INDEX

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A

Abdulillah, Prince, 35, 450

Abu Dhabi, 247

Acheson, Dean, 16

Adams, Sherman, 225, 425

Adenauer, Konrad, 410–11

AIOC (Anglo-Iranian Oil Company), 23, 247

Akhmatova, Anna, 82

Albania, 173

Aldrich, Winthrop W., 130, 147–48, 241–42, 287–88, 297, 434, 483n10

Algeria, 41–43, 44, 88, 164, 423, 449

Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN), 42–43, 44–45, 128–29, 164, 208, 218

Allen, George, 102

Allenby, Edmund, 49, 50

Alpha plan, 91–92, 194–95

Alterman, Nathan, 222

Amer, Abdul Hakim, 102, 134, 226, 234, 292, 324–25, 375, 420

Amery, Julian, 198

Amory, Robert, 176, 177, 203, 341–42, 370

Anderson, Robert, 121–22

Andropov, Yuri, 85, 300, 301, 312, 453

Angleton, James Jesus, 177

Anglo-Egyptian Condominium on Sudan, 11

Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, 9, 186

Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), formerly Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 7, 23, 247

Arab Collective Security Pact, 20

Arab Legion, 25, 26

Arab News Agency, 196

Arab Spring, 449

Arabi, Ahmad, 6

Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco), 244, 245, 247

Arabs and Arab world, as defined in 1956, xiii–xiv

Arafat, Yasser, 96

Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco), 244, 245, 247

Arbenz, Jacopo, 98

Argov, Nehemia, 46

arms race, 400–401

Arrow Cross party, 80

Asquith, H. H., 49, 387

Association of Free Officers, 13–14, 184, 323

Astor, David, 362

Aswan Dam, 27–28, 29–31, 33, 101, 464n83

Attlee, Clement, 10–11

Australia, 22, 266, 299, 312, 353, 431

Austria, 371–72, 439

AVH (Államvédelmi Hatóság: State Security Authority), 79, 109, 123, 144, 171, 261–62, 270, 275

Avnery, Uri, 53–54, 94, 120, 121, 122, 216, 233

B

Baeyens, Jacques, 236, 360–61

Baghdad Pact, 25, 90–92, 195, 246, 248, 326–27, 424, 431, 470n36

Baghdadi, Abdel Latif al-, 285, 292, 323, 350–51, 360, 376, 420

Balfour, Arthur, 48, 50

Banna, Hasan al-, 184–85, 186, 187

Baqdash, Khalid, 245

Bar-On, Mordechai, 58, 126–27, 183, 288

Bar-Zohar, Michael, 176, 215

Barnett, Correlli, 139

Barnett, Denis, 159, 404

Bay of Pigs invasion, 451

Beaufre, André, 161, 404

Beijing, xiii

Belgium, 266

Bem, Jószef, 84–85

Ben Bella, Ahmed, 41, 42–43, 44–45, 128–29, 207–8, 218, 258, 449

Ben-Gurion, David

agreement to withdraw troops from Sinai, 427

announcement of Israel winning Suez War, 421

on Arab armies backed by Soviet military supply, 97

on attacking Egypt before U.S. presidential election, 77–78

background of, 47–48, 50, 51

bluff about intentions regarding Egyptian territory, 280–81

on Britain’s dependence on U.S., 437

Bulganin’s letter to, 392, 393, 395, 440

cable to Paris about air strikes on Egypt, 283

on CIA’s knowledge of Anglo-French collusion with Israel, 176

differences between Sharett and, 115–16, 118

discussion of option to war with Jordan, 166

Eisenhower’s appeal to, 211, 215–16

fear of Nasser, 54

Gaza raid and, 95, 120–21

impression of Lloyd, 58

on Israel’s struggle for survival, 52–53

Kinneret attack and, 100

lack of knowledge about Operation Susannah, 120

Operation Kadesh and, 211

policy on fedayeen, 87

proposal in 1955 to attack Gaza again, 96

Protocol of Sèvres, signing of, 126–27, 168–69, 182

on Qibya raid of 1953, 93, 94–95

reaction to Kfar Kassem massacre, 222

retirement of, 118, 454

at Sèvres meeting, 46–47, 57–58, 78, 88, 114–15, 168–69

on Sinai campaign, 411, 427

Sinai invasion plan of, 136, 210–11

Six-Day War and, 454

statement to UNSCOP, 51–52

as suspicious of British, 169, 182, 183

Benn, Tony, 254, 321

Bevan, Aneurin, 174, 308, 363, 388, 391

Bibó, István, 359

bin Laden, Osama, 190

Birch, Nigel, 369, 370

Bismarck, Otto von, 23

Bissell, Richard M., 176, 319–20

Black, Eugene, 3

Black Saturday, 12

Blondheim, David, 230

Bloody Thursday, 143–45

Bohlen, Charles, 61, 62, 66, 258, 306, 336–37, 352–53, 398

Bonham Carter, Violet, 387

Boothby, Bob, 283

Bourgès-Maunoury, Maurice, 47, 125, 163, 207, 278

Bourguiba, Habib, 44, 45, 129, 146

Bower, Tom, 197

Boyle, Dermot, 152, 154

Bracken, Brendan, 407

Brady, Thomas F., 45

Brazil, 432

Brezhnev, Leonid, 313, 453

Brook, Norman, 443

Brown, Charles R., 319

Brown, George, 174

Browne, Anthony Montague, 179, 345, 433, 462n30, 468n79

Buchan-Hepburn, Patrick, 369

Bulganin, Nikolai

al-Kuwatly’s meeting with, 257

Hungarian Uprising and, 251, 336–37, 370

letter to Ben-Gurion, 392, 393, 395, 440

letter to Mollet, 392–95, 399, 440

letters to Eden, 392–94, 399, 405, 440, 496n35

proposal to U.S. for joint military action in Egypt, 396–97

support of international ban on nuclear testing, 110–11

Bulgaria, 79, 301, 453

Buraimi, 246–49, 250

Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 69

Burke, Arleigh, 318–19, 429

Burma, 22

Burns, E.L.M., 374, 421, 431–32

Butler, Rab, 24, 39, 302, 408

on Eden, 69, 140, 369, 494n28

Eisenhower and, 434

memoirs of, 39, 69, 369

Nutting on, 455

as temporarily filling in for Eden, 441–42

Byroade, Henry, 33, 98–99, 102

C

Cabell, Charles, 177

Callas, Maria, 237, 238

Cambridge Spies, 24

Canada, 312, 353, 360, 431, 434, 454

Canal Conference in London (1956), 66–67, 69, 70, 157

Cannadine, David, 21

Castro, Fidel, 105

CENTO (Central Treaty Organization). See Baghdad Pact

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 224

arms deal with Nasser, 90, 470n34

assessment of Anglo-French success in invading Egypt, 160

competition with MI6 and French intelligence, 184

coup attempt in Syria, 451

Farouk and, 89

on French actions in Algeria and Suez, 326

on French policy in Algeria in 1956, 44

on Hungarian Uprising, 345

knowledge of Anglo-French-Israeli collusion, 175–76

launching of operation in Egypt, 190–91

Mossadegh and, 23

on Muslim Brotherhood, 187, 190

Nasser supporters inside of, 2, 3, 89, 98, 101, 196, 436

Omega plan and, 195–96

Operation Straggle and, 196, 200, 240

overthrow of government in Guatemala, 98, 105

prediction of military coup in Egypt, 13

promotion of Islamism, 246

secret meetings with Nasser, 14

surprise at Hungarian Uprising, 105

transmittal of U-2 pictures to RAF, 285

Central Treaty Organization (CENTO). See Baghdad Pact

Ceylon, 22

Challe, Maurice, 47, 86–87, 167–68, 450

Chamberlain, Neville, 10, 51

Charles, Prince, 298

Charteris, Martin, 297, 298

China

Soviet Union and, 97, 131–32, 335, 439–40, 453

Suez War and, 266, 412

withdraw of deposits from Britain, 383

Chou En-lai, 97, 335

Churchill, Randolph, 24

Churchill, Winston, 11, 24, 172

on Buraimi, 247

Eden’s relationship with, 10, 16–17, 18, 179–80, 345, 415

Eisenhower and, 17–18, 37

on Foster Dulles, 60, 247

hard line on Egypt in 1952, 12, 16

health of, 18, 60, 179, 250, 345

Lloyd’s career under, 56–57

more moderate position on Egypt, 18

nuclear weapons and, 111

on protest in Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, 364

on “special relationship” between Britain and the U.S., 13

on a United States of Europe, 437

CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Clark, Douglas, 378, 382, 417

