits album (1980) reached No.l in the U.K. charts.

ROSEN, Charles (1927–) Pianist and writer Rosen studied at the Juilliard School, making his debut as a pianist in 1951. His style was rather severe and intellectual, best suited to Bach, Weber, and Beethoven, as well as the 20th-century composers SCHOENBERG, Elliott CARTER, and BOULEZ. AS an academic, his chief literary contribution was The Classical Style (1971), establishing a context for classical music.

ROSSI, Francis (1949–) Rock musician Rossi was a founder member (guitar/vocals) of the Spectres, which became legendary ROCK band Status Quo in 1967. With Status Quo, Rossi has had almost 50 U.K. hits, selling over 100 million records. In 1991 they celebrated their silver anniversary by playing four charity concerts in four cities in the space of 12 hours.

ROSSI, Mario (1902–) Conductor The Italian Rossi made his debut in 1926. He spent many years in the OPERA houses of Florence and La Scala in Milan before becoming the resident conductor of the Turin Radio Symphony Orchestra (1946–69), which became one of the best orchestras in Italy and much admired abroad. His repertoire was mainly symphonic, concentrating on the 20th century.

ROXY Music Rock group This popular and influential U.K. band came together in 1971 featuring both Brian Eno and singer Bryan Ferry. Their rise was meteoric from their eponymous debut album in 1972. Two follow-up singles, “Virginia Plain” and “Pyjamarama,” both hit the U.K. Top 10. The album For Your Pleasure (1973) contained the classics “Do the Strand” and “In Every Dream Home a Heartache.” They had their only U.K. No.l single with “Jealous Guy” (1981), also the year of their last album Avalon. Brian Ferry went on to have a successful solo career during the 1980s.

RUN DMC Rap group Formed in 1982, Run DMC immediately scored a U.S. underground hit with the singles “It’s Like That” and “Sucker MCs,” often regarded as the birth of modern hip-hop. Their debut album went gold in 1984, the first RAP album to do so. Raisin’Hell (1986) was the first rap album to become an R&B No.l, the first to enter the U.S. Top 10, and the first to go platinum. They have continued recording into the 1990s.

RUNDGREN, Todd (1948–) Rock musician As well as a singer, Rundgren is also a songwriter, PRODUCER, and instrumentalist. He first found success by forming the group Nazz in 1967, which produced three albums. He then moved into production before going solo with Runt (1970). His third album Something/ Anything (1972), on which he played all the instruments and acted as producer, contained some of his most popular work including the hit single “I Saw the Light.” He also formed the PROGRESSIVE ROCK ensemble Utopia, which released a successful album in 1974. Rundgren’s production work has included the classic Meatloaf album Bat Out of Hell, while he also scored the music for the film Dumb and Dumber.

RUSH Rock group This Canadian HEAVY METAL trio were formed in Toronto in 1969. Their first single, “Not Fade Away” (1973), was followed by the album Rush (1974). Combining high-pitched vocals and powerful guitar sound with their interest in science-fiction and fantasy, they didn’t really become popular until the latter half of the 1970s, with albums like 2112 (1976), A Farewell to Kings (1977), and Hemispheres (1978). By 1979 they became immensely successful world-wide with the hit single “Spirit of Radio” (1980). Finding a new lease of life in the 1990s, Rush is undoubtedly Canada’s leading ROCK group.

RUSH, Otis (1934–) Blues singer and guitarist From the mid–1950s, Rush was at the forefront of the Chicago BLUES scene with hits like “I Can’t Quit You Baby” (1956). Other successes followed, with “So Many Roads” and “Homework” perhaps becoming his best-known songs. He continued to record into the 1990s, with the album Ain’t Enough Comirì In (1994) receiving critical praise.

RUSHING, Jimmy (1902–72) Jazz singer Rushing was one of the great JAZZ singers. His voice was high and powerful with a dramatic vibrato, and by 1927 he was a full-time singer working with, among others, Jelly Roll MORTON. He became a big star with the Count BASIE band (1935–48), immortalising classics such as “Boogie-woogie,” “Evenin’,” and “Exactly Like You,” as well as recording with artists such as Bing CROSBY. After 1948 he worked regularly with Benny GOODMAN and Buck Clayton.

RUSSELL, Luis (1902–63) Jazz pianist, bandleader, and arranger From 1919 Russell played in many bands, often leading his own. Eventually, in 1935, Russell’s band were hired to back Louis ARMSTRONG. The band was dismissed in 1940, but Russell stayed with Armstrong as musical director for three more years. In the early 1940s he formed a new band and toured widely. Although he never achieved the public awareness of many of his contemporaries, he made a serious impact on integrating NEW ORLEANS JAZZ with BIG BAND JAZZ music.

RUSSELL DAVIES, Dennis (1944- ) Conductor Russell Davies had his conducting debut in 1968 with the Juilliard Ensemble. He forged a reputation as a conductor of contemporary music, most notably with the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra (1972–80), giving first performances of works by composers like CAGE, CARTER, Berio, and GLASS.

RZEWSKI, FREDERIC (1938- ) Composer and pianist American-born Rzewski was associated with STOCKHAUSEN between 1962 and 1964, and became a member of Musica Elettronica Viva in 1966. With the latter he explored collective improvisation with FOLK and popular melodies. Works such as Coming Together (1972) were characterised by impressive drive and intensity.

SAARIAHO, Kaija (1952- ) Composer After studying in Helsinki, Finnish-born Saariaho composed much instrumental and ORCHESTRAL MUSIC, having it performed at many major music festivals, most notably Salzburg. Her works—mostly using electronic instruments and computers—include Verbledungen (1984) and Graal-théatre (1994).

SACHER, Paul (1906- ) Conductor and patron Swiss-born Sacher founded the Basle Chamber Orchestra in 1926. With it and the Collegium Musicum of Zurich (formed in 1941) he performed early classical and contemporary music, commissioning and premiering numerous works by BARTÓK, HINDEMITH, Honegger, STRAUSS, STRAVINSKY, and LUTOSLAWSKI.

SAINT-SAËNS, Camille (1835–1921) Composer Saint-Saëns is regarded as one of the greatest French classical composers. His conservative musical style—neat proportions, clarity, polished expressiveness, elegant lines—were seen in most of his works, including much CHAMBER MUSIC, three symphonies, concertos, and operas (especially Samson et Dalila and Le carnaval des animaux). He wrote one of the earliest film scores L’assassinat du Duc de Guise (1908) and Caprice Andalous (1904) for violin and orchestra. He was also a renowned organist and pianist.

SALONEN, Esa-Pekka (1958- ) Conductor and composer Salonen was born in Finland and made his debut as a conductor in 1980. Posts he has held include musical director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra, and principal guest conductor of the Philharmonia Orchestra, in London. His repertoire is wide, but he is particularly known for his performances of 20th-century works by composers such as STRAVINSKY, MESSIAEN, and LUTOSLAWSKI.

SALT’N’PEPA Rap duo Initially working as backing singers for other RAP artists, this female duo then brought out singles of their own, including “I ’ll Take Your Man” and “It’s My Beat.” When “Push It” was reissued in 1988 they hit the charts in both the U.S. and U.K. Further hits followed as well as a nomination for the first rap Grammy in 1989. Salt’n’Pepa are the most commercially successful female rap group of all time, and were the first to achieve a gold disc.

SAM & DAVE  Soul vocal duo Arguably SOUL’S definitive duo, Sam & Dave met in 1961. In 1965 they signed with Atlantic and began to record at the Stax/Volt studios. Over the next four years Sam & Dave, along with Otis REDDING, would define the Southern soul sound. In 1966 the single “Hold on! I’m a Comin’” topped the R&B charts and crossed over to become a POP hit. A year later “Soul Man” made No.2 in the U.S. charts. Although they had further hits including “Soul Sister, Brown Sugar” (1969), Sam & Dave split in 1970, reuniting occasionally over the next 11 years.

SANDERLING, Kurt (1912- ) Conductor German-born Sanderling began his musical career as a singing coach at the Berlin Städtische Oper in 1931. Moving to Russia he was the conductor of the MOSCOW Radio Symphony Orchestra (1936–41), and the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra (1941–60). He returned to Germany as conductor of the East Berlin Symphony Orchestra and the Dresden Staatskapelle, touring extensively. His expressive interpretations are widely admired, especially of MAHLER, SIBELIUS, and Russian symphonic music.

SANDERLING, Thomas (1942- ) Conductor Born in Russia, son of the conductor Kurt, Thomas Sanderling made his debut conducting the Berlin Symphony Orchestra in 1962. He moved to the West in 1983, thereafter conducting worldwide. His wide repertoire ranges from Handel to contemporary music, and included giving the German premiere of SHOSTAKOVICH’S symphonies No. 13 and No. 14.

SARGENT, Sir Malcolm (1895–1967) Conductor Sargent became one of the most popular English conductors of the mid-20th century. He conducted many concerts for children and was an outstanding CHORAL conductor. He was chief conductor of the Proms (1948–67) and of the BBC Symphony Orchestra (1950–57), with whom he displayed a wide repertoire.

SCAGGS, Boz (1944- ) Rock singer Scaggs was a member of a number of bands from his high school days, including the Steve Miller Band. However, it wasn’t until his seventh album, Silk Degrees (1976), that Scaggs found commercial success. The album included “Lowdown,” a U.S. No.3, and “We’re All Alone,” which has since become a standard. In 1981, Scaggs had his last chart hit when “Miss Sun” reached No. 14 in the U.S.

SCELSI, Giacinto (1905–88) Composer Italian composer Scelsi’s early works covered many styles, although all adopt free tonality and are consistent with his ideal of music as a link to the transcendental. After the 1950s he often used microtones, thin textures, and extremely slow movement as found in his Quattro Pezzi (1959).

SCHAFER, R. Murray (1933- ) Composer Born in Canada, Schafer studied in Toronto. His musical output was large and diverse. Although influenced by the major trends of the 1960s—SERIALISM, indeterminacy, and electronics—his use of all techniques was free and individual. Schafer often used texts of dead languages in a very innovative fashion. His many large-scale works include Patria (1972) and Son of Heldenleben (1968).

SCHIFF, Andras (1953- ) Pianist Schiff was born and studied in Hungary. He has won many honours, including the Tchaikovsky and the Leeds International Piano competitions (both 1975), becoming one of the most admired pianists of the latter part of the 20th century. He is particularly renowned for his interpretations of Bach (for which he won a Grammy) and Mozart, as well as for the early Romantics.

SCHIFRIN, Lalo (1932- ) Jazz pianist and composer Schifrin first played JAZZ in his native Argentina. He studied in Paris with MESSIAEN during the early 1950s, before moving to New York in 1958. He played with Dizzy GILLESPIE between 1960–62, writing the suites Gillespiana and New Continent for him. He also played with Quincy JONES. From the mid–1960s he became more and more involved with composition, having huge success writing over 150 scores for TV and the movies, including Mission: Impossible (1967), Bullitt (1968), and Dirty Harry (1971).

SCHLIPPENBACH, Alexander von (1938- ) Jazz pianist and composer Schlippenbach played FREE JAZZ in the 1960s, working with many musicians including Manfred Schoof. In 1966 he formed the Globe Unity Orchestra, establishing itself as the leading free jazz big band of the 1970s and 1980s. He also played in smaller groups, and set up the Berlin Jazz Composer’s Orchestra in 1988. Schlippenbach’s influences range from SCHOENBERG to Charlie PARKER and Thelonious MONK, and he is one of the major figures of the European free jazz scene. He is best heard on the 1989 album Smoke with Sunny Murray.

SCHÖNBERG, Claude-Michel (1944- ) Composer As a composer of MUSICALS, in collaboration with Alain Boublil, Schönberg found fame with La Révolution (1973), the first staged French rock OPERA. Their second musical, Les Misérables (1978), became a huge success, playing in London and on Broadway, winning two Tony awards and a Grammy. Their third project, Miss Saigon, was just as successful, and has been performed all over the world.

SCHOOF, Manfred (1936- ) Jazz trumpeter Born in Germany, Schoof played in big bands before forming his pioneering FREE JAZZ quintet in 1965, which included Alexander von Schlippenbach. This formed the nucleus of the Manfred Schoof Orchestra, bringing together EUROPEAN JAZZ artists such as Derek Bailey and Peter Brötzmann. Schoof’s 1977 album Scales received the German Record Critics’ Prize. Schoof has also worked in other musical fields, collaborating on the 1966 OPERA Die Soldaten and creating a trumpet concerto in 1969.

SCHREIER, Peter (1935- ) Opera singer and conductor Born in Germany, Schreier had his operatic debut in 1961 at Dresden. As a lyric tenor he sang many roles, including Mozart’s Belmonte and Ottavia, as well as roles by Rossini, Weber, and STRAUSS. He is also well known as the Evangelist in Bach’s Passions, and for singing lieder. Schreier had his conducting debut in 1970, and has since performed and recorded many works, notably OPERA and CHORAL MUSIC.

SCHULLER, Gunther (1925- ) Jazz musician Schuller, an American, trained as a classical musician before turning to JAZZ. In the late 1940s and early 1950s he recorded with Miles DAVIS. He subsequently wrote music that blended jazz with classical, including his 1959 work Conversations—a type of music known as the “Third Stream.” In 1961 Schuller was acting musical director at the Monterey Jazz Festival and in 1962 of the first international jazz festival in Washington, D.C. He has written for musicians including Omette COLEMAN and Eric DOLPHY, and spends much time writing about, lecturing, and teaching jazz.

SCHUMAN, William (1910- ) Composer Performing initially in JAZZ bands, Schuman began composing classical music in the late 1930s. His compositions, generally tonal with broad melodic lines, include symphonies, chamber music, and large-scale choral works. In 1955 he wrote Credendum for the U.S. government.

SCHUMANN, Elisabeth (1888–1952) Opera singer Schumann made her debut in Hamburg in 1909. In 1919 she joined Richard STRAUSS at the Vienna Staats Opera, gaining wide admiration in Strauss and Mozart roles. She had a beautiful and controlled high soprano that was equally well suited to many of Schubert’s songs.

