Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Ackerman, Bruce, 182n43, 183n49
Adorno, Theodor, 17, 105, 108–9
Agamben, Giorgio, 1
almsgiving (zakāt), 116–17, 205n101; definition of, 218–19; fasting related to, 126; niṣāb for, 124–25, 205n103; prayer related to, 124–25; as purification, 123–24, 205n100; taxation related to, 123–25, 190n141. See also zakāt al-fiṭr
An-Naʿim, Abdullahi Ahmed, 212n1
Anscombe, G. E. M., 80–81
Aquinas, Thomas, 5
Arendt, Hannah, 194n32
Aristotle, 5; modern state and, 155
Arjomand, S. Amir, 171n7
Asad, Talal, 178n40
Ashley, Richard, 178n36
Austin, John, 78–79
author-jurist: definition of, 215; role of, 54–55
autonomy, 154; of cultural, 35–36; ethics of, 165; from Kant, 75, 80, 165; of morality, 157, 165; from nationalism, 109–10; reasons related to, 164–65. See also control
Autonomy of Morality, The (Larmore), 155
Al-Azmeh, Aziz, 191n159
Bacon, F., 76–77
Beard, Charles, 18
Benjamin, Walter, 16
Blackstone, William, 79
body, physical. See physical body
Bolshevik Revolution, 198n113
Bourdieu, Pierre, 35
Boyle, Robert, 77
bureaucracy, 10, 20, 23, 63, 69, 99, 100, 102, 105, 108, 142, 146, 179n55. See also rational bureaucratic machine
capitalism, 4, 10, 22, 108, 141, 144–45, 146, 147, 153, 154; form-property and, 209n7
central domain: force relations and, 9; moral desideratum as, 12, 162–67, 175nn49–50; paradigm and, 7; peripheral domains and, 8–9; of Schmitt, 7–9, 12; Sharīʿa as, 10, 175nn40–41
centralization, 32
charitable endowment. See waqf
citizens, x, xi, 2, 21, 26–28, 39, 45, 73, 104, 106, 142, 160, 178n45; democratic unfreedom for, 108; identity of, 96–97; iron cage for, 107–8; in Islamic governance, 96–97, 111, 140, 158; in modern Islamic state, 93; of modern states, 96–97, 158; moral individual compared to, 201n17; narcissism of, 108–10; nationalism and, 106; in political, 91–92; production of, 99–110. See also community
citizens’ subjectivity: family and, 104–5, 201nn18–19; father in, 105, 201n19; frailty from, 105, 201n22
colonialism, 1–2; over Islamic governance, 2, 63, 65, 147, 167–68
community, 4, 52, 53, 65, 66, 96, 148, 160, 203n73; definition of, 49–50, 184n77; without Enlightenment, 170; executive power and Sharīʿa compared to, 50, 57, 63–64, 67, 188n131; government servants compared to, 68; ʿibādāt for, 159–60; ideal, 6, 173n21; individuals as, 106–7, 114; in Islamic governance paradigm, 49–50, 184n77; legislation, law, and violence and, 29–30, 178n47, 179n48; Middle, 166; as nasl, 147–48; for nationalism, 106–8; nation-state compared to, 49
Condorcet, Marquis de, 17, 176n65
conscription: Islamic governance without, 93–95, 199n126, 199n128, 199n130; in political, 74, 92–96, 199n126, 199n128, 199n130
Constitution, xii, 26, 27, 37, 39, 40, 74; democracy and, 45, 73, 184n70; on executive, 42, 43, 64, 182nn2; of Medina, x, 155; multi-layered social, 113–14; nation-state separation of powers and, 41, 42–43, 181nn30–31, 182nn42–43, 183n46; on religion, 203n61; Sharīʿa and, 51–52, 60–62, 64, 66, 158, 185n88
contextual epistemology, 203n58
control, 193n14; class and, 99, 200n1; knowledge of, 75–76, 193n3; law and, 82–83, 89; of nature, 76–78, 194n28; of Self, 76, 193n18
corporations: globalization and, 145, 153–54, 210n31, 212n69; morality of, 145, 153–54, 210n31; for wealth, 145
cultural hegemony: cooperation in, 35, 179n68; education in, 35, 179n70; for modern states, 33–36, 179n68, 179n70; necessity of, 34, 179n64, 179n66
culture, 35–36; globalization related to, 143–44, 153; Islamic governance and, 153; of West, 143–44
Culture of Narcissism, The (Lasch), 1
dawla, 190nn145; definition of, 62–63, 190n144, 215–16; sultan compared to, 190n146
Dawson, Christopher, 175n57
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, 39
Deleuze, Gilles, 105