Clark, William, 220–21, 234, 296, 299, 302, 365–66, 411, 413, 414–15

Clemenceau, Georges, 7–8

Collins, Victor, 391

Colombia, 432

Colville, John “Jock,” 16, 17, 179, 462n30

Comintern, disbanding of, 15

Communist Malayan National Liberation Army, 36

Concession to the Canal Company of 1856, 35

Constantinople Convention of 1888, 35, 36

Cooper, Chester

on Aswan Dam and Dulles, 28–29

attempt to persuade British to back Vietnam War, 437–38

backlash experienced by daughters from schoolmates, 294–95

on British as ill prepared for invasion, 315–16, 342, 343

on British generals’ ignorance of secret alliance with Israel, 161

on diplomatic relations between U.S. and Britain, 277

on Eden alternating between confidence and misdoubt, 139–40

on Eisenhower administration deploring Nasser, 436

on Eisenhower’s reaction to Anglo-French ultimatum, 254–55

on Farouk’s collection of dirty pictures, 15

on Foster Dulles’s loathing for Eden, 65

learning of mobilization of Israeli troops on, 206–7

on Nasser’s nationalization of Suez Canal Company, 34

on possible consequences of Eden and Mollet’s visit, 425–26

on protest in Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, 363

on Soviet nuclear threat in 1956, 400–401, 405

on U.S. Fleet reinforced by a “hunter-killer group,” 272

on U.S. planes sighted over Anglo-French convoys, 305

Copeland, Miles

on Anglo-French action closing Suez Canal, 315

backing of Nasser, 14, 16, 55, 72–73, 89, 98

on British blaming losses on U.S. pressures, 434–35

on Eden discussing Nasser, 64, 198

on Eisenhower Doctrine, 445, 447

on Foster Dulles, 31, 32, 102

on Gaza raid, 96, 471n59

on MI6 in Egypt, 191, 192

on promotion of Islamism, 246

on pursing a settlement to Arab-Israeli conflict, 99

on timing of British cease-fire in Suez War, 410

Cornut-Gentille, Bernard, 266–67

Crossman, Richard, 174, 437

Cuba, 105, 266, 451, 452–53

Cyprus, 36

Czechoslovakia, 28, 97–98, 171–72, 173, 301, 430–31, 453

D

Dahan, Gabriel, 221, 222–23

Daily Mirror, 377

Daily Worker, 419

Darling, Kenneth, 416

Dayan, Moshe

on Anglo-French postponement of air strikes, 261

on bombing of Rafah, 288

on Britain getting Iraqi Army into Jordan, 168

on capacity for mix-ups in Suez War, 327

concerns about British, 182–83

on differences between Ben-Gurion and Sharett, 115

on Eisenhower’s peaceful and moderate approach, 216

enthusiasm for war with Egypt, 54

Operation Susannah and, 120

overseeing of Israeli forces that attacked Jordanians, 165–66

retuning of Sinai invasion plan, 136

at Sèvres meeting, 46, 58, 87–88, 114–15, 125

on Sharm el-Sheikh, 411

Sharon’s fall out with, 167

Dean, Patrick, 114, 125, 126, 127, 142, 145, 199, 206

DeMille, Cecil B., 19

Denmark, 432

Department of State, U.S., 13, 199, 372

Deuxième Bureau, 239, 293

Dickson, William, 152, 153–54

Dillon, C. Douglas, 43, 74, 305, 306, 389, 390, 401–3, 432–33

Din, Muhammad Salah al-, 55

Disraeli, Benjamin, 5, 48

Dixon, Pierson, 237

on Britain’s difficult position in UN after bombing Cairo, 381, 495n7

dismissal of U.S. draft resolution proposed for UN, 238

meeting on transitioning Anglo-French invasion force into UN peacekeepers, 381

on preventing sanctions against Britain, 356

repudiation of accusation of Anglo-French-Israeli collusion, 287

support for UN taking over Sinai intervention, 309

vote on UN resolution, 266, 267

Dodds-Parker, Douglas, 183–84, 242, 279, 351, 383

Donáth, Ferenc, 169–70

Dulles, Allen Welsh, 37, 98

description of, 60–61

discussion of Qalqilya attack, 174–75

as doubting the potential for getting Nasser down, 436

engineering of anticommunism in international spheres, 61

Foster Dulles and, 29–30, 148, 174–75, 229, 230

on Hungarian Uprising, 148, 372–73

knowledge of Anglo-French-Israeli collusion, 175–76, 177, 178, 224

Operation Straggle and, 240

on reactions in Africa and Asia to bombings of Egypt, 412

resignation as director of CIA, 451

on strong anti-British sentiment in Iraq, 431

Suez War and, 235, 319–20, 342–43, 388, 425

at Sullivan and Cromwell, 229, 230

Dulles, David, 230

Dulles, Eleanor, 230

Dulles, Janet, 230, 338

Dulles, John Foster, 110

Allen Dulles and, 29–30, 148, 174–75, 229, 230

Alpha plan of, 91–92, 194–95

as an antisemite, 228, 231–32

announcement after Qibya raid of 1953, 94

antipathy to communism, 61–62, 173–74, 331–32, 373

Aswan Dam and, 27–32, 101

attempts to prevent military action in Egypt, 62–66, 67–68, 72–74, 128, 153, 157, 199

awareness of French plan for Egypt, 77

battle with cancer, 339–40, 407, 426, 451, 453

Buraimi and, 247–48

campaign for New York Senate, 231

death of, 451

description of, 60, 61

discussion of Qalqilya attack, 174–75

on Eden’s health, 139

on Egypt’s arms deal, 28

Eisenhower’s relationship with, 426

on French kidnapping of Algerian rebels, 130

Hungarian Uprising and, 130–31, 148–49, 171–72, 180–81, 204, 205, 329–30, 338–39, 372–73

insistence Eisenhower disinvite Eden to Washington, 426

knowledge of Anglo-French-Israeli collusion, 177, 178, 203, 212–14, 226–28, 235

Lloyd on conversation about Nasser with, 435

mutual dislike of Eden and, 64–65

Nazi Germany and, 228–29, 230–31

Omega plan of, 194–96

Operation Straggle and, 240

perceptions about, 36–37, 73–74

on Poland’s liberation, 83

press conference on SCUA, 75

reaction to Nasser’s arms deal with Czechoslovakia, 98

reluctance to join Baghdad Pact, 91, 248, 470n36

replacement of American diplomats sympathetic to Nasser, 101–2

resignation of, 451

sterling crisis and, 407

during Suez War, 235–36, 255, 264–65, 268, 270, 319–20

British press’ comments about, 433

British sterling crisis and, 407

consideration of imposing “economic limitations” on Israel, 280

prediction of oil pipelines blowing up, 249–50

reaction to British air strikes, 289

response to Anglo-French ultimatum, 261

UN General Assembly resolution of, 302–3, 305, 311

suspicions of Israelis and French mobilizing for action, 175

on U.S. foreign policies vs. foreign policies of other countries, 107

worldview of, 61–62

Durant, Henry, 297

Durnford-Slater, Admiral, 404

E

East Germany, 173, 178n67, 453

Eastern Bloc, 79, 453

Eban, Abba, 100, 211, 213, 231, 280–81, 342, 355, 380

Eden, Anthony

as acutely sensitive, 139–40

agreement to try SCUA, 72, 74

Alpha plan devised of, 91–92

Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of Friendship and Alliance and, 9