SCHWEITZER, Albert (1875–1965) Organist and scholar Music played a big part in the life of this Nobel prize-winning physician. Schweitzer studied the organ under Widor, becoming renowned for his epoch-making study of Bach, looking at the interpretation of his music and AUTHENTIC PERFORMANCE techniques. He also published a historic edition of Bach’s complete organ works.

SCOFIELD, John (1951- ) Jazz guitarist By the 1990s Scofield was one of the most original and talented guitarists in the world, playing with a number of musicians from the 1960s, including Gerry MULLIGAN, Chet BAKER, and Charles MINGUS. Scofield joined Miles DAVIS in 1982, and by 1984 was collaborating with him on compositions. Scofield made his first album in 1977, and secured his reputation in the early 1980s with albums such as Electric Outlet (1984), which showcased his uniquely rich and creamy sound. A number of albums have followed, all highly regarded.

SCOTT-HERON, Gil (1949- ) Jazz-funk singer-songwriter Scott-Heron began his career as a poet. His early work included the album Small Talk at 125th and Lenox, which included “The Revolution Will Not Be Televised.” In 1976 he had hits with “The Bottle,” and “Johannesburg” (1976)—a FUNK workout with a powerful anti-apartheid message. He returned in 1994 with Spirits, his first album for ten years.

SCULTHORPE, Peter (1929- ) Composer The Australian Sculthorpe was originally influenced by composers such as SCHOENBERG and VARÈSE, but he was keen to develop originality with new sonorities, his music showing expressive brilliance of colour and vigorous ostinati. His works include the OPERA Rites of Passage (1974), orchestral and vocal pieces, and a series of string quartets.

SEDAKA, Neil (1939- ) Pop singer-songwriter Sedaka had his first major success with “Stupid, Cupid” (1958), a hit for Connie Francis. From 1959–63, both as a writer and a soloist, he scored 13 Top 40 hits including “Oh! Carol”—written for singer-songwriter Carole KING—“Happy Birthday Sweet Sixteen,” and “Breaking Up Is Hard to Do,” a No.1 in 1962. His solo success waned, but he continued to write hits for others, including Peggy LEE and Johnny Mathis. He had a second chart career in the 1970s, with hits including “Laughter in the Rain” (1974), “Bad Blood,” and a reworked version of “Breaking Up Is Hard to Do” (both 1975). He continues to be a popular entertainer in the 1990s.

SEEGER, Mike (1933- ) Country musician Born in New York City into a musical family, Seeger formed the New Lost City Ramblers in 1958. A traditional COUNTRY band, they performed a set of traditional American music at the first Newport Folk Festival and went on for another 20 years. An accomplished multi-instrumentalist he also formed the Strange Creek Singers in the late 1960s. As a member of these and other line-ups, as a soloist and a duo with his sister Peggy, he recorded over 50 albums, including The Depression and Old Time Country Music.

SEEGER, Pete ( 1919- ) Folksinger and banjo player Seeger formed the Almanac Singers in 1940 which included Woody GUTHRIE. It was, however, with the WEAVERS (which he formed in 1948) that he had huge success and million-selling hit records, such as “We Shall Overcome” and “Where Have All the Flowers Gone.” From 1958 he maintained a high-profile solo career, as well as playing with artists such as Ario Guthrie, Sonny TERRY, and Big Bill BROONZY. He will be remembered, perhaps more than anything else, as a campaigner for civil rights, peace, and equality through FOLK MUSIC.

SEGER, Bob (1945- ) Rock singer Michigan-born guitarist and singer Seger spent the 1960s in bands around his Ann Arbor home. Although he had a minor hit in 1969 with “Ramblin’ Gamblin’ Man,” it was not until the release of Night Moves (1976) that his career took off. A series of hit singles—“Night Moves,” “Mainstreet,” and “Still the Same”—highly successful tours, and a powerful follow-up album, Stranger in Town, made Seger and his Silver Bullet Band one of the biggest draws in the U.S. at the time.

SEMIEN, “Rockin” Sidney (1938- ) Blues guitarist and harmonica player Semien played frequently in southern Louisiana from the age of 15. He recorded from 1959 on various labels as well as working the clubs. His songs included “Boogie in the Mud,” “If I Could I Would,” and “They Call Me Rockin’.”

SERKIN, Peter (1947- ) Pianist Peter Serkin, the son of the pianist Rudolf Serkin, has led a varied musical life. It wasn’t until the 1970s that he performed regularly, playing a wide musical repertoire ranging from Bach and Mozart through to SCHOENBERG, WEBERN, and much MESSIAEN. During the 1980s and 1990s, as well as playing solo, he has played with the Guarneri Quartet and the Boston Symphony Chamber Players. Serkin has a reputation as a brilliant instrumentalist.

SERKIN, Rudolf (1903–91) Pianist Serkin was born and studied in Austria, making his debut in 1915. He settled in the U.S. in 1939, becoming head of the piano department at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. Serkin was undoubtedly one of the greatest pianists of the mid-20th century, known for his profound and precise interpretations, especially of Bach, the Viennese classics, Mozart, and Brahms.

SESSIONS, Roger (1896–1985) Composer Sessions became one of the most important American composers, firmly establishing an American style in the 1930s and 1940s. A musical and intellectual prodigy, Sessions felt compelled to leave the U.S. in 1925 to develop his talents. He returned in 1933. His compositions were influenced by STRAVINSKY and SCHOENBERG, but demonstrated his own personal style and progression. His many works included symphonies, concertos, string CHAMBER MUSIC, and two OPERAS. He was also a respected author and teacher.

SHANGRI-LAS, The Pop group Formed by two pairs of sisters—Mary and Betty Weiss, and Mary Ann and Marge Ganser—this vocal quartet had six hits between 1964 and 1966. They launched their career with the hit single “Remember,” which reached No.5, and followed this with the No.1 hit “Leader of the Pack.”

SHAVERS, Charlie (1917–71) Jazz trumpeter and composer Shavers took up the trumpet in his teens, playing with a number of bands in the 1930s, becoming famous playing with the John Kirby quintet (1937–44). His compositions included “Pastel Blue” and “Undecided,” the latter immortalised by Ella FITZGERALD. As well as performing in his own small groups and solo, he also played with Tommy DORSEY and Jazz at the Philharmonic. Shavers was a popular and original stylist.

SHAW, Artie (1910- ) Jazz clarinettist and bandleader Along with Benny GOODMAN, Shaw was the leading clarinettist of the SWING era. Shaw formed his own big band in 1937, recording “Begin the Beguine” (1938), which stayed at No.1 for six weeks and became an international hit. As famous for his personal life—including a marriage to film star Lana Turner—as his music, Shaw quit bandleading in 1939 only to return two years later with a new line-up and the hit “Frenesi.” He formed and reformed bands until the 1950s, when he retired from music and forged a career as a writer. He made a welcome comeback in the late 1980s.

SHAW, Sandie (1947- ) Pop singer Shaw was launched as a teenage POP star in 1964, becoming one of the U.K.’s leading female singers of the mid-1960s. She had two No.1s in 1965, including “Always Something There to Remind Me” and won the Eurovision Song Contest—scoring another No. 1—with “Puppet on a String” (1967). By the end of the 1960s her success had waned. Her career was revived briefly in the 1980s with the Smiths’ penned hit single “Hand in Glove” (1984) and the album Hello Angel (1988).

SHEARING, George (1919- ) Jazz pianist Blind from birth, Shearing played in his native Britain before settling in America in 1946. He played JAZZ from an early age, becoming famous with his locked-hands technique of playing block chords accompanied by a rhythm section. In the late 1940s he formed his own quintet and produced a succession of very popular recordings including “September in the Rain,” “Lullaby of Birdland,” “Conception,” and “She.” From the late 1960s, Shearing spent more time playing with a trio, as a solo performer, and increasingly in duets with artists such as Peggy LEE and Mel TORMÉ. His work with Stéphane Grappelli is also renowned.

SHEPP, Archie (1937- ) Jazz musician and composer Shepp played tenor and soprano sax-ophone, and clarinet in a number of bands during the early 1960s. He developed a fruitful musical relationship with John COLTRANE in 1965, which helped to establish his name and reputation. Shepp’s performance at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1965 was coupled with a Coltrane performance for the album New Thing at Newport. In the same year, he began to establish himself as a dramatist and his play, The Communist, was performed in New York. Although he became associated with the FREE JAZZ movement in the late 1960s, he is in fact an eclectic traditionalist, never forgetting the roots of his music. By the 1980s his all-round JAZZ playing was impossible to pigeonhole. He continued touring and recording into the 1990s.

SHINES, Johnny ( 1915- ) Blues singer and guitarist Shines first sang part-time in the 1930s alongside artists such as Robert JOHNSON, with whom he appeared on radio in 1937. His career didn’t really take off until the mid-1960s, when his slide guitar playing and strong, clear vocals found a large following. Excellent albums including Last Night’s Dream (1968) and Sitting on Top of the World (1972) followed.

SHIRLEY-QUIRK, John (1931- ) Opera singer The English bass-baritone Shirley-Quirk sang at Glyndebourne in the U.K. in the early 1960s, becoming famous by creating roles in many works by BRITTEN. As well as singing other operatic roles and concert works, he was much admired as a fine interpreter of lieder and English song.

SHIRRELLES, The Pop group The Shirrelles became one of the most successful female vocal groups of the early 1960s. Formed in 1958, they had their first hit with “Tonight’s the Night” (1958). They secured immortality with “Will You Love Me Tomorrow” (1960), which became one of POP’S most treasured recordings. Other hugely successful and memorable singles followed, such as “Dedicated to the One I Love,” “Mama Said” (both 1961), and “Baby It’s You” (1962). The group had a significant effect on the direction of pop music at the time, influencing among others the BEATLES.

SILLS, Beverly (1929- ) Opera singer The American soprano Sills made her debut singing on commercial radio at the age of three. Her OPERA debut, however, had to wait until 1947. She joined the New York City Opera in 1955, becoming the company’s diva and performing many bel canto roles, particularly of Donizetti and Rossini. She sang all over the world, perhaps finding her best suited role in Massenet’s Manon. She retired from the stage in 1980.

SIMON & GARFUNKEL Pop duo Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel were one of the most successful POP-FOLK acts of the 1960s. They made their first album, Wednesday Morning 3 a.m., in 1964, from which came “Sound of Silence,” a U.S. No.1. Two albums followed, Sounds of Silence (1965) and Parsley, Sage, Rosemary & Thyme (1966), the latter arguably their best work. They contributed to the soundtrack of the film The Graduate (1968), which gave them one of their biggest hits, “Mrs. Robinson.” Bridge Over Troubled Water (1970), with it’s classic title track, became one of the best-selling albums of all time. After this they split up. In 1981 the pair reunited for a concert in Central Park in New York and a successful world tour, but Simon broke up the duo again soon after.

SIMON, Carly (1945- ) Pop singer-songwriter Simon was one of the most popular SINGER-SONGWRITERS of the 1970s, perhaps her most famous song being “You’re So Vain” (1972), from her third album. She also had huge success with the James Bond theme song “Nobody Does It Better” (1977). In the 1980s she became increasingly involved with films, writing and performing the score for Heartburn (1986), and the Oscar-winning song “Let the River Run” from the film Working Girl (1989).

SIMON, Paul (1941- ) Pop singer-songwriter As a solo artist, Simon recorded with some success throughout the 1970s. In the mid-1980s he found a new direction. Beginning with tapes he had made of South African music, he built the album Graceland, a diverse and inventive album that enjoyed huge commercial success. In 1990, Simon repeated the experiment using Brazilian drumming music to produce perhaps his best album so far, The Rhythm of the Saints. In 1998 Simon’s musical The Capeman was staged on Broadway in New York City.

SIMPLE MENDS Rock group Formed in 1978, Simple Minds scored their first British hit single in 1982 with “Promised You a Miracle.” In 1985 they wrote the soundtrack for the bratpack movie, The Breakfast Club, and the resulting single, “Don’t You Forget About Me,” provided them with their only U.S. No.1. For a period in the mid-1980s, Simple Minds seemed to be vying with U2 for stadium-rock supremacy, but in the 1990s, Simple Minds have fallen out of favour.

SIMPSON, Robert (1921–97) Composer Born in England, Simpson joined the BBC music staff in 1951, staying until 1980. His major achievement was his cycle of nine symphonies and eight string quartets, which have been performed widely, especially in Britain. Each of his works, although individual in character, is firmly based in tonality, showing the influence of the great symphonists Beethoven, Bruckner, and SIBELIUS.

SINGLETON, Zutty (1898–1975) Jazz drummer Singleton was one of the most influential of all classical JAZZ drummers, the first to play extended solos and to introduce brushes into the jazz drummer’s vocabulary. He was a well-liked and respected personality on the jazz scene, working with many leading musicians, from Louis ARMSTRONG to T-Bone WALKER and Charlie PARKER, and leading his own bands. Singleton also appeared in three jazz films in the late 1940s: Stormy Weather, with Fats WALLER and Lena HORNE; New Orleans, with Louis ARMSTRONG and Billie HOLIDAY; and Turned-Up Toes. Singleton is best heard on the 1952 album Rarities.

SINOPOLI, Guiseppe (1946-) Conductor and composer After studying medicine in Venice and Padua, Sinopoli followed Maderna’s and STOCKHAUSEN’S courses at Darmstadt and studied conducting in Vienna. In 1975 he formed the Bruno Maderna Ensemble for contemporary music and launched his career as a conductor. As a composer, his work shows the influence of Donatoni and the DARMSTADT SCHOOL of the 1950s.

SISTER SLEDGE Soul vocal group This group of four sisters began their recording career in 1971 as backing singers. The band’s greatest success came with DISCO and the production work of Nile Rodgers and Bernie Edwards—the duo behind the group Chic. In 1979 they had three Top 20 hits, “He’s The Greatest Dancer,” “We Are Family,” and “Lost in Music.” They had a minor hit in 1982 with the song “My Guy,” but broke up soon afterwards.

SKAGGS, Ricky (1954-) Country singer and musician Scaggs performed from the age of five. In 1977 he joined Emmylou HARRIS’ Hot Band, and learned his trade there. After going solo Skaggs dominated the U.S. COUNTRY charts in the 1980s with his traditional country style. In 1981 he released Waitin’ for the Sun to Shine, generally seen as a turning point in country music. In 1982 he was the Country Music Association Male Vocalist of the Year and became the 61st and youngest member of the Grand Ole Opry. His revival of Bill MONROE’S “Uncle Pen” became the first bluegrass song to top the country charts since 1963. In the 1990s, he became one of the biggest country performers of his time.

