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References

INTRODUCTION

  1. Klevens, R. M., J. R. Edwards, C. L. Richards, T. C. Hortan, R. P. Gaynes, D. A. Pollock, D. M. Cardo. 2007. Estimating healthcare associated infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals. Public Health Rep 122:160–6. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/nicpad/infections_deaths.pdf (accessed July 5, 2011).
  2. Scott, R. D II. March 2009. The Direct Medical Costs of Healthcare-Associated Infections in U.S. Hospitals and the Benefits of Prevention. Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/Scott_CostPaper.pdf (accessed May 15, 2010).
  3. McGuckin, M. 2004. What to Do Before—A Consumer's Guide to Handwashing. Ardmore, PA: MMI.
  4. Quaraishi, Z., and M. B. McGuckin. 1984. Duration of hand-washing frequency in two intensive care units. Am J Infect Control 12:83–7.
  5. McGuckin, M. B., and E. Abrutyn. 1979. A surveillance method for early detection of nosocomial outbreaks. Am J Infect Control 7:18–21.
  6. Kaplan, L. M., and M. B. McGuckin. 1986. Increasing handwashing compliance with more accessible sinks. Am J Infect Control 14:408–10.
  7. McGuckin, M., R. Waterman, and J. Govednik. 2009. Hand hygiene compliance in the United States. A one-year multicenter collaboration using product/volume usage measurement and feedback. Am J Med Qual 24:205–13.
  8. McGuckin, M., R. Waterman, L. Porten, et al. 1999. Patient education model for increasing handwashing compliance. Am J Infect Control 27:309–14.
  9. McGuckin, M., R. Waterman, J. Storr, et al. 2001. Evaluation of patient empowering hand hygiene programme in UK. J Hosp Infect 48:222–7.
  10. McGuckin, M., A. Shubin, P. McBride, et al. 2006. The effect of random voice hand hygiene messages delivered by medical, nursing, and infection control staff on hand hygiene compliance in intensive care. Am J Infect Control 34:673–5.

CHAPTER 1

  1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 2006. Understanding Microbes in Sickness and in Health. NIH Publication No. 06-4914. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/microbes/Documents/microbesbook.pdf (accessed May 15, 2010).
  2. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 1999. Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases. NIH Curriculum Supplement Series—Grades 9-12. Colorado Springs, CO: BSCS and Videodiscovery, Inc. http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/diseases/default.htm (accessed May 18, 2010).
  3. Snow, V., C. Mottur-Pilson, and R. Gonzales. 2001. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections in adults. Ann Inter Med 134:487–9.
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2002. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: Recommendations of the healthcare infection control practices advisory committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA hand hygiene task force. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51(No. RR-16):1–30.
  5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 2007. Understanding the Immune System: How It Works. NIH Publication No. 07-5423. http://www.niaid.gov/topics/ImmuneSystem/Documents/theimmunesystem.pdsf (accessed May 15, 2010).
  6. Todar, K. 2008. Colonization and invasion by bacterial pathogens. In Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net (accessed May 17, 2010).
  7. Trüper, H. G. 1999. How to name a prokaryote? Etymological considerations, proposals and practical advice in prokaryote nomenclature. FEMS Microbiol Rev 23:231–49.
  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emerging Infectious Diseases: Scientific Nomenclature. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/StyleGuide/scientific_nomenclature.htm (accessed November 4, 2011).
  9. Madoff, L. C., and D. L. Kasper. 2008. Infectious Diseases, Section 1, Chapter113. Introduction to infectious diseases: Host-pathogen interactions. In Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.
  10. World Health Organization. 2009. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Healthcare. Geneva: WHO Press.

