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A
Abdulillah, Prince, 35, 450
Abu Dhabi, 247
Acheson, Dean, 16
Adams, Sherman, 225, 425
Adenauer, Konrad, 410–11
AIOC (Anglo-Iranian Oil Company), 23, 247
Akhmatova, Anna, 82
Albania, 173
Aldrich, Winthrop W., 130, 147–48, 241–42, 287–88, 297, 434, 483n10
Algeria, 41–43, 44, 88, 164, 423, 449
Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN), 42–43, 44–45, 128–29, 164, 208, 218
Allen, George, 102
Allenby, Edmund, 49, 50
Alpha plan, 91–92, 194–95
Alterman, Nathan, 222
Amer, Abdul Hakim, 102, 134, 226, 234, 292, 324–25, 375, 420
Amery, Julian, 198
Amory, Robert, 176, 177, 203, 341–42, 370
Anderson, Robert, 121–22
Andropov, Yuri, 85, 300, 301, 312, 453
Angleton, James Jesus, 177
Anglo-Egyptian Condominium on Sudan, 11
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, 9, 186
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), formerly Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 7, 23, 247
Arab Collective Security Pact, 20
Arab Legion, 25, 26
Arab News Agency, 196
Arab Spring, 449
Arabi, Ahmad, 6
Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco), 244, 245, 247
Arabs and Arab world, as defined in 1956, xiii–xiv
Arafat, Yasser, 96
Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco), 244, 245, 247
Arbenz, Jacopo, 98
Argov, Nehemia, 46
arms race, 400–401
Arrow Cross party, 80
Asquith, H. H., 49, 387
Association of Free Officers, 13–14, 184, 323
Astor, David, 362
Aswan Dam, 27–28, 29–31, 33, 101, 464n83
Attlee, Clement, 10–11
Australia, 22, 266, 299, 312, 353, 431
Austria, 371–72, 439
AVH (Államvédelmi Hatóság: State Security Authority), 79, 109, 123, 144, 171, 261–62, 270, 275
Avnery, Uri, 53–54, 94, 120, 121, 122, 216, 233
B
Baeyens, Jacques, 236, 360–61
Baghdad Pact, 25, 90–92, 195, 246, 248, 326–27, 424, 431, 470n36
Baghdadi, Abdel Latif al-, 285, 292, 323, 350–51, 360, 376, 420
Balfour, Arthur, 48, 50
Banna, Hasan al-, 184–85, 186, 187
Baqdash, Khalid, 245
Bar-On, Mordechai, 58, 126–27, 183, 288
Bar-Zohar, Michael, 176, 215
Barnett, Correlli, 139
Barnett, Denis, 159, 404
Bay of Pigs invasion, 451
Beaufre, André, 161, 404
Beijing, xiii
Belgium, 266
Bem, Jószef, 84–85
Ben Bella, Ahmed, 41, 42–43, 44–45, 128–29, 207–8, 218, 258, 449
Ben-Gurion, David
agreement to withdraw troops from Sinai, 427
announcement of Israel winning Suez War, 421
on Arab armies backed by Soviet military supply, 97
on attacking Egypt before U.S. presidential election, 77–78
background of, 47–48, 50, 51
bluff about intentions regarding Egyptian territory, 280–81
on Britain’s dependence on U.S., 437
Bulganin’s letter to, 392, 393, 395, 440
cable to Paris about air strikes on Egypt, 283
on CIA’s knowledge of Anglo-French collusion with Israel, 176
differences between Sharett and, 115–16, 118
discussion of option to war with Jordan, 166
Eisenhower’s appeal to, 211, 215–16
fear of Nasser, 54
Gaza raid and, 95, 120–21
impression of Lloyd, 58
on Israel’s struggle for survival, 52–53
Kinneret attack and, 100
lack of knowledge about Operation Susannah, 120
Operation Kadesh and, 211
policy on fedayeen, 87
proposal in 1955 to attack Gaza again, 96
Protocol of Sèvres, signing of, 126–27, 168–69, 182
on Qibya raid of 1953, 93, 94–95
reaction to Kfar Kassem massacre, 222
retirement of, 118, 454
at Sèvres meeting, 46–47, 57–58, 78, 88, 114–15, 168–69
on Sinai campaign, 411, 427
Sinai invasion plan of, 136, 210–11
Six-Day War and, 454
statement to UNSCOP, 51–52
as suspicious of British, 169, 182, 183
Benn, Tony, 254, 321
Bevan, Aneurin, 174, 308, 363, 388, 391
Bibó, István, 359
bin Laden, Osama, 190
Birch, Nigel, 369, 370
Bismarck, Otto von, 23
Bissell, Richard M., 176, 319–20
Black, Eugene, 3
Black Saturday, 12
Blondheim, David, 230
Bloody Thursday, 143–45
Bohlen, Charles, 61, 62, 66, 258, 306, 336–37, 352–53, 398
Bonham Carter, Violet, 387
Boothby, Bob, 283
Bourgès-Maunoury, Maurice, 47, 125, 163, 207, 278
Bourguiba, Habib, 44, 45, 129, 146
Bower, Tom, 197
Boyle, Dermot, 152, 154
Bracken, Brendan, 407
Brady, Thomas F., 45
Brazil, 432
Brezhnev, Leonid, 313, 453
Brook, Norman, 443
Brown, Charles R., 319
Brown, George, 174
Browne, Anthony Montague, 179, 345, 433, 462n30, 468n79
Buchan-Hepburn, Patrick, 369
Bulganin, Nikolai
al-Kuwatly’s meeting with, 257
Hungarian Uprising and, 251, 336–37, 370
letter to Ben-Gurion, 392, 393, 395, 440
letter to Mollet, 392–95, 399, 440
letters to Eden, 392–94, 399, 405, 440, 496n35
proposal to U.S. for joint military action in Egypt, 396–97
support of international ban on nuclear testing, 110–11
Bulgaria, 79, 301, 453
Buraimi, 246–49, 250
Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 69
Burke, Arleigh, 318–19, 429
Burma, 22
Burns, E.L.M., 374, 421, 431–32
Butler, Rab, 24, 39, 302, 408
on Eden, 69, 140, 369, 494n28
Eisenhower and, 434
memoirs of, 39, 69, 369
Nutting on, 455
as temporarily filling in for Eden, 441–42
Byroade, Henry, 33, 98–99, 102
C
Cabell, Charles, 177
Callas, Maria, 237, 238
Cambridge Spies, 24
Canada, 312, 353, 360, 431, 434, 454
Canal Conference in London (1956), 66–67, 69, 70, 157
Cannadine, David, 21
Castro, Fidel, 105
CENTO (Central Treaty Organization). See Baghdad Pact
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 224
arms deal with Nasser, 90, 470n34
assessment of Anglo-French success in invading Egypt, 160
competition with MI6 and French intelligence, 184
coup attempt in Syria, 451
Farouk and, 89
on French actions in Algeria and Suez, 326
on French policy in Algeria in 1956, 44
on Hungarian Uprising, 345
knowledge of Anglo-French-Israeli collusion, 175–76
launching of operation in Egypt, 190–91
Mossadegh and, 23
on Muslim Brotherhood, 187, 190
Nasser supporters inside of, 2, 3, 89, 98, 101, 196, 436
Omega plan and, 195–96
Operation Straggle and, 196, 200, 240
overthrow of government in Guatemala, 98, 105
prediction of military coup in Egypt, 13
promotion of Islamism, 246
secret meetings with Nasser, 14
surprise at Hungarian Uprising, 105
transmittal of U-2 pictures to RAF, 285
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO). See Baghdad Pact
Ceylon, 22
Challe, Maurice, 47, 86–87, 167–68, 450
Chamberlain, Neville, 10, 51
Charles, Prince, 298
Charteris, Martin, 297, 298
China
Soviet Union and, 97, 131–32, 335, 439–40, 453
Suez War and, 266, 412
withdraw of deposits from Britain, 383
Chou En-lai, 97, 335
Churchill, Randolph, 24
Churchill, Winston, 11, 24, 172
on Buraimi, 247
Eden’s relationship with, 10, 16–17, 18, 179–80, 345, 415
Eisenhower and, 17–18, 37
on Foster Dulles, 60, 247
hard line on Egypt in 1952, 12, 16
health of, 18, 60, 179, 250, 345
Lloyd’s career under, 56–57
more moderate position on Egypt, 18
nuclear weapons and, 111
on protest in Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, 364
on “special relationship” between Britain and the U.S., 13
on a United States of Europe, 437
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Clark, Douglas, 378, 382, 417
Clark, William, 220–21, 234, 296, 299, 302, 365–66, 411, 413, 414–15
Clemenceau, Georges, 7–8
Collins, Victor, 391
Colombia, 432
Colville, John “Jock,” 16, 17, 179, 462n30
Comintern, disbanding of, 15
Communist Malayan National Liberation Army, 36
Concession to the Canal Company of 1856, 35
Constantinople Convention of 1888, 35, 36
Cooper, Chester
on Aswan Dam and Dulles, 28–29
attempt to persuade British to back Vietnam War, 437–38
backlash experienced by daughters from schoolmates, 294–95
on British as ill prepared for invasion, 315–16, 342, 343
on British generals’ ignorance of secret alliance with Israel, 161
on diplomatic relations between U.S. and Britain, 277
on Eden alternating between confidence and misdoubt, 139–40
on Eisenhower administration deploring Nasser, 436