SLADE Rock group Formed in the U.K. in 1968, Slade are one of the most fondly-remembered pop groups of the early 1970s, producing many glam rock anthems. Beginning with the album Play It Loud (1970) Slade were unstoppable, with 13 British Top 10 hits between 1971 and 1975, including the badly spelled “Coz I Love You,” “Mama Weer All Crazee Now,” and “Merry Christmas Everybody.”

SLADE, Julian (1930-) Composer Essentially self-taught, Slade began writing stage MUSICALS around 1950. His most popular work was Salad Days (1954), a small-scale musical comedy that ran for six years in London’s West End—the longest-running British musical of its time. Slade continued to compose throughout the 1970s, and successful revivals of his work were produced in the 1990s.

SLATKIN, Leonard (1944-) Conductor and composer Born in the U.S., Slatkin studied at the Juilliard School, New York, and made his conducting debut in 1966. He guested with major orchestras all over the world, as well as holding posts with the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra and the National Symphony Orchestra. Slatkin conducted a wide repertoire including American music, and was a renowned interpreter of ELGAR. His compositions included string quartets, and The Raven, after Edgar Allen Poe (1971), for voice and orchestra.

SLEDGE, Percy (1941-) Soul singer Along with contemporaries Otis REDDING, Joe Tex, and Wilson Pickett, Sledge defined the mid-1960s sound of Southern SOUL. His debut single “When a Man Loves a Woman” (1966) was an instant hit, No.1 in both the U.S. POP and soul charts, and a U.K. Top 5. He had ten more hits between 1966 and 1969, including “It Tears Me Up” (1967) and “Take Time to Know Her” (1968). He recorded into the 1990s with further minor hits, and continued to tour.

SLIM, Harpo (1924–70) Blues singer and harmonica player Along with Lightnin’ Slim, Harpo Slim—born James Moore—was a defining influence of the Excello Records’ BLUES sound in the 1950s and 1960s, and one of the major exponents of Louisiana swamp blues. He began his solo recording career in 1957, enjoying a string of R&B hit singles including “Raining in My Heart” (1961) and “Little Queen Bee” (1964). “Baby Scratch My Back” (1966) was his most successful single, a U.S. Top 20 pop hit (and R&B No.1).

SLIM, Sunnyland (1907–95) Blues pianist and singer Slim has one of the biggest recording catalogues in BLUES, stretching from the 1920s to the early 1990s using a variety of pseudonyms. He became established in the 1950s as a leading figure in the development of Chicago blues, performing with artists such as Muddy WATERS and J.B. Lenoir. His powerful piano work set the standard for underpinning the hard, electric sound associated with Chicago blues.

SLY AND ROBBIE Reggae duo Sly Dunbar (drums) and Robbie Shakespeare (bass) began working together in 1975, and quickly became Jamaica’s leading rhythm section. They were the basis for the house band at Channel One in Kingston. In 1980 they formed their own label, Taxi, and produced hit records for many artists. For many years Sly and Robbie provided the rhythm section for seminal reggae band Black Uhuru. They made a number of albums under their own names and worked with rock stars as diverse as Bob DYLAN, Ian Dury, and Joe Cocker.

SLY AND THE FAMILY STONE Rock group Formed by Sly Stone in 1967, Sly and the Family Stone were the first group to fuse POP, SOUL, and ROCK to make first-class DANCE MUSIC. The diverse racial makeup of the band and the crucial role of women instrumentalists were groundbreaking. They became established with the album Stand! (1969), which included the No.1 single “Everyday People.” Superficially, the songs were breezy FUNK workouts but the lyrics conveyed a dark humour. “Hot Fun in the Summertime” reached No.2 in the U.S. despite being an ironic commentary on racial unrest. By the mid-1970s Sly was wrestling with serious cocaine addiction and the band split up in the early 1980s.

SMALL FACES, The Rock group Formed in London in 1965, the Small Faces became one of the best pop bands of the late 1960s. Their debut single “Whatcha Gonna Do” (1965) went into the U.K. Top 20 and “All or Nothing” reached No.1 the same year. In 1967 the Small Faces released “Itchycoo Park,” which became their first American hit. Their last album, Ogden’s Nut Flake (1968), was a huge commercial and critical success, but that same year the band split. Guitarist Steve Marriott went on to form Humble Pie, and the rest of the band became Rod Stewart’s backing band, the Faces.

SMASHING PUMPKINS Rock group Although Smashing Pumpkins had a slow start, they persevered, achieving acceptance and press veneration. Their debut single, “I Am the One” (1990), and first album, Girls (1991), announced the group to both INDIE and HEAVY METAL audiences. The follow-up album, Siamese Dream (1993), with its pop hooks and rock atmospherics, launched the band onto centre stage, reaching the Top 10 in the U.S. Billboard charts. In 1995 Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness—a two-hour long double CD—demonstrated an unheard of breadth of style.

SMILEY, Arthur Lee “Red” (1925–72) Guitarist Smiley formed a bluegrass duo with banjo player Don Reno in the 1950s, recording and working together at various major venues. Their recordings included Instrumentals (1958) and Good Ole Country Ballads (1959), and they achieved a Top 20 COUNTRY chart hit with “Don’t Let Your Sweet Love Die” (1961). Smiley was forced to give up touring in 1964 due to the effects of an old war wound, but continued to record with the Bluegrass Cut-Ups.

SMITH, “Big” Maybelle (1924–72) Blues singer Smith was one of the great female BLUES “shouters.” She began singing professionally in 1936, with the all-female band, the Sweethearts of Rhythm. From the mid-1940s she began a solo career. Smith worked with many great artists such as Jimmy Witherspoon and Quincy JONES, and can be seen in the film Jazz on a Summer’s Day, performing at the Newport Jazz Festival (1958).

SMITH, Carl (1927-) Country singer Born in Maynardsville, Tennessee, Smith turned professional in the 1950s. He had some minor hits between 1967 and 1970, scoring his first U.S. Top 10 with “I’ve Found Someone of My Own,” following it up with a No.1—“Let Old Mother Nature Have Her Way.” With his rich, mature voice, Smith scored 41 chart records during the 1950s. During his lengthy career he had 93 hits, a total rarely surpassed.

SMITH, Clara (c.1894–1935) Blues singer Smith sang professionally from her mid-teens, becoming a big name in New York by 1923. Called the “Queen of the Moaners,” she sang in a low, deeply sensual manner. Her early recordings are melancholic songs of lost love and betrayal. By the mid-1920s she had improved her delivery, and her best recordings include many songs with risqué sexual references. She recorded with some of the best instrumentalists of her time—including Louis ARMSTRONG and Lonnie JOHNSON—and twice sang duets with Bessie SMITH.

SMITH, Clarence “Pinetop” (1904–29) Jazz pianist “Pinetop” is considered to be the founder of the BOOGIE-WOOGIE style of piano playing. His fame largely rests on his recording of “Pinetop’s Boogie Woogie” (1928), the first documented use of the term. In 1929 at age 25 he was shot and killed.

SMITH, Jimmy (1925-) Jazz organist Smith became the most successful JAZZ organist, popularising the use of the Hammond organ and bringing BEBOP style lines to organ playing for the first time. His classic albums include The Sermon—with Art BLAKEY—and Houseparty, both from the 1950s, and his recordings regularly crossed over into the pop charts. Jimmy Smith’s influence was not restricted to JAZZ—his style was instrumental in the development of BLUES and FUNK keyboard playing.

SMITH, Mamie (1883–1940) Blues singer In 1920 Smith recorded “Crazy Blues,” becoming the first black singer to record the BLUES as a soloist. The song was an instant hit, beginning a postwar craze for “Negro blues.” Seven more hits between 1921 and 1923 firmly established her reputation, and throughout the 1920s she was a highly successful entertainer. However, as the popularity of the blues declined during the 1930s and 1940s, Smith sank into obscurity.

SMITH, Patti (1946-) Rock singer Smith started her career as a poet, using ROCK MUSIC as a backing to the spoken word. However, by 1975 the Patti Smith Band was signed to Arista and had produced its brilliant first alternative rock album, Horses. Despite the lack of a promotional single it reached the Billboard Top 50. Her third album, Easter, was the most commercial to date, with the Bruce SPRINGSTEEN song “Because the Night” reaching No. 13 in the U.S. During the 1980s Smith went back to her poetry and raising her family. However, in 1995 she appeared on stage with Bob DYLAN, and in 1996 she released a new album, Gone Again.

SMITH, Trixie (1895–1943) Blues singer Trixie Smith made many successful recordings in the 1920s as well as having a career as an actress. Her voice was not as strong as her contemporary namesakes, Mamie, Bessie, and Clara, but her records include outstanding, polished examples of the BLUES—most famously, “Railroad Blues” and “The World Is Jazz Crazy and So Am I”—accompanied by artists such as Fletcher HENDERSON and Louis ARMSTRONG.

SMITH, Willie “The Lion” (1897–1973) Jazz pianist and composer From the 1920s, Smith was one of Harlem’s best-known stride pianists and a major influence on younger, better-known musicians such as Duke ELLINGTON. In the 1930s Smith became famous through recordings like the reflective “Morning Air” and “Echoes of Spring.” From the 1940s until his death he toured extensively and starred at JAZZ festivals.

SMITHS, The Rock group The Smiths are regarded by many as the most important British band of the 1980s. Their strikingly original music influenced a generation of bands. Critical excitement followed their early singles and propelled “What Difference Does It Make?” into the U.K. Top 10 and the self-titled first album to No.2. Four Top 30 hits followed and the albums, Meat Is Murder (1985) and The Queen Is Dead (1986), were hailed as two of the finest achievements of the decade. In 1987 guitarist Johnny Marr left, and the Smiths folded a few months later. Singer Morrissey pursued a moderately successful solo career after the breakup.

SMYTH, Ethel (1858–1944) Composer Born in the U.K., Smyth’s early work was derivative but promising and in 1893 she signaled the scale of her ambitions with a powerful Mass in D. Smyth’s central interest was OPERA. Her major work, and greatest success, was the opera The Wreckers, first produced in Leipzig in 1906. Throughout her career, Smyth’s style remained eclectic, never acquiring a settled personal voice. She did, however, find fame in England, becoming important at the time of a renaissance of English music.

SNOOP DOGGY DOGG (1971-) Rap artist In the early 1990s Snoop Doggy Dogg was one of the most successful gangsta RAP artists. Snoop’s first recordings were made for fellow Death Row rap star, Dr. Dre. After the success of Dre’s album, The Chronic, Snoop’s own debut Doggy Style (1993), became the most eagerly anticipated album in rap history. Combining uncompromising lyrics with FUNK and SOUL backing tracks, it proved a popular new direction for rap music and Doggy Style became the first debut album to enter the Billboard chart at No.l.

SNOW, Hank (1914-) Country singer, guitarist, and songwriter One of the most successful COUNTRY stars of all time, Snow first found success in Canada, imitating the yodelling style of Jimmie RODGERS. After moving south to the U.S. Snow struggled to maintain his popularity, until the self-penned “I’m Moving On” (1950) hit the charts. It spent 44 weeks in the U.S. country charts, 21 at No.l, and even reached the Top 30 in the pop charts. At this time Snow was firmly established as an international star. He went on to amass 85 country chart hits between 1950 and 1980, including “The Golden Rocket,” “I Don’t Hurt Anymore,” and “Hello Lover.”

SÖDERSTRÖM, Elisabeth (1927-) Opera singer The Swedish soprano SÖderstrÖm made her operatic debut in 1947. She was a member of the Swedish Royal Opera throughout her career, but also pursued an international career in a wide variety of roles. Her expressive voice was best suited to the works of Mozart, Richard STRAUSS, and JANÁCEK.

SOLAL, Martial (1927-) Jazz pianist Born of French parents in Algiers, Solal moved to Paris in 1950. In Paris he was able to play with many expatriate American JAZZ musicians. In 1968 he began a long association with the saxophonist Lee KONITZ, as well as frequently playing solo. He also wrote a number of film scores including Jean-Luc Godard’s Breathless (1959). Solal’s reputation is international, but his style remains individual and distinctively Gallic.

SSOLOMON (1902–88) Pianist Born in the U.K., Solomon began his career as a child prodigy, but retired for a period, returning to the stage in 1926 as an accomplished adult. The greatest pianist of his day, his performances, particularly of Mozart and the Romantics, were renowned for their exceptional virtuosity and evocative poetry. In 1965 he suffered a stroke and retired permanently from public performance.

SONIC YOUTH Rock group Formed in the U.S. in 1981, Sonic Youth became the best-known underground band in America. Their discordant guitars, impassioned vocals, and compulsive drum patterns first gained widespread exposure in America and the U.K. with their fourth album, Bad Moon Rising (1985). Recording throughout the 1980s and 1990s, they established a reputation as godfathers to the alternative ROCK scene, giving support slots to less well-established bands on tour—including the early NIRVANA.

SOUNDGARDEN Rock group A U.S. quartet who fused influences including LED ZEPPELIN and early PUNK bands, their sound is characterised by heavy, bass-laden metallic riffs and ranting articulate vocals. With NIRVANA and Green River, Soundgarden defined the GRUNGE sound that dominated early 1990s ROCK. Their second album, louder Than love, (199O) was considered the best rock album of that year, but it was the fourth album, Superunknown (1994), that was the most commercially successful—selling over 3 million copies. Soundgarden continued to record successfully and in 1996 they headlined the Lollapalooza tour.

SPANIER, Muggsy (1906–67) Jazz cornet player Throughout the 1920s Spanier worked in Chicago clubs absorbing lessons from the greats— Louis ARMSTRONG, King Oliver, and Tommy Ladnier. In 1938 Spanier formed his own band, the Ragtimers, and recorded 16 Chicago-style DIXIELAND sides—including “Relaxing at the Touro”—which are known to JAZZ fans as “The Great Sixteen.” Spanier was one of the great Dixieland bandleaders. Perhaps not technically startling, he played with great economy, timing, and note placement.