appointment of, 24

Aswan Dam and, 31–32, 33, 464n83

background of, 9–10

Baghdad Pact and, 90–91

Bulganin’s letters to, 392–94, 399, 405–6, 415, 440, 496n35

Buraimi and, 247–48

Churchill’s relationship with, 10, 16–17, 18, 179–80, 345, 415

comparison of Nasser to Hitler and Mussolini, 68, 72

as a “control freak,” 24

demanding murder of Nasser, 1–2, 27, 77, 183

depression of, 425

Eisenhower and, 264, 421, 425–26, 434

Elizabeth II and, 297, 298

exaggeration of role in ending colonialism in Egypt, 75

on excluding Russians from Egypt, 28

extended holiday in the Caribbean after Suez War, 441–42

as foreign secretary, 11

on former colonies, 21–22

Foster Dulles and, 64–65

health of, 10, 11, 18, 138–40, 141, 416, 444, 454–55

on Hungarian Uprising, 415

Khrushchev’s visit to, 174

Lloyd’s career under, 57

marriages of, 11, 16

memoirs of, 18, 24, 26, 36, 140–41, 165, 414, 436–37, 463n56

on Middle East falling into Communist hands, 246

motivation for military action in Egypt, 70–71

Nasser’s meeting with, 92

Nuri es-Said and, 167, 168

Nutting’s resignation and, 138, 278–79

personal war on Nasser, 25, 27, 78, 101, 193

plots to assassinate Nasser, 197–99

reaction to Glubb’s dismissal, 24–27

reaction to Nasser’s nationalization of Suez Canal Company, 35–36, 62, 64, 152

reaction to U.S. offer to sell arms to Egypt, 18

on reasserting British control of Egypt with American muscle, 13, 19

resignation as prime minister, 369, 454, 455, 494n28

sterling crisis and, 408–9

Suez War and, 223, 348, 392, 402

address to House of Commons on UN resolution, 281–82

announcement of cease-fire in House of Commons, 410, 413–15

announcing of Anglo-French ultimatum to Parliament, 254

blamed by his generation for, 38

considering postponement of landing, 344–45

denial of collusion with Israel to attack Egypt, 442, 443

feelings of U.S. as disloyal, 433

health as affecting judgment concerning, 138–40, 141

justification of Britain’s actions to U.S., 255, 385

leak about role in Anglo-French-Israel collusion, 282–83

Observer’s editorial on, 362–63

Operation Musketeer and, 155, 157, 158, 296–97, 436–37

Operation Musketeer Revise and, 169

postponement of Anglo-French air strikes, 260–61

protests against, 321, 363–64, 368, 370

refusal to tell House of Commons whether Great Britain at war, 306–8

revised plan after Foster Dulles’s UN resolution, 321–22

secret plans for, 36–137, 108–9, 141, 151–52, 167–68, 175, 179–80, 347–48, 450

Sèvres meeting and, 58, 114, 127

sham talks between Lloyd, Mollet, Pineau, and, 253

telegraph to French to discontinue openly fighting with Israelis, 295

television broadcast justifying British intervention, 353–54

UN letter demanding immediate cease-fire by all parties, 366–69

vote of confidence in, 430

Eden, Clarissa, 416

on Anthony resigning, 494n28

on Anthony’s depression, 425

on Dean’s signing of Protocol of Sèvres, 126, 127

defense Anthony’s extended holiday, 442

on House of Commons, 307

marriage of, 16

on Mountbatten’s objection to planned Suez War, 147

Nasser on meeting, 92

on reactions to news from Israelis, 368–70

in University College Hospital, 140

Egypt

Arab strike to protest, 207–8

arms deals of, 13, 18, 28, 89–90, 97, 98, 191, 224–25, 430–31, 470n34

Britain’s increase in troops in Suez Canal Zone, 11–12

Britain’s invasion in 1882 of, 5–6

Britain’s treaty in 1936 with, 9, 11

British intelligence in 1950s in, 184

CIA’s launching of operation in, 190–91

coup in 1952, 14–15

focus of military policy after Gaza raid, 96

Israel’s relations with, 3, 53, 90, 101, 234, 451, 456

military alliance with Jordan and Syria, 134, 135, 169

Muslim Brotherhood and, 186, 188

Ottoman Empire and, 5

reactions at prospect of Soviet intervention in, 421

rebellion in 1919 in, 9

removal of Anglo-French troops from, 443

Saudi Arabia and, 243

Soviet Union’s relations with, after Suez War, 425

talks with France and Great Britain at United Nations, 75–76

UN Expeditionary Force in, 431–32

veiled protectorate in, 6

during World War II, 10

See also Nasser, Gamal Abdel; Port Said; Suez War

Egyptian Gazette, 292

Egyptian Suez Canal Authority, 456

Eichelberger, James, 89, 194, 196

Eisenhower, Dwight D.,

anger with Eden, 434

attempt to push the Egyptians and Israelis back into talks, 121

background of, 17

Baghdad Pact and, 248

on Britain’s involvement in conspiracy, 212

campaign for second term as president, 58, 59–60, 149, 226, 233, 417–18, 422–23, 424, 445

Canal Conference in London and, 66–67

Churchill’s friendship with, 17–18

concerns about Ben-Gurion, 118

death of, 455

disinviting Eden to Washington, 425–26

Doctrine of 1957, 445–46, 451

Eban on, 342

Foster Dulles’s relationship with, 36, 426

on France repeating Indochina in Middle East, 212

on French kidnapping of Algerian rebels, 130

health of, 30, 203–4, 422, 464n75

Hungarian Uprising and, 148–49, 171–72, 180–81, 205, 338, 340, 370, 374, 444–45

Israel and, 211, 212, 215, 427

Jewish communities, relations with, 232–33

knowledge of Anglo-French-Israeli collusion, 178, 212, 214

Korean War and, 59

on Nasser as undependable and unreliable, 436

on nuclear weapons, 110–11

on occupation of Egypt as untenable, 159–60

on Operation Musketeer, 430

opposition to military action in Egypt or against Nasser personally, 36–37, 63, 66, 153, 199

“plausible deniability” and, doctrine of, 178

popularity of, 237

re-election of, 417, 422–23, 424, 445

reaction to Templer’s loss of temper with Hussein, 154

relations with Saudi Arabia and Jordan, 437

on Soviet threat to Britain and France, 412

Soviet Union policy and, 149, 330

during Suez War, 70, 175, 280, 319–20, 448

address to nation, 287, 289–90

call to Eden about cease-fire, 413–14

consideration of use force against Israelis, 237, 269

discussion of Soviet proposal for joint military action in Egypt, 396–98, 401

financial squeeze on Britain, 265, 388–89

frustration with Britons’ feelings of betrayal by U.S., 433–34

reaction to Anglo-French ultimatum, 249–50, 254–55, 264–65, 267–68, 302–3

reaction to British air strikes, 286

reaction to Israeli’s invasion of Egypt, 235–36

reputation of, 444–45

speech linking Suez and Hungary, 338

warning Britain and France from military action, 261, 304–5, 316

Eisenhower, John, 30

Eisenhower Doctrine, 445–46, 451

Elizabeth II, Queen, 297–98, 409, 455

Ely, General, 236

EOKA, 36

Ethiopia, 5

Eugénie, Empress, 4, 443

European Economic Community, 411

Eveland, Wilbur

on Allen Dulles, 60–61

on British plans for coup in Syria, 196

on CIA’s launching of operation in Egypt, 190–91

confirmation of U.S. arms bribe to Nasser, 470n34

on Eisenhower Doctrine, 445–46

on Foster Dulles, 102, 230–31

on hollowness of American political rhetoric, 373

investigation of Qibya raid of 1953, 93

Operation Straggle and, 239–40

on Roosevelt’s discussions with Nasser, 89

on Suez War and, 343

on Young’s triple coup plot, 194

F

Faisal, Emir, 8

Faisal, Prince, 245, 451

Farida, Queen, 378–79

Farkas, Mihály, 80–81

Farouk, King, 2, 12, 13, 14–15, 89, 184, 379

Fawzi, Mahmoud, 32, 76

fedayeen raids, 87, 95, 116, 117–18, 121, 471n53

Feisal, King, 450

Feisal II, King, 35

Fifth Republic, 449

Finland, 432

Fleming, Ian, 441, 442

FLN. See Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN)

Foot, Dingle, 362

Foster, John W., 60

Fourth Republic, collapse of, 443, 449

France

in Algeria, 41–45, 128–30, 164, 207–8, 218, 326

anti-American feeling in, 390

assassination attempts on Nasser, 192–93

discomfort with Arab and African self-rule, 43–44

embargo on oil exports to, 434

Fifth Republic, 449

Fourth Republic, 443, 449

Israel’s relationship with, 122, 163–65, 224, 428

lack of support for SCUA, 72

mandate over Syria and Lebanon, 8

Nasser’s attempt to buy arms from, 98–99

reaction to Baghdad Pact, 91

talks with Egyptians and Great Britain at United Nations, 75

See also Mollet, Guy; Pineau, Christian; Suez War

Free Officers, 13–14, 184, 323, 450

French Société Egyptienne Pétrole, 295

Fryer, Peter, 106, 262, 386, 419, 496n20

G

Gaitskell, Hugh, 35

on Anglo-French-Israeli collusion, 282

on Anglo-French ultimatum, 263

on Eden’s health, 139

election as Labour leader, 24

opposition to Eden’s war, 279, 348

response to Eden’s justification of British intervention, 364–65

support for U.S. opposition to ‘Eden-Mollet folly’ in UN, 297

warning to Eden about attacking Egypt, 156

Gandhi, Indira, 32

Gati, Charles, 81, 123, 209–10, 262, 374

de Gaulle, Charles, 41, 449, 450, 500n64

Gaza raid, 93, 95–97, 116, 120, 471n59

Gaza Strip

Gaza City, Israelis bombing of, 303–4, 314–15

governor’s surrender to IDF, 346

Israeli troops’ complete withdrawal from, 427–28

Khan Yunis, executions at, 346–47, 379

Rafah, executions at, 347

refugees from, escape into Egypt, 302

Gazier, Albert, 167–68

Geneva Conference, 65

Geneva Convention of 1949, 382–83

Georges-Picot, François, 49

Germany, 6, 231

Gerö, Ernö, 80–81, 82, 83, 104, 170, 211, 335, 419

Ginzberg, Eli, 118

glasnost, 453

Glubb, Godfrey (Faris), 450

Glubb, John Bagot, 25–26, 101, 193, 450

Glubb, Naomi, 450

Gomułka, Władysław, 83, 84, 131, 301

Goodpaster, Andrew, 235, 388, 389, 429

Gopal, Sarvepalli, 465n90

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 453

Grantham, Guy, 162

Great Britain, xiv, 195–96

Aswan Dam and, 28, 29, 30, 33, 464n83

attempt to cause chaos after nationalization of Suez, 74–75

Baghdad Pact and, 91

Britons’ feelings of betrayal by U.S., 295, 433

Buraimi and, 246–49, 250

economic crisis of, 383–84, 434, 440–41

Egypt’s arms deals with, 191, 431

Egypt’s treaty in 1936 with, 9

embargo on oil exports to, 434

finances after World War II, 12–13

importance of Suez Canal to, 5, 21, 23

increase in troops in Suez Canal Zone, 11–12

invasion of Egypt in 1882, 5–6

Jordan’s relations with, 91, 102, 134, 166, 167, 424

Khrushchev’s visit to, 173–74

mandate over Iraq, 8

mandate over Palestine, 8, 50, 52

Muslim Brotherhood’s alliance with, 184, 185–86, 187–88

oil shortage in, 301–2, 337, 366, 383, 407

Operation Cordage, 166, 167

opposing viewpoints on Nasser in, 183–84, 191–94

Palestine and, 49–50, 51

relationship with U.S. after Suez War, 432, 437–38

Saudi Arabia and, 245

share in Suez Canal Company, 5, 20–21

shirt from coal to oil as main energy source, 7

Soviet Union as a threat to, 393–94, 399–400, 404–6

sterling crisis and, 71, 265, 383, 384–85, 407–10, 423, 434, 446

Suez Base Agreement with Egypt, 19–20, 101, 325

talks with Egyptians and France at United Nations, 75–76

Treasury’s debate on whether to borrow from IMF, 384

veiled protectorate in Egypt, 6

Wafd’s abrogation of 1936 treaty with, 11

White Paper of, 51

See also Eden, Anthony; Suez War

Greenwood, Anthony, 363

Grin, David. See Ben-Gurion, David

Gruenther, Alfred, 147, 323

Guatemala, 98, 105, 174

de Guiringaud, Louis, 267, 380

H

Hafez, Mustafa, 101

Hafiz, Abdel Halim, 376

Haganah, 50–51

Hagerty, James “Jim,” 320, 339

Hailsham, Lord, 158, 234, 364

Hamas, 347

Hammarskjöld, Dag

anger over Israelis’ addition of impossible conditions to cease-fire offer, 380

announcement of British and French cease-fire to UN General Assembly, 416

announcement of Israeli troops’ complete withdrawal from Sinai and Gaza Strip, 427