on Eisenhower’s reaction to Anglo-French ultimatum, 254–55
on Farouk’s collection of dirty pictures, 15
on Foster Dulles’s loathing for Eden, 65
learning of mobilization of Israeli troops on, 206–7
on Nasser’s nationalization of Suez Canal Company, 34
on possible consequences of Eden and Mollet’s visit, 425–26
on protest in Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, 363
on Soviet nuclear threat in 1956, 400–401, 405
on U.S. Fleet reinforced by a “hunter-killer group,” 272
on U.S. planes sighted over Anglo-French convoys, 305
Copeland, Miles
on Anglo-French action closing Suez Canal, 315
backing of Nasser, 14, 16, 55, 72–73, 89, 98
on British blaming losses on U.S. pressures, 434–35
on Eden discussing Nasser, 64, 198
on Eisenhower Doctrine, 445, 447
on Foster Dulles, 31, 32, 102
on Gaza raid, 96, 471n59
on MI6 in Egypt, 191, 192
on promotion of Islamism, 246
on pursing a settlement to Arab-Israeli conflict, 99
on timing of British cease-fire in Suez War, 410
Cornut-Gentille, Bernard, 266–67
Crossman, Richard, 174, 437
Cuba, 105, 266, 451, 452–53
Cyprus, 36
Czechoslovakia, 28, 97–98, 171–72, 173, 301, 430–31, 453
D
Dahan, Gabriel, 221, 222–23
Daily Mirror, 377
Daily Worker, 419
Darling, Kenneth, 416
Dayan, Moshe
on Anglo-French postponement of air strikes, 261
on bombing of Rafah, 288
on Britain getting Iraqi Army into Jordan, 168
on capacity for mix-ups in Suez War, 327
concerns about British, 182–83
on differences between Ben-Gurion and Sharett, 115
on Eisenhower’s peaceful and moderate approach, 216
enthusiasm for war with Egypt, 54
Operation Susannah and, 120
overseeing of Israeli forces that attacked Jordanians, 165–66
retuning of Sinai invasion plan, 136
at Sèvres meeting, 46, 58, 87–88, 114–15, 125
on Sharm el-Sheikh, 411
Sharon’s fall out with, 167
Dean, Patrick, 114, 125, 126, 127, 142, 145, 199, 206
DeMille, Cecil B., 19
Denmark, 432
Department of State, U.S., 13, 199, 372
Deuxième Bureau, 239, 293
Dickson, William, 152, 153–54
Dillon, C. Douglas, 43, 74, 305, 306, 389, 390, 401–3, 432–33
Din, Muhammad Salah al-, 55
Disraeli, Benjamin, 5, 48
Dixon, Pierson, 237
on Britain’s difficult position in UN after bombing Cairo, 381, 495n7
dismissal of U.S. draft resolution proposed for UN, 238
meeting on transitioning Anglo-French invasion force into UN peacekeepers, 381
on preventing sanctions against Britain, 356
repudiation of accusation of Anglo-French-Israeli collusion, 287
support for UN taking over Sinai intervention, 309
vote on UN resolution, 266, 267
Dodds-Parker, Douglas, 183–84, 242, 279, 351, 383
Donáth, Ferenc, 169–70
Dulles, Allen Welsh, 37, 98
description of, 60–61
discussion of Qalqilya attack, 174–75
as doubting the potential for getting Nasser down, 436
engineering of anticommunism in international spheres, 61
Foster Dulles and, 29–30, 148, 174–75, 229, 230
on Hungarian Uprising, 148, 372–73
knowledge of Anglo-French-Israeli collusion, 175–76, 177, 178, 224
Operation Straggle and, 240
on reactions in Africa and Asia to bombings of Egypt, 412
resignation as director of CIA, 451
on strong anti-British sentiment in Iraq, 431
Suez War and, 235, 319–20, 342–43, 388, 425
at Sullivan and Cromwell, 229, 230
Dulles, David, 230
Dulles, Eleanor, 230
Dulles, Janet, 230, 338
Dulles, John Foster, 110
Allen Dulles and, 29–30, 148, 174–75, 229, 230
Alpha plan of, 91–92, 194–95
as an antisemite, 228, 231–32
announcement after Qibya raid of 1953, 94
antipathy to communism, 61–62, 173–74, 331–32, 373
Aswan Dam and, 27–32, 101
attempts to prevent military action in Egypt, 62–66, 67–68, 72–74, 128, 153, 157, 199
awareness of French plan for Egypt, 77
battle with cancer, 339–40, 407, 426, 451, 453
Buraimi and, 247–48
campaign for New York Senate, 231
death of, 451
description of, 60, 61
discussion of Qalqilya attack, 174–75
on Eden’s health, 139
on Egypt’s arms deal, 28
Eisenhower’s relationship with, 426
on French kidnapping of Algerian rebels, 130
Hungarian Uprising and, 130–31, 148–49, 171–72, 180–81, 204, 205, 329–30, 338–39, 372–73
insistence Eisenhower disinvite Eden to Washington, 426
knowledge of Anglo-French-Israeli collusion, 177, 178, 203, 212–14, 226–28, 235
Lloyd on conversation about Nasser with, 435
mutual dislike of Eden and, 64–65
Nazi Germany and, 228–29, 230–31
Omega plan of, 194–96
Operation Straggle and, 240
perceptions about, 36–37, 73–74
on Poland’s liberation, 83
press conference on SCUA, 75
reaction to Nasser’s arms deal with Czechoslovakia, 98
reluctance to join Baghdad Pact, 91, 248, 470n36
replacement of American diplomats sympathetic to Nasser, 101–2
resignation of, 451
sterling crisis and, 407
during Suez War, 235–36, 255, 264–65, 268, 270, 319–20
British press’ comments about, 433
British sterling crisis and, 407
consideration of imposing “economic limitations” on Israel, 280
prediction of oil pipelines blowing up, 249–50
reaction to British air strikes, 289
response to Anglo-French ultimatum, 261
UN General Assembly resolution of, 302–3, 305, 311
suspicions of Israelis and French mobilizing for action, 175
on U.S. foreign policies vs. foreign policies of other countries, 107
worldview of, 61–62
Durant, Henry, 297
Durnford-Slater, Admiral, 404
E
East Germany, 173, 178n67, 453
Eastern Bloc, 79, 453
Eban, Abba, 100, 211, 213, 231, 280–81, 342, 355, 380
Eden, Anthony
as acutely sensitive, 139–40
agreement to try SCUA, 72, 74
Alpha plan devised of, 91–92
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of Friendship and Alliance and, 9
appointment of, 24
Aswan Dam and, 31–32, 33, 464n83
background of, 9–10
Baghdad Pact and, 90–91
Bulganin’s letters to, 392–94, 399, 405–6, 415, 440, 496n35
Buraimi and, 247–48
Churchill’s relationship with, 10, 16–17, 18, 179–80, 345, 415
comparison of Nasser to Hitler and Mussolini, 68, 72
as a “control freak,” 24
demanding murder of Nasser, 1–2, 27, 77, 183
depression of, 425
Eisenhower and, 264, 421, 425–26, 434
Elizabeth II and, 297, 298
exaggeration of role in ending colonialism in Egypt, 75
on excluding Russians from Egypt, 28
extended holiday in the Caribbean after Suez War, 441–42
as foreign secretary, 11
on former colonies, 21–22
Foster Dulles and, 64–65
health of, 10, 11, 18, 138–40, 141, 416, 444, 454–55
on Hungarian Uprising, 415
Khrushchev’s visit to, 174
Lloyd’s career under, 57
marriages of, 11, 16
memoirs of, 18, 24, 26, 36, 140–41, 165, 414, 436–37, 463n56
on Middle East falling into Communist hands, 246
motivation for military action in Egypt, 70–71
Nasser’s meeting with, 92
Nuri es-Said and, 167, 168
Nutting’s resignation and, 138, 278–79
personal war on Nasser, 25, 27, 78, 101, 193
plots to assassinate Nasser, 197–99
reaction to Glubb’s dismissal, 24–27
reaction to Nasser’s nationalization of Suez Canal Company, 35–36, 62, 64, 152
reaction to U.S. offer to sell arms to Egypt, 18
on reasserting British control of Egypt with American muscle, 13, 19
resignation as prime minister, 369, 454, 455, 494n28
sterling crisis and, 408–9
Suez War and, 223, 348, 392, 402
address to House of Commons on UN resolution, 281–82
announcement of cease-fire in House of Commons, 410, 413–15
announcing of Anglo-French ultimatum to Parliament, 254
blamed by his generation for, 38
considering postponement of landing, 344–45
denial of collusion with Israel to attack Egypt, 442, 443
feelings of U.S. as disloyal, 433
health as affecting judgment concerning, 138–40, 141
justification of Britain’s actions to U.S., 255, 385
leak about role in Anglo-French-Israel collusion, 282–83
Observer’s editorial on, 362–63
Operation Musketeer and, 155, 157, 158, 296–97, 436–37
Operation Musketeer Revise and, 169
postponement of Anglo-French air strikes, 260–61
protests against, 321, 363–64, 368, 370
refusal to tell House of Commons whether Great Britain at war, 306–8