CHAPTER 2

  1. Horan, T. C., M. Andrus, and M. A. Dudeck. 2008. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of healthcare-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control 36:309–32.
  2. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2009. HHS Action Plan to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Washington, DC. http://www.hhs.gov/ophs/initiatives/hai/infection.html (accessed June 3, 2010).
  3. Klevens, R. M., J. R. Edwards, C. L. Richards, T. C. Hortan, R. Gaynes, D. Pollock, D. Cardo. 2007. Estimating healthcare associated infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals. Public Health Rep 122:160–6. www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/nicpad/infections_deaths.pdf (accessed May 7, 2011).
  4. Yokoe, D. S., L. A. Mermel, D. J. Anderson, K. M. Arias, H. Burstin, D. P. Calfee, S. E. Coffin, E. R. Dubberke, V. Fraser, D. N. Gerding, et al. 2008. A compendium of strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 29:S12–S21.
  5. National Healthcare Quality Report, 2009. U.S. 2010. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Publication #10-0003. http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/qrdr09.htm (accessed May 28, 2010).
  6. Scott, R. D. II. 2009. The direct medical costs of healthcare-associated infections in U.S. hospitals and the benefits of prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/Scott_Cost.Paper.pdf (accessed October 29, 2010).
  7. Mobile phone is a hygiene risk, study says. 2010. Infection Control Today. http://infectioncontroltoday.com/news/2010/08/mobile-phone-is-a-hygiene-risk-study-says.aspx (accessed May 9, 2011).
  8. Yokoe, D. S., and D. Classen. 2008. Improving patient safety through infection control: A new healthcare imperative. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 29:S3–S11.
  9. Facts about Joint Commission accreditation and certification. 2011. The Joint Commission, Oakbrook Terrace, IL. http://www.jointcommission.org/facts_about_joint_commission_accreditation_and_certification (accessed May 9, 2011).
  10. State legislation and initiatives on healthcare-associated infections. 2010. Committee to Reduce Infection Deaths. http://hospitalinfection.org/legislation.shtml (accessed May 9, 2011).
  11. Health facility acquired infections reporting initiative reports: 2011 Annual Report. Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/hf/PatientSafety/HFAI/reports.html (accessed May 9, 2011).
  12. McGuckin, M., R. Waterman, and A. Shubin. 2006. Consumer attitudes about healthcare-associated infections and hand hygiene. Am J Med Qual 21:342–6.
  13. Cardo, D., T. Horan, M. Andrus, M. Dembinski, J. Edwards, G. Peavy, J. Tolston, and D. Wagner. 2004. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004. Am J Infect Control 32:470–85.

CHAPTER 3

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010. Definition of MRSA. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/definition/index.html (accessed August 9, 2010).
  2. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 2011. Antimicrobial (Drug) Resistance: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/antimicrobialresistance/examples/mrsa/Pages/default.aspx (accessed January 5, 2012).
  3. Carriere, M. D., and C. F. Decker. 2008. MRSA: An evolving pathogen. Dis Mon 54:751–5.
  4. Chavez, T. T., and C. F. Decker. 2008. Healthcare-associated MRSA versus community-associated MRSA. Dis Mon 54:763–8.
  5. Johnson, M. D., and C. F. Decker. 2008. Antimicrobial agents in treatment of MRSA infections. Dis Mon 54:793–800.
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. FAQs About MRSA. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, SHEA/IDSA HAI Prevention Compendium. http://cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/NAI_shea_idsa.html (accessed May 10, 2011).
  7. Herigon, J. C., A. L. Hersh, J. S. Gerber, T. E. Zaoutis, and J. G. Newland. 2010. Antibiotic management of Staphylococcus aureus infections in U.S. children's hospitals, 1999–2008. Pediatrics 125:e1294–e1300. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org.cgi/search?sortspec=relevance&fulltext=Herigon (accessed May 17, 2010).
  8. Zeller, J. L., A. E. Burke, and R. M. Glass. 2007. MRSA Infections. J Am Med Assoc 298:1826. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/298/15/1826.pdf (accessed July 23, 2010).
  9. Murray, B. E. 1998. Diversity among multidrug-resistant enterococci. Emerg Infect Dis 4:37–48. Updated February 23, 2010, http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol4no1/murray.htm (accessed July 21, 2010).
  10. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 2008. Antimicrobial (Drug) Resistance: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/antimicrobialresistance/examples/vre/Pages/default.aspx (accessed July 23, 2010).
  11. Dubberke, E. R., D. N. Gerding, D. Classen, et al. 2008. Strategies to prevent Clostridium difficile infections in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 29:S81–S92.
  12. Torpy, J. M., C. Lynm, and R. M. Glass. 2009. Clostridium difficile colitis. J Am Med Assoc 301:988.
  13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Disease Society of America. 2010. FAQs About Clostridium Difficile. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Disease Society of America, HAI Prevention Compendium. http://cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/HAI_shea_idsa.html (accessed July 7, 2010).
  14. Mayfield, J. L. 2010. Preventing Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)—An infection preventionist's perspective. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Safe Healthcare blog. http://blogs.cdc.gov/safehealthcare/?page_id=358 (accessed July 14, 2010).
  15. McDonald, L. C. 2010. Dr. Cliff on tackling C. difficile—Part 1 of 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Safe Healthcare blog. http://blogs.cdc.gov/safehealthcare/?page_id=358 (accessed June 4, 2010).
  16. McFarland, L. V. 2009. Renewed interest in a difficult disease: Clostridium difficile infections—Epidemiology and current treatment strategies. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 25:24–35.
  17. Overview of healthcare-associated MRSA. 2003. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_mrsa.html (accessed July 21, 2010).
  18. Kelly, C. P., and J. T. LaMont. 2008. Clostridium difficile—More difficult than ever. N Engl J Med 359:1932–40.
  19. Yong, D., M. A. Toleman, C. G. Giske, H. S. Cho, K. Sundman, K. Lee, and T. R. Walsh. 2009. Characterization of a new metallo-ß-lactamase gene, bla (NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:5046–54.
  20. Wertheim, H. F., M. C. Vos, H. A. Boelens, A. Voss, C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, M. H. Meester, J. A. Kluytmans, P. H. van Keulen, and H. A. Verbrugh. 2004. Low prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at hospital admission in the Netherlands: The value of search and destroy and restrictive antibiotic use. J Hosp Infect 56:321–5.
  21. Fishman, N. 2010. Dr. Fishman's Top 5: Appropriate antibiotic use. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Safe Healthcare blog. http://blogs.cdc.gov/safehealthcare/?page=405 (accessed July 14, 2010).
  22. McGuckin, M., R. Waterman, and J. Govednik. 2009. Hand hygiene compliance rates in the United States—A one-year multicenter collaboration using product/volume usage measurement and feedback. Am J Med Qual 24:205–13.