democracy, 26, 37, 48, 71, 73, 102, 182n43; civilization compared to, 183n59; Constitution and, 184n70; critique of practice of, 40, 43, 180n10, 182n43; democratic un-freedom, 108; Islam’s compatibility with, 52, 72, 185n88; legislative and, 71–72; as representation in Islamic governance, 53, 61, 63–64, 70, 71–72; rule of law for, 39, 72–74
dīn (religion), 147
discipline: of European state, 99–101, 200n1; internal, 98, 101; of modern states, 99–100; of traditional societies, 98–99
divine grace, 130
Donzelot, Jacques, 105
double-shahāda, 118–20, 204n85
Durkheim, E., 163
economics: of globalization, 144–46; Islamic governance related to, 153–54; in modern states, 22; Sharīʿa paradigm and, 10–11; social justice related to, 154; socioeconomics, 45–46, 184n70; state and, 21–22. See also Islam’s moral economy
education: academia in, 35, 102–4, 200n10; in cultural hegemony, 23, 35, 45, 76, 146, 160, 179n70; for ethical conduct, 132; for European state, 100, 102; ʿibādāt for, 132–33; iron cage as, 107–8; in Islamic governance, 110–11, 140; power and, 104; in Sharīʿa, 10, 13, 51, 52, 110–11
Enlightenment, 3, 5–6, 13, 16–17, 75, 77, 80, 83, 99, 163, 173n21; community without, 170; core project of, 8, 174n35; history and, 16, 24; modern Muslims compared to, 166; modern states and, 24; for paradigm, 7–8, 170, 174n35
Enlightenment’s Wake (Gray), 19
ethical conduct, 132
ethics of autonomy, 165
Euro-America, 3, 22, 70, 72, 156, 162
European state, 110; discipline of, 99–100, 200n1; education for, 100; institutions in, 102; ordering of, 99–101; policing for, 100; poverty of, 100; submission in, 101
executive: Constitution on, 42, 182nn2; despotism of, 44, 183n49; in Islamic governance paradigm, 52; judiciary and, 43–44, 46; legislative and, 44–45, 183n49, 183n59; without nation-state separation of powers, 41–43, 46–47, 181n30, 183n49. See also caliph; dawla; rulers’ appointments; sultan
executive power and Sharīʿa, 56–57; administrative regulations in, 67–68, 191nn158–59; communication in, 70; community compared to, 63–64; community in, 63–64, 66; dawla in, 62–63, 190nn144–46, 215–16; education and, 111; executive duties in, 62, 66–67, 189n140, 191n156; ḥudūd in, 68, 192nn162–63, 216; moral accountability in, 69–70; Oriental despotism and, 65; siyāsa Sharʿiyya for, 64–67, 69; sovereign will in, 66; standards in, 68–69; sultanic code in, 68–69; sultans and, 65–66, 69, 191n152; Western executive compared to, 64
fāḍil, 175n43
Fall and Rise of the Islamic State (Feldman), 180n9
family: citizens’ subjectivity and, 104–5, 201nn18–19; community disintegration and, 4
faqīh, 216
fasting (ṣawm), 116–17; almsgiving related to, 126; invalidation of, 126–27; niyya for, 125; options for, 125–26; during Ramaḍān, 125; rationales for, 126; technologies of self and, 136–37
fatwā: collections of, 54; definition of, 53–54, 216; practicality of, 54–55
Feldman, Noah, 180n9
Finlayson, Alan, 178n36
fiqh: definition of, 216; morality and, 115; uṣūl al-fiqh, 58, 218
Fiss, Owen, 195n57
form-properties, xii; capitalism and, 209n7; enumeration of, 23; under globalization, 145–46; for modern states, 22–25, 36
Foucault, Michel, 6–7, 20, 174n23, 177n13, 193n18; on dominance, 76, 101, 179n49, 193n14; al-Ghazālī related to, 129, 132, 206n119, 207n133; Kelsen and, 33–34, 38; technologies of self from, 98, 107, 129, 137, 193n18, 206n119
four sources, 216
freedom, 7, 17, 80, 81, 108, 206n119; to control, 75–76; Is/Ought and, 80; Kant on, 164, 195n49
Frings, Manfred S., 193n8
Fuchs, B., 177n12
Geuss, Raymond, 81
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid, 133; autobiography of, 129, 207n120; commentaries on, 207n121; Foucault related to, 129, 132, 206n119, 207n133; on love, 134–36, 208n138; Mahmood and, 207n134; on potentialities, 129–30, 207n122; technologies of self related to, 132, 135–36, 207n133; theory of human nature from, 129–31, 207n122