SPEARS, Billie Jo (1937-) Country singer Spears’ first taste of stardom came at the early age of 15, when her first record, “Too Old for Toys, Too Young for Boys,” earned her $4,200. However, she didn’t record regularly until 1964, scoring her first hit in 1968 with “He’s Got More Love in His Little Finger.” In 1974 she had a transatlantic smash hit with the song “Blanket on the Ground.”

SPECIALS, The Rock group The Specials, formed in the U.K. in 1977, started life as a PUNK-REGGAE fusion group. However, by 1979 they were in the forefront of the 2-Tone movement (named after the Special’s own record label) to repopularise ska music. After a string of hits they reached their commercial peak with the single “Ghost Town,” a British No.l in 1981. The band split up soon after this.

SPRINGFIELD, Dusty (1939-) Pop singer Springfield was one of the great white SOUL singers. Born in the U.K., she originally found fame as part of the folk trio, the Springfields, in the early 1960s. Going solo in 1963, Springfield released “I Only Want to Be with You,” which became an instant classic. She followed it with many more popular hits such as “You Don’t Have to Say You Love Me,” and “Son-of-a Preacher Man.” Her finest work is Dusty in Memphis (1969), which was recorded in the U.S. and features compositions by legendary songwriters such as BACHARACH-David, Goffin-KING, and Randy Newman. She continued to record sporadically in the 1980s and 1990s, including a hit single with the Pet Shop Boys, “What Have I Done to Deserve This?”

STANLEY BROTHERS, The Country duo Leaders of the renowned bluegrass group, the Clinch Mountain Boys, Carter and Ralph Stanley created some of the most beautiful harmonies in COUNTRY music. They made their first recordings in 1947, but the mid-1950s were their golden era, producing classics such as “The White Dove.” Carter died in 1966. After his brother’s death, Ralph reformed the Clinch Mountain Boys and in 1970 started an annual bluegrass festival in memory of his brother.

STAPP, Olivia (1940-) Opera singer The American mezzo-soprano Stapp made her debut at Spoleto in Italy in 1960. She has since sung all over the world including La Scala in Milan, and the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. She has taken roles in OPERAS by composers as diverse as PUCCINI and Verdi through to STRAVINSKY and SHOSTAKOVICH.

STARKER, Janos (1924-) Cellist Starker made his debut in his native Hungary when he was just 11 years old. After settling in the U.S. he became principal cello of the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and then the Chicago Symphony. He is known for his successful solo career, his playing best displayed on the Bach cello suites. He has also been the dedicatee and first performer of concertos by Bernard Heiden and Miklos Rosza. One of his greatest achievements is in being the dedicatee of KODÁLY’S sonata for solo cello, now a standard work. Starker is the “cellists’ cellist” and is universally regarded as the world’s greatest.

STARR, Ringo (1940-) Rock drummer Starr became world-famous as a member of the BEATLES— joining in 1962 after the sacking of the original drummer. Many of the Beatles’ albums include a vocal track by Starr including the huge hit “Yellow Submarine” (1966). After the Beatles split up Starr pursued a solo career—one of his albums, Ringo, achieving platinum status. He continued recording intermittently into the late 1990s, often with a band made up from his superstar friends.

STATUER BROTHERS, The Country group The Statler Brothers vocal quartet was formed in 1960. In 1963 they became part of the Johnny CASH roadshow and played with Cash for the next nine years. Their first hit, “Flowers on the Wall” (1966), sold 2 million copies and was followed by a string of hits stretching into the 1990s—including “Bed of Roses” and “I’ll Go to my Grave Loving You.” The Statler Brothers’ annual show— the Old-Fashioned Fourth of July Celebration—in Staunton, Virginia, still attracts over 70,000 people a year.

STATUS QUO Rock group London-based ROCK group, Status Quo have been in business for over 30 years and have become an institution in Britain. Since their first hit single “Pictures of Matchstick Men,” which reached No.7 in the U.K. charts in 1968, they have had hit after hit, based on a 12-bar-blues rock sound. Status Quo have sold over 100 million albums, and they have had over 50 U.K. hit singles.

STEELY DAN Rock group Originally formed in 1972 to showcase the songwriting talents of Walter Becker and Donald Fagen, Steely Dan made records featuring JAZZ and latin-tinged melodies backing up bitter, cynical, or impenetrable lyrics. The band had a number of hits in the 1970s, starting with first album, Can’t Buy a Thrill in 1973. Pretzel Logic, in 1974, yielded their biggest hit single, “Ricky Don’t Lose that Number.” By 1976 Steely Dan had ceased to be a performing band and future recordings were made by Becker, Fagen, and hired session musicians. This approach produced their best album yet, Aja (1977). In 1981 the band finally split, only to reform for a comeback tour in 1993.

STEINBERG, William (1899–1978) Conductor Steinberg was an American conductor of German birth who began his career in Cologne, Germany, as KLEMPERER’S assistant. After the rise of Hitler in the early 1930s, the Jewish Steinberg was severely restricted and in 1936 he emigrated, founding the Palestine Orchestra (later the Israel PO). From 1938 he worked in the U.S., notably as musical director of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (1952–76). He was at his best conducting LATE ROMANTIC music and his performances of the work of Richard STRAUSS remain unsurpassed.

STEPPENWOLF Rock group Formed in 1967, Steppenwolf had an exemplary eponymous debut album in 1968 that included the classic single “Born to Be Wild,” which reached No.2 on the U.S. charts. “Born to Be Wild,” along with “Pusher"—both featured on the soundtrack to the film Easy Rider— proved to be the twin peaks of Steppenwolfs career. They recorded nothing as important after that early high, and broke up in 1972.

STERN, Mike (1954-) Jazz guitarist Stern began his career with Blood, Sweat and Tears in 1976, but moved into JAZZ ROCK in 1978 when he joined Billy Cobham’s band. In 1981 he was asked to join Miles DAVIS’ comeback band. Subsequently he worked with Jaco Pastorius, saxophonists Michael Brecker and Bob Berg, Bunny Brunei, and many others. Perhaps, his best recording is Odds and Ends (1991).

STEVENS, Cat (1947-) Pop singer-songwriter British-born Stevens wrote a catalogue of timeless songs during the 1970s. As well as recording himself, he also wrote for others. Two of his finest songs were “Matthew and Son” and “Sitting.” At his peak he had eight consecutive gold albums, including Tea for the Tillerman (1970) and Teaser & the Firecat (1971), ten hit singles in the U.K. and 14 hit singles in the U.S. Stevens gave up POP MUSIC in 1979, after converting to Islam.

STEWART, Rod (1945-) Rock singer Born in the U.K., Stewart was a member of many groups from the early 1960s, becoming well known in R&B and BLUES circles. He gained national exposure with the Jeff Beck Group and then joined the Faces, as well as embarking on a solo career. His second solo album Gasoline Alley (1970) made the breakthrough and he followed it up with the albums, Every Picture Tells a Story—including the single “Maggie May,” a No.l hit in Britain and the U.S.—and Never a Dull Moment. Stewart continued to score hits, becoming a major star. However, he has been unable to recapture the creative high of the early 1970s.

STITT, Sonny (1924–82) Jazz saxophonist Part of the BEBOP movement almost from the beginning, Stitt was influenced by Charlie PARKER. In 1945 he settled in New York, working with Dizzy GILLESPIE, and by the late 1940s he had formed the first of many bands he was to lead and co-lead. For the next 30 years Stitt remained in demand, working with Miles DAVIS among others, producing consistently good work despite his battles with alcohol and drugs.

STOLZ, Robert (1880–1975) Composer and conductor Born in Austria, Stolz was known as a prolific composer of OPERETTAS and FILM MUSICALS. He first found popularity with the operetta Der Tanz Ins Glück (1920)—produced in the U.S. as Sky High. In 1924 he began writing scores for German film musicals, and after 1940 he wrote for Hollywood. In 1952 he returned to Austria to conduct concerts of Viennese music and write music for more popular audiences.

STONE ROSES, The Rock group Formed in Manchester in 1984, the Stone Roses released their debut album The Stone Roses, in 1989. It was hailed as a classic and stayed in the album charts for 48 weeks. Its attempt to combine alternative ROCK and DANCE MUSIC proved hugely influential on the next generation of Manchester bands. However, their follow-up album did not appear until 1994. The band could not recover their early momentum and split in 1996.

STOOGES, The Rock group Formed in the late 1960s, the Stooges were fronted by Iggy Pop. A reputation as a wild live act helped them to some success. Their third album Raw Power (1973), contains two of their best-known songs “Gimme Danger” and “Search and Destroy.” In 1974 the band split up in a drug-induced mess, with Iggy being saved by the personal interest of David BOWIE.

STRAIT, George (1952-) Country singer After a difficult start, Strait’s career took off in 1981 with his first single “Unwound.” His style, a throwback to 1950s honky-tonk and reminiscent of Merle HHAGGARD and Lefty Frizzell, did him good. Strait produced a string of 18 U.S. COUNTRY chart No.1 hits—including “Nobody in His Right Mind Would’ve Left Her” and “Am I Blue”—making him the most successful country singer of the 1980s.

STRANGLERS, The Punk group The Stranglers are one of the longest-surviving groups from the British PUNK explosion of the late 1970s. Formed in 1974, their debut single “Grip” didn’t appear until 1977. Their biggest hit came with the evocative single “Golden Brown” from the album La Folie (1981). In 1991 guitarist/vocalist Hugh Cornwall left the band. The Stranglers continued without the excitement or success of earlier years.

STRATAS, Teresa (1938-) Opera singer Born in Canada, the lyric soprano Stratas made her debut in 1959. In 1960 she played the title role in Peggy Glanville-Hick’s Nausicaa, and in 1962 Queen Isabella in FALLA’S Atlántida. She has taken on various roles, her deep involvement distinguishing all her appearances.

STRAY CATS, The Rockabilly group The Stray Cats, formed in New York in 1979, found success in the U.K.—and later the U.S.—with the rockabilly resurgence of the early 1980s. Their debut single “Runaway Boy” reached No.9 in the U.K. charts, but they hit the big time in 1982 with “Rock This Town” and in 1983 with “Stray Cat Strut.” They split in 1983 after a short but intense period of chart success, returning less successfully in 1989.

STRAYHORN, Billy (1915–67) Jazz composer and pianist Strayhorn began and ended his professional career as the main contributor of original material and arrangements for the Duke ELLINGTON band, writing a total of some 200 pieces, including the Ellington theme “Take the A-Train.” Although there are clear differences between Ellington’s and Strayhorn’s individual work, they were both adept at imitating each other and serious study is now being undertaken on Strayhorn’s individual contribution.

STUDER, Cheryl (1955-) Opera singer Studer made her debut in her native Germany in 1980. Her flexibility and much-loved voice made her a favourite for Mozart through to Verdi, Richard STRAUSS, and Wagner.

STYLISTICS, The Soul group Formed in 1968, the Stylistics had a number of POP/R&B hits between 1971–74. Signed to Philadelphia International Records, the Stylistics were one of the key bands that defined the PHILADELPHIA SOUND in the early 1970s. They reached their peak with “You Are Everything” (1971), “Betcha By Golly Wow” (1972), and “You Make Me Feel Brand New” (1974).

SUBOTNIK, Morton (1933-) Composer Subotnik, an American, studied with MILHAUD and Kirchner. He then taught in various places, including, from 1969, the California Institute of the Arts. His compositions, realised on Buchla synthesizers, have concentrated on electronic music. His work, often using serial and game theory techniques, included Silver Apples of the Moon (1966), the first electronic work written for a recording company.

SUGARHILL GANG, The Rap group The Sugarhill Gang saw international success in 1979 with “Rapper’s Delight,” the first hip-hop single to break through into the mainstream. Although they only had two further hits, their place in rap’s history was already assured. The Sugarhill Gang fell apart in the early 1980s.

SUICIDE Rock group Suicide were an electronic NEW WAVE duo, originally formed in 1970 by Alan Vega and Martin Rev. Their potent fusion of rockabilly and relentless keyboards was ahead of its time, and their confrontational performances—including a full-scale riot in Brussels—made it difficult for them to get gigs. They didn’t record until 1977, when their eponymous debut album became a cult hit on both sides of the Atlantic. A second album, also self-titled, followed in 1980, but they have recorded only sporadically since then.

SUMMER, Donna (1948-) Pop singer Summer was one of the best known of all DISCO divas. Working predominantly with producer Giorgio Moroder, she had 25 Hot 100 singles between 1975 and 1984, 13 hit albums, and won four Grammy Awards. Her first hit was the breathily suggestive “Love to Love You Baby,” which sold over a million copies in the U.S., instantly making her an international star. Her other hits included “I Feel Love,” Hot Stuff,” and “Bad Girls.”

SUN RA (1914–93) Jazz musician Born in Birmingham, Alabama, as Herman Lee, Sun Ra is one of the most extraordinary figures in 20th-century music. He began as a pianist, arranger, and composer in the mid-19305, and by the mid-1950s had formed his own ten-piece big band, the Arkestra, recording their debut “Sun Song” in 1956. With unusual instruments for the time—including electric guitar, keyboards, and timpani—they became the most advanced and experimental group of the era, often playing FREE JAZZ years before the experimental period of the late 1960s. Sun Ra became one of the great modern visionaries, recording right up until his death.

SUPERTRAMP Rock group Supertramp were a U.K. group formed in London in 1969. After many false starts and changes of personnel, their first hit single, “Dreamer” (1975), was taken from Crime of the Century, the first of a string of million-copy-selling albums. Electronic piano and saxophones were their trademark, and they scored many further hits, including their biggest-selling album Breakfast in America (1979), which went to No.1 in the U.S.

SUPREMES, The Soul group The Supremes, formed in the late 1950s, became easily the most successful female group of the 1960s and the launch pad for MOTOWN’S assault on the charts. They had more than two years of flop singles before Diana Ross became their lead vocalist and Holland-Dozier-Holland took over the songwriting. From their first hit, “The Lovelight Starts Shining,” they became queens of the pop charts. During the 1960s the Supremes notched up 19 Top 10 hits and 12 No.1s—including “Where Did Our Love Go,” “Baby Love” (both 1964), “Stop! In the Name of Love” (1965), and “You Can’t Hurry Love” (1966). The group disbanded in 1977.