CHAPTER 4

  1. Guinan, M. E., M. McGuckin-Guinan, and A. Sevareid. 1997. Who washes hands after using the bathroom? Am J Infect Control 25:424–5.
  2. Bayer Pharmaceutical Division and Wirthlin Worldwide Research. 1996. Handwashing survey. Fact sheet distributed at American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting, New Orleans.
  3. Heseltine, P. 2001. Why don't doctors and nurses wash their hands? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 22:199–200.
  4. Quraishi, Z. A., M. McGuckin, and F. X. Blais. 1984. Duration of hand-washing in intensive care units: A descriptive study. Am J Infect Control 12:83–7.
  5. WHO. 2009. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Healthcare. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.
  6. Pisipati, S., D. Bassett, and I. Pearce. 2009. Do neckties and pens act as vectors of hospital-associated infections? BJU Int 103:1604–5.
  7. Merlin, M. A., M. L. Wong, P. W. Pryor, K. Rynn, A. Marques-Baptista, R. Perritt, C. Stanescu, and T. Fallon. 2009. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on the stethoscopes of emergency medical service providers. Prehosp Emerg Care 13:71–4.
  8. Mehta, A. K., J. S. Halvosa, C. V. Gould, and J. P. Steinberg. 2010. Efficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs in the disinfection of stethoscopes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31:870–2.
  9. The Joint Commission Center for Transforming Healthcare. Facts about the hand hygiene project. http://www.centerfortransforminghealthcare.org/projects/about_hand_hygiene_project.aspx (accessed May 13, 2011).
  10. World Health Organization. Hand Hygiene: Why, How & When? brochure, revised August 2009.
  11. Berg, S. Z. Good reasons for hand-wringing over handwashing. Insight Magazine, March 2, 2004.
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Precautions to prevent the spread of MRSA in healthcare settings. http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevent/healthcare/precautions.html (accessed May 13, 2011).
  13. McGuckin, M., and A. Torress-Cook. 2009. Interventional patient hygiene for the wound care professional. Adv Skin Wound Care 22:416–20.
  14. Boyce, J. 2009. New approaches to decontamination of rooms after patients are discharged. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 30:515–7.