globalization: change and, 142–43; corporations and, 145, 153–54, 210n31, 212n69; criticism of, 141, 208n4; culture related to, 143–44, 153; description of, 140–41; economics of, 144–46; first thesis on, 141–42; form-properties under, 145–46; Islamic governance and, 143; liberalism related to, 141, 144, 209n7; second thesis on, 142, 209n15; separation of powers and, 210n27; states in, 140–42, 209n8; tradition related to, 143–44; transformationalism and, 142; U.S. and, 208n4; wealth and, 144–45. See also Islam’s moral economy
God: assimilation to, 128–29, 206n118; attributes of, 118–19; believers in, 87–88, 197n93; contract with, 87–88; human relationship to, 86–88, 197n93; Islamic governance and, 158–59; in Islamic governance paradigm, 49–51, 71, 184n77; matter and, 84, 196n68; property from, 151; punishment by, 30, 119, 124, 134, 159; rewards from, 119; as sovereign will, 50–51; wealth related to, 124–25, 131, 135, 139, 161
Goodman, Lenn, 206n118
grace, divine, 130
Gramsci, Antonio, 20
Gray, John, 1, 8, 14, 173n21; on modernity, 19
ḥadīth, 121, 175nn40–41, 216
ḥajj. See pilgrimage
Hanna, Nelly, 187n105
Hansen, Mogens, 37
Hart, H. L. A., 82
Hayek, F. A., 37, 180n12, 183n47, 183n59
Held, David, 22
Herder, Johann Gottfried, 98
history, xiv, 147, 174n22; Enlightenment and, 16, 24; immaturity of, 17; Is/Ought and, 81; modern states from, 23–25, 156, 177nn11–13, 177n20; morality from, 6; nostalgia related to, 14–15; progress and, 16, 175n57; for Sharīʿa paradigm, 12–13, 175n51; state and, 21; of West, 3–4
ḥiyal, 175n42
Hobbes, T., 78–79, 194n32; Schmitt and, 89, 91, 198n113
Horwitz, Morton, 42
ḥudūd, 68, 192nn162–63, 216
hunger, 132
ʿibādāt (five pillars), 13; for community, 159–60; definition of, 216; for education, 132–33; morality and, 118; purification related to, 116, 120, 123–24, 204n87, 205n100; religious works of, 116–17. See also almsgiving; fasting; intention; pilgrimage; prayer
ʿibādāt/muʿāmalāt, 115–16, 118, 203nn69–70, 203n73
Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn. See al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid
ijtihād, 167, 215, 218; definition of, 58, 216; interpretation of, 58–59
ʿilm. See knowledge
imam, 216
India, 179n66
intellect, 130–31
intention (niyya): definition of, 217; for fasting, 125; love and, 134; for prayer, 120–22, 133–34
Introduction to Islamic Law (Hallaq), xiv, 174n22
Irony of Liberal Reason, The (Sprangens), 74
Is/Ought, 10, 74–75, 89–90, 158, 163, 186n90; Christianity and, 80–81; freedom and, 80; history and, 81; law and, 79–82, 195n55; paradigm of, 160–61; in Qurʾān, 82–83; reasons related to, 163
Islam, 3, 185n88; asceticism in, 136; legal works of, 116, 204n74, 204n77; as Middle Community, 166; prostration in, 121–22; puberty and, 122–23; taxation in, 62, 123–25, 189n140, 190n141. See also ʿibādāt; specific pillars
Islam and the Secular State (An-Naʿim), 212n1
Islamic governance: antiuniversalism for, 168–69, 214n36; citizen identity in, 96–97; citizens in, 96–97, 111, 158; colonialism over, 2, 63, 65, 147, 167–68; without conscription, 93–95, 199n126, 199n128, 199n130; culture and, 153; economics related to, 153–54; education in, 110–11; globalization and, 143; God and, 158–59; language for, 169, 214n36; militarism related to, 144, 152–53; modern states compared to, 49, 51–52, 89, 110–11, 158, 160–62, 168–70, 185n88, 198n99; nascent institutions for, 168–69; nonconformist thought for, 168–69; practice of, 6, 174n22; premodern states compared to, 3; rule of law in, 158; sovereign will for, 157–58, 212nn3–4; without unity, 38