revised plan after Foster Dulles’s UN resolution, 321–22
secret plans for, 36–137, 108–9, 141, 151–52, 167–68, 175, 179–80, 347–48, 450
Sèvres meeting and, 58, 114, 127
sham talks between Lloyd, Mollet, Pineau, and, 253
telegraph to French to discontinue openly fighting with Israelis, 295
television broadcast justifying British intervention, 353–54
UN letter demanding immediate cease-fire by all parties, 366–69
vote of confidence in, 430
Eden, Clarissa, 416
on Anthony resigning, 494n28
on Anthony’s depression, 425
on Dean’s signing of Protocol of Sèvres, 126, 127
defense Anthony’s extended holiday, 442
on House of Commons, 307
marriage of, 16
on Mountbatten’s objection to planned Suez War, 147
Nasser on meeting, 92
on reactions to news from Israelis, 368–70
in University College Hospital, 140
Egypt
Arab strike to protest, 207–8
arms deals of, 13, 18, 28, 89–90, 97, 98, 191, 224–25, 430–31, 470n34
Britain’s increase in troops in Suez Canal Zone, 11–12
Britain’s invasion in 1882 of, 5–6
Britain’s treaty in 1936 with, 9, 11
British intelligence in 1950s in, 184
CIA’s launching of operation in, 190–91
coup in 1952, 14–15
focus of military policy after Gaza raid, 96
Israel’s relations with, 3, 53, 90, 101, 234, 451, 456
military alliance with Jordan and Syria, 134, 135, 169
Muslim Brotherhood and, 186, 188
Ottoman Empire and, 5
reactions at prospect of Soviet intervention in, 421
rebellion in 1919 in, 9
removal of Anglo-French troops from, 443
Saudi Arabia and, 243
Soviet Union’s relations with, after Suez War, 425
talks with France and Great Britain at United Nations, 75–76
UN Expeditionary Force in, 431–32
veiled protectorate in, 6
during World War II, 10
See also Nasser, Gamal Abdel; Port Said; Suez War
Egyptian Gazette, 292
Egyptian Suez Canal Authority, 456
Eichelberger, James, 89, 194, 196
Eisenhower, Dwight D.,
anger with Eden, 434
attempt to push the Egyptians and Israelis back into talks, 121
background of, 17
Baghdad Pact and, 248
on Britain’s involvement in conspiracy, 212
campaign for second term as president, 58, 59–60, 149, 226, 233, 417–18, 422–23, 424, 445
Canal Conference in London and, 66–67
Churchill’s friendship with, 17–18
concerns about Ben-Gurion, 118
death of, 455
disinviting Eden to Washington, 425–26
Doctrine of 1957, 445–46, 451
Eban on, 342
Foster Dulles’s relationship with, 36, 426
on France repeating Indochina in Middle East, 212
on French kidnapping of Algerian rebels, 130
health of, 30, 203–4, 422, 464n75
Hungarian Uprising and, 148–49, 171–72, 180–81, 205, 338, 340, 370, 374, 444–45
Israel and, 211, 212, 215, 427
Jewish communities, relations with, 232–33
knowledge of Anglo-French-Israeli collusion, 178, 212, 214
Korean War and, 59
on Nasser as undependable and unreliable, 436
on nuclear weapons, 110–11
on occupation of Egypt as untenable, 159–60
on Operation Musketeer, 430
opposition to military action in Egypt or against Nasser personally, 36–37, 63, 66, 153, 199
“plausible deniability” and, doctrine of, 178
popularity of, 237
re-election of, 417, 422–23, 424, 445
reaction to Templer’s loss of temper with Hussein, 154
relations with Saudi Arabia and Jordan, 437
on Soviet threat to Britain and France, 412
Soviet Union policy and, 149, 330
during Suez War, 70, 175, 280, 319–20, 448
address to nation, 287, 289–90
call to Eden about cease-fire, 413–14
consideration of use force against Israelis, 237, 269
discussion of Soviet proposal for joint military action in Egypt, 396–98, 401
financial squeeze on Britain, 265, 388–89
frustration with Britons’ feelings of betrayal by U.S., 433–34
reaction to Anglo-French ultimatum, 249–50, 254–55, 264–65, 267–68, 302–3
reaction to British air strikes, 286
reaction to Israeli’s invasion of Egypt, 235–36
reputation of, 444–45
speech linking Suez and Hungary, 338
warning Britain and France from military action, 261, 304–5, 316
Eisenhower, John, 30
Eisenhower Doctrine, 445–46, 451
Elizabeth II, Queen, 297–98, 409, 455
Ely, General, 236
EOKA, 36
Ethiopia, 5
Eugénie, Empress, 4, 443
European Economic Community, 411
Eveland, Wilbur
on Allen Dulles, 60–61
on British plans for coup in Syria, 196
on CIA’s launching of operation in Egypt, 190–91
confirmation of U.S. arms bribe to Nasser, 470n34
on Eisenhower Doctrine, 445–46
on Foster Dulles, 102, 230–31
on hollowness of American political rhetoric, 373
investigation of Qibya raid of 1953, 93
Operation Straggle and, 239–40
on Roosevelt’s discussions with Nasser, 89
on Suez War and, 343
on Young’s triple coup plot, 194
F
Faisal, Emir, 8
Faisal, Prince, 245, 451
Farida, Queen, 378–79
Farkas, Mihály, 80–81
Farouk, King, 2, 12, 13, 14–15, 89, 184, 379
Fawzi, Mahmoud, 32, 76
fedayeen raids, 87, 95, 116, 117–18, 121, 471n53
Feisal, King, 450
Feisal II, King, 35
Fifth Republic, 449
Finland, 432
Fleming, Ian, 441, 442
FLN. See Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN)
Foot, Dingle, 362
Foster, John W., 60
Fourth Republic, collapse of, 443, 449
France
in Algeria, 41–45, 128–30, 164, 207–8, 218, 326
anti-American feeling in, 390
assassination attempts on Nasser, 192–93
discomfort with Arab and African self-rule, 43–44
embargo on oil exports to, 434
Fifth Republic, 449
Fourth Republic, 443, 449
Israel’s relationship with, 122, 163–65, 224, 428
lack of support for SCUA, 72
mandate over Syria and Lebanon, 8
Nasser’s attempt to buy arms from, 98–99
reaction to Baghdad Pact, 91
talks with Egyptians and Great Britain at United Nations, 75
See also Mollet, Guy; Pineau, Christian; Suez War
Free Officers, 13–14, 184, 323, 450
French Société Egyptienne Pétrole, 295
Fryer, Peter, 106, 262, 386, 419, 496n20
G
Gaitskell, Hugh, 35
on Anglo-French-Israeli collusion, 282
on Anglo-French ultimatum, 263
on Eden’s health, 139
election as Labour leader, 24
opposition to Eden’s war, 279, 348
response to Eden’s justification of British intervention, 364–65
support for U.S. opposition to ‘Eden-Mollet folly’ in UN, 297
warning to Eden about attacking Egypt, 156
Gandhi, Indira, 32
Gati, Charles, 81, 123, 209–10, 262, 374
de Gaulle, Charles, 41, 449, 450, 500n64
Gaza raid, 93, 95–97, 116, 120, 471n59
Gaza Strip
Gaza City, Israelis bombing of, 303–4, 314–15
governor’s surrender to IDF, 346
Israeli troops’ complete withdrawal from, 427–28
Khan Yunis, executions at, 346–47, 379
Rafah, executions at, 347
refugees from, escape into Egypt, 302
Gazier, Albert, 167–68
Geneva Conference, 65
Geneva Convention of 1949, 382–83
Georges-Picot, François, 49
Germany, 6, 231
Gerö, Ernö, 80–81, 82, 83, 104, 170, 211, 335, 419
Ginzberg, Eli, 118
glasnost, 453
Glubb, Godfrey (Faris), 450
Glubb, John Bagot, 25–26, 101, 193, 450
Glubb, Naomi, 450
Gomułka, Władysław, 83, 84, 131, 301
Goodpaster, Andrew, 235, 388, 389, 429
Gopal, Sarvepalli, 465n90
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 453
Grantham, Guy, 162
Great Britain, xiv, 195–96
Aswan Dam and, 28, 29, 30, 33, 464n83
attempt to cause chaos after nationalization of Suez, 74–75
Baghdad Pact and, 91
Britons’ feelings of betrayal by U.S., 295, 433
Buraimi and, 246–49, 250
economic crisis of, 383–84, 434, 440–41
Egypt’s arms deals with, 191, 431
Egypt’s treaty in 1936 with, 9
embargo on oil exports to, 434
finances after World War II, 12–13
importance of Suez Canal to, 5, 21, 23
increase in troops in Suez Canal Zone, 11–12
invasion of Egypt in 1882, 5–6
Jordan’s relations with, 91, 102, 134, 166, 167, 424
Khrushchev’s visit to, 173–74
mandate over Iraq, 8
mandate over Palestine, 8, 50, 52
Muslim Brotherhood’s alliance with, 184, 185–86, 187–88
oil shortage in, 301–2, 337, 366, 383, 407
Operation Cordage, 166, 167
opposing viewpoints on Nasser in, 183–84, 191–94
Palestine and, 49–50, 51
relationship with U.S. after Suez War, 432, 437–38