CHAPTER 5

  1. World Health Organization. 2009. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Healthcare. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
  2. Lau, D. H. 2002. Patient empowerment: A patient-centered approach to improve care. Hong Kong Med J 8:372–4.
  3. McGuckin, M., J. Storr, Y. Longtin, B. Allegranzi, and D. Pittet. 1997. Patient empowerment and multimodal hand hygiene promotion: A win-win strategy. Am J Med Qual 25:424–5.
  4. Kohn, L., J. M. Corrigan, and M. S. Donaldson, eds. 2000. To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
  5. McGlynn, E. A., S. M. Asch, J. Adams, et al. 2003. The quality of healthcare delivered to adults in the United States. N Engl J Med 348:2635–45.
  6. Landrigan, C. P., G. J. Parry, C. B. Bones, et al. 2010. Temporal trends in rates of patient harm resulting from medical care. N Engl J Med 363:2124–34.
  7. Longtin, Y., H. Sax, L. L. Leape, et al. 2010. Patient participation: Current knowledge and applicability to patient safety. Mayo Clin Proc 85:53–62.
  8. Stewart, M. 1995. Effective physician-patient communication and health outcomes: A review. Can Med Assoc J 152:1423–33.
  9. Guinan, J., M. McGuckin, A. Shubin, and J. Tighe. 2005. A descriptive review of malpractice claims for healthcare-associated infections in Philadelphia. Am J Infect Control 33:310–2.
  10. Bredart, A., C. Boulleuc, and S. Dolbeault. 2005. Doctor-patient communication and satisfaction with care in oncology. Curr Opin Oncol 17:351–4.
  11. McGuckin, M., R. Waterman, and A. Shubin. 2006. Consumer attitudes about healthcare-associated infections and hand hygiene. Am J Med Qual 21:342–6.
  12. Clancy, C. M. Why it's wise to use a health advocate. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, July 6, 2010. http://www.ahrq.gov/consumer/cc/cc070610.htm (accessed July 6, 2010).
  13. Shaw, D. A direct advance on advance directives. Bioethics. Epub ahead of print at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21133977 (accessed December 9, 2010).
  14. Sabatino, C. P. 2010. The evolution of healthcare advance planning law and policy. Milbank Q 88:211–39.
  15. Schwartz, L. 2002. Is there an advocate in the house? The role of healthcare professionals in patient advocacy. J Med Ethics 28:37–40.
  16. Clancy, C. Consumer/Quality Insider: Family health advocacy. Healthcare 411 (audio transcript) http://www.healthcare411.ahrq.gov/transcript.aspx?id=101 (accessed December 13, 2010).
  17. Nelson, J. What is a hospitalist? Society of Hospital Medicine blog, posted February 2, 2010. http://blogs.hospitalmedicine.org/SHMPracticeManagementBlog/?p=206 (accessed December 9, 2010).
  18. Wachter, R. M., and L. Goldman. 2002. The hospitalist movement 5 years later. J Am Med Assoc 287:487–94.
  19. Vasilevskis, E. E., R. Knebel, A. Dudley, et al. 2010. Cross-sectional analysis of hospitalist prevalence and quality of care in California. J Hosp Med 5:200–7.
  20. Krist, A. H., and S. H. Woolf. 2011. A vision for patient-centered health information systems. J Am Med Assoc 305:300–1.
  21. Paasche-Orlow, M. K., D. M. Jacob, M. Hochhauser, et al. 2009. National survey of patients' bill of rights statutes. J Gen Intern Med 24:489–4.
  22. American Medical Association. Patient Physician Relationship Topics: Informed Consent. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/legal-topics/patient-physician-relationship-topics/informed-consent.shtml (accessed December 9, 2010).

CHAPTER 6

  1. McGuckin, M., A. Shubin, and M. Hujcs. 2008 Interventional patient hygiene model: Infection control and nursing share responsibility for patient safety. Am J Infect Control 36:59–62.
  2. Nabili, S. T. Inability to urinate. WebMD, emedicinehealth, 3/3/2010. http://www.emedicinehealth.com/inability_to_urinate/article_em.htm (accessed June 2, 2010).
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. An overview of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (UTI). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Healthcare Quality and Promotion. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/dpac_uti.html (accessed June 3, 2010).
  4. Urinary catheters. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003981.htm (accessed June 19, 2010).
  5. Society of Critical Care Medicine. Urinary drainage. http://www.icu-usa.com/tour/procedures/foley.htm (accessed June 23, 2010).
  6. Gould, C. V., C. A. Umscheid, R. K. Agarwal, G. Kuntz, and D. A. Pegues; the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. 2009. Guideline for Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections 2009. Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/dpac_uri_pc.html (accessed June 3, 2010).
  7. Lo, E., L. Nicolle, D. Classen, et al. 2008. SHEA/IDSA Practice Recommendation: Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 29:S41–S50.
  8. Chihara, S., K. J. Popovich, R. A. Weinstein, et al. 2010. Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria as a prognosticator for outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: A case-control study. BMC Infect Dis 10:225.
  9. Saint, S., J. A. Meddings, D. Calfee, et al. 2009. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection and the Medicare rule changes. Ann Intern Med 150:877–84.
  10. World Health Organization. 2009. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Healthcare. Geneva: World Health Organization Press.
  11. Saint, S., C. P. Kowalski, S. R. Kaufman, et al. 2008. Preventing hospital-associated urinary tract infection in the United States: A national study. Clin Infect Dis 46:243–50.
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) About Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (one of 6 patient guides about hospital-associated infections). http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/HAI_shea_idsa.html (accessed June 24, 2010).
  13. Meddings, J., M. A. Rogers, M. Macy, et al. 2010. Systematic review and meta-analysis: Reminder systems to reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infections and urinary catheter use in hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis 51:550–60.
  14. Cornia, P. B., and B. A. Lipsky. 2008. Indwelling urinary catheters in hospitalized patients: When in doubt, pull it out. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 29:820–2.
  15. Peleg, A. Y., and D. C. Hooper. 2010. Hospital-associated infections due to gram-negative bacteria. N Engl J Med 362:1804–13.