Islamic governance paradigm, 6, 48, 89; community in, 49–50, 184n77; conditions for, 139–40; executive in, 52; God in, 49–51, 71, 184n77; legislative in, 71–72, 110; metaphysics in, 51; Muslim identity in, 70–71; poverty in, 50, 158–59, 161, 185n81; as well-ordered, 72–73. See also executive power and Sharīʿa; globalization; law and society relationship; Sharīʿa
Islamic law, 174n22, 205n98; double-shahāda in, 118–20, 204n85; ʿibādāt in, 13, 116–18, 120, 159–60, 204n87, 216; ʿibādāt/muʿāmalāt in, 115–16, 118, 203n73, 203nn69–70; multilayered social constitution for, 113–14; niṣāb in, 124–25, 205n103; perceived failure of, 112–13, 203n61, 203n73; religion within, 113, 203n61; schematic perspective of, 114–15, 203n64; sociomoral force for, 113–14, 203n64
Islamic Republic of Iran, 2
Islam’s moral economy: modern liberal economics compared to, 146; in premodern history, 147; from Sharīʿa, 147. See also universals
istiṣlāḥ, 216
istiṭāʿa, 127–28
Izutsu, Toshihiko, 87–88
Jackson, Justice, 43
jihād, 93, 117, 127, 132, 147, 148, 151, 215, 219; definition of, 216; as duty, 94–95, 199n130; as moral obligation, 95, 199n141; private obligations over, 94–95; in Sharīʿa paradigm, 11–12; types of, 94, 199n126
Johansen, Baber, 66
judge. See jurists; qāḍī
judiciary: executive and, 43–44, 46; legislative and, 44–45; nation-state separation of powers and, 41, 43–46; oppression and, 46; socioeconomics and, 45–46
jurists: definition of, 216; mysticism of, 137–38, 208n148; in Sharīʿa, 52–53, 186nn90–91. See also author-jurist
Kahn, Paul, 27, 74, 92, 177n11; on state, 157, 212n3
Kant, I., 16, 19, 195n49; autonomy from, 75, 80, 165; on freedom, 164; reason related to, 80–81, 164–66
Kāsānī, 188n131
Kelsen, Hans, 20, 29–30, 177n3, 178n47; Foucault compared to, 33–34, 38; for legislative, 71; on nation-state separation of powers, 41, 48, 52, 186n103
Khomeini, Ayatullah, 179n55
knowledge, xiv; of control, 75–76, 193n3; as ʿilm, 129–30; from modern states, 155–56; as power, 76–77
Kuhn, Thomas S., 6–7
kulliyyāt (al-khams), 217. See also universals
Kuran, Timur, 212n69
language, 15, 17, 112; Arabic, 82, 195n59, 196n61; for Islamic governance, 169, 214n36; of prayer, 133–34; for Sharīʿa, 10, 56, 58, 94, 111, 112, 134
Larmore, Charles, 5–6, 155, 163, 173n20, 203n58; for Kant, 164; on reasons, 164–66, 213n14, 214n27
Lasch, Christopher, 1
law, 174n22, 187n108; of consequences, 84–85, 197n79, 197n82; control and, 82–83, 89; Is/Ought and, 79–82, 195n55; morality and, 79–80, 83, 196n63; muʿāmalāt as, 115–16, 203n69; sovereign will and, 37–38, 78; state or, 158, 212n4; substantive, 13, 59, 71, 115, 218; term use of, 82–83. See also legislation, law, and violence
Law, Legislation, and Liberty (Hayek), 37
law and society relationship: litigants and, 55–56, 187n105; lived and living tradition in, 55–56; pluralistic legal doctrine in, 58–59, 188n125; ruler in, 59–60; state in, 186n103. See also muftī; qāḍī
Lawson, Gary, 37
legal: moral compared to, 82–83, 112–14, 203n61; morality and, 75–89
legal norms: definition of, 217; moral norms compared to, 10, 167, 174n38
legal schools, 217
legal works, 116, 204n74, 204n77
legislation, law, and violence: community and, 29–30, 178n47, 179n48; in modern states, 29–30, 178n47, 179n48–49; sovereignty for, 29–30, 179n49
legislative: democracy and, 71–72; executive and, 44–45, 183n49, 183n59; in Islamic governance paradigm, 71–72, 110; judiciary and, 44–45; without nation-state separation of powers, 41–42, 46–47, 181n30; Sharīʿa and, 57, 187nn107–8
legist, 217. See also muftī; qāḍī
Levinson, Daryl J., 37, 42–43, 183n46
liberalism, 74, 146; globalization related to, 141, 144, 209n7
love, 136; intention and, 134; as morality, 155; prayer and, 134–35, 208n138; self related to, 134–35, 208n138
MacIntyre, Alasdair, 5–6, 82, 169, 173nn20–21, 208n149
Magill, M. Elizabeth, 37
Mahmood, Saba, 207n134
Mālikites, 124, 187n105, 204n77
Mannheim, Karl, 106
Marshall, Geoffrey, 26
Martin, J., 178n36