Saudi Arabia and, 245
share in Suez Canal Company, 5, 20–21
shirt from coal to oil as main energy source, 7
Soviet Union as a threat to, 393–94, 399–400, 404–6
sterling crisis and, 71, 265, 383, 384–85, 407–10, 423, 434, 446
Suez Base Agreement with Egypt, 19–20, 101, 325
talks with Egyptians and France at United Nations, 75–76
Treasury’s debate on whether to borrow from IMF, 384
veiled protectorate in Egypt, 6
Wafd’s abrogation of 1936 treaty with, 11
White Paper of, 51
See also Eden, Anthony; Suez War
Greenwood, Anthony, 363
Grin, David. See Ben-Gurion, David
Gruenther, Alfred, 147, 323
Guatemala, 98, 105, 174
de Guiringaud, Louis, 267, 380
H
Hafez, Mustafa, 101
Hafiz, Abdel Halim, 376
Haganah, 50–51
Hagerty, James “Jim,” 320, 339
Hailsham, Lord, 158, 234, 364
Hamas, 347
Hammarskjöld, Dag
anger over Israelis’ addition of impossible conditions to cease-fire offer, 380
announcement of British and French cease-fire to UN General Assembly, 416
announcement of Israeli troops’ complete withdrawal from Sinai and Gaza Strip, 427
on brink of resignation over Britain and France, 309
Lloyd and, 57
persuading of Nasser to accept compromise, 431–32
role in UN resolution for cease-fire and UN force in Middle East, 322–23, 355, 366–67, 374–75, 380–81
talks with Britain, France, and Egypt at United Nations, 75
Hare, Raymond, 232, 240, 273–74, 389, 470n36
Harkabi, Yehoshafat, 167
Harriman, Averell, 373
Háy, Gyula (Julius), 362
Hayter, William, 255–56, 258, 293–94, 392, 394, 401
Head, Antony, 297, 306, 344, 360, 367
Healey, Denis, 254, 279–80, 349, 430, 434, 442
Heath, Edward, 136, 282, 364, 430
Heathcoat-Amory, Derick, 369
Heikal, Mohamed
on Amer’s resistance to pulling Egyptian army out of Sinai, 324–25
on Anglo-French ultimatum, 259
on British air strikes on Cairo, 240, 284
call informing him Israelis in Sinai, 223–24
on Dulles’s press release, 33
on Eden’s meeting with Nasser, 92
on Hussein’s conversation with Dulles, 464n76
on Nasser and arms, 98, 424–25, 470n34
on Nasser not wanting to coordinate action with the Russians, 329
on Nasser’s insistence on going to the front himself, 376
on Nasser’s refusal to surrender, 491n31
on Nehru’s reaction to nationalization of Suez Canal Company, 465n90
on Soviets’ threat to Britain and France, 405–6
on Suez War, 444
on trying to figure out what Israelis were doing, 225–26
Henderson, Arthur, 321
Hennessy, Peter, 197, 354
Henriques, Robert, 204, 314, 327, 427
Henry, John, 197
Herzl, Theodor, 47, 117
Herzog, Chaim, 93
History of the Wars of Justinian (Procopius), 46
Hitler, Adolf, 68–69, 72, 468n79
Ho Chi Minh, 438
Holocaust, 51, 80, 231
Home, Lord, 27, 408–9
Hoover, Herbert, Jr.
as Acting Secretary of State, 340, 412
on alternatives to Nasser, 193
Eban on, 342
Eden and, 65
Hungarian Uprising and, 340
linking of Buraimi to Suez, 248
message to Israel on relinquishment of Sinai, 427
opposition to military force against Nasser, 37
Suez War and, 235, 249, 388–89, 396–97
view of Eden and Mollet’s visit, 426
Hoover, J. Edgar, 61
Hope, John, 351
House Un-American Activities Committee, 174
Howeidy, Amin, 219, 446
Hudaybi, Hasan al-, 187–88, 189
Hughes, Emmet, 211, 280
on Anglo-Franco-Israeli conspiracy, 212
on Eisenhower’s leadership during Suez crisis, 290
on Eisenhower’s view of nuclear war, 110
on news of British bombing Egyptian airfields, 286
rewriting of Foster Dulles’s speech for Eisenhower, 287, 289
on Soviet proposal for joint military action in Egypt, 398
on Tripartite Declaration, 236–37, 249, 268
Humphrey, George, 332, 383–84
Hungarian names, xiv
abolishment of one-party system during, 250
arrest of senior Hungarians during negotiation meeting with Soviets, 354–55
Bloody Thursday, 143–45
civilians killed during, 113, 124–25, 143–45, 171, 438
defeat of last of armed rebels of, 438
Eden on, 415
fighting during, 109–10, 124–25, 132, 201–2, 357–58, 385–87, 418–19
Gerö’s speech during, 104
Hungarian refugees in Austria from, 371–72, 439
Hungary’s withdrawal from Warsaw Pact during, 301, 303, 312
Kádár appointed as leader of Hungary, 358, 438
leaders of rebel groups in, 106
mass arrests and executions after defeat of rebels, 438–39, 452
massacre of AVH men during, 261–62, 270, 275
Nagy as prime minister during. See Nagy, Imre
Operation Whirlwind, 277, 294, 300–301, 352–53, 361–62, 439
politicians’ seeking of asylum in Yugoslav embassy during, 359
rebels demands during, 84
release of political prisoners during, 281
Soviet soldiers defection to rebel side during, 109–10, 124–25, 201–2
Soviet troops’ arrival in Budapest, 111–12
Soviet troops’ reinvasion of Hungary, 276–77, 336, 357–58, 386, 496n20
Soviets’ suspicions of outside interference in, 105–6, 132–33, 276
Soviets’ temporary departure from Budapest, 216–17
Tito’s meeting with Khrushchev ‘s about, 333–36
UN’s consideration of, 148–49, 303, 337–38, 355, 361–62, 375, 441
U.S. legation’s request for U.S. intervention in, 217, 234, 251, 274, 332, 441
See also Nagy, Imre
Hungary
antisemitism in, 80
demands for freer expression of religion in, 83
fall of communist government in, 453
Jewish people killed during World War II in, 80
Rákosi’s repressive leadership of, 79–80
report on feasibility of mounting U.S. special-forces operations in, 330–31
student demonstrations on. See Hungarian Uprising
withdrawal from Warsaw Pact, 301, 303, 312
Hurria, al-, 350
Hussein, Ahmed, 30, 98, 464n76
Hussein, King, 25–26, 102, 154, 167, 234–35, 292–93, 299, 450–51
I
Ilyan, Michail Bey, 239–40
IMF (International Monetary Fund), 384, 434
India, 22, 277–78, 299, 388, 432
Indonesia, 432
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 384, 434
IPC (Iraq Petroleum Company), 247
Iran, xiii–xiv, 23, 91, 183, 266, 424, 431
Iraq, xiv, 8, 22, 52, 91, 326–27, 424, 450
Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), 247
Irgun, 51
Islamic Jihad, 190
Islamism, CIA’s promotion of, 246
Israel
arms deal with Czechoslovakia, 97–98
Britain’s relations with, 169
creation of, 52, 117
deterrence policy of, 87, 117–18
Egypt’s relations with, 3, 53, 90, 101, 234, 451, 456
France’s relations with, 122, 163–65, 224, 428
Gaza raid by, 93, 95–96, 97, 116, 120, 471n59
general election of 1955, 121
invasion of, 52
Jordan’s relations with, 52, 93–94, 128, 165–68, 450–51
Kfar Kassem massacre, 221–23
Kinneret attack by, 100, 116
National Iranian Oil Company’s deal with, 46–47
nuclear reactor of, 126, 474n36
Operation Susannah and, 119–20
parliamentary group leaders’ support for Sinai invasion, 210–11
peace with Egypt in early 1950s, 53
policy on fedayeen, 87
Qibya raid of 1953, 93–95, 116
reaction to Baghdad Pact, 91
recruitment of soldiers in Europe and Latin America, 195
Soviet Union’s relations with, 395
UN military observers sent to, 296
U.S.’ relations with, 99–100, 122, 164, 427
use of Suez Canal, 35–36
West Germany’s reparations to, 231
See also Suez War
J
Jabotinsky, Ze’ev (Vladimir), 51
James, Robert Rhodes, 307, 415–16
Jerusalem Post, 260, 346, 379
Jewish State, The (Herzl), 47
Johnson, Lyndon, 437–38
Jordan
Arab Legion in, 25, 26
Britain’s relations with, 91, 102, 134, 166, 167, 424
general election in 1956 in, 56
Israel’s relations with, 52, 93–94, 128, 165–68, 450–51
military alliance with Egypt and Syria, 134, 169
Operation Beisan and, 234–35, 292
riots in, 26
Suez War and, 299, 325–26
U.S.’ relations with, 437
Judaism, muscular, 117
K
Kabelács, Pál, 124
Kádár, János, 202–3, 281
as Gerö’s replacement, 143
as leader of Hungary, 358, 359–60, 438
as not honoring guarantee of safe conduct given to Nagy, 452
reaction to arrival of Soviet troops in Hungary, 300, 489n33
sent to Moscow, 312–13, 320
softening of aspects of Communist rule in early 1960s, 453
as Tito’s choice for a possible Hungarian leader, 335
Kaganovich, Lazar, 84, 108, 277