CHAPTER 7

  1. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. What is pneumonia? http://nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/pnu/pnu_all.html (accessed December 30, 2010).
  2. File, T. M. Jr., and T. J. Marrie. 2010. Burden of community-acquired pneumonia in North American Adults. Postgrad Med 122:130–41.
  3. Ruhnke, G. W., M. Coca-Perraillon, B. T. Kitch, and D. M. Cutler. 2011. Marked reduction in 30-day mortality among elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 124:171–8.e1.
  4. World Health Organization. New and Under-utilized Vaccines Implementation (NUVI): Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus). http://www.who.int/nuvi/pneumococcus/en/index.html (accessed December 29, 2010).
  5. Klevens, R. M., J. R. Edwards, C. L. Richards, T. C. Hortan, R. P. Gaynes, D. A. Pollock, and D. M. Cardo. 2007. Estimating healthcare-associated infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals, 2002. Public Health Rep 122:160–6.
  6. Eber, M. R., R. Laxminarayan, E. N. Perencevich, and A. Malani. 2010. Clinical and economic outcomes attributable to healthcare-associated sepsis and pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 170:347–53.
  7. Utter, G. H., J. Cuny, P. Sama, et al. 2010. Detection of postoperative respiratory failure: How predictive is the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Patient Safety Indicator? J Am Coll Surg 211:347–54.
  8. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. What is a ventilator? http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/vent/vent_all.html (accessed December 30, 2010).
  9. Ibrahim, E. H., L. Tracy, C. Hill, et al. 2001. The occurrence of ventilator- associated pneumonia in a community hospital: Risk factors and clinical outcomes. Chest 120:555–61.
  10. American Thoracic Society. 2005. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-associated, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Crit Care Med 171:388–416.
  11. Rello, J., J. A. Paiva, J. Baraibar, et al. 2001. International conference for the development of consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 120:955–70.
  12. Coffin, S. E., M. Klompas, D. Classen, et al. 2008. Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals (SHEA/IDSA Practice Recommendation). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 29(Suppl 1): S31–S40.
  13. Berwick, D. M., D. R. Calkins, C. J. McCannon, and A. D. Hackbarth. 2006. The 100,000 Lives Campaign: Setting a goal and a deadline for improving healthcare quality. J Am Med Assoc 295:324–7.
  14. Baylor Regional Medical Center at Plano (BRMCP). Zero tolerance: The VAP Prevention Initiative. http://www.hpoe.org/PDFs/Case%20Study--Baylor%20Regional.pdf (accessed May 6, 2011).
  15. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Implement the Ventilator Bundle. http://www.ihi.org/IHI/Topics/CriticalCare/IntensiveCare/Changes/ImplementtheVentilatorBundle.htm (accessed November 15, 2010).
  16. Cutler, C. J., and N. Davis. 2005. Improving oral care in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Am J Crit Care 14:389–94.
  17. van Nieuwenhoven, C. A., C. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, F. H. van Tiel, et al. 2006. Feasibility and effects of the semirecumbent position to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia: A randomized study. Crit Care Med 34:396–402.

CHAPTER 8

  1. de Vries, E. N., H. A. Prins, R. Crolla, A. J. den Outer, G. van Andel, S. H. van Helden, W. S. Schlack, et al. 2010. Effect of a comprehensive surgical safety system on patient outcomes. N Engl J Med 363:1928–37.
  2. de Vries, E. N., M. A. Ramrattan, S. M. Smorenburg, D. J. Gouma, and M. A. Boermeester. 2008. The incidence and nature of in-hospital adverse events: A systematic review. Qual Safe Healthcare 17:216–23.
  3. Kirkland, K. B., J. P. Briggs, S. L. Trivette, W. E. Wilkinson, D. J. Sexton. 1999. The impact of surgical-site infections in the 1990s: Attributable mortality, excess length of hospitalization, and extra costs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 20:725–30.
  4. World Health Organization. Safe surgery saves lives: The second global patient safety challenge. http://www.who.int/patientsafety/safesurgery/en/ (accessed February 1, 2011).
  5. Weiser, T. G., A. B. Haynes, G. Dziekan, W. R. Berry, S. R. Lipsitz, A. A. Gawande; Safe Surgery Saves Lives Investigators and Study Group. 2010. Effect of a 19-item surgical safety checklist during urgent operations in a global patient population. Ann Surg 251:976–80.
  6. Humphreys, H. 2009. Preventing surgical site infection. Where now? J Hosp Infect 73:316–22.
  7. Lai, P. B. S. 2011. Quality of surgery. Surg Pract 15:1.
  8. Russell, T. R. 2008. I Need an Operation…Now What? Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons and Thomson Healthcare.
  9. The Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Consortium. 2010. CAHPS surgical care survey. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. https://www.cahps.ahrq.gov/content/products/sc/PROD_SC_Surgical_Care.asp (accessed February 2, 2011).
  10. Torpy, J. M., A. Burke, and R. M. Glass. 2005. Wound infections. J Am Med Assoc 294:2212.
  11. Wenzel, R. P. 2010. Minimizing surgical-site infections. N Engl J Med 362:75–7.
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010. Frequently asked questions about surgical site infections. http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/ssi/faq_ssi.html (accessed January 27, 2011).
  13. Bode L. G. M., J. A. J. W. Kluytmans, H. F. L. Wertheim, D. Bogaers, C. M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, R. Roosendaal, A. Troelstra, A. T. Box, A. Voss, I. van der Tweel, et al. 2010. Preventing surgical site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 362:9–17.
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CHAPTER 9