SUSSKIND, Walter (1918–80) Conductor Susskind was a British conductor of Czech birth. He made his debut at the German Opera in 1934, conducting La Traviata. In 1938 he went to Britain, where he later became music director of the Scottish (National) Orchestra. He had further posts in Australia, Canada, and the U.S. He was highly regarded for his sound musicality and eagerness to explore the repertoire.

SUZUKI, Shin’ichi (1898–1998) Violinist and teacher Although he performed, forming the Suzuki Quartet and the Tokyo String Orchestra, Suzuki will be best remembered as the creator of the hugely successful Suzuki method of violin teaching. Developed in the 1930s, it is based on the learning processes of young children, with instruction by ear and by rote at its core. Suzuki’s first pupil was renowned violinist Toshiya Eto. The method has now been adapted to teach a variety of musical instruments.

SYLVESTER (1946–88) Soul singer Sylvester recorded his first solo album Sylvester in 1977. He scored two massive DISCO hits in 1978 with “Dance” (1978) and “You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)” (1979), both of which showcased his distinctive high-pitched vocals. He quickly faded in popularity though as the disco movement ran its course.

SZELL, George (1897–1970) Conductor An American conductor of Hungarian birth, Szell quickly made his name conducting professionally with the Vienna Symphony Orchestra at the age of 16. In 1939 he moved to the U.S. and became a legend as musical director of the Cleveland Orchestra (1946–70). Szell was particularly praised for his work with the Austro-German repertoire, from Haydn to Richard STRAUSS. Although Szell played relatively little contemporary music, he did champion composers such as BARTÓK, JANÁCEK, and WALTON.

SZERING, Henryk (1918–88) Violinist Polish born, Szering made his debut in 1933, but World War II interrupted his career. His fluent command of seven languages led to a post on the staff of General Sikorski, the exiled head of the Polish government. He resumed his concert performances in 1954, and his versatility, elegance, and technical command were widely admired. Having settled in Mexico in 1946, Szering was a strong advocate of native Mexican composers, often playing their work. During the latter years of his life he formed a recording partnership with Polish pianist Artur RUBINSTEIN.

SZIGETI, Joseph (1892–1973) Violinist Hungarian-born, but with U.S. citizenship, Szigeti began his concert career as a child prodigy, performing all over the world. However, his music did not really flourish until he reached his 30s. He settled in the U.S. in 1940, but returned to Europe in 1960. He had a huge musical personality, well-suited to the grandeur of Beethoven and Brahms. Szigeti was also a champion of contemporary music, notably PROKOFIEV, BARTÓK, Bloch, and Martin, and many composers dedicated work to him.

TALKING HEADS Rock group Emerging from the NEW WAVE movement of the late 1970s, along with Television and Patti Smith, Talking Heads became one of the best and most influential groups of the 1970s and 1980s. From their first single, “Love Goes to Building on Fire,” to their last album Naked (1988), they followed an idiosyncratic path of uncompromising brilliance. Their first classic album, Remain in Light (1980), spawned the hit single “Once in a Lifetime.” Throughout their career, the various members of Talking Heads pursued successful individual projects, including David Byrne’s solo albums and the Tom Tom Club.

TANGERINE DREAM Rock group Formed in Germany in 1967, Tangerine Dream started life as a PINK FLOYD-inspired psychedelic rock band. However, they soon lost interest in rock and concentrated on creating ambient, experimental music—pioneering the use of synthesizers. In 1973 they signed with Virgin and used its superior studio facilities to produce the album Phaedra (1974). In 1977 they recorded the first of many film soundtracks for William Friedkin’s Sorcerer.

TATE, Buddy (1915- ) Jazz saxophonist Tate was one of the outstanding tenor saxophonists of his time. A direct musical successor to Coleman HAWKINS and Herschel Evans, Tate took Evans’ place with Count BASIE after his death in 1939. He took his own band into a residency at the Celebrity Club in New York in 1953, staying there for 21 years. To maintain his profile, Tate recorded regularly during this period. He continued recording and touring into the 1990s.

TATE, Jeffrey (1943-) Conductor Born in the U.K., Tate studied at Cambridge and qualified as a doctor. He began conducting in OPERA houses in England, Germany, and later in the U.S. His tastes are wide, but he is particularly admired for his interpretation of Mozart. He has held posts with a number of orchestras, including the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in London, the English Chamber Orchestra, and the Rotterdam Philharmonic.

TAUBER, Richard (1891–1948) Opera singer Tauber began his career in his native Germany, and by 1919 was a well-known tenor in German-speaking Europe. It was in lighter music, the OPERETTAS of Lehar and others, that he really made his name, and he became one of the most popular tenors of the first half of the 20th century. However, the strain of singing long parts eight times a week left its mark on his vocal chords, and his return to OPERA in the late 1930s was marked by some dubious stylistic elements.

TAVARES Pop group Formed in 1964, Tavares had a number of commercial successes in the mid-1970s with their undemanding blend of light SOUL and pop. They had a soul chart-topper and U.S. pop Top 10 hit with “It Only Takes a Minute” (1975), while “Heaven Must Be Missing an Angel” (1976) sold a million copies. In 1978 “More Than a Woman,” taken from the soundtrack to Saturday Night Fever, gave the band its last significant hit.

TAYLOR, Cecil (1929- ) Jazz pianist Taylor was a towering figure in postwar avant-garde JAZZ. In the 1950s he became more and more distanced from mainstream jazz, shedding all direct reference to tonality and regular time-keeping. The advent of FREE JAZZ should have made Taylor a star. However, the arrival in New York of Ornette COLEMAN eclipsed Taylor entirely and he spent much of the 1960s practicing at home. During the 1970s he found increasing acceptance—his solo album, Fly! Fly! Fly! Fly! Fly! (1981) was a stunning achievement and one of his best.

TAYLOR, James (1948- ) Pop singer and songwriter After an unsuccessful first album, Taylor released Sweet Baby James (1970), which eventually spent two years on the American charts. It contained “Fire and Rain,” one of the finest songs of the era. Taylor has become the embodiment of the late 1960s and early 1970s SINGER-SONGWRITER. He built a long-lasting career, made an appearance in the cult movie Two Lane Blacktop, and has a continuing public commitment to liberal causes. He released an album of all-new material in 1997 entitled Hourglass.

TEAGARDEN, Jack (1905–64) Jazz trombonist and singer Teagarden became one of the greatest and best-known JAZZ musicians of his time, setting a new standard for his instrument. Before Teagarden, the trombone had provided band harmonies and light comedy moments. After Teagarden, the trombone achieved a status to match that of Louis ARMSTRONG’S trumpet playin g. Teagarden’s playing was smooth, relaxed, and above all effortless, quite unlike any player before him, gaining respect from musicians like Glen MILLER and Tommy DORSEY. He was also a remarkable singer. With his superlative playing and lazy vocal charm he made many songs his own, including “I'm Coming Virginia” and “Aunt Hagar’s Blues.”

TEAR, Robert (1939- ) Opera singer Welsh-born Tear made a name for himself as a lyric tenor. He was particularly noted for his performances of BRITTEN, TIPPETT, and Taverner. In many ways his voice and manner resembled Peter Pears, and he took many of the roles created for Pears. Tear worked frequently with guitarist and lutenist Julian Bream, performing songs by the 17th-century English composer John Dowland.

TELEVISION Rock group Television were the first of a number of NEW WAVE bands to come out of New York in the early 1970s, paving the way for such luminaries as Talking Heads, the Ramones, and Blondie. Success eluded Television in their native U.S., but in the U.K. their debut album, Marquee Moon (1977) was applauded as one of ROCK’S most accomplished debut albums and reached the Top 30. Their second album was less successful and the group split in 1978.

TEMPTATIONS, The Soul group A highly talented vocal group, the Temptations benefited, in their early years, from the attention of Smokey Robinson, who wrote most of their mid-1960s hits, starting with “The Way You Do the Things You Do” (1964). As the 1960s progressed, they became more closely associated with Norman Whitfield, who moved them in a funkier direction. The 1968 hit “Cloud Nine” was a landmark for the Temptations, signaling a new, funky sound and socially aware lyrics. They had a run of nearly 40 U.S. Top 40 hits, notably “Ball of Confusion (That’s What the World Is Today)” (1970), “Just My Imagination” (1971), and the classic “Papa Was a Rollin' Stone” (1972). They continued to perform, albeit with different personnel, into the 1990s.

10CC Pop group Formed in England in 1971 to fulfil a contractual obligation, 10cc became one of the most popular groups of the 1970s. Their first single, “Donna,” went straight to No.2 in the U.K. charts, beginning a string of hits through to the end of the decade, with “I'm Not in Love” (1975) being the standout hit. Although their music was often less than inspiring, their lyrics revealed a lively wit.

TENNSTEDT, Klaus (1926–97) Conductor Born in Communist East Germany, Tennstedt did not become internationally known until the 1970s. Working with orchestras across Europe, he developed a reputation as one of the greatest conductors of his time, being especially acclaimed for his interpretation of the symphonic repertoire, particularly Beethoven and MAHLER.

TERRY, Clark (1920- ) Jazz trumpeter In his early career, Terry played with musicians such as Count BASIE and Duke ELLINGTON. He became famous when he was one of the first African-American musicians to feature regularly on TV in the Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson. Terry played the flugelhorn as well as the trumpet, introducing the instrument as a JAZZ alternative to the trumpet. The very vocal sound Terry produced had a direct influence on Miles DAVIS and a whole generation of trumpeters. Terry is best heard on the 1957 album Serenade to a Bus Seat.

TERRY, Todd (c.1958-) Producer Terry learned his trade playing early house and hip-hop, and became an important innovator and producer in house music. His distinctive use of samples underpinned all his production and remixing work.

THEM Rock group Best known as Van MORRISON’S first major group, Them were formed in Ireland in 1963. Their second single, “Baby Please Don't Go,” backed with “Gloria,” reached the U.K. Top 10. “Gloria” has inspired hundreds of cover versions, including those by Jimi HENDRIX, The Doors, and Patti Smith. An excellent album, Here Comes the Night, followed, but the band’s fortunes soon began to wane and Van Morrison left in 1966.

THIBAUD, Jacques (1880–1953) Violinist French-born Thibaud became one of the greatest violinists in the first half of the 20th century. Particularly noted for his performances of Mozart and the French Romantics, he was also part of a famous trio with CASALS and Cortot, making notable recordings of Schubert and Beethoven. In 1943 he co-founded the Marguerite Long-Jacques Thibaud Competition, a biennial international competition for violinists and pianists.

THIN LIZZY Rock group Thin Lizzy’s first hit was the single “Whiskey in the Jar” (1973), which popularised the group’s blend of Irish FOLK and strident guitar work. The real breakthrough year for Thin Lizzy, however, was 1976 with their acclaimed album Jailbreak —featuring the anthem “The Boys Are Back in Town"—hitting the charts in both Britain and the U.S. They continued with further successes, Live and Dangerous (1978) perhaps being their finest hour, until bass guitarist and vocalist Phil Lynott, the heart of the band, died from a heroin overdose in 1986.

13 TH FLOOR ELEVATORS, The Psychedelic R&B group Formed in 1965, this influential group from Austin, Texas, set the pace in psychedelic rock. Their debut The Psychedelic Sounds of 13th Floor Elevators (1966) contained their most successful single “You’re Gonna Miss Me,” and was a forceful piece of propaganda for the hallucinogenic counter-culture. The band produced a second classic album, Easter Everywhere (1968), before disintegrating a year later.

THOMAS, Irma (1941-) Soul vocalist Thomas became known as the Soul Queen of New Orleans, although she never had a major hit record. In 1960 “(You Can Have My Husband But Please) Don't Mess with My Man” reached No.22 on the R&B charts, and four years later “Wish Someone Would Care” climbed to No. 17. Thomas continues to record into the 1990s, remaining a popular live attraction, but has never been able to cross over into the mainstream.

THOMAS, Jesse “Babyface” (1911-) Blues pianist and guitarist Thomas made his debut recording in 1929. By the time he returned to the studio in 1948, he had developed an individual electric guitar style of great fluency, stemming from formal training, an acquaintance with JAZZ, and serious attempts to transfer his piano technique to guitar. He recorded intermittently into the 1980s, most tracks remaining firmly in the Texan BLUES tradition.

THOMAS, Michael Tilson (1944-) Conductor Born in the U.S., Thomas is a brilliant conductor noted for his interpretations of 20th-century music, and has conducted widely in the U.S. and abroad, being the principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra and musical director of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra since 1995. He has a wide breadth of interest and his repertoire ranges from Perotin to STOCKHAUSEN and REICH. He also has a knack for building original yet harmonious musical programmes. He is seen as an eloquent spokesman for classical music.

THOMPSON, Hank (1925- ) Country singer and bandleader Thompson became the most successful exponent of Western SWING from the late 1940s through to the 1980s. In 1946 he formed the Brazo Valley Boys and produced a string of hits, beginning with “(I've Got a) Humpty Dumpty Heart” (1948) and including his most successful release “The Wild Side of Life,” a No.l in 1952. In 1959, Thompson became the first COUNTRY artist to record in stereo and the first to record an “in concert” album, Live at the Golden Nugget. He continued to tour with success into the 1990s.

THOMPSON, Richard (1949- ) Rock guitarist, vocalist, and songwriter Thompson forged his reputation as a member of Fairport Convention in the 1960s. His sensitive compositions included “Meet on the Ledge,” and his innovative guitar style brought a distinctive edge to the band. He made an impressive solo debut album, Henry the Human Fly (1972), as well as forming a duo with his wife, Linda, recording highly regarded albums. With a reputation for his guitar playing and a catalogue of beautiful songs, he continued as a solo artist into the 1990s.

THORNHILL, Claude (1905–65) Jazz pianist and bandleader In the early 1930s, Thornhill played in many bands including those of Paul WHITEMAN and Benny GOODMAN. Later in the 1930s he began arranging pieces for several bands and singers, including the huge hit “Loch Lomond” for singer Maxine Sullivan. He began recording under his own name from 1937, forming his own band around 1940. He soon earned great respect, his complex harmonies being influential on JAZZ arrangers such as Gil Evans.