Kardelj, Edvard, 333
Kashmir, 296
Keightley, Charles, 154, 221, 391
cease-fire order delivered to, 417
on French-Israeli cooperation, 317
knowledge of secret alliance with Israel, 161
on orders to postpone landing, 344–45
postponement of Anglo-French bombing campaign, 260
recommended for delaying operation, 158
request for clarification of Operation Musketeer’s objectives, 155
telegram for clarification on status of Israelis, 273
on U.S. Sixth Fleet endangering relations with U.S., 305
warning against cozying up to Israelis, 162–63
warning of Port Said inhabitants before planned assault, 360
Kennedy, John F., 455
Kenya, 36
Kéthly, Anna, 359
Kfar Kassem massacre, 221–23
Khan Yunis, 346–47, 379
Khrushchev, Nikita
al-Kuwatly’s meeting with, 257
arms race and, 400
Ben Bella’s visit with, 258
Bohlen on, 352–53
Cuba and, 452–53
drafting of Bulganin’s letter to Eden, 393, 496n35
framing of Anglo-French ultimatum, 256
during Hungarian Uprising, 85, 132, 218, 439–40
attempt at political vs. military solution, 108, 210, 251–52
blaming of Western powers for, 132–33, 276
implementation of Operation Whirlwind, 291, 300–301, 352–53
instructions to Nagy, 110
linking of Suez to Hungary, 276–77, 440
massacre of AVH men as influencing, 275
on Nagy’s arrest, 452
on Nasser, 15, 16
on Nuri es-Said, 35
on relations with Arab countries, 107–8
on Stalinism, 82–83, 131–32, 439
on Stalin’s refusal to send arms to Egypt, 13
on Suez War, 276–77, 329, 334, 396–97, 406, 419–20, 440
Tito’s meeting with, 333–36, 337, 341
understanding of dissent, 105
on U.S. failing to prevent Suez invasion, 352
visit to Britain in April 1956, 173–74
visit to Poland after election of Gomułka, 84
Khrushchev, Sergei, 259, 400, 420
Kilmuir, Lord, 306, 369, 443
Kinneret attack, 100, 116
Kirkpatrick, Ivone, 183–84, 343–44
Knowland, William F., 31
Kopácsi, Sándor, 106, 113, 123, 124, 143Korean War, 59
Kossuth, Lajos, 85
Kouni, Mohamed, el-, 329, 406, 424
Kunz, Diane, 408
Kuwatly, Shukri al-, 196, 239, 245, 256–57, 352, 440
L
Lacey, Robert, 298
Lacoste, Robert, 103
Lansing, Robert, 60
Lavon, Pinhas, 118, 119, 120
Lawrence, T. E., 8, 243
League of Nations, 8, 50, 296
Lebanon, 8, 52, 91, 434
Lebanon War, 454
Lee, David, 159
Lee, Fred, 280
Lehman, Herbert, 231
Lendvai, Paul, 80
Lenin, Vladimir, 15
de Lesseps, Ferdinand-Marie, 4, 5–6, 443–44
Leulliette, Pierre, 378, 403–4, 416
liberation policy, 174, 373
Liu Shao-chi, 131–32, 335
Lloyd, Selwyn
Buraimi and, 248
career of, 56–57
comparing Nasser to Hitler, 69
on Eden’s memoirs, 141
Foster Dulles’s conversation about Nasser with, 435
memoirs of, 56, 467n41
reaction to Glubb’s dismissal, 25, 26–27
reservations about SCUA, 72
Six Principles of, 75–76, 167
Suez War and, 241–42, 253, 366–67, 407, 408
on Anglo-French ultimatum, 263
on demonstration in Trafalgar Square, 370
House of Commons’ cross-examination of, 390–91, 392
Operation Musketeer and, 157
planning of, 57, 58, 78, 86, 108–9, 137–38, 168
revised plan after Foster Dulles’s UN resolution, 316, 321–22
Lloyd George, David, 8, 49
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 77, 130–31, 237–38, 249, 329–30, 338–39, 342, 375
Logan, Donald, 58, 125, 126, 127, 142, 145
Lucas, Scott, 198
Luce, Clare Booth, 371–72
Lucza, Béla, 418–19
M
MacArthur, Douglas, 17
MacArthur, Douglas, II (nephew), 436, 437
MacCormac, John, 144–45
MacDonald, Malcolm, 10
Macleod, Iain, 369
Macmillan, Harold, 70–71, 369
comparing Nasser to Mussolini, 68
on Eden’s health, 140
Eisenhower and, 434
on faking provocation and attributing it to Egypt, 157
on keeping Americans frightened to achieve objectives, 64
on loss of Britain’s position in Middle East, 394
on Nasser’s behavior over MI6 prisoners, 197
on persuading U.S. of determination to beat Nasser, 72
as prime minister, 455
reaction to MI6 reports from Egypt in 1955, 192
on Saudis and Aramco, 245
Suez War and, 366, 368–69
on Britain’s gold reserves, 407–8
commitment to stopping, 407
declining support for, 242
on desire for UN intervention, 337, 408
on divisions in public opinion, 302
Eden’s mentioning resigning to, 494n28
sterling crisis and, 383, 384–85, 406–7, 495n14
support for overthrow of Nasser, 193
view of Israel as useful ally, 162
Macomber, William, 31, 157, 339, 340, 426
Maher, Ali, 14, 55
Mahgoub, Muhammad Ahmed, 15, 22, 428
Makins, Roger, 62–63, 73
Malaya, 36
Malenkov, Georgy, 81, 300–301, 333, 352
Maléter, Pál, 124–25, 209, 251, 345, 354, 355, 357, 452
Malinin, Mikhail, 354–55
Malinki, Shmuel, 221, 222–23
Manchester Guardian, 368, 371
Mao Tse-tung, 131–32, 251, 275, 335, 440
Mapai (Workers’ Party of the Land of Israel), 115, 121, 164
Maraghi, Ahmed Mortada al-, 55
Mau Mau revolt, 36
McCarthy, Joseph, 61, 174
McCarthyism, 61
Meir, Golda, 99, 122, 257, 369
Meknes, 103, 146
Menon, Krishna, 67
Menzies, Robert, 70
Méray, Tibor, 81
MI5, 197, 399
MI6, 23, 184, 191–92, 195–97, 200
Micunovic, Veljko, 84, 132–33, 252, 276, 333–36, 341, 419–20, 439
Mifratz Shlomo, see Sharm el-Sheikh
Mikoyan, Anastas, 337
advice to Nagy, 108
arrival in Budapest, 108
on danger of all-out action, 170–71
Gerö and, 143
on Hungary leaving Warsaw Pact, 275
Moscow’s criticism of handling of Hungarian Uprising, 210
Nagy and Kádár’s meeting with, 202–3
on Nagy as easily influenced, 209
return to Moscow to argue against using force, 281, 290–91, 294
visit to Poland after election of Gomułka, 84
Mindszenty, József, 83, 251, 299, 358–59, 387, 452
Mirza, Iskander, 326
Mitla Pass, battle at, 272–73, 285–86
Moguy, General, 396
Mollet, Guy
agreement to try SCUA, 72
Algeria and, 43, 103, 128–29, 146, 218, 449
Bulganin’s letter to, 392–95, 399, 401–2, 405–6, 420, 440
comparison of Nasser to Hitler, 68
efforts to convince Eden to align with Israel, 165
Franco-Israeli relations and, 164, 169
on kidnapping of Algerian rebels, 128–29, 146
political career after Suez War, 449
reaction to Nasser’s nationalization of Suez Canal Company, 62, 66, 152
Suez War and, 167, 242, 253, 295, 410, 421
blurting out truth to press about Anglo-French-Israeli collusion, 442
lack of shame about role in, 443
planning of, 125, 168
pressure on British for joint invasion to go early, 316–17
Sèvres meeting and, 125
Times on collusion between Israel and, 278
Molnár, Miklós, 202, 300
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 84, 108, 210, 251, 255, 258, 396–97
Monckton, Walter, 130, 138, 142, 156, 369–70
Monde, Le, 444
Monheim, Abdul, 184
Montgomery, Bernard Law, Viscount, 155
Morocco, 103, 128, 129, 146, 200, 208
Morrison, Herbert, 23
Mosley, Leonard, 176, 373
Mossad, 177
Mossadegh, Mohamed, 23, 183
Mountbatten, Lord Louis “Dickie,” 221, 411
criticism of situation in Egypt to Hailsham, 364
Elizabeth II and, 297–98
in India, 21
knowledge of alliance with Israel, 161
objection to Operation Musketeer Revise, 159, 176, 317
objections to Operation Musketeer, 147, 152, 158, 159–57
request for clarification of Operation Musketeer’s objectives, 155
Shuckburgh on, 154
Münnich, Ferenc, 277, 312–13, 320, 335, 353
Murphy, Robert, 65, 372, 405, 433
Murray, Ralph, 92, 403
Muscat, 247
muscular Judaism, 117
Muslim Brotherhood, 3, 12, 184–88, 190, 243, 484n16
Muslim Sisterhood, 185
mutual assured destruction, theory of, 401
N
Nagy, Imre, 81
“asylum” in Yugoslav embassy, 359, 419, 452
as chairman of the Council of Ministers, 82
execution of, 360, 452
during Hungarian uprising, 103, 104, 108, 110, 113, 123, 145, 217
on abolishment of one-party system, 250
appeal to UN to defend Hungary, 303
exhiling of several former Stalinist leaders, 211
Gerö’s fight with, 110
inability to reach Maléter, 355
Khrushchev on, 277, 333–34
negotiations with Soviets, 202–3, 345
public confidence in, 84, 252
radio address to nation on Soviet troops’ attack on Budapest, 357–58