  1. Barrett, K. E., S. M. Barman, S. Boitano, and H. Brooks. 2010. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology. 23rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
  2. Boyd, S., I. Aggarwal, P. Davey, M. Logan, and D. Nathwani. 2011. Peripheral intravenous catheters: The road to quality improvement and safer patient care. J Hosp Infect 77:37–41.
  3. Hasselberg, D., B. Ivarsson, R. Andersson, and B. Tingstedt. 2010. The handling of peripheral venous catheters—from non-compliance to evidence-based needs. J Clin Nurs 19:3358–63.
  4. File, T. M. Jr., and V. L. Abell. 2009. Prevention of bloodstream infections: Basics and beyond. Crit Care Med 37:375–6.
  5. McHugh, S. M., M. A. Corrigan, B. D. Dimitrov, M. Morris-Downes, F. Fitzpatrick, S. Cowman, S. Tierney, A. D. Hill, and H. Humphreys. 2011. Role of patient awareness in prevention of peripheral vascular catheter-related bloodstream infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 32:95–6.
  6. Frequently asked questions about catheters. 2010. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/bsi/catheter_faqs.html (accessed January 27, 2011).
  7. Fahy, B., and M. Sockrider. 2007. American Thoracic Society Patient Information Series: Central venous catheter. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176:P3–P4.
  8. English Wikipedia project. Central venous catheter. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-lumen (accessed February 26, 2011).
  9. Vallés, J., and R. Ferrer. 2009. Bloodstream infection in the ICU. Infect Dis Clin North Am 23:557–69.
  10. Pronovost, P. J., C. A. Goeschel, E. Colantuoni, S. Watson, L. H. Lubomski, S. M. Berenholtz, D. A. Thompson, et al. 2010. Sustaining reductions in catheter related bloodstream infections in Michigan intensive care units: Observational study. Br Med J 340:c309 (doi: 10.1136/bmj.c309).
  11. McGuckin, M., J. Storr, Y. Longtin, B. Allegranzi, and D. Pittet. 2011. Patient empowerment and multimodal hand hygiene promotion: A win-win strategy. Am J Med Qual 26:10–7.
  12. O'Grady, N. P., M. Alexander, L. A. Burns, E. P. Dellinger, J. Garland, S. O. Heard, P. A. Lipsett, H. Masur, L. A. Mermel, M. L. Pearson, et al.; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. 2002. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Centers for disease control and prevention. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Recomm Rep 51(RR-10):1–29.
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  14. Stone, P. W., S. A. Glied, P. D. McNair, N. Matthes, B. Cohen, T. F. Landers, and E. L. Larson. 2010. CMS changes in reimbursements for HAIs: Setting a research agenda. Med Care 48:433–9.
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CHAPTER 10