THORNTON, Willie Mae “Big Mama” (1926–84) Blues singer Thornton’s most famous hit and first R&B No.l was “Hound Dog” in 1953- However, her importance extends far beyond one song. A musical descendant of the classic BLUES singers, Ma RAINEY and Bessie SMITH, Thornton was the link between this early tradition and 1960s blues-rock. In the 1960s Thornton moved to San Francisco, successfully resuscitating a fading career and becoming a legendary figure. Her 1975 album Jail features live versions of “Hound Dog” and “Ball and Chain.”

THUNDERS, Johnny (1952–91) Rock guitarist Thunders first gained recognition as a member of the New York Dolls. After the Dolls split he formed the Heartbreakers, recording prolificacy and achieving much popularity. In 1976 the Heartbreakers joined the SEX PISTOLS on their “Anarchy Tour.” In 1978 Thunders began a solo career with the album So Alone (1978), but increasing drug dependence blighted his career during the 1980s.

TILLMAN, Floyd (1914- ) Country singer, guitarist, and songwriter Tillman became famous as a writer of classic COUNTRY songs, such as “They Took the Stars out of Heaven” (1944), which gave him a No.l U.S. country chart hit. His songs proved even more successful when recorded by other artists, for example Ernest TUBB’S version of “Slippin’ Around.” Tillman is also credited as being the first musician to use electric guitar on a country recording.

TOMLINSON, John (1946- ) Opera singer Born in England, Tomlinson was one of the greatest dramatic basses in the world, particularly known for his performances of Wagnerian characters. His repertoire stretched from Handel to late 20th-century works. He sang all over the world, and made many appearances at the Bayreuth Festival.

TORKANOWSKY, Werner (1926- ) Conductor Born in Germany, Torkanowsky became an American citizen in 1952. He made his conducting debut at the Spoleto Festival in Italy in 1959. From 1963–77 he was the musical director of the New Orleans Philharmonic. He conducted most of the major American orchestras as well as many OPERA companies, and his repertoire ranged from the Baroque to 20th-century avant-garde.

TORTELIER, Jan-Pascal (1947- ) Conductor Born in France, the son of Paul Tortelier, Jan-Pascal Tortelier has conducted major orchestras throughout the world. He was principal conductor of the Ulster Orchestra (1989–92) and then moved to the BBC Philharmonic in 1992. He gained a reputation for his interpretations of French composers, notably DEBUSSY and RAVEL.

TORTELIER, Paul (1914–90) Cellist and composer Born in France, Tortelier made his debut at the Concerts Lamoureux in Paris in 1931. He quickly became an international soloist, known for his interpretations of the Bach suites and the Romantic repertoire, bringing to them both enthusiasm and tender expression. His experiences are documented in his book How I Play, How I Teach (1975).

TOUGH, Dave (1907–48) Jazz drummer Undoubtedly the best white drummer of his generation, Tough had a career with the finest big bands of the SWING era, including those of Tommy DORSEY, Red Norvo, Benny GOODMAN, Artie Shaw, and above all Woody Herman. Tough cared intensely about his music, once walking off stage after only eight bars with B.A. Rolfe’s showband, because he was too angry about their commercial music.

TOUSSAINT, Allen (1938- ) Pianist, songwriter, and producer Toussaint made his recording debut in 1958 with Wild Sounds of New Orleans, but he had greater success as a PRODUCER. Many of Toussaint’s artists recorded songs he had written under the pseudonym Naomi Neville, such as the Lee Dorsey singles, “Ride Your Pony” and “Working in the Coal Mine.” Toussaint’s solo career was inconsistent but his production and songwriting skills were in continual demand. The Band, Dr. John, Labelle, and Paul Simon are just a few of those who have called upon his talents.

TOWNSHEND, Pete (1945-) Songwriter and guitarist Born inthe U.K., Townshend will chiefly be remembered as one of rock’s best-known and finest guitarists, and as a founding member of THE WHO. He wrote many of their classic songs, such as “I Can See for Miles” (1967) and “Pinball Wizard” (1969). He also composed the rock opera Tommy (1969). But the band are also remembered for their 1971 album Who’s Next. The Who have continued to reform intermittently, while Townshend has pursued a solo career with some success.

TRAFFIC Rock group Formed in the U.K. in 1967, Traffic’s first single “Paper Sun” immediately hit the charts in the U.K., reaching No.5. It was followed by their first album, Mr. Fantasy (1967), which incorporated a variety of styles from psychedelia to knockabout humour. Their next album, the eponymously titled Traffic (1968), showed how far the band had progressed, both compositionally and technically, in a short time. Soon after that the band split for the first time. In 1970 they reformed and made six more albums, including an excellent live album, On the Road (1973), before splitting again. Steve Win wood went on to have a successful solo career.

TRAVIS, Randy (1959- ) Country singer Travis had a hit with his debut album Storms of Life (1986). It included four Top 10 COUNTRY singles, won a Grammy, and became the first country album to sell a million copies within a year of its release. In 1987–88 he registered six more country No. Is, and entered the 1990s as a superstar.

TRICKY (1964- ) Rap artist Born in the U.K and based in Bristol, Tricky began his career as a member of the collective Massive Attack, rapping on their album Blue Lines. Never really part of the nucleus of the band, Tricky struck out on his own, issuing a solo single “Aftermath,” followed by the critically acclaimed album Maxinquaye (1995). Difficult to characterise, Tricky’s trip-hop style combines eerie studio effects and blunted rhythms often with disturbing lyrics.

TROGGS, The Pop group Formed in the U.K. in the 1960s, the Troggs found success with “Wild Thing,” a U.K. No.2 and U.S. No.l. Led by singer Reg Presley, their next single “With a Girl Like You” went straight to No.l in the U.K. Two more Top 10 hits followed in 1966, but thereafter the going got tough. Musically unaccomplished and lacking any real direction, the Troggs’ appeal was in their rough and ready sound and their no-nonsense approach. Internal arguments at their lack of continued success caused them to split up in the late 1960s.

TROUBLEFUNK Funk group Troublefunk were at the forefront of Washington’s go-go music scene in the 1980s. Their call-and-response vocals anticipated the emergence of RAP, notably on the singles “Drop the Bomb” and “Woman of Principle.” They were still active in the 1990s.

TUCKWELL, Barry (1931- ) Horn player Born in the U.K., Tuckwell played professionally from the age of 15, later becoming principal of the London Symphony Orchestra (1955–68). After that he mainly played solo and chamber music, having recorded the Mozart concertos and all the standard repertoire. He was one of the leading horn players of his generation and had a number of works composed for him.

TURNER, Dame Eva (1892–1990) Opera singer One of the foremost English sopranos of her day, Turner sang in OPERAS ranging from Mozart through to PUCCINI. In 1924 TOSCANINI’S assistant heard her singing and sent her to Milan to sing for Toscanini himself. She made her debut at La Scala in Milan in 1924. In 1926 she sang Turandot for the first time, a role with which she was to be closely associated for the next 20 years.

TURNER, Ike (1931-) Rock musician Turner formed the Kings of Rhythm during the late 1940s, producing “Rocket '88'” in 1950, considered to be the first ROCK’N’ROLL recording. His band was later joined by a singer who became his wife, the legendary Tina TURNER. They had a number of hits as a duo including “It’s Gonna Work Out Fine” (1961), the Phil SPECTOR produced “River Deep, Mountain High” (1966), “Proud Mary” (1971), and “Nutbush City Limits” (1973).

TURNER, Joe (1907–90) Jazz pianist and singer Turner worked in New York in the 1920s with many leading JAZZ musicians, including Louis ARMSTRONG and the singer Adelaide Hall. He also worked extensively in Europe, eventually settling in Paris, where from 1962 he was resident at the Calvados club.

TWITTY, Conway (1933–93) Country singer Twitty was a singer of rock ballads in the late 1950s, but turned to COUNTRY in 1965. By the time of his death, Twitty had had 61 Top 10 hits in the U.S., 31 of those reaching No.l. His most popular song was “You’ve Never Been This Far Before” (1973), which reached No.22 on the pop charts. Of his ROCK'N’ROLL numbers, “It’s Only Make Believe” was the biggest hit. The song continued to be the focal point of his stage show throughout his life. During his career, Twitty had more chart toppers than any other artist.

ULMER, James “Blood” (1942- )Guitarist, vocalist, and composer Ulmer is an uncategorisable musician although he could be described as an avant-garde bluesman. In the 1970s he played at the famous BEBOP venue Minton’s Playhouse in New York, playing and recording with artists such as Art BLAKEY, Joe HENDERSON, and Ornette COLEMAN. He sang like Jimi HENDRIX, but his guitar playing was rhythmic and harmonically inventive, with a cutting tone often creating an irresistible, intense, brooding momentum. He is best heard on the 1997 album Revealing.

UNDERTONES, The Rock group Formed in Northern Ireland in 1978, the Undertones were a much-loved PUNK-POP quintet, regarded as one of the most refreshing groups of the time. By 1979 the band had entered the U.K. Top 20 with “Jimmy Jimmy,” gaining considerable acclaim for their debut album The Undertones. The follow-up album, Hypnotised (1980), also produced hit singles. However, as the band’s output became more sophisticated, their popularity declined and the group split in 1983. Singer Feargal Sharkey went on to have a successful solo career during the mid-1980s, and recorded several hit singles, such as “A Good Heart.”

VALENS, Ritchie (1941–59) Rock singer Born Richard Valenzuela, Valens was the first Hispanic-American ROCK’NROLL star, best remembered for his classic 1950s hit “La Bamba.” There were other hits, including “Donna” (1958) and “Little Girl” (1959), but Valens’ promising career was cut short in 1959 when he died in a plane crash—following a concert in Clear Lake in Iowa—with Buddy HOLLY and the Big Bopper.

VAN CLEBURN, (1934- ) Pianist Born in the U.S., Van Cliburn began his career in 1954, playing with the New York Philharmonic. He achieved wider fame in 1958 when he won the International Tchaikovsky Competition. With his technical command and massive tone he is known for his interpretations of the Romantics, particLi-larly Tchaikovsky and RACHMANINOV. He also set up a piano competition in his own name in the U.S.

VAN DAM, José (1940– ) Opera singer Born in Belgium, the bass Van Dam made his debut in 1960 in Brussels and then transferred to the Paris Opera (1961–65). His powerful deep voice extended well into the baritone range, making him suitable for many roles, including Mozart’s Figaro.

VANDROSS, Luther (1951– ) Soul singer Vandross began his career as a session vocalist, backing artists such as David BOWIE—arranging all the vocal parts on Young Americans—and Barbra STREISAND. He broke free as a solo artist in the 1970s, but had little success until 1980 with “Glow of Love.” A year later “Never Too Much” became an R&B No.l. Duets with Cheryl Lynn and Dionne Warwick also became hits. Vandross was widely considered to be one of the finest SOUL singers of the 1980s and 1990s. He has also worked as a producer with artists such as Diana Ross and Whitney HOUSTON.

VANGELIS (1943– ) Composer Born in Greece, Vangelis was a child prodigy on the piano. In the early 1960s he joined the pop group Aphrodite’s Child with Demis Roussos. He started a solo career in the 1970s and in 1981 he composed the soundtrack to the film Chariots of Fire, the theme song of which went straight to the top of the charts. Further success followed, notably on “I Hear You Now” (1980) and “I’ll Find My Way Home” (1982), both collaborations with former YES vocalist Jon Anderson. Vangelis continues to write and record in the 1990s, particularly for the movies.

VAN HALEN Rock group Formed in 1974, Van Halen became one of America’s most successful HEAVY METAL bands, their eponymous first album (1978) selling a million copies within a year. Marked out by the lightning fretwork of guitarist Eddie Van Halen, and the larger-than-life stage persona of vocalist Dave Lee Roth, Van Halen made four multi-platinum albums in the late 1970s and early 1980s, peaking with the album 1984 and the single “Jump.” Roth left the band in 1985 to pursue a solo career, but Van Halen continued to ply their trade into the 1990s.

VASARY, Tamas (1933– ) Pianist and conductor Vasary was born in Hungary but left for Western Europe after the 1956 uprising. As a pianist he recorded most of Chopin’s work and a great deal of Liszt, playing with seductive phrasing and a delicate virtuosity. Regarded as a Romantic, he also enjoyed playing Bach, Beethoven, and Mozart. He made his long-awaited debut as a conductor in 1979, becoming musical director of the Northern Sinfonia (1979–82) and then the Bournemouth Sinfonietta, both English chamber orchestras.

VAUGHAN, Stevie Ray (1954–90) Blues guitarist After playing in various bands, Vaughan formed Double Trouble in 1979– Their albums, Couldn’t Stand the Weather (1984) and In Step (1989) both won Grammy Awards and critical acclaim. He also played with many of the best musicians of the time, including David BOWIE (providing the powerful guitar sound on the album Let’s Dance), Bob DYLAN, and Eric Clapton. Vaughan’s style was warm yet powerful. His best was perhaps yet to come when he was killed in a helicopter accident.

VEASEY, Josephine (1930– ) Opera singer A dramatic mezzo-soprano, Veasey made her debut at Covent Garden in London in 1955, after which she sang all over the world. Her voice was rich, vibrant, and well focused, and she has made several roles her own, including Wagner’s Fricka.

VEGA, Suzanne (1959– ) Rock singer-songwriter Vega is a highly literate SINGER-SONGWRITER who found international success in the late 1980s. “Marlene on the Wall” (1985) was her first hit, with “Luka” (1987), a song about child abuse, becoming an unlikely hit in the U.S. and Britain. She continued to record and perform into the 1990s.

VENUTI, Joe (1903–78) Jazz violinist A larger-than-life figure and inveterate joker, Venuti was as famous for his off-stage antics—pouring Jello into a sleeping Bix BEIDERBECKE’S bath, for example—as he was for his musical talents. From the 1920s Venuti played in various bands, most notably Paul WHITEMAN’S, and finally formed his own in 1935. He also appeared with many artists, including Eddie Lang, with whom he recorded the classic Venuti-Lang “Blue Four.”

VERVE, The Rock group Formed in Wigan in 1990, the Verve found success in the U.K. with their idiosyncratic brand of rock. But it was with their elegiac third album, Urban Hymns (1997), that they finally achieved mainstream success. The album spawned three successful singles, including the haunting “Bittersweet Symphony,” adapted from a Jagger-Richard composition and “The Drugs Don’t Work,” written by the group’s singer Richard Ashcroft.