Radio Free Europe’s criticism of, 209–10
on revolution as victorious, 281
Soviets’ selection of successor to administration of, 312–13
struggle to deal with chaos following Bloody Thursday, 169–70
Tito’s attempt to soften Khrushchev on fate of, 336
withdrawing Hungary from Warsaw Pact, 275, 301, 303, 312
as a Marxist-Leninist, 374
Rákosi replaced by, 81
Soviets’ arrest of, 452
Soviets’ firing of, 82
Soviets’ interrogation of, 357
Nahda, al-(the Awakening), 6–7
Nakba, al-(the Catastrophe), 52
names, transliterations of place and personal, xiii
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 99
after Suez War, 423
appointment as prime minister, 19
arms deals of, 28, 90, 97, 98, 191, 224–25, 430–31
assassination attempts on, 189, 192–93, 197–99, 451, 481n57
attempt to restrain fedayeen raids, 95
Aswan Dam and, 27–28, 33
Ben-Gurion’s fear of, 54
British opposing viewpoints on, 183–84, 191–94
Canal Conference in London and, 66, 69–70
CIA supporters of, 2, 3, 89, 98, 101, 196, 436
on Communists as greatest opponents, 15
comparison of Black to de Lesseps, 2, 3
creation of international connections, 89
description of, 2–3
Eden’s demanding murder of, 2, 27, 77, 183
Eden’s meeting with, 92
on Eisenhower, 445
on Eisenhower Doctrine, 447
FLN members and, 42, 43, 164
as a Free Officer, 14
gripes with colleagues, 324–25, 375, 420
initial wariness of potential for more U.S. support, 89
lack of pity for Eden, 444
military alliance with Jordan and Syria, 134, 135
MI6’s consideration of ways to bring down, 184
Muslim Brotherhood and, 3, 186, 188, 189
nationalization of Suez Canal Company, 33–34, 35, 101
Operation Beisan and, 292–93
The Philosophy of the Revolution, 68
political career after Suez War, 428, 456
reaction to Gaza raid, 96
reaction to SCUA, 74
reductio ad Hitlerum applied to, 68–69, 72, 468n79
refusal to meet with Israelis, 100, 121–22
role in Glubb’s dismissal, 25–26
Saud and, 243, 451, 484n16
Sharett and, 119
Soviet vs. U.S. impressions of, 16
Suez Base Agreement and, 19–20
during Suez War, 421, 444
on bombing of Cairo’s International Airport, 284
on British planes spotted over Egypt, 240
cease-fire agreement with Israel, 350, 355, 360
cutting off Suez Canal and main oil supply route, 315
declaration of general mobilization and martial law, 292
depression during, 350–51, 360, 375–76, 420
dismissal of warnings about Anglo-Franco-Israeli attack, 218–19
meeting with Amer and Heikal discussing Israelis’ actions, 225–26
notification of Israeli troops in Sinai, 220
ordering of Egyptian army to withdraw from Sinai, 324–25, 327, 328
Pineau’s story about attempted resignation of, 389–90
preparation for attack on Port Said, 376
public support, 259–60, 328–29
refusal to surrender, 323–25, 328, 491n31
rejection of Anglo-French ultimatum, 259
request for U.S. military support, 273–74
Tito’s discussions with, 32
transliterations of, xiii
UN Expeditionary Force and, 431–32
on U.S. as playing both sides of Arab-Israeli conflict, 100–101
view of Rommel vs. British, 10
work on regional alliances throughout 1956, 102, 103
national communist movements, 331–32
National Iranian Oil Company, 46–47
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 36, 62, 79, 148, 151, 173, 276, 296, 311, 352, 388–89, 402, 412, 441, 444
Nawar, Ali Abu, 292
Nazi Germany, 228–29, 230–31
Nazi Party, 68, 225
Nazism, 69
Neguib, Mohamed, 2, 15, 19, 55, 118, 184, 198
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 32–33, 68, 148, 243, 388, 398, 465n90
New York Times, 56, 147, 149, 269, 284, 293
New Zealand, 22, 299, 312, 353, 431
Nickelsburg, László, 106
Nicolson, Nigel, 27, 283, 430
Nixon, Richard, 277, 323, 331–32, 388, 455
Nizameddin, Tewfik, 102
Non-Aligned Movement, 32, 61–62, 89
Nordau, Max, 116–17
North, Lord, 362–63
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 36, 62, 79, 148, 151, 173, 276, 296, 311, 352, 388–89, 402, 412, 441, 444
Norway, 432
nuclear weapons, 110–11, 163–64, 393–94, 401, 428
Nutting, Anthony, 1, 56, 306
on Britain’s need for credits from U.S. to buy oil, 385
Buraimi and, 248
on Butler, 455
on call from Eden demanding murder of Nasser, 1–2, 27, 77, 183
on Eden declaring a personal war on Nasser, 25
on Iraqis response to Nasser’s Suez decision, 36
resignation of, 138, 278–79, 351
on Suez Base Agreement, 19–20
on Suez War
on Anglo-French revised plan after Foster Dulles’s UN resolution, 321–22
on Anglo-French sinking Egyptian blockship, 315
on Anglo-French ultimatum, 253
on Challe presenting Suez plan to Eden, 167–68
consideration of revealing Suez plan to Americans, 141–42
on feelings in hours counting down to attack, 207
on keeping Suez plan secret from Eisenhower, 175
on Lloyd’s cross-examination by House of Commons, 390–91
on Lloyd’s Sèvres meeting with Ben-Gurion, 85–86
on Person’s plan for UN forces, 316
on reactions to Eden in House of Commons, 306, 307
on reasons for British cabinet calling for a halt to, 408
on veto on UN resolution, 266
Nuwar, Ali Abu, 134, 234–35, 293
O
Observer, 362–63
oil, 23
Israel’s deal to build oil pipeline, 46–47
Lebanon’s embargo on tankers loading oil for Britain and France, 434
opportunity for profit during World War I, 7–8
as part of motivation for British military action in Egypt, 71
post-World War I demand for, 8–9
Saudi Arabia’s embargo on oil exports to Britain and France, 434
Suez War and, 88, 293, 301–2, 337, 366, 383, 388, 407
Okasha, Tharwat, 218, 219
Oman, 247
Omega plan, 194–96
Operation Beisan, 234, 292–93
Operation Black Arrow, 93, 95–97, 116, 120, 471n59
Operation Cordage, 166, 167
Operation Kadesh, 211
Operation Musketeer
as damaging Britain’s credibility in Middle East, 431
delays in, 157–58
Eisenhower on, 430
failure of, 428–30, 436–37
Joint Intelligence Committee’s warning about, 154–55
lack of political support for, 156, 157
objectives of, 155
planning of, 152–54
practical difficulties with, 158
pressure on Eden to go on with, 296–97
redrafting of, 158–61, 163, 169, 182–83, 327–28, 429
Operation Musketeer Renewed (plan), 425
Operation Musketeer Revise, 158–61, 163, 169, 182–83, 327–28, 429
Operation Straggle (Wakeful), 196, 200, 239–40, 293
Operation Susannah, 119–20
Operation Whirlwind, 277, 294, 300–301, 352–53, 361–62, 439
Orbach, Maurice, 119
Ottoman Empire, 5, 6, 48
P
Pakistan, xiv, 22, 91, 195, 299, 424
Palestine, 8, 47–52, 93, 95–96, 296
Palmerston, Lord, 6
Paris Match, 390
Paris Peace Conference (1919), 68
Pasha, Ismail, 5
Pasha, Mohamed Ali, 4
Pasha, Mohamed Said, 4
Passman, Otto, 29
Patton, George, 233, 483n40
Pearson, Lester, 264, 432, 448
abstention on Foster Dulles’s UN resolution, 312
concern for Eden’s health, 139
creation of UN Expeditionary Force, 295–96, 309, 316, 322–23, 453
Pedrazzini, Jean-Pierre, 262
Peking, xiii
Peres, Shimon
on collaboration with French in Algeria, 164
convincing of Ben-Gurion to attend Sèvres meeting, 168–69
on finalizing nuclear reactor at Dimona, 126
memoirs of, 126, 163
Operation Musketeer Revise leaked to, 163
Operation Susannah and, 120
political career after Suez War, 454
regret for Kfar Kassem massacre, 223
at Sèvres meeting, 46, 87–88, 114–15, 125–26
on U.S. embargo on Israel, 122
Peru, 266
Philby, John, 243–44
Philby, Kim, 244
Philip, Prince, 298
Philosophy of the Revolution, The (Nasser), 68
Phleger, Herman, 107, 159–60, 312, 352, 371, 398
Phu, Dien Bien, 269
Pineau, Christian
on Arabs’ consumption of alcohol, 464n86
on Ben Bella kidnapping, 129, 201
comparison of Nasser to Hitler, 69, 468n79
on Eisenhower, 36
on Foster Dulles, 36, 173
on Hungarian Uprising, 370–71
imprisonment in Buchenwald, 164–65
on loss of Algeria, 43–44
meeting with Lloyd urging action, 63–64
memoirs of, 266–67
political career after Suez War, 449
on Stockwell, 161
Suez War and, 253, 297, 410
attempt at Red Scare on U.S., 305–6