maṣlaḥa. See istiṣlāḥ
materialism, 107–8; for modern states, 161
matter: God and, 84, 196n68; inertia of, 77–78
Meinecke, Friedrich, 17
Miliband, Ralph, 45
mind, protection of, 147
Mistretta v. United States, 41, 182n35
“Mixed Constitution Versus the Separation of Powers, The” (Hansen), 37
modern Islamic state, ix; citizen in, 93; Feldman on, 180n9; implausibility of, xiii, 48–49; inconceivability of, 1, 51; postcolonial nationalism and, 1–2; without separation of powers, 40; tradition for, 39–40
modernity, xii, xiii, 4–5, 10, 14, 15, 17, 19, 77, 78, 90, 96, 108, 109, 112, 162, 163, 170, 172n15, 176n71, 198n99; moral accountability and, 4, 5, 89, 162–63, 194n28. See also capitalism; citizens; education; Is/Ought; narcissism; progress
modern Muslims, 12, 168–70; Enlightenment compared to, 166
modern states, 19; academia in, 102–3, 200n10; Aristotle and, 155; change for, 156; citizen identity in, 96–97; citizens of, 96–97, 158; cultural hegemony for, 33–36, 179n68, 179n70; discipline of, 99–100; duty of, 160; economics in, 22; Enlightenment and, 24; essential features of, 22–36; failure of, 93; form-properties for, 22–25, 36; from history, 23–25, 156, 177nn11–13, 177n20; institutions of, 102; Islamic governance compared to, 49, 51–52, 110–11, 158, 160–62, 168–70, 185n88, 198n99; knowledge from, 155–56; legislation, law, and violence in, 29–30, 178n47, 179n48–49; materialism for, 161; metaphysic of, 157; morality and, 138, 160–61, 208n149; private sphere in, 212n6; problems in, 102–3; Qurʾān and, x; relative heterogeneity of, 38; rule of law in, 158; science and, 24; sovereignty and its metaphysics in, 25–28, 177n26, 178n32, 178n36, 178n40, 178nn44–45; traditional societies compared to, 102–3; unity of, 38; weak, 156. See also modern Islamic state; rational bureaucratic machine
moral, 95, 199n141, 201n17; akhlāq as, 82, 196n61; legal compared to, 82–83, 112–14, 203n61; reason for, 111–12, 202n57, 203n58; term of, 82. See also universals
moral accountability, 4–5; in executive power and Sharīʿa, 69–70, 154; modernity and, 162–63; Qurʾān cosmology and, 83–84, 196n66
moral desideratum, 12, 175nn49–50
moral economy, 146–47
morality, xii, 169–70, 173n18; autonomy of, 157, 165; of corporations, 145, 153–54, 210n31; fiqh and, 115; from history, 6; ʿibādāt and, 118; law and, 79–80, 83, 196n63; legal and, 75–89; love as, 155; modern states and, 138, 160–61, 208n149; nature and, 84–86, 163, 196n68; the political without, 93; property related to, 149–50, 211n51, 211n55, 211n58, 211n61, 211n63; rationality compared to, 107–8, 164–66; reasons and, 78–80, 163–65, 194n32, 213n14; rise of legal and, 75–89; self and, 202n38; sovereignty related to, 84–85, 158–59, 197n79, 197n82; state and, 5, 24, 145, 210n31; virtue related to, 135
moral norms: legal norms compared to, 10, 167, 174n38; Sharīʿa as, 10–11, 175n43
muʿāmalāt (“law proper”), 115–16, 203n69
muftī: definition of, 217; as law professors, 187n108; qāḍī compared to, 55; responsibility of, 53–54, 186n95
Muhammad (the Prophet), 119–20, 149
Muslim identity, 70–71
Muslim Kingship (Al-Azmeh), 191n159
Muslims, 3; modern, 12, 166, 168–70
mysticism: of jurists, 137–38, 208n148; Sharīʿa related to, 135, 137–38, 208n141, 208n148
El-Nahal, Galal H., 189n139
narcissism, 1, 208n144; hubris and, 14; of national citizens, 108–10, 153; technologies of self and, 136
nasl, as community, 147–48
nationalism, x; autonomy from, 109–10; citizens and, 106; community for, 106–8; narcissism and, 108–10; postcolonial, 1–2; state and, 107, 109–10
nation-states: community compared to, 49; Sharīʿa and, x–xi, 167–70, 171n9, 184n77, 214n34, 214n36; subjectivity formation and, xiii