on brink of resignation over Britain and France, 309

Lloyd and, 57

persuading of Nasser to accept compromise, 431–32

role in UN resolution for cease-fire and UN force in Middle East, 322–23, 355, 366–67, 374–75, 380–81

talks with Britain, France, and Egypt at United Nations, 75

Hare, Raymond, 232, 240, 273–74, 389, 470n36

Harkabi, Yehoshafat, 167

Harriman, Averell, 373

Háy, Gyula (Julius), 362

Hayter, William, 255–56, 258, 293–94, 392, 394, 401

Head, Antony, 297, 306, 344, 360, 367

Healey, Denis, 254, 279–80, 349, 430, 434, 442

Heath, Edward, 136, 282, 364, 430

Heathcoat-Amory, Derick, 369

Heikal, Mohamed

on Amer’s resistance to pulling Egyptian army out of Sinai, 324–25

on Anglo-French ultimatum, 259

on British air strikes on Cairo, 240, 284

call informing him Israelis in Sinai, 223–24

on Dulles’s press release, 33

on Eden’s meeting with Nasser, 92

on Hussein’s conversation with Dulles, 464n76

on Nasser and arms, 98, 424–25, 470n34

on Nasser not wanting to coordinate action with the Russians, 329

on Nasser’s insistence on going to the front himself, 376

on Nasser’s refusal to surrender, 491n31

on Nehru’s reaction to nationalization of Suez Canal Company, 465n90

on Soviets’ threat to Britain and France, 405–6

on Suez War, 444

on trying to figure out what Israelis were doing, 225–26

Henderson, Arthur, 321

Hennessy, Peter, 197, 354

Henriques, Robert, 204, 314, 327, 427

Henry, John, 197

Herzl, Theodor, 47, 117

Herzog, Chaim, 93

History of the Wars of Justinian (Procopius), 46

Hitler, Adolf, 68–69, 72, 468n79

Ho Chi Minh, 438

Holocaust, 51, 80, 231

Home, Lord, 27, 408–9

Hoover, Herbert, Jr.