book on, 443
planning of, 71, 77–78, 108–9, 167, 168
pressure on British for joint invasion to go early, 316–17
revised plan after Foster Dulles’s UN resolution, 321
Sèvres meeting and, 46, 47, 58, 78, 88, 125, 126, 142, 145
spreading of story about Nasser almost resigning, 389
Times on collusion between Israel and, 278
on U.S. in North Africa, 432
on U.S.’s knowledge of Anglo-French-Israeli collusion, 177–78
view of SCUA as a ruse to delay military action, 72
Poland, 83–84, 440, 453
Pongrátz, Gergely, 106, 171
Port Fuad, 377
Port Said, 5, 396
Anglo-French troops’ command of, 424
bombing of, 377–79
Egypt’s preparation for attack on, 376
Egypt’s rejection of conditions for cease-fire, 396
Operation Musketeer Revise’s focus on, 158, 161
removal of Anglo-French troops from, 443
reports of British reconnaissance aircraft over, 240
temporary cease-fire agreement at, 391–92
treatment of Egyptian civilians at, 382–83, 403–4
warning to inhabitants to leave before assault, 344–45, 360
Powell, Richard, 428–29
Power, Manley, 161–62
Pozsár, István, 170
Procopius, 46
Protocol of Sèvres, 126–27, 219, 260
Q
Qaeda,al-3, 190
Qalqilya attack, 167–68, 169, 174–75
Qibya raid of 1953, 93–95, 116
Qutb, Sayyid, 3, 189–90
R
Radford, Arthur, 235
Radio Free Europe, 173, 209–10, 390
Rafah, 347
Rákosi, Mátyás, 79–81, 82, 83, 335, 419
Rancovic, Aleksandar, 333
Rantissi, Abdel Aziz al-, 347
Reading, Lord, 351
reductio ad Hitlerum, 68–69, 72, 468n79
Reston, James, 254, 417–18
Revolutionary Command Council, 14, 187
Rivlin, Reuven, 223
Robens, Alfred, 263
Rockefeller, John D., 7
Romania, 79, 301, 453
Rommel, Erwin, 10, 186
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 172, 244
Roosevelt, Kermit “Kim,” 13, 14, 32, 89, 90, 98, 121–22, 293
Rothschild, Lord, 48
Rountree, William M., 464n76
Royal Dutch, 7
Russell, Bertrand, 317318
S
Saburov, Maksim, 276–77
Sadat, Anwar, 10, 146, 156
Saint-Hillier, Colonel, 236
Salem, Salah, 323, 491n31
Salisbury, Lord, 369, 408, 434, 494n28
Samuel, Herbert, 49
Saud, Ibn, King, 243, 244, 245
Saud, King
assassination attempt on Nasser, 451
Eden on policies of, 246
Eisenhower’s view of, 437
exile of, 451
financial and political problems in 1956, 245
as Foster Dulles’s preferred Arab leader, 195, 243
friction between Nasser and, 243
intervention on behalf of Muslim Brotherhood, 188
mediation between Nasser and Neguib, 19
mutual defense treaty with Egypt in 1955, 243
Suez War and, 243
Saudi Arabia
Buraimi and, 247–48
embargo on oil exports to Britain and France, 434
invasion of Israel, 52
Jordan and, 128, 134
Muslim Brotherhood and, 243, 484n16
mutual defense treaty with Egypt, 243
opposition to Anglo-French assault, 388
reaction to Baghdad Pact, 91
U.S.’s relations with, 13, 244–45, 437, 451
Schacht, Hjalmar, 229
SCUA (Suez Canal Users’ Association), 72, 74, 75, 128
Secret Speech, 82–83, 440
Selkirk, Lord, 369
Senate Appropriations Committee, 29
Serov, Ivan, 106, 143, 145, 354–55, 357
Sétif, 41
Shadmi, Issachar, 221
Sharett, Moshe, 54, 121
attempt to negotiate arms deal with U.S., 100
background of, 116
differences between Ben-Gurion and, 115–16, 118
on Israel’s invasion of Egypt, 278
lack of knowledge about Operation Susannah, 120
opposition to attacking Gaza again, 96–97
as replacing Ben-Gurion, 118
resignation from Israeli government, 122
secret discussions with Nasser’s government, 118–19
Sharm el-Sheikh, 88, 355, 381, 411, 427
Sharon, Ariel “Arik”
on Ben-Gurion’s orders after Sèvres meeting, 136
death of, 454
Gaza raid led by, 93, 96
on Israelis not trusting British, 182
on Israel’s deterrence policy, 117–18
on lack of terrorist bases in Sinai, 87
as part of Kinneret attack, 100
on Qibya raid of 1953, 93–94
on restrictions on Qalqilya attack, 167
role in Six-Day War, 182
in Suez War, 223, 264, 272–73, 285–86, 381
on withdrawal from Gaza, 428
Shell, 7, 295, 379
Shepilov, Dmitri, 251, 337, 392
Shlaim, Avi, 96
Shuckburgh, Evelyn, 17, 50, 65, 153–54, 191, 193, 232, 253–54
Simon, John, 10
Six-Day War, 454, 456
Society for Individual Freedom, 480n37
South Africa, 299
Soviet Union, 15
antisemitism in, 80–81
arms race and, 400–401
Aswan Dam and, 28, 29, 30
China and, 97, 131–32, 335, 439–40, 453
dispatch of KGB agents to defend Nasser, 199, 481n57
Egypt’s arms deals with, 13, 28, 97, 98, 191, 224–25, 430–31
Egypt’s relations with, after Suez War, 425
as formed by revolution, 106–7
Hungarian Uprising and. See also Hungarian Uprising
announcement of Kádár as Hungary’s new prime minister, 358
arrest of senior Hungarians during negotiation meeting with Soviets, 354–55
Eden on, 415
mock executions of Hungarian prisoners, 357
Operation Whirlwind, 277, 294, 300–301, 352–53, 361–62, 439
purge of higher education, 439
suspicions of outside interference as cause of, 105–6, 132–33, 276
impression of Nasser, 16
Israel’s relations with, 395
nuclear weapons and, 110–11, 393–94
protests for and against Stalinism in, 82–83
Suez War and, 266, 287, 371, 393–94, 400, 405–6
Syria’s arms deal with, 196, 395
Warsaw Pact and, 79
See also Khrushchev, Nikita
Spencer-Churchill, Clarissa. See Eden, Clarissa
Spycatcher (Wright), 197, 399
St. Laurent, Louis, 139
Stalin, Joseph, 13, 15, 80, 82, 131–32, 173, 336, 440
Standard Oil, 7
Stassen, Harold, 172
State Department, U.S., 13, 199, 372
State Security Authority (Államvédelmi Hatóság, AVH), 79, 109, 123, 144, 171, 261–62, 270, 275
sterling crisis, 71, 265, 383, 384–85, 407–10, 423, 434, 446
Stevenson, Adlai E., 149, 225, 269, 286–87, 422, 424
Stockwell, Hugh, 154, 159, 161, 404, 416
Straits of Tiran, 46, 47, 175
Strauss, Leo, 68
Strauss, Lewis L., 110
Sudan, 11, 22
Suez Base Agreement, 19–20, 101, 325
Suez Canal
after Suez War, 423, 444
importance to Britain, 21, 23
London conference on, 70, 157
opening of, 4
second, opening of, 456
as a shortcut to Persian Gulf, 21
as unusable, during Suez War, 315
vulnerability of Egypt because of, 4–5
Suez Canal Company
Britain’s share in, 5, 20–21
nationalization of, 33–34, 35–37, 62, 64, 74–75, 101, 152
profits in 1956, 21
Suez Canal Users’ Association (SCUA), 72, 74, 75, 128
Suez Canal Zone, 9, 11–12, 19–20, 101, 443
“Suez Group” in Parliament, 12
Suez War
Anglo-French preparation for bombing raids, 325
Anglo-French revised plan after Foster Dulles’s UN resolution, 321–22
Ben-Gurion on Sinai campaign in, 411, 427
Ben-Gurion’s announcement that Israel won, 421
Bulganin’s letters condemning Anglo-French-Israeli collusion in, 392–95, 399, 415, 440, 496n35
cost of, 423
Eden blamed by his generation for, 38
Egypt and
anger against Britain and France in, 350
Anglo-French bombing of Port Said, 377–79
Anglo-French ultimatum issued to, 253–54
army’s withdrawing from Sinai, 325, 327, 328
British air strikes on, 283–85, 292
British forces’ treatment of civilians at Port Said, 382–83
cease-fire agreement with British and French, 391–92
cutting off Suez Canal and main oil supply route in, 315
escape of refugees from Gaza Strip into, 302
French soldiers’ execution of civilians at Port Said, 403–4
international reactions to bombing of Cairo, 298–99
Iraq told Britain and France it might intervene if their attack continued on, 243
message to UN on cease-fire, 350
mobilization of Saudi Arabia and Syria’s armed forces to help repel attack on, 243
Nasser’s rejection of Anglo-French ultimatum in, 259
preparation for Anglo-French attack on Port Said, 376
reactions at prospect of Soviet intervention in, 421
reactions to British raids on Egyptian air fields, 306–8
rejection of Anglo-French conditions for cease-fire, 396
support for Nasser during, 328–29
United Nations Expeditionary Force for, 355, 374–75, 380–81, 431–32, 453
failure of Britain and France to meet objectives of, 423
fleet of British and French battleships in eastern Mediterranean in, 271