nation-state separation of powers: administration in, 42, 46; agencies in, 181n31; Constitution and, 42–43, 182nn42–43, 183n46; danger of, 40, 181n22; degree of, 40–41, 72; distribution instead of, 41; duality of, 43, 183nn46–47; executive without, 41–43, 46–47, 181n30, 183n49; judiciary and, 41, 43–47; Kelsen on, 41, 48, 52, 186n103; legislative without, 41–42, 46–47, 181n30; mutual independence of, 39; in nation-states, 39–48; party politics and, 42–43, 182n43, 183nn46–47; practice without, 41–42, 181nn30–31, 182n32; rule of law without, 47–48; scholarship on, 40; socioeconomics and, 184n70; sovereign will and, 47; United Kingdom without, 182n32
natural resources, 77–78, 194n24
nature: control of, 76–78, 194n28; human, 129–31, 207n122; mechanics of, 77; morality and, 84–86, 163, 196n68; physical environment as, 4, 131; reasons related to, 165
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 19, 74, 81–82, 93
niṣāb (subsistence exemption), 124–25, 205n103
niyya, 217. See also intention
Ottoman, 217; Egypt, 187n105, 189n139
paradigm, xii, 1; central domain and, 7; concept of, 7, 174n27; definition of, 7–8; diversity within, 9–10; driving forces of, 6–7; Enlightenment for, 7–8, 170, 174n35; force relations and, 9; ideal community, 6, 173n21; of Is/Ought, 160–61; of living, 6, 174n22; progress as, 18, 176n72; self-authentification of, 15–16; shift of, 9–10; of state, 23, 177n11; theory of, 173n22. See also Islamic governance paradigm; Sharīʿa paradigm
Paxton, Tom, 98
Philosophy of Money, The (Simmel), 139
physical body, 132, 207n134; power related to, 137; technologies of self and, 136–37; zakāt al-fiṭr for, 125–26
Pickthall, M., 85
pilgrimage (ḥajj): components of, 128; exceptions for, 127–28; obligation of, 127; rationale of, 128–29, 206n118
pillars. See ʿibādāt
Plato, 5, 173nn17–18
Policing of Families, The (Donzelot), 105
political: citizen in, 91–92; conscription in, 74, 92–96, 199n126, 199n128, 199n130; description of, 90, 198n106; killing in, 92–93; without morality, 93; religious compared to, 75, 192n1; rise of, 89–95; violence in, 90–92, 198n106
postcolonial nationalism: Islamic Republic of Iran and, 2; modern Islamic state and, 1–2
potentialities, 129–30, 207n122
poverty: in Islamic governance paradigm, 50, 158–59, 161, 185n81; from progress, 4; property related to, 151, 211n63; states related to, 141–42, 209n15; status and, 185n81
power: education and, 104; knowledge as, 76–77; militarism as, 144, 152–53; physical body related to, 137; sharing of, 102, 200n8; states’ receding of, 141–42. See also autonomy; executive power and Sharīʿa; nation-state separation of powers
prayer: almsgiving related to, 124–25; intention for, 120–22, 133–34; invocation for, 121; language of, 133–34; love and, 134–35, 208n138
premodern Islamic law, 174n22
Problems of a Sociology of Knowledge (Scheler), 75, 193n3
progress, xii, 14–17, 108; environment and, 4; Eurocentricity of, 17; family and community disintegration from, 4; history and, 16, 175n57; humanism and, 1; nostalgia related to, 14–15; as paradigm, 18, 176n72; poverty and disease from, 4; as process, 176n65; technical science and, 15; theory of, 16–18, 176nn71–72; truth and, 15–16
property: conditions for gain of, 151, 211n58, 211n61, 211n63; earning a living and, 151; from God, 151; morality related to, 149–50, 211n51, 211n55, 211n58, 211n61, 211n63; poverty related to, 151, 211n63; universal of, 149–52, 211n44, 211n51, 211n55, 211n61, 211n63; waqf from, 126, 150; wealth acquisition and, 149, 151–52, 211n44
Prophet, the. See Muhammad
prostration, 121–22
punishments: by God, 30, 119, 124, 134, 159; of Sharīʿa, x, 66, 68, 95, 171n4
purification (ṭahāra), 116, 120, 204n87; almsgiving as, 123–24, 205n100
Putting Liberalism in Its Place (Kahn), 74