  1. Russell, T. R. 2008. I Need an Operation…Now What? Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons and Thomson Healthcare.
  2. Williams, W. W., J. Mariano, M. Spurrier, H. D. Donnell Jr., R. L. Breckenridge Jr., R. L. Anderson, I. K. Wachsmuth, C. Thornsberry, D. R. Graham, D. W. Thibeault, et al. 1984. Nosocomial meningitis due to citrobacter diversus in neonates: New aspects of the epidemiology. J Infect Dis 150:229–35.
  3. Lopez, J., J. DiLiberto, and M. McGuckin. 1988. Am J Infect Control 16:26–9.
  4. Christ, P. The ten infection control commandments of child day care. http://www.centraliowachildcare.org/healthconsulting/tencommandmentschildcare.pdf (accessed November 3 2011).
  5. Meadows, E., and N. Le Saux. 2004. A systematic review of the effectiveness of antimicrobial rinse-free hand sanitizers for prevention of illness-related absenteeism in elementary school children. BMC Public Health 4:50 (doi:10.1186/1471-2458-4.50).
  6. Bloom, B., and R. A. Cohen. 2009. Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National health interview survey, 2007. National center for health statistics. Vital Health Stat 10(239):1–80. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_239.pdf (accessed April 22 2011).
  7. The Children's Health Initiative. 2009. San Diego county report card on children and families. http://www.thechildrensinitiative.org/reportcard.htm (accessed April 22 2011).
  8. Guinan, M., M. McGuckin, and A. Sevareid. 1997. Who washes hands after using the bathroom? Am J Infect Control 25:424–5.
  9. Guinan, M., and M. McGuckin. 2002. The effect of a comprehensive handwashing program on absenteeism in elementary schools. Am J Infect Control 30:217–20.
  10. Health and safety statistics 2009/10. The health and safety executive, annual astatistics report. United Kingdom: HSE Books. http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics (accessed March 11 2011).
  11. Hübner NO, C. Hübner, M. Wodny, G. Kampf, A. Kramer. 2010. Effectiveness of alcohol-based hand disinfectants in a public administration: Impact on health and work performance related to acute respiratory symptoms and diarrhea. BMC Infect Dis 10:250 (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-250).
  12. Gerba, C. P. 2001. Workplace germ study fact sheet. The Clorox co. http://www.onsitecomputercleaning.ca/cloroxstudy.pdf (accessed March 11 2011).
  13. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2009. American recovery and reinvestment act: Ambulatory surgical center healthcare-associated infection (ASC-HAI) Prevention Initiative. https://www.cms.gov/certificationandcomplianc/02_ascs.asp (accessed April 27 2011).
  14. Schaefer, M. K., M. Jhung, M. Dahl, S. Schillie, C. Simpson, E. Llata, R. Link-Gelles, R. Sinkowitz-Cochran, P. Patel, E. Bolyard, et al. 2010. Infection control assessment of ambulatory surgical centers. J Am Med Assoc 303:2273–9.
  15. Barie, P. S. 2010. Editorial: Infection control assessment of ambulatory surgical centers. J Am Med Assoc 303:2295–7.
  16. Ambulatory Surgery Center Association. Ambulatory surgery centers: A positive trend in healthcare. http://www.ascassociation.org/advocacy/AmbulatorySurgeryCentersPositiveTrendHealthCare.pdf (accessed March 11 2011).
  17. Clancy, C. M. 2010. Same-day surgery: What you should know. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, April 6. http://www.ahrq.gov/consumer/cc/cc040610.htm (accessed May 3 2010).
  18. Harrison, P. L., P. A Hara, J. E. Pope, M. C. Young, E. Y. Rula. 2011. The impact of postdischarge telephonic follow-up on hospital readmissions. Popul Health Manag 14:27–32.
  19. Jencks, S. F., M. V. Williams, and E. A. Coleman. 2009. Rehospitalizations among patients in the medicare fee-for-service program. N Engl J Med 360:1418–28.
  20. Kane, R. 2011. Finding the right level of posthospital care: “We didn't realize there was any other option for him.” J Am Med Assoc 305:284–93.
  21. Patel, A. S, M. B. White-Comstock, C. D. Woolard, and J. F Perz. 2009. Infection control practices in assisted living facilities: A response to hepatitis B virus infection outbreaks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 30:209–14.
  22. The Assisted Living Federation of America. 2009. “Guide to choosing an assisted living community.” http://www.alfa.org/alfa/Checklist_for_Evaluating_Communities.asp.
  23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Notes from the field: Deaths from acute hepatitis B virus infection associated with assisted blood glucose monitoring in an assisted-living facility—North Carolina, August-October 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 60:182.
  24. Phillips, L. R., and G. Guo. 2011. Mistreatment in assisted living facilities: Complaints, substantiations, and risk factors. Gerontologist 51:343–53.
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  28. Strausbaugh, L. J., S. R. Sukumar, and C. L. Joseph. 2003. Infectious disease outbreaks in nursing homes: An unappreciated hazard for frail elderly persons. Clin Infect Dis 36:870–6.
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CHAPTER 11