VICKERS, Jon (1926– ) Opera singer The Canadian tenor Vickers sang regularly for Canadian radio in Wagner concerts before joining the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London, in 1957. He sang at all the major OPERA houses and festivals worldwide and was considered one of the finest interpreters of the heroic tenor roles, in particular Florestan in Beethoven’s Fidelio.

VIERNE, Louis (1870–1937) Composer and organist Vierne succeeded Charles-Marie Widor as the organist at St. Sulpice, Paris, and as professor at the Paris Conservatory. In 1900 he moved to Notre Dame. He is chiefly remembered for his organ compositions, which include his six symphonies (1899–1930).

VILLAGE PEOPLE, The Pop group The Village People, from New York, were assembled by PRODUCER Jacques Morali to perform his DISCO songs. They are best remembered for their single “Y.M.C.A.,” which went to No.2 in the U.S. in 1978, earning a platinum disc. However, as the disco boom faded, the band became less visible.

VINCENT, Gene (1935–71) Rock singer Vincent sang with the Bluecaps and their first single “Be-Bop-A-Lula” (1956) stormed to No.7 in the U.S. Despite one or two further successes, his career never really took off, though he was more popular in the U.K., scoring eight Top 40 hits between 1956 and 1961.

VINSON, Eddie “Cleanhead” (1917–88) Jazz saxophonist, singer, and bandleader Vinson became an R&B stalwart, also highly regarded in JAZZ circles. On joining Cootie Williams in 1942, he became one of the best BIG BAND vocalists of the 1940s. He formed his own band in 1945 scoring several hits, including “Juicy Head Baby” (1961). Vinson was also the composer of “Tune Up” and “Four,” both originally attributed to Miles DAVIS and recorded by him in the 1950s.

VIOLENT FEMMES Rock group Formed in Milwaukee in 1981, the Violent Femmes initially presented themselves as school geeks. Their lyrics, consisting of sarcastic put-downs and self-mockery, were laid over simple basslines and choppy guitars. The eponymous first album (1983) was a hit with college RADIO, but the work that followed never lived up to the success of their debut.

VON STADE, Frederica (1945– ) Opera singer The American mezzo-soprano had her OPERA debut in New York in 1973. After that she appeared with most of the world’s leading opera houses, performing Mozart and Bellini through to STRAUSS and DEBUSSY. She was also a soloist with orchestras and a recitalist, as well as a crossover artist, recording songs from Broadway MUSICALS.

WAGNER, Siegfried (1869–1930) Conductor and composer The son of Richard Wagner, Siegfried is chiefly remembered for Bayreuth Festival productions of his father’s works (1906–30). He wrote symphonies and OPERAS which were often performed in Germany during his lifetime, but have since faded in popularity.

WAGONER, Porter (1930– ) Country singer-songwriter Wagoner began his long run of success in 1955 with the No.l COUNTRY single “A Satisfied Mind.” Between 1955 and 1983, scarcely a year passed without Wagoner appearing in the country charts. In 1960 Wagoner was given his own TV show, and by the early 1970s it was syndicated to over 100 stations. From 1967 Dolly PARTON appeared as a regular on the show, launching her own career.

WAITS, Tom (1949– ) Singer-songwriter Waits used his distinctive whispering, tobacco-stained voice to good effect chronicling the lives of the losers and outsiders of America. The album The Heart of Saturday Night (1974) was his first success. In the mid-1980s he recorded his three most ambitious albums, Swordfish-trombones, Rain Dogs, and Frank’s Wild Years. His songs have been successfully covered by artists as diverse as Rod Stewart and Bruce SPRINGSTEEN. Waits also appeared successfully in a number of films during the 1980s and 1990s.

WALKER BROTHERS, The Pop group Although American, the Walker Brothers had much greater success in the U.K., with nine Top 30 singles between 1965–67. They excelled at dramatic ballads, including the two No.l singles, “Make It Easy on Yourself” and “The Sun Ain’t Gonna Shine Anymore.” Internal pressures split the band in 1967, but they briefly reunited in the late 1970s, producing “No Regrets,” a Top 10 single in the U.K. Scott Walker managed to construct a solo career at the same time. He was successful, but his fame was really based on the hits of his former group.

WALLACE, Beulah “Sippie” (1898–1986) Jazz singer and pianist Wallace recorded her first single “Up the Country Blues” in 1923– It was an immediate hit. Artists she recorded with included Louis ARMSTRONG, Clarence Williams, Sidney Bechet, and later Albert Ammons. In 1983 she saw her last album, Sippie, nominated for a Grammy.

WALLENSTEIN, Alfred (1898–1998) Conductor and cellist Born in the U.S., Wallenstein began his career as a cellist playing with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. He went on to join the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the New York Philharmonic under TOSCANINI. He conducted his first orchestral performance in 1931, and went on to become musical director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1943 and a member of the faculty at the Juilliard School of Music, New York, in 1968. He was also an active teacher.

WAR Soul-funk band Formed in California, War had their first success as the backing band to Eric Burdon, former lead singer with the Animals. After he left the band (mid-tour) they made 15 hit albums, with six singles in the U.S. Top 10 between 1970 and 1978. Their potent fusion of FUNK, R&B, and rock produced a progressive SOUL sound best heard on the albums All Day Music (1971) and The World Is a Ghetto (1972). War’s back catalogue remains influential in black music, especially hip-hop.

WARREN, Harry (1893–1981) Composer One of the greatest and most prolific composers of FILM MUSICALS, Warren had his first great successes working with lyricist Al Dubin in the 1930s. Their scores included 42nd Street and the Gold Diggers series—from which “Lullaby of Broadway” earned him his first Oscar. Warren was equally successful working with different lyricists and his later work included “I, Yi, Yi, Yi, Yi, (I Like You Very Much)” for Carmen Miranda and “Chattanooga Choo Choo” for a film featuring Glen MILLER’S band.

WARWICK, Dionne (1940– ) Soul-pop singer From 1962 Warwick had more than 50 hit singles, including the classic “Walk on By” (1964), and 30 hit albums. Her best-known work was recorded during her long association with Burt BACHARACH and Hal David (1962–72) but her first No.l was “Then Came You” (1974) with the Spinners. After a lull her commercial standing picked up in the 1980s, when she collaborated with the Bee Gees, Elton JOHN, and Stevie WONDER.

WASHINGTON, Geno (1945– ) Soul singer After leaving the air force, ex-U.S. serviceman Washington remained in Britain to form the Ram Jam Band, which he started in 1965. Their first success was the album Hand Clappin -Foot Stompin -Funky Butt-Live! (1966), which reached the U.K. Top 10. The group split at the end of the 1960s, but Washington tentatively returned to the stage in the late 1970s with a ROCK trio. In 1980 Dexy’s Midnight Runners eulogised Washington in the song “Geno,” a U.K. No.l.

WASHINGTON, Grover, Jr. (1943–) Saxophonist and composer Washington began his career in JAZZ, but became more popular as he moved into a lighter, pop style. “The Two of Us” reached No.2 in the U.S. pop charts, and his album Winelight (1980), which mixed DISCO, SOUL, and BLUES, achieved platinum status, and won two Grammy Awards.

WATSON, DOC (1923–) Folk guitarist Undiscovered until I960, Watson was recognised as one of the greatest flat-pickers of all time. He made many recordings, winning Grammys for Then and Now (1973) and Two Days in November (1974).

WATSON, Johnny “Guitar” (1935–96) Rock guitarist Watson made a name for himself playing FUNK and R&B in the 1970s, but he started in the 1950s playing ROCK’N’ROLL. Watson toured with LITTLE RICHARD in the late 1950s, and his flamboyant stage persona was an important influence on Jimi HENDRIX. His first hit “Those Lonely, Lonely Nights,” a bluesy ballad, came in 1955, but major success had to wait until 1976 when his album Ain’t That a Bitch went gold. By the late 1980s Watson had virtually retired, making cameo appearances on Frank ZAPPA albums but doing little else.

WEBB, Chick (1909–39) Jazz drummer and bandleader One of the greatest SWING-JAZZ drummers of all time, Webb became popular when his band began a residency at the Savoy Ballroom, in New York, in 1931. His career was further enhanced when he hired Ella FITZGERALD as vocalist in 1935. His bands had a number of hits, featuring Fitzgerald’s vocals, including “A-Tisket, A-Tasket” (1936) and “Undecided” (1938).

WEBB, Jimmy (1946–) Singersongwriter Webb became one of America’s most successful songwriters in the late 1960s with hits such as “Up, Up and Away” (a hit for Fifth Dimension) and “By the Time I Get to Phoenix” (sung by Glen Campbell). His own singing was first recorded in 1967, and his most commercially successful albums were Letters (1972) and El Mirage (1977). Among the artists who have recorded Webb’s work are Frank SINATRA, Waylon JENNINGS, Donna Summer, Johnny CASH, Kris KRISTOFFERSON, and Art Garfunkel.

WEINGARTNER, Felix (1863–1942) Conductor Born in Austria, Felix Weingartner was thought of as one of the most eminent conductors of his day, particularly noted for his inter-pretation of classical composers. His many prestigious posts included director at the Vienna Court Opera (1908–11)—where he succeeded MAHLER—and conductor of the Vienna Philharmonic until 1927. He also worked in the U.S. and the U.K.

WEIR, Gillian (1941–) Organist A New Zealander by birth, Weir became one of the best recital organists in Britain, touring widely in Europe and the U.S. She is noted for her interpretations of Bach and 20th-century music, particularly MESSIAEN.

WELLS, Dicky (1907–85) Jazz trombonist In the 1930s, when the trombone was only just beginning to be taken seriously, along came Dicky Wells to put the comedy right back into the trombone repertoire—albeit with style and sophistication. Wells played with the Count BASIE band from 1938 until 1950, and established a reputation as one of the finest trombone soloists with a stylishness and exemplary technique.

WELLS, Junior (1934–) Blues harmonica player and singer One of the most highly regarded blues-men of his generation, Wells helped to define the Chicago BLUES harp sound of the 1950s. He played with Muddy WATERS during the 1950s, but it was with Buddy GUY that he had his greatest success, producing one of the finest Chicago blues albums, Hoodoo Man Blues (1966). Their association lasted until the late 1980s.

WELLS, Kitty (1919–) Country singer One of the first queens of COUNTRY music, Wells was thinking of retiring when her career suddenly took off in 1953 with the single “It Wasn’t God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels”— making her the first female artist to have a country No.l. In total she had 81 hits, with over 450 singles and 40 albums released by 1973.

WELLS, Mary (1943–92) Soul singer Wells was one of the first and most popular MOTOWN stars of the 1960s. Her version of her own song “Bye Bye Baby” became the label’s first U.S. Top 50 hit in I960. In 1964 her single “My Guy,” went to No.l.

WERTHEN, Rudolf (1946–) Violinist and conductor Born and raised in Belgium, Werthen appeared as a soloist with the NDR Symphony Orchestra and was also a professor at the Robert Schumann Institute in Germany. From 1977 he was conductor of the Flanders Chamber Orchestra and from 1992 director of the Flanders Opera at Anvers in his native Belgium.

WESLEY, Fred (1943–) Trombonist Wesley made his name as the front man of the James BROWN ensemble. His most successful single “Doin’ It to Death” topped the R&B charts in 1973. He also performed in other groups and as a solo artist, performing well into the 1990s, notably with alto sax player Maceo Parker and Pee Wee Ellis—both ex-members of Brown’s JBs.

WESTON, Randy (1926–) Jazz musician A pianist and composer with a unique voice, Weston’s music was greatly influenced by his interest in AFRICA and the West Indies. Much of his work was with his own trios and quartets. His best-known tunes include “Summer Eyes,” “Hi-Fly,” and “Little Niles,” and, like many pianists influenced by Thelonious MONK, Weston was at his best playing his own compositions.

WHITE, Barry (1944–) Pop-soul singer White performed in a number of groups and made several records in the early 1960s but only became a star in the early 1970s after forming Love Unlimited and the 40-piece Love Unlimited Orchestra. Using his trademark deep, breathy delivery, White had six U.S. Top 10 single hits between 1973 and 1977, including “Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up,” “Can’t Get Enough of Your Love, Babe,” and “You’re the First, the Last, My Everything” (both 1974) being the biggest. He continued to record into the 1990s.

WHITE, Josh (c. 1915-69) Blues-folk singer White was a versatile performer, covering BLUES in local or more nationally popular idioms. A contemporary of Woody GUTHRIE, he also sang social protest songs, and as the Singing Christian he recorded religious material. His repertoire was an odd mixture, covering everything from traditional ballads such as “Lord Randall” to popular songs like “Scarlet Ribbons.”

WHITMAN, Slim (1924–) Country singer Whitman made his name as a light-voiced balladeer and yodeler. His first hit was “Love Song of the Waterfall,” which he quickly followed up with “Indian Love Call” (1955), which spent 11 weeks at the top of the U.K. charts. Other hits followed although, surprisingly, Whitman has never topped the U.S. COUNTRY charts.

WIDOR, Charles-Marie (1844–1937) Composer French-born Widor is chiefly remembered for his Romantic compositions for the organ, notably the Toccata from Symphony No.5. He was also a fine organist, being professor of both organ and composition at the Paris Conservatory, and the organist at St. Sulpice, in Paris, for over 60 years.

WILLCOCKS, Sir David (1919–) Conductor and organist British-born Willcocks was organist at King’s College Chapel, Cambridge, from 1957–74, making many recordings with the choir there. In I960 Willcocks became conductor of the London Bach Choir, giving the first London performances of works such as Fricker’s The Vision of Judgement and Crosse’s Changes.

WILLIAMS, Big Joe (1903–82) Blues singer and guitarist Williams’s recording career stretched from the 1930s to his death in 1982. Through it all he kept the Delta BLUES tradition alive. Between the wars, Williams lived the life of the archetypal traveling bluesman, playing for change or food, and sleeping in railroad cars. He performed for many years with Sonny Boy WILLIAMSON. After World War II he continued to play across the U.S., and in the 1970s Williams became popular in Europe and Japan.