as Acting Secretary of State, 340, 412

on alternatives to Nasser, 193

Eban on, 342

Eden and, 65

Hungarian Uprising and, 340

linking of Buraimi to Suez, 248

message to Israel on relinquishment of Sinai, 427

opposition to military force against Nasser, 37

Suez War and, 235, 249, 388–89, 396–97

view of Eden and Mollet’s visit, 426

Hoover, J. Edgar, 61

Hope, John, 351

House Un-American Activities Committee, 174

Howeidy, Amin, 219, 446

Hudaybi, Hasan al-, 187–88, 189

Hughes, Emmet, 211, 280

on Anglo-Franco-Israeli conspiracy, 212

on Eisenhower’s leadership during Suez crisis, 290

on Eisenhower’s view of nuclear war, 110

on news of British bombing Egyptian airfields, 286

rewriting of Foster Dulles’s speech for Eisenhower, 287, 289

on Soviet proposal for joint military action in Egypt, 398

on Tripartite Declaration, 236–37, 249, 268

Humphrey, George, 332, 383–84

Hungarian names, xiv

abolishment of one-party system during, 250

arrest of senior Hungarians during negotiation meeting with Soviets, 354–55

Bloody Thursday, 143–45

civilians killed during, 113, 124–25, 143–45, 171, 438

defeat of last of armed rebels of, 438

Eden on, 415

fighting during, 109–10, 124–25, 132, 201–2, 357–58, 385–87, 418–19

Gerö’s speech during, 104

Hungarian refugees in Austria from, 371–72, 439

Hungary’s withdrawal from Warsaw Pact during, 301, 303, 312

Kádár appointed as leader of Hungary, 358, 438

leaders of rebel groups in, 106

mass arrests and executions after defeat of rebels, 438–39, 452

massacre of AVH men during, 261–62, 270, 275

Nagy as prime minister during. See Nagy, Imre

Operation Whirlwind, 277, 294, 300–301, 352–53, 361–62, 439

politicians’ seeking of asylum in Yugoslav embassy during, 359

rebels demands during, 84

release of political prisoners during, 281

Soviet soldiers defection to rebel side during, 109–10, 124–25, 201–2

Soviet troops’ arrival in Budapest, 111–12

Soviet troops’ reinvasion of Hungary, 276–77, 336, 357–58, 386, 496n20

Soviets’ suspicions of outside interference in, 105–6, 132–33, 276

Soviets’ temporary departure from Budapest, 216–17

Tito’s meeting with Khrushchev ‘s about, 333–36

UN’s consideration of, 148–49, 303, 337–38, 355, 361–62, 375, 441

U.S. legation’s request for U.S. intervention in, 217, 234, 251, 274, 332, 441

See also Nagy, Imre

Hungary

antisemitism in, 80

demands for freer expression of religion in, 83

fall of communist government in, 453

Jewish people killed during World War II in, 80

Rákosi’s repressive leadership of, 79–80

report on feasibility of mounting U.S. special-forces operations in, 330–31

student demonstrations on. See Hungarian Uprising

withdrawal from Warsaw Pact, 301, 303, 312

Hurria, al-, 350

Hussein, Ahmed, 30, 98, 464n76

Hussein, King, 25–26, 102, 154, 167, 234–35, 292–93, 299, 450–51

I

Ilyan, Michail Bey, 239–40

IMF (International Monetary Fund), 384, 434

India, 22, 277–78, 299, 388, 432

Indonesia, 432

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 384, 434

IPC (Iraq Petroleum Company), 247

Iran, xiii–xiv, 23, 91, 183, 266, 424, 431

Iraq, xiv, 8, 22, 52, 91, 326–27, 424, 450

Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), 247

Irgun, 51

Islamic Jihad, 190

Islamism, CIA’s promotion of, 246

Israel

arms deal with Czechoslovakia, 97–98

Britain’s relations with, 169

creation of, 52, 117

deterrence policy of, 87, 117–18

Egypt’s relations with, 3, 53, 90, 101, 234, 451, 456

France’s relations with, 122, 163–65, 224, 428

Gaza raid by, 93, 95–96, 97, 116, 120, 471n59

general election of 1955, 121

invasion of, 52

Jordan’s relations with, 52, 93–94, 128, 165–68, 450–51

Kfar Kassem massacre, 221–23

Kinneret attack by, 100, 116

National Iranian Oil Company’s deal with, 46–47

nuclear reactor of, 126, 474n36

Operation Susannah and, 119–20

parliamentary group leaders’ support for Sinai invasion, 210–11

peace with Egypt in early 1950s, 53

policy on fedayeen, 87

Qibya raid of 1953, 93–95, 116

reaction to Baghdad Pact, 91

recruitment of soldiers in Europe and Latin America, 195

Soviet Union’s relations with, 395

UN military observers sent to, 296

U.S.’ relations with, 99–100, 122, 164, 427

use of Suez Canal, 35–36

West Germany’s reparations to, 231

See also Suez War

J

Jabotinsky, Ze’ev (Vladimir), 51

James, Robert Rhodes, 307, 415–16

Jerusalem Post, 260, 346, 379

Jewish State, The (Herzl), 47

Johnson, Lyndon, 437–38

Jordan

Arab Legion in, 25, 26

Britain’s relations with, 91, 102, 134, 166, 167, 424

general election in 1956 in, 56

Israel’s relations with, 52, 93–94, 128, 165–68, 450–51

military alliance with Egypt and Syria, 134, 169

Operation Beisan and, 234–35, 292

riots in, 26

Suez War and, 299, 325–26

U.S.’ relations with, 437

Judaism, muscular, 117

K

Kabelács, Pál, 124

Kádár, János, 202–3, 281

as Gerö’s replacement, 143

as leader of Hungary, 358, 359–60, 438

as not honoring guarantee of safe conduct given to Nagy, 452

reaction to arrival of Soviet troops in Hungary, 300, 489n33

sent to Moscow, 312–13, 320

softening of aspects of Communist rule in early 1960s, 453

as Tito’s choice for a possible Hungarian leader, 335

Kaganovich, Lazar, 84, 108, 277

Kardelj, Edvard, 333

Kashmir, 296

Keightley, Charles, 154, 221, 391

cease-fire order delivered to, 417

on French-Israeli cooperation, 317

knowledge of secret alliance with Israel, 161

on orders to postpone landing, 344–45

postponement of Anglo-French bombing campaign, 260

recommended for delaying operation, 158

request for clarification of Operation Musketeer’s objectives, 155

telegram for clarification on status of Israelis, 273

on U.S. Sixth Fleet endangering relations with U.S., 305

warning against cozying up to Israelis, 162–63

warning of Port Said inhabitants before planned assault, 360

Kennedy, John F., 455

Kenya, 36

Kéthly, Anna, 359

Kfar Kassem massacre, 221–23

Khan Yunis, 346–47, 379

Khrushchev, Nikita

al-Kuwatly’s meeting with, 257

arms race and, 400

Ben Bella’s visit with, 258

Bohlen on, 352–53

Cuba and, 452–53

drafting of Bulganin’s letter to Eden, 393, 496n35

framing of Anglo-French ultimatum, 256

during Hungarian Uprising, 85, 132, 218, 439–40

attempt at political vs. military solution, 108, 210, 251–52

blaming of Western powers for, 132–33, 276

implementation of Operation Whirlwind, 291, 300–301, 352–53

instructions to Nagy, 110

linking of Suez to Hungary, 276–77, 440

massacre of AVH men as influencing, 275

on Nagy’s arrest, 452

on Nasser, 15, 16

on Nuri es-Said, 35

on relations with Arab countries, 107–8

on Stalinism, 82–83, 131–32, 439

on Stalin’s refusal to send arms to Egypt, 13

on Suez War, 276–77, 329, 334, 396–97, 406, 419–20, 440

Tito’s meeting with, 333–36, 337, 341

understanding of dissent, 105

on U.S. failing to prevent Suez invasion, 352

visit to Britain in April 1956, 173–74

visit to Poland after election of Gomułka, 84

Khrushchev, Sergei, 259, 400, 420

Kilmuir, Lord, 306, 369, 443

Kinneret attack, 100, 116

Kirkpatrick, Ivone, 183–84, 343–44

Knowland, William F., 31

Kopácsi, Sándor, 106, 113, 123, 124, 143Korean War, 59

Kossuth, Lajos, 85

Kouni, Mohamed, el-, 329, 406, 424

Kunz, Diane, 408

Kuwatly, Shukri al-, 196, 239, 245, 256–57, 352, 440

L

Lacey, Robert, 298

Lacoste, Robert, 103

Lansing, Robert, 60

Lavon, Pinhas, 118, 119, 120

Lawrence, T. E., 8, 243

League of Nations, 8, 50, 296

Lebanon, 8, 52, 91, 434

Lebanon War, 454

Lee, David, 159

Lee, Fred, 280

Lehman, Herbert, 231

Lendvai, Paul, 80

Lenin, Vladimir, 15

de Lesseps, Ferdinand-Marie, 4, 5–6, 443–44

Leulliette, Pierre, 378, 403–4, 416

liberation policy, 174, 373

Liu Shao-chi, 131–32, 335

Lloyd, Selwyn

Buraimi and, 248

career of, 56–57

comparing Nasser to Hitler, 69

on Eden’s memoirs, 141

Foster Dulles’s conversation about Nasser with, 435

memoirs of, 56, 467n41

reaction to Glubb’s dismissal, 25, 26–27

reservations about SCUA, 72

Six Principles of, 75–76, 167

Suez War and, 241–42, 253, 366–67, 407, 408

on Anglo-French ultimatum, 263

on demonstration in Trafalgar Square, 370

House of Commons’ cross-examination of, 390–91, 392

Operation Musketeer and, 157

planning of, 57, 58, 78, 86, 108–9, 137–38, 168

revised plan after Foster Dulles’s UN resolution, 316, 321–22

Lloyd George, David, 8, 49

Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 77, 130–31, 237–38, 249, 329–30, 338–39, 342, 375