qāḍī, 69, 191n156; administrative regulations and, 191n160; definition of, 217; geographic authority of, 57, 60, 187n107, 188n128; ijtihād for, 58–59; muftī compared to, 55; role of, 55, 57, 61, 186n95; rulers’ appointment of, 59–62, 188n131, 189n137; social context of, 57–58, 71; in sultanates, 60, 188n128; uṣūl al-fiqh for, 58
Qurʾān, 139; believers of God in, 87–88, 197n93; cosmological moral accountability of, 83–84, 196n66; essential message of, 166–67; God and matter in, 84, 196n68; God’s relationship to humans in, 86–88, 197n93; Is/Ought in, 82–83; life and death in, 84–86, 196n67, 197n84; modern state and, x; Sharīʿa related to, 88–89
al-Raḥmān, Ṭāha Abd, 175n49
Ramaḍān, 125
rational bureaucratic machine, 179n55; centralization in, 32; domination by, 30–31; exploitation of, 31; indestructibility of, 31–32; influence of, 32–33; systematization in, 31; voluntarism in, 31
rationality, 6, 200n10; morality compared to, 107–8, 164–66; of reason, 213n14
“Real Separation in Separation of Powers” (Magill), 37
reasons: autonomy related to, 164–65; Is/Ought related to, 163; Kant related to, 80–81, 164–65; Larmore on, 164–66, 213n14, 214n27; for moral, 111–12, 202n57, 203n58; morality and, 78–80, 163–65, 194n32, 213n14; nature related to, 165; rationality of, 213n14; revelation compared to, 166, 214n29
religion, 170; Christianity, 80–81; Constitution on, 203n61; dīn as, 147; within Islamic law, 113, 203n61; technical progress compared to, 7. See also ʿibādāt; Islam
ribā. See usury
“Rise and Rise of the Administrative State” (Lawson), 37
rule of law, xii; for democracy, 39, 74; in Islamic governance, 158; in modern states, 158; without nation-state separation of powers, 47–48
rulers’ appointments, 189n133; death and, 61, 188n131; of qāḍī, 59–62, 188n131, 189n137
Safi, Omid, 191n152
Saunders, Cheryl, 182n32
ṣawm. See fasting
Scheler, Max, 17; on control, 75–76, 193n14
Schmitt, Carl, 19, 25, 89; central domain of, 7–9, 12; Hobbes and, 89, 91, 198n113; Islamists related to, 12; theology and, 28, 178n40, 178n44
self: care of, 132, 207n133, 207nn133–34; love related to, 134–35, 208n138; morality and, 202n38
“Separation of Parties, Not Powers” (Levinson), 37
separation of powers, 210n27. See also nation-state separation of powers
shahādatayn (sing. shahāda), 218
sharʿī, 218
Sharīʿa: as central domain, 10, 175nn40–41; Constitution and, 51–52, 185n88; current use of, x, 13; definition of, 51; desires regarding, x; education in, 111; ʿibādāt/muʿāmalāt, 115–16, 118, 203n73, 203nn69–70; interaction of, 114–15; Islam’s moral economy from, 147; jurists in, 52–53, 186nn90–91; language for, 112; as legal norm, 10; legislative and, 57, 187nn107–8; limitation of, ix; Message in, 119–20, 204n85; modern Muslims and, 12; as moral norm, 10–11, 175n43; mysticism related to, 135, 137–38, 208n141, 208n148; nation-state and, x–xi, 167–70, 171n9, 184n77, 214n34, 214n36; property regulations of, 149; punishments of, x, 66, 68, 95, 171n4; Qurʾān related to, 88–89; separation of powers in, 60–62, 71–72, 188n129, 189nn137–39; taxation and, 62, 189n140; women and, 184n77. See also executive power and Sharīʿa; muftī; qāḍī
Sharīʿa: History, Theory, and Practice (Hallaq), xiv, 174n22
Sharīʿa and modern state, x, 171n9; contradictions of, xi–xii, 172n14; failure of, 2; reconstitution of, xi–xii, 172n15
Sharīʿa paradigm, ix; economics and, 10–11; history for, 12–13, 175n51; jihād in, 11–12; premodern paradigm, 2–3, 173n5; violations of, 11, 175nn42–43
Shaw, Martin, 144
Signature of All Things, The (Agamben), 1
Simmel, George, 139
societies, traditional. See law and society relationship; traditional societies
socioeconomics: judiciary and, 45–46; nation-state separation of powers and, 184n70
sociomoral force, 113–14, 203n64
Sorel, George, 179n70
soul, 130–31
sovereignty, 177n26; for legislation, law, and violence, 29–30, 179n49; morality related to, 84–85, 158–59, 197n79, 197n82