Foster Dulles’s UN General Assembly speech on, 310–11
France and
attempt at Red Scare on U.S., 305–6
bombing of Rafah with Israeli destroyers in, 288
Mollet’s blurted out truth to press about Anglo-French-Israeli collusion in, 442
Great Britain and
Britain’s dollar reserves running out during, 383–84
British cabinet’s vote in favor of cease-fire in, 408–9, 410, 415
British reassessment of war plan, 360
considering postponement of landing, 344–45
dithering over when or whether to begin landing, 315–16
as ill prepared for invasion, 343–44
justification of British intervention, 353–54, 364–65
opinion polls on November 1 invasion, 296–97, 308
postponement of Anglo-French air strikes, 260–61
propaganda during, 327–28, 329
Israel and
addition of impossible conditions to cease-fire agreement, 380
battle at Mitla Pass, 272–73, 285–86
bombing of Gaza Strip, 304, 314–15
capture of Egyptian destroyer Ibrahim el-Awal, 271
Egyptian soldiers taken prisoner in Gaza by, 314
executions at Rafah, 347
executions in Khan Yunis, 346–47, 379
IDF attack on Sharm el-Sheikh, 381
invasion plan for, 114–15, 130
Israeli aircraft shot down by British, 349–50
message to UN on cease-fire, 350
occupation of east and central Sinai, 325–26
Israelis in Sinai, 223–24
Kfar Kassem massacre as first victims of, 221–23
Khrushchev on U.S. failure in stopping, 352
Nasser as winner of, 421, 444
Operation Musketeer’s failure in, 428–30
Protocol of Sèvres and, 126–27
reaction to Anglo-French-Israeli plan throughout Arab world, 325–26
reactions in Africa and Asia to Anglo-French-Israeli attack on Egypt in, 412
Sèvres meeting and, 55, 57–58, 78, 86–88, 125–27
UN Security Council and, 266, 267
U.S. Sixth Fleet and, 272
Sullivan and Cromwell, 229, 230
Sunday Times Magazine, 298
superpower, coining of term, 448
Suslov, Mikhail, 108, 143, 170, 202–3, 210, 275, 281, 294
Sweden, 432
Swinburn, James, 196–97
Sykes, Mark, 49
Sykes-Picot agreement, 49, 201
Syria
arms deal with Soviet Union, 196, 395
coup in, 118, 451
Syria (cont.)
French mandate over, 8
Israel invasion of, 52
military alliance with Egypt and Jordan, 128, 134, 135, 169, 243
Operation Straggle against, 196, 200, 239–40, 293
reaction to Baghdad Pact, 91
during Suez War, 293, 388
unrest in, after French kidnapping of Algerian rebels, 200
Szabó, János, 106
T
Taubman, William, 420, 496n35
Templer, Gerald, 152, 154, 158, 271–72, 318, 360, 416
Ten Commandments, The (DeMille), 19
Thomas, Hugh, 421
Thorneycroft, Peter, 430, 431
Times (London)
10/31/56, 288
on Anglo-French-Israeli planes shot down by Egyptians, 349
on charges against Algerian rebel leaders, 218
on effect of arrest of Algerian rebel leaders, 201
on French-Israeli collusion, 278
on handling of student at riot in Edinburgh
on Hungarian rebellion, 217
on Israeli aircraft shot down by British, 349–50
on Israelis capture of Egyptian destroyer Ibrahim el-Awal, 271
on King Hussein’s meeting with Egyptians and Syrians, 102
on opinion in UN Security Council on Anglo-French collusion with Israel, 287
on relief of UN delegates after announcement of British and French cease-fire, 416
on Russia vetoing Hungary’s request for UN Security Council’s to consider the beautiful coast, 338
on speculation that U.S. would remain militarily aloof from conflict, 286
talk of sanctions against Britain, France, and Israel in UN General Assembly, 322
on UN General Assembly’s consideration of Soviet assault on Hungary, 361–62
on violence against demonstrators in Warsaw, 131
on withdrawal of Soviet troops, 274–75
Tipline (Trans-Israel Pipeline), 46–47, 466n16
Tito, Josip Broz, 32, 81, 333–36, 337, 341, 452, 453
Trans-Israel Pipeline (Tipline), 46–47, 466n16
Transjordan, 22
transliterations of place and personal names, xiii
Trevelyan, Humphrey
on destruction of documents, 240
on Glubb’s dismissal, 25
Nasser sending for, 259
on Nasser’s reaction to Gaza raid, 96
reaction to nationalization of Suez Canal Company, 33–34, 465n90
Salem’s suggestion of surrendering to, 323
talks between Egypt, France, and Great Britain at United Nations, 76
warning British government against interfering in Egypt’s internal affairs, 55
Tripartite Declaration of 1950, 89, 137
Dulles on French supplying Israelis with planes permitted under, 227
Eisenhower on pledge to, 249, 268, 303
failure to prevent Middle Eastern arms race, 101
issuing of, 88
Nasser’s arms deal with Czechoslovakia as undercutting, 98
Truman, Harry S., 13, 173, 237, 286
Truman Doctrine, 173, 174
Tuchman, Barbara, 435
Tunisia, 103, 128, 146, 200, 208
Turkey, xiii–xiv, 91, 424
U
United Kingdom, xiv, 195–96. See also Great Britain
United Nations, 103, 109, 296, 303, 336
United Nations Expeditionary Force, 355, 374–75, 380–81, 431–32, 453
United Nations General Assembly, 350, 380–81
on Anglo-French bombing of Port Faud and Said, 377–78, 380–81
announcement of British and French cease-fire to, 355, 377–78, 416
passing of resolution partitioning Palestine, 52
Pearson’s resolution for a UN Expeditionary Force for Egypt, 302–3, 355, 374–75
Pearson’s resolution for immediate cease-fire to be followed by an embargo and, 310–11, 321, 322–23
question of Hungary considered by, 361–62, 375
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 371
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), 314, 347, 380
United Nations Security Council, 75–76, 94, 167, 253, 266, 267, 287
United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), 51–52
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), 374–75
United States, 49, 104–5
aid to Egypt, opposition to, 29
arms deals
with Egypt in 1954, 18, 90, 470n34
halting of, with Israel in, 99–100
arms race and, 400, 401
Aswan Dam and, 27–31, 32
Buraimi, relations, 246–49, 250
discomfort with Communism, 172–73, 174
as formed by revolution, 106–7
Israel’s relations with, 99–100, 122, 164, 427
Jordan’s relations with, 437
knowledge of Anglo-French collusion with Israel, 175–78, 203
lack of interest in Egypt prior to 1952, 13
Nasser’s initial wariness of potential for more support from, 89
Nasser believed playing both sides of Arab-Israeli conflict, 100–101
national communist movements, tacit support for, 331–32
oil industry in, origination of, 7
Saudi Arabia’s relations with, 13, 244–45, 437, 451
Suez War and, 105, 272–74, 283–84, 285, 287, 305–6, 398
financial squeeze on Britain, 383–84, 441
UN Security Council resolution of, 266
tacit approval of French supplying arms to Israel, 164
United States Federal Reserve, 383
UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East), 314, 347, 380
UNSCOP (United Nations Special Committee on Palestine; UNSCOP), 51–52
UNTSO (United Nations Truce Supervision Organization), 374–75
V
Varró, Csaba, 438–39
Vásárhelyi, Miklos, 123
veiled protectorate in Egypt, 6
Vietnam War, 438, 448
Voice of Britain, 327–28
Voice of the Arabs, 3, 43, 156, 328
Voroshilov, Kliment, 105, 210, 251, 337
W
Wafd, 9, 11, 184, 186
Wakeful (Operation Straggle), 196, 200, 239–40, 293
War of Attrition, 456
Warsaw Pact, 79, 275, 300, 301, 302, 312, 352
Watergate scandal, 455
White, Dick, 197
White Paper, 51
“White Terror,” 275, 358
Wilcoxon, Henry, 19
Wilson, Charles, 235
Wilson, Woodrow, 7, 68
Wisner, Frank, 32, 372–73, 452
Wisner, Polly, 373
World Bank, 28
World War I, 6, 7–8, 49
World War II, 10, 51, 80, 448
World Zionist Organization, 117
Wright, Peter, 197–98, 399, 406
Y
Yassin, Yousef, 326
Yates, William, 282
Yemen, 52, 455
Yom Kippur War, 454
Young, George, 193–94, 196, 200, 480n37
Young Egypt, 186
Younis, Mahmoud, 34
Yugoslavia, 266, 267, 270, 275, 287, 332–33, 375, 419, 432
Z
Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 190
Zhivkov, Todor, 301
Zhukov, Georgy, 85, 108, 251, 257, 258, 277, 337
Zionism, 47–50, 51, 116–17