Logan, Donald, 58, 125, 126, 127, 142, 145

Lucas, Scott, 198

Luce, Clare Booth, 371–72

Lucza, Béla, 418–19

M

MacArthur, Douglas, 17

MacArthur, Douglas, II (nephew), 436, 437

MacCormac, John, 144–45

MacDonald, Malcolm, 10

Macleod, Iain, 369

Macmillan, Harold, 70–71, 369

comparing Nasser to Mussolini, 68

on Eden’s health, 140

Eisenhower and, 434

on faking provocation and attributing it to Egypt, 157

on keeping Americans frightened to achieve objectives, 64

on loss of Britain’s position in Middle East, 394

on Nasser’s behavior over MI6 prisoners, 197

on persuading U.S. of determination to beat Nasser, 72

as prime minister, 455

reaction to MI6 reports from Egypt in 1955, 192

on Saudis and Aramco, 245

Suez War and, 366, 368–69

on Britain’s gold reserves, 407–8

commitment to stopping, 407

declining support for, 242

on desire for UN intervention, 337, 408

on divisions in public opinion, 302

Eden’s mentioning resigning to, 494n28

sterling crisis and, 383, 384–85, 406–7, 495n14

support for overthrow of Nasser, 193

view of Israel as useful ally, 162

Macomber, William, 31, 157, 339, 340, 426

Maher, Ali, 14, 55

Mahgoub, Muhammad Ahmed, 15, 22, 428

Makins, Roger, 62–63, 73

Malaya, 36

Malenkov, Georgy, 81, 300–301, 333, 352

Maléter, Pál, 124–25, 209, 251, 345, 354, 355, 357, 452

Malinin, Mikhail, 354–55

Malinki, Shmuel, 221, 222–23

Manchester Guardian, 368, 371

Mao Tse-tung, 131–32, 251, 275, 335, 440

Mapai (Workers’ Party of the Land of Israel), 115, 121, 164

Maraghi, Ahmed Mortada al-, 55

Mau Mau revolt, 36

McCarthy, Joseph, 61, 174

McCarthyism, 61

Meir, Golda, 99, 122, 257, 369

Meknes, 103, 146

Menon, Krishna, 67

Menzies, Robert, 70

Méray, Tibor, 81

MI5, 197, 399

MI6, 23, 184, 191–92, 195–97, 200

Micunovic, Veljko, 84, 132–33, 252, 276, 333–36, 341, 419–20, 439

Mifratz Shlomo, see Sharm el-Sheikh

Mikoyan, Anastas, 337

advice to Nagy, 108

arrival in Budapest, 108

on danger of all-out action, 170–71

Gerö and, 143

on Hungary leaving Warsaw Pact, 275

Moscow’s criticism of handling of Hungarian Uprising, 210

Nagy and Kádár’s meeting with, 202–3

on Nagy as easily influenced, 209

return to Moscow to argue against using force, 281, 290–91, 294

visit to Poland after election of Gomułka, 84

Mindszenty, József, 83, 251, 299, 358–59, 387, 452

Mirza, Iskander, 326

Mitla Pass, battle at, 272–73, 285–86

Moguy, General, 396

Mollet, Guy

agreement to try SCUA, 72

Algeria and, 43, 103, 128–29, 146, 218, 449

Bulganin’s letter to, 392–95, 399, 401–2, 405–6, 420, 440

comparison of Nasser to Hitler, 68

efforts to convince Eden to align with Israel, 165

Franco-Israeli relations and, 164, 169

on kidnapping of Algerian rebels, 128–29, 146

political career after Suez War, 449

reaction to Nasser’s nationalization of Suez Canal Company, 62, 66, 152

Suez War and, 167, 242, 253, 295, 410, 421

blurting out truth to press about Anglo-French-Israeli collusion, 442

lack of shame about role in, 443

planning of, 125, 168

pressure on British for joint invasion to go early, 316–17

Sèvres meeting and, 125

Times on collusion between Israel and, 278

Molnár, Miklós, 202, 300

Molotov, Vyacheslav, 84, 108, 210, 251, 255, 258, 396–97

Monckton, Walter, 130, 138, 142, 156, 369–70

Monde, Le, 444

Monheim, Abdul, 184

Montgomery, Bernard Law, Viscount, 155

Morocco, 103, 128, 129, 146, 200, 208

Morrison, Herbert, 23

Mosley, Leonard, 176, 373

Mossad, 177

Mossadegh, Mohamed, 23, 183

Mountbatten, Lord Louis “Dickie,” 221, 411

criticism of situation in Egypt to Hailsham, 364

Elizabeth II and, 297–98

in India, 21

knowledge of alliance with Israel, 161

objection to Operation Musketeer Revise, 159, 176, 317

objections to Operation Musketeer, 147, 152, 158, 159–57

request for clarification of Operation Musketeer’s objectives, 155

Shuckburgh on, 154

Münnich, Ferenc, 277, 312–13, 320, 335, 353

Murphy, Robert, 65, 372, 405, 433

Murray, Ralph, 92, 403

Muscat, 247

muscular Judaism, 117

Muslim Brotherhood, 3, 12, 184–88, 190, 243, 484n16

Muslim Sisterhood, 185

mutual assured destruction, theory of, 401

N

Nagy, Imre, 81

“asylum” in Yugoslav embassy, 359, 419, 452

as chairman of the Council of Ministers, 82

execution of, 360, 452

during Hungarian uprising, 103, 104, 108, 110, 113, 123, 145, 217

on abolishment of one-party system, 250

appeal to UN to defend Hungary, 303

exhiling of several former Stalinist leaders, 211

Gerö’s fight with, 110

inability to reach Maléter, 355

Khrushchev on, 277, 333–34

negotiations with Soviets, 202–3, 345

public confidence in, 84, 252

radio address to nation on Soviet troops’ attack on Budapest, 357–58

Radio Free Europe’s criticism of, 209–10

on revolution as victorious, 281

Soviets’ selection of successor to administration of, 312–13

struggle to deal with chaos following Bloody Thursday, 169–70

Tito’s attempt to soften Khrushchev on fate of, 336

withdrawing Hungary from Warsaw Pact, 275, 301, 303, 312

as a Marxist-Leninist, 374

Rákosi replaced by, 81

Soviets’ arrest of, 452

Soviets’ firing of, 82

Soviets’ interrogation of, 357

Nahda, al-(the Awakening), 6–7

Nakba, al-(the Catastrophe), 52

names, transliterations of place and personal, xiii

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 99

after Suez War, 423

appointment as prime minister, 19

arms deals of, 28, 90, 97, 98, 191, 224–25, 430–31

assassination attempts on, 189, 192–93, 197–99, 451, 481n57

attempt to restrain fedayeen raids, 95

Aswan Dam and, 27–28, 33

Ben-Gurion’s fear of, 54

British opposing viewpoints on, 183–84, 191–94

Canal Conference in London and, 66, 69–70

CIA supporters of, 2, 3, 89, 98, 101, 196, 436

on Communists as greatest opponents, 15

comparison of Black to de Lesseps, 2, 3

creation of international connections, 89

description of, 2–3

Eden’s demanding murder of, 2, 27, 77, 183

Eden’s meeting with, 92

on Eisenhower, 445

on Eisenhower Doctrine, 447

FLN members and, 42, 43, 164

as a Free Officer, 14

gripes with colleagues, 324–25, 375, 420

initial wariness of potential for more U.S. support, 89

lack of pity for Eden, 444

military alliance with Jordan and Syria, 134, 135

MI6’s consideration of ways to bring down, 184

Muslim Brotherhood and, 3, 186, 188, 189

nationalization of Suez Canal Company, 33–34, 35, 101

Operation Beisan and, 292–93

The Philosophy of the Revolution, 68

political career after Suez War, 428, 456

reaction to Gaza raid, 96

reaction to SCUA, 74

reductio ad Hitlerum applied to, 68–69, 72, 468n79

refusal to meet with Israelis, 100, 121–22

role in Glubb’s dismissal, 25–26

Saud and, 243, 451, 484n16

Sharett and, 119

Soviet vs. U.S. impressions of, 16

Suez Base Agreement and, 19–20

during Suez War, 421, 444

on bombing of Cairo’s International Airport, 284

on British planes spotted over Egypt, 240

cease-fire agreement with Israel, 350, 355, 360

cutting off Suez Canal and main oil supply route, 315

declaration of general mobilization and martial law, 292

depression during, 350–51, 360, 375–76, 420

dismissal of warnings about Anglo-Franco-Israeli attack, 218–19

meeting with Amer and Heikal discussing Israelis’ actions, 225–26

notification of Israeli troops in Sinai, 220

ordering of Egyptian army to withdraw from Sinai, 324–25, 327, 328

Pineau’s story about attempted resignation of, 389–90

preparation for attack on Port Said, 376

public support, 259–60, 328–29

refusal to surrender, 323–25, 328, 491n31

rejection of Anglo-French ultimatum, 259

request for U.S. military support, 273–74

Tito’s discussions with, 32

transliterations of, xiii

UN Expeditionary Force and, 431–32

on U.S. as playing both sides of Arab-Israeli conflict, 100–101

view of Rommel vs. British, 10

work on regional alliances throughout 1956, 102, 103

national communist movements, 331–32

National Iranian Oil Company, 46–47

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 36, 62, 79, 148, 151, 173, 276, 296, 311, 352, 388–89, 402, 412, 441, 444

Nawar, Ali Abu, 292

Nazi Germany, 228–29, 230–31

Nazi Party, 68, 225

Nazism, 69

Neguib, Mohamed, 2, 15, 19, 55, 118, 184, 198

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 32–33, 68, 148, 243, 388, 398, 465n90

New York Times, 56, 147, 149, 269, 284, 293

New Zealand, 22, 299, 312, 353, 431

Nickelsburg, László, 106

Nicolson, Nigel, 27, 283, 430

Nixon, Richard, 277, 323, 331–32, 388, 455

Nizameddin, Tewfik, 102

Non-Aligned Movement, 32, 61–62, 89

Nordau, Max, 116–17

North, Lord, 362–63

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 36, 62, 79, 148, 151, 173, 276, 296, 311, 352, 388–89, 402, 412, 441, 444