WILLIAMS, Clarence (1898–1965) Jazz pianist and composer Williams had formed his own publishing company by the age of 21 and had great success as a BLUES composer, writing songs for artists such as Bessie SMITH and Sara Martin. His most famous works include “Baby Won’t You Please Come Home” and “West End Blues.” In the recording studio he also performed with Louis ARMSTRONG, Coleman HAWKINS, and King Oliver, among others.

WILLIAMS, Cootie (1911–85) Jazz trumpeter and bandleader Williams was an unsurpassed master of SWING-style JAZZ trumpet playing. By 1929 he had joined the Duke ELLINGTON orchestra, where he stayed for 11 years, becoming famous in his own right. In 1940 he left Ellington for Benny GOODMAN’S band and then formed his own outfit in 1941. Williams’ band featured a string of young talent, including Charlie PARKER, Bud POWELL, and Eddie “Cleanhead” Vinson. Williams ended his career where it had begun, with Duke Ellington.

WILLIAMS, Don (1939–) Country singer Williams is one of the most popular COUNTRY artists with his gently paced love songs—in the mold of Jim REEVES—and his laid-back style. His solo debut “The Shelter of Your Eyes” in 1972 became a U.S. country hit and a stream of hit singles followed, including the country No.Is “You’re My Best Friend,” “Till the Rivers All Run Dry,” and “Some Broken Hearts Never Mend.” During latter years he has also made successful appearances in films, including Smokey and the Bandit 2 (1980).

WILLSON, Meredith (1902–84) Composer Willson was a great composer of MUSICALSand film scores, writing music for films as diverse as Charlie Chaplin’s The Great Dictator (1940) and Dark at the Top of the Stairs (I960). He had his first Broadway hit in 1957, with The Music Man (including the classic hit songs “Seventy-Six Trombones” and “Trouble”), and followed it up with The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1960).

WILSON, Jackie (1934–84) Pop-soul singer Wilson was one of the most talented and prodigious POP-SOUL singers, with a career spanning from the early 1950s to the mid-1970s. In 1953 Wilson became lead vocalist with the Dominoes and went solo in 1957. He had 35 R–B hits and 54 Hot 100 pop singles, “Doggin’ Around” reaching No.l in the R–B charts in 1960, his most successful year. Despite being shot by a crazed fan in 1961, Wilson continued performing until he suffered a heart attack on stage in 1975 after which he retired from performing. He is best remembered for the 1967 classic “(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher.”

WILSON, Sandy (1924–) Composer and lyricist Born in the U.K., Wilson made his first impact in the early 1950s by contributing songs for revues in London’s West End. His big break, securing his fame, came in 1953 with his musical comedy The Boy Friend, which became one of the longest running shows in London’s theatre history.

WILSON, Teddy (1912–86) Jazz pianist and arranger In 1931 Wilson teamed up with Art TATUM and was quickly spotted as a rising talent. After moving to New York, Wilson began performing with small groups, often featuring the singer Billie HOLIDAY. He became one of the most important pianists of the SWING period and the first African-American musician to play in the Benny GOODMAN band.

WINTER, Johnny (1944–) Blues guitarist Hailed as America’s answer to British BLUES-ROCK stars, Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page, and Jeff Beck, Winter’s debut album, Johnny Winter (1969) cemented his reputation as one of the most fluid blues-rock guitarists of the era. Many further hit albums followed into the 1970s and 1980s, the most successful of which was Johnny Winter And (1970), which included the song “Rock’n’roll Hoochie Coo.” Winter has also worked as a producer. Two albums he produced for Muddy WATERS, Hard Again and Tm Ready, won Grammys and helped resuscitate Waters’ career.

WISHBONE ASH Rock group Formed in 1969, Wishbone Ash’s unique twin guitar attack, of Andy Powell and Ted Turner, played heavy BLUES riffs over a solid rhythm section. In 1973 they released Argus, their biggest-selling album, combining folk and hard rock with medieval imagery—song titles included “The King Will Come” and “Throw Down the Sword.” In 1980 the band became tax exiles from Britain. They reformed in 1998 and toured extensively in the U.S. and the U.K.

WITHERS, Bill (1938- ) Soul singer-songwriter Withers met Booker T. Jones (of Booker T & The MGs) in 1970 and Jones helped Withers get a contract with Sussex Records. He secured an immediate success with “Ain’t No Sunshine,” a U.S. No.3 hit. Withers’ light, folksy-SOUL voice continued to score further hits for Sussex, most notably with the song “Lovely Day” (1977), and he continued to record and tour into the 1980s.

WITHERSPOON, Jimmy (1923- ) Blues singer Although Witherspoon has crossed over into ROCK, JAZZ, and R&B, his deep mellow voice places him firmly as a fine BLUES singer. His first hit was in 1949 with “T’ain’t Nobody’s Business,” an R&B No. l. In the late 1950s, as the popularity of blues began to fade, Witherspoon moved toward jazz. Despite treatment for throat cancer, he continued to perform into the 1990s.

WOMACK, Bobby (1944- ) Soul singer and guitarist An accomplished vocalist and guitarist, Womack is regarded as having an influence on the development of SOUL music. He worked as Sam COOKE’s guitarist, before starting a solo career. He is also associated with Sly Stone, Wilson Pickett, for whom he wrote many songs, and the ROLLING STONES.

WOMACK & WOMACK Soul duo This husband and wife team had notable success as writers and performers of SOUL music. “Love TKO” was a hit for Teddy Pendergrass in 1980. Their own performances have included the hit singles, “Love Wars” (1984) and “Teardrops” (1988), the latter reaching the U.K. Top 3.

WOOD, Sir Henry (1869–1944) Conductor Wood’s greatest achievement was founding the Queen’s Hall Promenade Concerts in London in 1895, which continue today. The series later moved to the Royal Albert Hall where Wood remained in sole charge until 1940. Although the Proms will always be associated with his name, he was also important in the general raising of standards of British orchestral performance. He gave early British performances of works by SCHOENBERG, BARTÓK, and SIBELIUS.

WOODS, Oscar “Buddy” (c. 1900–56) Guitarist Woods was one of the most impressive prewar slide guitar BLUES stylists and an important member of the early Shreveport, Louisiana, blues scene. Woods worked with, among others, Jimmy Davis and Alan LOMAX. He spent the late 1940s/early 1950s performing in the Shreveport area.

WU TANG CLAN Rap group Formed in New York in the early 1990s, the Wu Tang Clan’s debut album Enter The Wu Tang (1993)—heavily influenced by martial arts culture—quickly went gold, setting the underground hip-hop scene on fire. More of a collective than an actual group, the Clan featured no less than eight MCs—including Method Man, Ol' Dirty Bastard, Raekwon, and Ghost Face Killa—many of whom have gone on to solo success.

XTC Rock group Formed in 1976, XTC achieved enormous popularity in the U.K. in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Their jangly guitar sound and pop art lyrics earned them a reputation as one of the most original bands of the era. Albums included Go2 and Drums and Wires, while they also charted with the singles “Making Plans for Nigel” (1979) and “Senses Working Overtime” (1982).

YANCEY, Jimmy (1898–1951) Pianist, singer, and composer Yancey was one of the prime movers in establishing the brief popularity of the original blues BOOGIE-WOOGIE. A prime mover in the Chicago blues and JAZZ scene, he made many records and performed widely in the 1930s and 1940s, with hits including “Yancey Stomp” and “State Street Special.”

YARDBIRDS, The Rock group Formed in the U.K. in 1963, the Yardbirds’ style was based on Chicago R&B. Early success came with the release of the album Five Live Yardbirds in 1964, featuring Eric Clapton on guitar. Clapton was later replaced by Jeff Beck, who in turn gave way to Jimmy Page. Further hits followed, including “For Your Love” and “Heart Full of Soul” (both 1965), but the group split in 1968. Although short-lived, the Yardbirds retained enormous credibility as pioneers of British R&B, classic experimental pop and heavy rock.

YELLO Techno dance band Formed in Switzerland by Dieter Meier, a millionaire entrepreneur, and Boris Blank, a composer of electronic music, Yello had the same beat-driven Euro appeal as bands like Tangerine Dream and Kraftwerk. Early albums, such as Solid Pleasure (1980) and You Gotta Say Yes to Another Excess (1983), proved popular, but wider commercial success was sought. With tracks such as “Vicious Games,” “Oh Yeah,” and “Domingo,” the album Stella (1985) provided that success. “The Race” (1988) was a massive dance hit across Europe, reaching the U.K. Top 10.

YEPES, Narciso (1927–98) Classical guitarist and composer Yepes was born and studied in Spain, where he made his concert debut in 1947. He toured widely, performing on a ten-string guitar of his own design—which extended the bass range—becoming a specialist in Spanish and Baroque music. He also composed the music for a number of films.

YOAKAM, Dwight (1956- ) Country singer-songwriter After a short-lived attempt at breaking into the Nashville COUNTRY scene, Yoakam became successful after signing for Warner Bros, in 1984, registering two Top 5 U.S. country chart hits two years later. His country-rock style made him popular with the rock audience but less so with purist country fans.

YOUMANS, Vincent (1898–1946) Composer American-born Youmans was a composer and producer of stage MUSICALS during the 1920s and 1930s. His many Broadway successes include No, No Nanette (1925).

YOUNG, Faron (1932- ) Country singer Greatly influenced by Hank WILLIAMS, Young become a major recording star in the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s with many U.S. COUNTRY chart hits. His biggest success came with “Hello Walls” (1961) which was written by Willie NELSON. He also appeared in a number of Western films.

YOUNG, Neil (1945- ) Rock guitarist and songwriter Canadian-born Young is one of the foremost songwriters and performers of the ROCK MUSIC scene. After a brief stint with the Buffalo Springfield, Young started to make his own albums featuring the band Crazy Horse. An innovative guitarist, Young’s mainstream popularity always fluctuated. Huge success with albums such as After the Goldrush (1970) and Harvest (1972) was mixed with critical and commercial disasters. His highest-profile venture was as a member of the group Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young. Without doubt, Young’s reputation as a maverick of the rock scene is well deserved. He continued to tour, record and innovate into the 1990s.

YSAÿE, Eugène (1858–1931) Violinist, conductor, and composer Born in Belgium, Ysaye became an international soloist, most notably for performing and conducting contemporary Belgian and French music. His style of playing was intense but also poetic, and his compositions—mostly for the violin—were of a post-Romantic style. His six sonatas for unaccompanied violin have since become part of the central repertoire for violin virtuosi.

YUN, Isang (1917- ) Composer Korean-born Yun studied and taught composition in Japan. Moving to Paris he began studying in the West in the 1950s and took German nationality in 1971. His compositions fused Asian imagination and practices with Western instruments and techniques, and he developed an increasingly individual style.

ZABALETA, Nicanor (1907- ) Harpist Born in Spain Zabaleta performed all over the world. He was noted for trying to increase the number of works available for the harp by uncovering neglected pieces and encouraging contemporary composers to write new music for the instrument.

ZAWINUL, Joe (1932- ) Jazz keyboard player, composer, and bandleader Born in Austria, Zawinul emigrated to the U.S. in 1959, where he formed the group Weather Report with Wayne SHORTER in 1970. Their style of modern JAZZ was popular with rock fans. Through his work with the group, Zawinul became one of the most original, prolific, and influential jazz composers of the 1970s. He worked extensively with Miles DAVIS between 1969 and 1970.

ZENDER, Hans (1936- ) Conductor and composer Zender studied and worked in his native Germany and became particularly associated with contemporary music, most notably with the composer Bernd Zimmerman. His compositions were in the mould of Pierre BOULEZ.

ZEVON, Warren (1947- ) Rock singer-songwriter Never part of rock’s mainstream, Zevon has always received critical acclaim for his darkly comic piano-led ROCK’N’ROLL. Born in Chicago, Zevon was a classical music child prodigy. Hearing Bob DYLAN’S songs pushed him toward a career in rock’n’roll and he recorded his first album in 1969. Fame arrived when Linda Ronstadt recorded three of his songs in 1978. Best heard on Excitable Boy (1978) and the live album Stand in the Fire (1981). Zevon’s only chart success came in 1978 with the song “Werewolves of London.”

ZIMBALIST, Efrem (1890–1985) Violinist and composer Zimbalist studied at the St. Petersburg Conservatory with the Hungarian violinist Leopold Auer and emigrated to America in 1911. Thought of as one of the great violinists of his day, his performances were noble but never extrovert. He taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia from 1928 and was director there from 1941 to 1968. His compositions included an OPERA and several orchestral works.

ZIMMERMAN, Bernd Alois (1918–70) Composer Zimmerman was born and studied in Germany, where he developed an individual style of composition in which quotation from all periods played a prominent part. It wasn’t until after his death in 1970 that his music became appreciated, with his only opera Die Soldaten acknowledged as the most important in German since those of Alban BERG.

ZORN, John (1953- ) Composer and instrumentalist Zorn was born in New York, becoming an active contributor to the downtown music scene. Known as a composer of dense, loud aural canvases—likened to the work of abstract artist Jackson Pollock—he also received acclaim as a performer (keyboards, saxophone) with various avant-garde and ROCK musicians. Zorn is best heard on his two 1987 albums Spy Vs Spy and News for Lulu.

ZUKERMAN, Pinchas (1948- ) Violinist, violist, and conductor Zukerman was born and studied in Israel and later at the Juilliard School in New York. He performed as a violinist with the world’s leading orchestras and was also known for playing CHAMBER MUSIC. He made his conducting debut in London in 1974.

ZWILICH, Ellen Taaffe (1939- ) Composer, violinist and lecturer Zwilich studied at Florida State University and was the first woman to receive a doctorate in composition from the Juilliard School in New York. Her major teachers were Elliott CARTER and Roger Sessions. She wrote three symphonies, several concertos, and CHAMBER MUSIC, especially for strings.

Z.Z. TOP Rock group Formed in Houston, Texas, in 1969, this BLUES-ROCK Southern boogie trio—Billy Gibbons, Dusty Hill and Frank Beard—achieved national fame with several hit singles and gold albums. International success came when they signed with Warner Brothers in 1978. They evolved a new musical style, combining their blues roots with modern computer wizardry, launching them as one of the world’s greatest live acts. Worldwide sales of the album Eliminator (1983), featuring songs like “Gimmie All Your Lovin’,” “Sharp Dressed Man,” and “Legs,” topped 8 million copies at the end of 1985.