  1. Guinan, J. L., M. McGuckin, A. Shubin, and J. Tighe. 2005. A descriptive review of malpractice claims for healthcare-associated infections in Philadelphia. Am J Infect Control 33:310–2.
  2. Mello, M. M., C. Amitabh, A. A. Gawande, and D. M. Studdert. 2010. National costs of the medical liability system. Health Aff (Millwood) 29:1569–77.
  3. Sharpe, V. A. 2003. Special supplement: Promoting patient safety: An ethical basis for policy deliberation. Hastings Cent Rep 33:S1–S20.
  4. Hallinan, J. T. 2004. Suite wrinkle: In malpractice trials, juries rarely have the last word. Wall Street Journal, November 30, 2004 at A1.
  5. Jasper, M. C. 2001. The Law of Medical Malpractice. 2nd ed. 27. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications.
  6. Eades, R. W. 1998. Jury Instructions on Damages in Tort Actions. 4th ed., 298. Lexis Law Publishing.
  7. Relis, T. 2006. “It's not about the money!” A theory on misconceptions of plaintiff's litigation aims. Univ Pittsbg Law Rev 68:341–85.
  8. Gallagher T. H., Waterman A. D., Ebers, A. G., Fraser, V. J., and Levinson, W. 2003. Patients' and physicians' attitudes regarding the disclosure of medical errors. J Am Med Assoc 289:1001–7.
  9. Mazor, K. M., S. R. Simon, R. A. Yood, Martinson, B. C., Gunter, M. J., Reed G. W., and Gurwitz, J. H. 2004. Health plan members' views about disclosure of medical errors. Ann Intern Med 140:409–18.
  10. COPIC insurance Company. 3Rs Program. http://www.callcopic.com/home/what-we-offer/coverages/medical-professional-liability-insurance-co/physicians-medical-practices/special-programs/3rs-program/ (accessed March 11, 2011).
  11. CAL. EVID. CODE 1160 (Supp 2004).
  12. FLA. STAT.ANN. CH. 90.4026 (Supp 2004).
  13. MASS. GEN. LAWS CH. 233, §23D.
  14. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §18.061 (Supp 2004-05).
  15. Dauer, E. A., and L. J. Marcus. 1997. Adapting mediation to link resolution of medical malpractice disputes with healthcare quality improvement. Law Contemp Probl 60:185–218.
  16. Blatt R., M. Brown, and J. Lerner. Co-mediation: A success story at Chicago's Rush Medical Center. http://www.adrsystems.com/news/Co-Mediation.pdf (accessed March 15, 2011).
  17. Lee A., L. A, Rosengard, and M. Parker. 2004. “Committing to Mediation: Enriched Resolution of Medical Malpractice Actions for Patients, Doctors, and Insurance Companies.” The Intelligencer.
  18. Jenkins R. C., L. A. Warren, and N. Gravenstein. 2010. Mandatory pre-suit mediation: Local malpractice reform benefiting patients and healthcare providers. J Healthc Risk Manag 30:27–35.
  19. American Arbitration Association. Non-binding arbitration rules for consumer disputes and business disputes. January 1, 2010. http://www.adr.org/sp.asp?id=35917 (accessed March 15, 2011).
  20. Mello, M. M., and T. H. Gallagher. 2010. Malpractice reform—Opportunities for leadership by healthcare institutions and liability insurers. N Engl J Med 362:1353–6.
  21. Kraman, S. S., and G. Hamm. 1999. Risk management: Extreme honesty may be the best policy. Ann Intern Med 131:963–7.
  22. The Joint Commission. Hospital accreditation. http://www.jointcommission.org/accreditation/hospitals.aspx (accessed March 11, 2011).
  23. The Joint Commission. Report a complaint. http://www.jointcommission.org/GeneralPublic/Complaint/ (accessed March 11, 2011).
  24. Annas, G. J. 2006. The patient's right to safety--Improving the quality of care through litigation against hospitals. N Engl J Med 354:2063–6.
  25. Thompson v. Nason Hospital, 527 Pa. 330, 591 (1991).
  26. Berwick, D. M., D. R, Calkins, C. J, McCannon, and A. D. Hachbarth. 2006. The 100,000 Lives Campaign: Setting a goal and a deadline for improving healthcare quality. J Am Med Assoc 295:324–7.
  27. Mello, M. M., and T. A. Brennan. 2002. Deterrence of medical errors: Theory and evidence for malpractice reform. Texas L Rev 80:1595–637.
  28. Sage, W. M., J. G, Zivlin, and N. B. Chase. 2006. Bridging the relational-regulatory gap: A pragmatic information policy for the patient safety and medical practice. Vanderbilt Law Rev 59:1284–5.
  29. Pub. Citizen, Inc. v. Dep't of Health and Human Servs., 332 F.3d 854, 663 (2003).