Norway, 432

nuclear weapons, 110–11, 163–64, 393–94, 401, 428

Nutting, Anthony, 1, 56, 306

on Britain’s need for credits from U.S. to buy oil, 385

Buraimi and, 248

on Butler, 455

on call from Eden demanding murder of Nasser, 1–2, 27, 77, 183

on Eden declaring a personal war on Nasser, 25

on Iraqis response to Nasser’s Suez decision, 36

resignation of, 138, 278–79, 351

on Suez Base Agreement, 19–20

on Suez War

on Anglo-French revised plan after Foster Dulles’s UN resolution, 321–22

on Anglo-French sinking Egyptian blockship, 315

on Anglo-French ultimatum, 253

on Challe presenting Suez plan to Eden, 167–68

consideration of revealing Suez plan to Americans, 141–42

on feelings in hours counting down to attack, 207

on keeping Suez plan secret from Eisenhower, 175

on Lloyd’s cross-examination by House of Commons, 390–91

on Lloyd’s Sèvres meeting with Ben-Gurion, 85–86

on Person’s plan for UN forces, 316

on reactions to Eden in House of Commons, 306, 307

on reasons for British cabinet calling for a halt to, 408

on veto on UN resolution, 266

Nuwar, Ali Abu, 134, 234–35, 293

O

Observer, 362–63

oil, 23

Israel’s deal to build oil pipeline, 46–47

Lebanon’s embargo on tankers loading oil for Britain and France, 434

opportunity for profit during World War I, 7–8

as part of motivation for British military action in Egypt, 71

post-World War I demand for, 8–9

Saudi Arabia’s embargo on oil exports to Britain and France, 434

Suez War and, 88, 293, 301–2, 337, 366, 383, 388, 407

Okasha, Tharwat, 218, 219

Oman, 247

Omega plan, 194–96

Operation Beisan, 234, 292–93

Operation Black Arrow, 93, 95–97, 116, 120, 471n59

Operation Cordage, 166, 167

Operation Kadesh, 211

Operation Musketeer

as damaging Britain’s credibility in Middle East, 431

delays in, 157–58

Eisenhower on, 430

failure of, 428–30, 436–37

Joint Intelligence Committee’s warning about, 154–55

lack of political support for, 156, 157

objectives of, 155

planning of, 152–54

practical difficulties with, 158

pressure on Eden to go on with, 296–97

redrafting of, 158–61, 163, 169, 182–83, 327–28, 429

Operation Musketeer Renewed (plan), 425

Operation Musketeer Revise, 158–61, 163, 169, 182–83, 327–28, 429

Operation Straggle (Wakeful), 196, 200, 239–40, 293

Operation Susannah, 119–20

Operation Whirlwind, 277, 294, 300–301, 352–53, 361–62, 439

Orbach, Maurice, 119

Ottoman Empire, 5, 6, 48

P

Pakistan, xiv, 22, 91, 195, 299, 424

Palestine, 8, 47–52, 93, 95–96, 296

Palmerston, Lord, 6

Paris Match, 390

Paris Peace Conference (1919), 68

Pasha, Ismail, 5

Pasha, Mohamed Ali, 4

Pasha, Mohamed Said, 4

Passman, Otto, 29

Patton, George, 233, 483n40

Pearson, Lester, 264, 432, 448

abstention on Foster Dulles’s UN resolution, 312

concern for Eden’s health, 139

creation of UN Expeditionary Force, 295–96, 309, 316, 322–23, 453

Pedrazzini, Jean-Pierre, 262

Peking, xiii

Peres, Shimon

on collaboration with French in Algeria, 164

convincing of Ben-Gurion to attend Sèvres meeting, 168–69

on finalizing nuclear reactor at Dimona, 126

memoirs of, 126, 163

Operation Musketeer Revise leaked to, 163

Operation Susannah and, 120

political career after Suez War, 454

regret for Kfar Kassem massacre, 223

at Sèvres meeting, 46, 87–88, 114–15, 125–26

on U.S. embargo on Israel, 122

Peru, 266

Philby, John, 243–44

Philby, Kim, 244

Philip, Prince, 298

Philosophy of the Revolution, The (Nasser), 68

Phleger, Herman, 107, 159–60, 312, 352, 371, 398

Phu, Dien Bien, 269

Pineau, Christian

on Arabs’ consumption of alcohol, 464n86

on Ben Bella kidnapping, 129, 201

comparison of Nasser to Hitler, 69, 468n79

on Eisenhower, 36

on Foster Dulles, 36, 173

on Hungarian Uprising, 370–71

imprisonment in Buchenwald, 164–65

on loss of Algeria, 43–44

meeting with Lloyd urging action, 63–64

memoirs of, 266–67

political career after Suez War, 449

on Stockwell, 161

Suez War and, 253, 297, 410

attempt at Red Scare on U.S., 305–6

book on, 443

planning of, 71, 77–78, 108–9, 167, 168

pressure on British for joint invasion to go early, 316–17

revised plan after Foster Dulles’s UN resolution, 321

Sèvres meeting and, 46, 47, 58, 78, 88, 125, 126, 142, 145

spreading of story about Nasser almost resigning, 389

Times on collusion between Israel and, 278

on U.S. in North Africa, 432

on U.S.’s knowledge of Anglo-French-Israeli collusion, 177–78

view of SCUA as a ruse to delay military action, 72

Poland, 83–84, 440, 453

Pongrátz, Gergely, 106, 171

Port Fuad, 377

Port Said, 5, 396

Anglo-French troops’ command of, 424

bombing of, 377–79

Egypt’s preparation for attack on, 376

Egypt’s rejection of conditions for cease-fire, 396

Operation Musketeer Revise’s focus on, 158, 161

removal of Anglo-French troops from, 443

reports of British reconnaissance aircraft over, 240

temporary cease-fire agreement at, 391–92

treatment of Egyptian civilians at, 382–83, 403–4

warning to inhabitants to leave before assault, 344–45, 360

Powell, Richard, 428–29

Power, Manley, 161–62

Pozsár, István, 170

Procopius, 46

Protocol of Sèvres, 126–27, 219, 260

Q

Qaeda,al-3, 190

Qalqilya attack, 167–68, 169, 174–75

Qibya raid of 1953, 93–95, 116

Qutb, Sayyid, 3, 189–90

R

Radford, Arthur, 235

Radio Free Europe, 173, 209–10, 390

Rafah, 347

Rákosi, Mátyás, 79–81, 82, 83, 335, 419

Rancovic, Aleksandar, 333

Rantissi, Abdel Aziz al-, 347

Reading, Lord, 351

reductio ad Hitlerum, 68–69, 72, 468n79

Reston, James, 254, 417–18

Revolutionary Command Council, 14, 187

Rivlin, Reuven, 223

Robens, Alfred, 263

Rockefeller, John D., 7

Romania, 79, 301, 453

Rommel, Erwin, 10, 186

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 172, 244

Roosevelt, Kermit “Kim,” 13, 14, 32, 89, 90, 98, 121–22, 293

Rothschild, Lord, 48

Rountree, William M., 464n76

Royal Dutch, 7

Russell, Bertrand, 317318

S

Saburov, Maksim, 276–77

Sadat, Anwar, 10, 146, 156

Saint-Hillier, Colonel, 236

Salem, Salah, 323, 491n31

Salisbury, Lord, 369, 408, 434, 494n28

Samuel, Herbert, 49

Saud, Ibn, King, 243, 244, 245

Saud, King

assassination attempt on Nasser, 451

Eden on policies of, 246

Eisenhower’s view of, 437

exile of, 451

financial and political problems in 1956, 245

as Foster Dulles’s preferred Arab leader, 195, 243

friction between Nasser and, 243

intervention on behalf of Muslim Brotherhood, 188

mediation between Nasser and Neguib, 19

mutual defense treaty with Egypt in 1955, 243

Suez War and, 243

Saudi Arabia

Buraimi and, 247–48

embargo on oil exports to Britain and France, 434

invasion of Israel, 52

Jordan and, 128, 134

Muslim Brotherhood and, 243, 484n16

mutual defense treaty with Egypt, 243

opposition to Anglo-French assault, 388

reaction to Baghdad Pact, 91

U.S.’s relations with, 13, 244–45, 437, 451

Schacht, Hjalmar, 229

SCUA (Suez Canal Users’ Association), 72, 74, 75, 128

Secret Speech, 82–83, 440

Selkirk, Lord, 369

Senate Appropriations Committee, 29

Serov, Ivan, 106, 143, 145, 354–55, 357

Sétif, 41

Shadmi, Issachar, 221

Sharett, Moshe, 54, 121

attempt to negotiate arms deal with U.S., 100

background of, 116

differences between Ben-Gurion and, 115–16, 118

on Israel’s invasion of Egypt, 278

lack of knowledge about Operation Susannah, 120

opposition to attacking Gaza again, 96–97

as replacing Ben-Gurion, 118

resignation from Israeli government, 122

secret discussions with Nasser’s government, 118–19

Sharm el-Sheikh, 88, 355, 381, 411, 427

Sharon, Ariel “Arik”

on Ben-Gurion’s orders after Sèvres meeting, 136

death of, 454

Gaza raid led by, 93, 96

on Israelis not trusting British, 182

on Israel’s deterrence policy, 117–18

on lack of terrorist bases in Sinai, 87

as part of Kinneret attack, 100

on Qibya raid of 1953, 93–94

on restrictions on Qalqilya attack, 167

role in Six-Day War, 182

in Suez War, 223, 264, 272–73, 285–86, 381

on withdrawal from Gaza, 428

Shell, 7, 295, 379

Shepilov, Dmitri, 251, 337, 392

Shlaim, Avi, 96

Shuckburgh, Evelyn, 17, 50, 65, 153–54, 191, 193, 232, 253–54

Simon, John, 10

Six-Day War, 454, 456

Society for Individual Freedom, 480n37

South Africa, 299

Soviet Union, 15

antisemitism in, 80–81

arms race and, 400–401

Aswan Dam and, 28, 29, 30

China and, 97, 131–32, 335, 439–40, 453

dispatch of KGB agents to defend Nasser, 199, 481n57

Egypt’s arms deals with, 13, 28, 97, 98, 191, 224–25, 430–31

Egypt’s relations with, after Suez War, 425

as formed by revolution, 106–7

Hungarian Uprising and. See also Hungarian Uprising

announcement of Kádár as Hungary’s new prime minister, 358

arrest of senior Hungarians during negotiation meeting with Soviets, 354–55

Eden on, 415

mock executions of Hungarian prisoners, 357

Operation Whirlwind, 277, 294, 300–301, 352–53, 361–62, 439

purge of higher education, 439

suspicions of outside interference as cause of, 105–6, 132–33, 276

impression of Nasser, 16

Israel’s relations with, 395

nuclear weapons and, 110–11, 393–94

protests for and against Stalinism in, 82–83

Suez War and, 266, 287, 371, 393–94, 400, 405–6

Syria’s arms deal with, 196, 395

Warsaw Pact and, 79

See also Khrushchev, Nikita

Spencer-Churchill, Clarissa. See Eden, Clarissa

Spycatcher (Wright), 197, 399

St. Laurent, Louis, 139

Stalin, Joseph, 13, 15, 80, 82, 131–32, 173, 336, 440

Standard Oil, 7

Stassen, Harold, 172

State Department, U.S., 13, 199, 372

State Security Authority (Államvédelmi Hatóság, AVH), 79, 109, 123, 144, 171, 261–62, 270, 275

sterling crisis, 71, 265, 383, 384–85, 407–10, 423, 434, 446

Stevenson, Adlai E., 149, 225, 269, 286–87, 422, 424

Stockwell, Hugh, 154, 159, 161, 404, 416

Straits of Tiran, 46, 47, 175

Strauss, Leo, 68

Strauss, Lewis L., 110

Sudan, 11, 22

Suez Base Agreement, 19–20, 101, 325

Suez Canal

after Suez War, 423, 444

importance to Britain, 21, 23

London conference on, 70, 157

opening of, 4

second, opening of, 456

as a shortcut to Persian Gulf, 21

as unusable, during Suez War, 315

vulnerability of Egypt because of, 4–5

Suez Canal Company

Britain’s share in, 5, 20–21

nationalization of, 33–34, 35–37, 62, 64, 74–75, 101, 152

profits in 1956, 21

Suez Canal Users’ Association (SCUA), 72, 74, 75, 128

Suez Canal Zone, 9, 11–12, 19–20, 101, 443

“Suez Group” in Parliament, 12

Suez War

Anglo-French preparation for bombing raids, 325

Anglo-French revised plan after Foster Dulles’s UN resolution, 321–22

Ben-Gurion on Sinai campaign in, 411, 427

Ben-Gurion’s announcement that Israel won, 421

Bulganin’s letters condemning Anglo-French-Israeli collusion in, 392–95, 399, 415, 440, 496n35

cost of, 423

Eden blamed by his generation for, 38

Egypt and

anger against Britain and France in, 350

Anglo-French bombing of Port Said, 377–79

Anglo-French ultimatum issued to, 253–54

army’s withdrawing from Sinai, 325, 327, 328

British air strikes on, 283–85, 292

British forces’ treatment of civilians at Port Said, 382–83

cease-fire agreement with British and French, 391–92

cutting off Suez Canal and main oil supply route in, 315

escape of refugees from Gaza Strip into, 302

French soldiers’ execution of civilians at Port Said, 403–4

international reactions to bombing of Cairo, 298–99

Iraq told Britain and France it might intervene if their attack continued on, 243

message to UN on cease-fire, 350

mobilization of Saudi Arabia and Syria’s armed forces to help repel attack on, 243