sovereignty and its metaphysics: abstractness of, 25, 177n26; domesticity in, 26–27; internationality in, 26; in modern states, 25–28, 177n26, 178n32, 178n36, 178n40, 178nn44–45; monotheism compared to, 27; nation for, 27, 178n36; subject in, 26–28, 178n45; theology and, 27–28, 178n40, 178n44; violence and, 26–27, 30, 178n32, 179n49; will in, 25, 27–28
sovereign will, xii, 25, 27–30, 34–35; in executive power and Sharīʿa, 66; God as, 50–51; for Islamic governance, 157–58, 212nn3–4; law and, 37–38, 78; nation-state separation of powers and, 47; state or, 157–58, 212nn3–4
Spengler, Oswald, 164
Sprangens, Thomas A., Jr., 74
states: change and, 142–43; content of, 21; definitions of, 19–20, 29–30; economics and, 21–22; form of, 21–22, 24–25, 177n20; in globalization, 140–42, 209n8; history and, 21; Kahn on, 157, 212n3; in law and society relationship, 186n103; law or, 158, 212n4; morality and, 5, 24, 145, 210n31; nationalism and, 107, 109–10; paradigm of, 23, 177n11; perspectivism on, 20; popular sovereignty as, 177n26; poverty related to, 141–42, 209n15; receding power of, 141–42; sovereign will or, 157–58, 212nn3–4; theory of, 67, 191n159; timelessness of, 24; West for, 24–25. See also European state; modern states; nation-state separation of powers
Stewart, Gordon, 174n35, 194n24
Strange, Susan, 210n27
Straw Dogs (Gray), 1
subject. See citizens
subjectivities, 135–38
subsistence exemption (niṣāb), 124–25, 205n103
substantive law, 13, 59, 71, 115, 218
sultans, 60, 188n128; dawla compared to, 190n146; executive power and Sharīʿa and, 65–66, 69, 191n152
sultanic code, 68–69
ṭahāra. See purification
taxation: almsgiving related to, 123–25, 190n141; Sharīʿa and, 62, 189n140
Taylor, Charles, 5–6, 80–81, 169, 173nn20–21, 176n71, 208n149
technical progress, 7
technical science, 15
technologies of self, x, xiii, 12, 13, 83, 127, 135–36, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 160, 203n73, 206n118; definition of, 218; fasting and, 136–37; from Foucault, 98, 107, 129, 137, 193n18, 202n38, 206n119; al-Ghazālī related to, 132, 135–36, 207n133; narcissism and, 136; physical body and, 136–37
theory: of human nature, 129–31, 207n122; of paradigm, 173n22; of progress, 16–18, 176nn71–72; of states, 67, 191n159
Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Nietzsche), 19, 74
tradition: globalization related to, 143–44; lived and living, 55–56; for modern Islamic state, 39–40
traditional societies: discipline of, 98–99; modern states compared to, 102–3
training, 107, 132–33, 207n133
transformationalism, 142
Turgot, 179n70
Ṭurṭūshī, Muḥammad b. Al-Walīd, 185n79
Tyan, Émile, 60, 62, 188n29, 189n139
ulama, 57, 191n156, 196n91, 218
universals (kulliyyāt): enumeration of, 147–48; from inductive project, 148, 210n42; interdependence of, 148–49, 210n43; of property, 149–52, 211n44, 211n51, 211n55, 211n61, 211n63; reformulations of, 210n35
uṣūl al-fiqh, 58, 148, 166, 190n146, 218
violence, 23, 35, 65, 67, 74, 79, 93, 100, 146; in political, 90–92, 198n106; sovereignty and its metaphysics for, 26–27, 30, 178n32, 179n49. See also legislation, law, and violence
Voltaire, 17
Waltzer, Michael, 173n21
waqf (charitable endowment), 123, 126, 151, 217; definition of, 218; from property, 150, 218
wealth: corporations for, 145; globalization and, 144–45; God related to, 124–25, 131, 135, 139, 161; property and, 149, 151–52, 211n44
West, the, 64; culture of, 143–44; history of, 3–4; knowledge of control in, 75–76, 193n3; for modernity, 19; for state, 24–25. See also Euro-America; United States
“What Did You Learn at School Today?” 98
“Why the Islamic Middle East Did Not Generate an Indigenous Corporate Law” (Kuran), 212n69
will, 131–32; in sovereignty and its metaphysics, 25, 27–28. See also sovereign will
women, 125; Sharīʿa and, 184n77
zakāt, 218–19. See also almsgiving