Nasser’s rejection of Anglo-French ultimatum in, 259

preparation for Anglo-French attack on Port Said, 376

reactions at prospect of Soviet intervention in, 421

reactions to British raids on Egyptian air fields, 306–8

rejection of Anglo-French conditions for cease-fire, 396

support for Nasser during, 328–29

United Nations Expeditionary Force for, 355, 374–75, 380–81, 431–32, 453

failure of Britain and France to meet objectives of, 423

fleet of British and French battleships in eastern Mediterranean in, 271

Foster Dulles’s UN General Assembly speech on, 310–11

France and

attempt at Red Scare on U.S., 305–6

bombing of Rafah with Israeli destroyers in, 288

Mollet’s blurted out truth to press about Anglo-French-Israeli collusion in, 442

Great Britain and

Britain’s dollar reserves running out during, 383–84

British cabinet’s vote in favor of cease-fire in, 408–9, 410, 415

British reassessment of war plan, 360

considering postponement of landing, 344–45

dithering over when or whether to begin landing, 315–16

as ill prepared for invasion, 343–44

justification of British intervention, 353–54, 364–65

opinion polls on November 1 invasion, 296–97, 308

postponement of Anglo-French air strikes, 260–61

propaganda during, 327–28, 329

Israel and

addition of impossible conditions to cease-fire agreement, 380

battle at Mitla Pass, 272–73, 285–86

bombing of Gaza Strip, 304, 314–15

capture of Egyptian destroyer Ibrahim el-Awal, 271

Egyptian soldiers taken prisoner in Gaza by, 314

executions at Rafah, 347

executions in Khan Yunis, 346–47, 379

IDF attack on Sharm el-Sheikh, 381

invasion plan for, 114–15, 130

Israeli aircraft shot down by British, 349–50

message to UN on cease-fire, 350

occupation of east and central Sinai, 325–26

Israelis in Sinai, 223–24

Kfar Kassem massacre as first victims of, 221–23

Khrushchev on U.S. failure in stopping, 352

Nasser as winner of, 421, 444

Operation Musketeer’s failure in, 428–30

Protocol of Sèvres and, 126–27

reaction to Anglo-French-Israeli plan throughout Arab world, 325–26

reactions in Africa and Asia to Anglo-French-Israeli attack on Egypt in, 412

Sèvres meeting and, 55, 57–58, 78, 86–88, 125–27

UN Security Council and, 266, 267

U.S. Sixth Fleet and, 272

Sullivan and Cromwell, 229, 230

Sunday Times Magazine, 298

superpower, coining of term, 448

Suslov, Mikhail, 108, 143, 170, 202–3, 210, 275, 281, 294

Sweden, 432

Swinburn, James, 196–97

Sykes, Mark, 49

Sykes-Picot agreement, 49, 201

Syria

arms deal with Soviet Union, 196, 395

coup in, 118, 451

Syria (cont.)

French mandate over, 8

Israel invasion of, 52

military alliance with Egypt and Jordan, 128, 134, 135, 169, 243

Operation Straggle against, 196, 200, 239–40, 293

reaction to Baghdad Pact, 91

during Suez War, 293, 388

unrest in, after French kidnapping of Algerian rebels, 200

Szabó, János, 106

T

Taubman, William, 420, 496n35

Templer, Gerald, 152, 154, 158, 271–72, 318, 360, 416

Ten Commandments, The (DeMille), 19

Thomas, Hugh, 421

Thorneycroft, Peter, 430, 431

Times (London)

10/31/56, 288

on Anglo-French-Israeli planes shot down by Egyptians, 349

on charges against Algerian rebel leaders, 218

on effect of arrest of Algerian rebel leaders, 201

on French-Israeli collusion, 278

on handling of student at riot in Edinburgh

on Hungarian rebellion, 217

on Israeli aircraft shot down by British, 349–50

on Israelis capture of Egyptian destroyer Ibrahim el-Awal, 271

on King Hussein’s meeting with Egyptians and Syrians, 102

on opinion in UN Security Council on Anglo-French collusion with Israel, 287

on relief of UN delegates after announcement of British and French cease-fire, 416

on Russia vetoing Hungary’s request for UN Security Council’s to consider the beautiful coast, 338

on speculation that U.S. would remain militarily aloof from conflict, 286

talk of sanctions against Britain, France, and Israel in UN General Assembly, 322

on UN General Assembly’s consideration of Soviet assault on Hungary, 361–62

on violence against demonstrators in Warsaw, 131

on withdrawal of Soviet troops, 274–75

Tipline (Trans-Israel Pipeline), 46–47, 466n16

Tito, Josip Broz, 32, 81, 333–36, 337, 341, 452, 453

Trans-Israel Pipeline (Tipline), 46–47, 466n16

Transjordan, 22

transliterations of place and personal names, xiii

Trevelyan, Humphrey

on destruction of documents, 240

on Glubb’s dismissal, 25

Nasser sending for, 259

on Nasser’s reaction to Gaza raid, 96

reaction to nationalization of Suez Canal Company, 33–34, 465n90

Salem’s suggestion of surrendering to, 323

talks between Egypt, France, and Great Britain at United Nations, 76

warning British government against interfering in Egypt’s internal affairs, 55

Tripartite Declaration of 1950, 89, 137

Dulles on French supplying Israelis with planes permitted under, 227

Eisenhower on pledge to, 249, 268, 303

failure to prevent Middle Eastern arms race, 101

issuing of, 88

Nasser’s arms deal with Czechoslovakia as undercutting, 98

Truman, Harry S., 13, 173, 237, 286

Truman Doctrine, 173, 174

Tuchman, Barbara, 435

Tunisia, 103, 128, 146, 200, 208

Turkey, xiii–xiv, 91, 424

U

United Kingdom, xiv, 195–96. See also Great Britain

United Nations, 103, 109, 296, 303, 336

United Nations Expeditionary Force, 355, 374–75, 380–81, 431–32, 453

United Nations General Assembly, 350, 380–81

on Anglo-French bombing of Port Faud and Said, 377–78, 380–81

announcement of British and French cease-fire to, 355, 377–78, 416

passing of resolution partitioning Palestine, 52

Pearson’s resolution for a UN Expeditionary Force for Egypt, 302–3, 355, 374–75

Pearson’s resolution for immediate cease-fire to be followed by an embargo and, 310–11, 321, 322–23

question of Hungary considered by, 361–62, 375

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 371

United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), 314, 347, 380

United Nations Security Council, 75–76, 94, 167, 253, 266, 267, 287

United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), 51–52

United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), 374–75

United States, 49, 104–5

aid to Egypt, opposition to, 29

arms deals

with Egypt in 1954, 18, 90, 470n34

halting of, with Israel in, 99–100

arms race and, 400, 401

Aswan Dam and, 27–31, 32

Buraimi, relations, 246–49, 250

discomfort with Communism, 172–73, 174

as formed by revolution, 106–7

Israel’s relations with, 99–100, 122, 164, 427

Jordan’s relations with, 437

knowledge of Anglo-French collusion with Israel, 175–78, 203

lack of interest in Egypt prior to 1952, 13

Nasser’s initial wariness of potential for more support from, 89

Nasser believed playing both sides of Arab-Israeli conflict, 100–101

national communist movements, tacit support for, 331–32

oil industry in, origination of, 7

Saudi Arabia’s relations with, 13, 244–45, 437, 451

Suez War and, 105, 272–74, 283–84, 285, 287, 305–6, 398

financial squeeze on Britain, 383–84, 441

UN Security Council resolution of, 266

tacit approval of French supplying arms to Israel, 164

United States Federal Reserve, 383

UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East), 314, 347, 380

UNSCOP (United Nations Special Committee on Palestine; UNSCOP), 51–52

UNTSO (United Nations Truce Supervision Organization), 374–75

V

Varró, Csaba, 438–39

Vásárhelyi, Miklos, 123

veiled protectorate in Egypt, 6

Vietnam War, 438, 448

Voice of Britain, 327–28

Voice of the Arabs, 3, 43, 156, 328

Voroshilov, Kliment, 105, 210, 251, 337

W

Wafd, 9, 11, 184, 186

Wakeful (Operation Straggle), 196, 200, 239–40, 293

War of Attrition, 456

Warsaw Pact, 79, 275, 300, 301, 302, 312, 352

Watergate scandal, 455

White, Dick, 197

White Paper, 51

“White Terror,” 275, 358

Wilcoxon, Henry, 19

Wilson, Charles, 235

Wilson, Woodrow, 7, 68

Wisner, Frank, 32, 372–73, 452

Wisner, Polly, 373

World Bank, 28

World War I, 6, 7–8, 49

World War II, 10, 51, 80, 448

World Zionist Organization, 117

Wright, Peter, 197–98, 399, 406

Y

Yassin, Yousef, 326

Yates, William, 282

Yemen, 52, 455

Yom Kippur War, 454

Young, George, 193–94, 196, 200, 480n37

Young Egypt, 186

Younis, Mahmoud, 34

Yugoslavia, 266, 267, 270, 275, 287, 332–33, 375, 419, 432

Z

Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 190

Zhivkov, Todor, 301

Zhukov, Georgy, 85, 108, 251, 257, 258, 277, 337

Zionism, 47–50, 51, 116–17